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Caspase-3 is an attractive therapeutic target for treatment of diseases involving disregulated apoptosis. We report here the mechanism of caspase-3 inactivation by isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione derivatives. Kinetic analysis indicates the compounds can irreversibly inactivate caspase-3 in a 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT)- and oxygen-dependent manner, implying that a redox cycle might take place in the inactivation process. Reactive oxygen species detection experiments using a chemical indicator, together with electron spin resonance measurement, suggest that ROS can be generated by reaction of isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione derivatives with DTT. Oxygen-free radical scavenger catalase and superoxide dismutase eliciting the inactivation of caspase-3 by the inhibitors confirm that ROS mediates the inactivation process. Crystal structures of caspase-3 in complexes with isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione derivatives show that the catalytic cysteine is oxidized to sulfonic acid (-SO(3)H) and isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione derivatives are bound at the dimer interface of caspase-3. Further mutagenesis study shows that the binding of the inhibitors with caspase-3 appears to be nonspecific. Isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione derivative-catalyzed caspase-3 inactivation could also be observed when DTT is substituted with dihydrolipoic acid, which exists widely in cells and might play an important role in the in vivo inactivation process in which the inhibitors inactivate caspase-3 in cells and then prevent the cells from apoptosis. These results provide valuable information for further development of small molecular inhibitors against caspase-3 or other oxidation-sensitive proteins.

Caspase-1, the most efficient enzyme in processing the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1beta and interleukin 18 in humans, is associated with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and some neuronal diseases. We previously reported that isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione and its derivatives are novel caspase-3 inhibitors that could attenuate apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Here we report a novel derivative of isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione that is highly potent in inhibiting caspase-1 activity in an irreversible and slow-binding manner, thus inhibiting cellular caspase-1 activity and the maturation of interleukin 1beta in U-937 cells.

Caspase-3 is a programmed cell death protease involved in neuronal apoptosis during physiological development and under pathological conditions. It is a promising therapeutic target for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. We reported previously that isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione and its derivatives inhibit caspase-3. In this report, we validate isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione and its derivatives as potent, selective, irreversible, slow-binding and pan-caspase inhibitors. Furthermore, we show that these inhibitors attenuated apoptosis induced by beta-amyloid(25-35) in PC12 cells and primary neuronal cells.