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The principle of proportionality is seen as the highest peak of structural, logical thinking that enables balancing between constitutional principles and their interferences. So far, Alexy's weight formula has been the most advanced approach in structured balancing of proportionality stricto sensu, while this paper shows it as still too subjective. Despite judicial tests—or different, manifestly inappropriate reasonableness tests—proportionality stricto sensu hides some form of the jumping-to-conclusions bias, because the inference is made through a subjective lens. The paper presents structured legal balancing (and hence reasoning) based on Bayes’ theorem. This paper, based on the connection between probability and hypothetical legal norms, transfers the four-part structure of proportionality into the relevant four-part structure of the Bayes tree. This transfer shows the first as flawed due to its failing to consider means that can have the same effects as the considered ones. Only by inclusion of the latter can the total probability of a considered case be established. Numerical proportionality à la Bayes can be further improved through the use of public-value weights that are obtained from surveys or online communities of people giving weights in the real time (collective wisdom). The Bayesian approach can also be used in adjudication as a control in assessing judicial standards in use.

Uvod: Za načrtovanje strategije uvajanja na dokazih podprte prakse v slovenski zdravstveni negi je pomembna ocena znanj, prepričanj in različnih vidikov uporabe na dokazih podprte prakse pri izvajalcih zdravstvene nege. Ocena mora biti zanesljiva, veljavna in reprezentativna, da lahko koristi načrtovanju nacionalnih strategij na tem področju. Namen raziskave je prikaz psihometrične analize uporabljenega in mednarodno uveljavljenega instrumenta.Metode: Sodelovalo je 1014 visokošolsko izobraženih medicinskih sester in zdravstvenikov z vseh treh nivojev zdravstvenega varstva. V raziskavi sta bili uporabljeni dve lestvici, in sicer »Evidence-Based Practice Beliefs Scale« in »Evidence-Based PracticeImplementation Scale«. Lestvici sta bili psihometrično analizirani s testi zanesljivosti in veljavnosti.Rezultati: Povprečna vrednost prepričanj na dokazih podprte prakse je 3,47 (s = 0,54). Zanesljivost lestvice je znašala 0,909, varianca je bila pojasnjena v 63,71 % s tremi faktorji (prepričanja v znanje, prepričanja v uporabnost, težavnost uporabe in časovna potratnost). Povprečna vrednost implementacije je 2,23 (s = 0, 89). Zanesljivost lestvice je znašala 0,969, varianca je bila pojasnjena v 68,52 % z dvema faktorjema (uporaba znanj, uporaba korakov).Diskusija in zaključek: Testirana instrumenta se pokažeta kot zanesljiva in veljavna. Raziskava zelo poudari primanjkljaj znanj za razvoj na dokazih podprte prakse in znanj, ki so del vsakodnevnih razvojnih aktivnosti v delokrogu visokošolsko izobražene medicinske sestre. Zahtevajo se aktivnosti za izboljšanje stanja na ravni visokošolskih in zdravstvenih zavodov, kot na ravni nacionalnih združenj v zdravstveni negi. Introduction: Planning the strategy of evidence-based care implementation in Slovenian nursing calls for an assessment of knowledge, beliefs, and various aspects of evidence-based care implementation among nursing care providers. The assessment should be reliable, valid and representative in order to be used for the planning of national strategies in this field. The aim of the article is to present the psychometric analysis results of the internationally-renowned instrument used.Methods: A total of 1,014 nurses with a higher education degree from all three levels of health care participated in the research. Two established scales were used in the research: Evidence-Based Practice Beliefs Scale and Evidence-Based Practice Implementation Scale. A psychometric analysis of the data was conducted using reliable, valid tests.Results: The mean value for evidence-based practice beliefs was 3.47 (s = 0.54). Reliability of the scale was 0.909, the variance was explained in 63.71% with three factors (beliefs in knowledge beliefs in usefulness difficulty of implementation and time efficiency). The mean value for implementation was 2.23 (s = 0.89). Reliability of the scale was 0.969, the variance was explained in 68.52% with two factors (application of knowledge application of implementation steps).Discussion and conclusion: The tested instruments have proven to be reliable and valid.Research results clearly demonstrate insufficient knowledge for the development of evidence-based practice and knowledge that is required for daily development activities implemented by nurses with a higher education degree. Steps should be taken to improve the situation in higher education institutions, healthcare institutions, and at the level of national nursing associations.

Introduction: The Radiography Research Ethics Standards for Europe (RRESFE) project aims to provide a cross-sectional snapshot of current research ethics systems, processes, and awareness of such, across Europe together with identifying the associated challenges, education, and training needs. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey targeting radiography researchers in Europe was conducted. Data collection took place between April 26 and July 12, 2021, using a snowball sampling approach. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to identify trends in research ethics frameworks across Europe. Results: 285 responses were received across 33 European and 23 non-European countries. Most (n ¼ 221 95%) European respondents stated ethics approval is required before commencing research in their country. Requirements around research ethics approval and awareness of such requirements varied by European region (X2 (2, n ¼ 129) ¼ 7.234, p ¼ 0.013) and were found to differ depending on the type of research participant and study design. Additionally, European respondents reported ethics approval is a national requirement more often than their non-European counterparts (X2 (1, n ¼ 282) ¼ 4.316, p ¼ 0.049). Requirements for ethics approval were also associated with the undergraduate programme duration (2-year vs. 3-year vs. 3.5 year vs. 4-year vs. multiple programme durations X2 (4, n ¼ 231) ¼ 10.075, p ¼ 0.016) and availability of postgraduate training (postgraduate training available vs. postgraduate training not available X2 (1, n ¼ 231) ¼ 15.448, p ¼

Introduction: The Radiography Research Ethics Standards for Europe (RRESFE) project aimed to provide a cross-sectional view of the current state of radiography research ethics across Europe. This included investigating education and training in research ethics, and identifying the key challenges and potential improvements associated with using existing research ethics frameworks. Methods: This cross-sectional online survey targeting radiography researchers in Europe was conducted between April 26 and July 12, 2021. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to identify research ethics education and training trends. Content analysis of qualitative responses was employed to identify significant challenges and proposed improvements in research ethics frameworks of practice. Results: There were 232 responses received across 33 European countries. Most (n = 132 57%) respondents had received some research ethics training however, fewer participants had received training on safeguarding vulnerable patients (n = 72 38%), diversity and inclusivity (n = 62 33%), or research with healthy volunteers (n = 60 32%). Training was associated with a greater perceived importance of the need for research ethics review (p = 0.031) and with the establishment of EQF Level 6 training (p = 0.038). The proportion of formally trained researchers also varied by region (p =

Magistrsko delo obravnava tematiko, ki je povezana z vitko šest sigma proizvodnjo. V teoretičnem delu smo predstavili koncept orodij in način uporabe teh orodij v primeru vitkosti in šest sigme ločeno ter nato v primeru vitke šest sigme. Natančna uporaba vitke šest sigme zahteva poznavanje obeh orodij. Podrobneje smo predstavili ključna orodja in izboljšave, ki jih prinese njihova uporaba, ter različne oblike zapravljanja, ki jih je s pravilno uporabo vitke šest sigma proizvodnje možno eliminirati. V praktičnem delu smo raziskali, v kakšni obliki se ta orodja uporabljajo v Sloveniji in kakšna je njihova zastopanost. Poleg analize orodja za doseganje vitke šest sigma proizvodnje, je bil cilj naloge predstaviti možne izboljšave. Naš namen je prikazati pomembnost pravilne uporabe teh orodij in prikazati na praktičnem primeru, da to lahko na daljši rok prinese le dobiček ali prihranke. The master's thesis deals with a topic related to lean six sigma production. In the theoretical part, we presented the concept of tools and the method of application for leanness and six sigma separately and then for lean six sigma. To use the lean six sigma method accurately, it is important to know both tools. We have presented in greater detail the key tools and improvements that come with the use of these tools, and the various forms of waste that can be eliminated with the proper use of lean six sigma production. In the practical part we researched which forms of tools are being used in Slovenia and what their representation rate is. In addition to analysing the tool for achieving lean six sigma production, the aim of the paper was to present possible improvements. Our aim is to show how important it is to use these tools correctly and to show on a practical example that it can only bring profits or savings in the long run.

Teoretični uvod vsebuje pregled literature na temo samega zagovorništva. Nakazala sem katere so ključne naloge v zagovorništvu, katere oblike zagovorništva obstajajo, katere lastnosti mora imeti zagovornik, kako poteka zagovorništvo v socialnem delu ter za konec predstavim še raziskave na temo zagovorništva beguncev. Za svojo kvalitativno raziskavo sem opravila pet intervjujev, pri čemer sem uporabila delno standardiziran vprašalnik. Govorila sem s šestimi posamezniki, ki delajo v različnih nevladnih organizacijah. Z raziskavo sem zbrala podatke o tem, kako je v praksi pojmovano zagovorništvo, katere oblike zagovorništva se uporabljajo v praksi, kdo je lahko zagovornik beguncev, kako je z izobraževanjem za vlogo zagovornika, s kakšnimi ovirami se srečujejo zagovorniki v praksi, kako pride do stika z osebo, ki zagovornika potrebuje ter kje bi bile potrebne izboljšave v zagovorništvu. V raziskovalnem delu naloge se je pokazalo, da zagovorništvo beguncev in begunk poteka na različne načine, vendar se zraven pojavi kar nekaj ovir. Izkazalo se je, da so uporabniki največkrat diskriminirani, težavo pa predstavlja tudi sam sistem. Vprašani so izrazili potrebo po izobraževanjih oziroma usposabljanjih za zagovornike. Neka izobraževanja sicer že obstajajo, vendar so le del drugih izobraževanj. Velika večina vprašanih se za to vlogo ni izobraževala, se jih je pa veliko učilo tudi iz same prakse. Glede na same rezultate predlagam, da se uvede izobraževanje za zagovornika beguncev, kjer se bodo prisotni seznanili tako z aktualno zakonodajo kot tudi nekim praktičnim znanjem. The theoretical introductions contains literature overview on the topic of advocacy. I pointed out the key tasks in advocacy, existing forms of advocacy, advocate’s characteristics, how advocacy works in social work, and at the end, I presented research on the topic of refugees advocacy. My qualitative research is based on five interviews in which I used partly standardized questionnaire. I spoke to six individuals working in various non-governmental organizations. In the research, I collected the data on how advocacy is understood in practice, what forms of advocacy are used in practice, who can be a refugee advocate, education of advocate, what obstacles advocates face in practice, how to get in touch with a person who needs an advocate, and areas in which advocacy needs improvements. In the research part of the thesis, we established that advocacy of refugees takes place in different ways. However, some obstacles occur in the process. It turned out that users are mostly discriminated, and the system itself represents the problem. The participants expressed the need for education or training for advocates. Some educations already exist, but only as a part of other educations. The vast majority of respondents were not educated for this role, but many of them also learned from the practice itself. Considering the results, I suggest implementation of the refugee advocate in Slovenia where the participant will learn about the current legislation and get some practical knowledge.

Delo predstavi vladne deležnike na področju pomorstva v Republiki Sloveniji, vključujoč njihove naloge, način delovanja in sestav različnih oddelkov. Ker deležniki za potrebe opravljanja nalog zbirajo informacije s svojega področja delovanja, bodo v nadaljevanju predstavljeni tudi t. i. senzorji za zbiranje podatkov. Opisani bodo vsi načini deljenja podatkov s splošno javnostjo in ostalimi službami z namenom skupnega reševanja problemov in obravnave dogodkov. V zaključku dela bodo na podlagi zbranih informacij o delovanju deležnikov identificirani pomanjkljivosti in predlogi za njihovo izboljšanje. The author shall define and present all Slovenian governmental stakeholders in the area of maritime surveillance including their tasks, modus operandi and departmental structure. To perform their tasks efficiently, the stakeholders gather various data with the help of so-called sensors, thus an introduction to those shall follow. Furthermore, ways of private and public data sharing for the sake of inter departmental problem solving and discussion shall be described. Based on gathered information, the author will form a conclusion by identifying deficiencies in the stakeholder’s work and shall provide suggestions for their improvement.