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Although there are numerous benefits associated with organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), recent research has shown that they can have both benefits and costs for the well-being of employees engaging in these behaviors. Thus, it is crucial to understand how and why OCBs can have positive and negative impacts on well-being in order to mitigate unintended consequences associated with these otherwise positive behaviors. Drawing on social exchange and conservation of resources theories, we argue that change in OCBs that subordinates direct toward their supervisors correspond with changes in supervisor consideration and initiating structure behaviors, as rated by subordinates. In turn, subordinate perceptions of supervisor behaviors have important implications for subordinate well-being (i.e. job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and emotional exhaustion). Using a longitudinal design and a sample of 205 students, we found that supervisor consideration and initiating structure in response to receiving OCBs from subordinates explains the benefits and costs that arise from engaging in OCBs over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the use of expatriate managers to control and manage the foreign subsidiary is well recognized, there is a paucity of literature that considers how expatriate managers' leadership behaviors affect host country nationals (HCNs). By incorporating leadership contingency perspective into expatriation literature, we examine the boundary conditions of two leadership (planning and consulting) behaviors on HCN managers' job attitude (i.e., job satisfaction). Specifically, we investigate the moderating effects of decision autonomy and culture novelty of expatriate managers on the aforementioned relationships, using survey data collected from 103 expatriate general managers and 276 HCN managers working in nine American-based multinational hotel chains and found both planning and consulting leadership behaviors to be positively related to HCN managers' job satisfaction. Decision autonomy and culture novelty acted as boundary conditions of such relationships such that decision autonomy moderated the planning-job satisfaction relationship while culture novelty moderated the consulting-job satisfaction relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]