23 results on '"IRRIGAZIONE"'
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2. Agua y poblamiento en el curso inferior del Ebro: los espacios agrarios de la ciudad de Tortosa en época antigua y medieval.
- Author
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Martí Castelló, Ramon and Negre Pérez, Joan
- Abstract
Copyright of Water & Landscape (WAL) / Agua & Territorio (AYT) is the property of Editorial de la Universidad de Jaen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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3. Terapie interventistiche per il trattamento del megacolon nel gatto.
- Author
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Bouzouraa, Tarek
- Abstract
Copyright of Summa, Animali da Compagnia is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
4. Qualitative evaluation of groundwater in terms of its suitability for drinking and irrigation. The case study of Sidi-Bel-Abbes alluvial aquifer (NW Algeria).
- Author
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OTMANE, Abdelkader, GHERISSI, Radia, BABA-HAMED, Kamila, and BOUANANI, Abderrazak
- Subjects
GROUNDWATER ,IRRIGATION ,HYDROGEOLOGY ,SALINITY - Abstract
Copyright of Italian Journal of Groundwater / Acque Sotterranee is the property of PAGEPress and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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5. Old huertas and new regadios in Mediterranean Spain
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Courtot, Roland, Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Maison méditerranéenne des sciences de l'Homme (MMSH), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNRS, Société Nationale d'Horticulture de France, and Conseil Scientifique de la SNHF
- Subjects
Évolution contemporaine ,Huerta ,España mediterránea ,Horticulture ,Contemporary evolution ,Horticultura ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,Spagna mediterranea ,Irrigazione ,Gartenbau ,Regadío ,Espagne méditerranéenne ,Exportación de frutas y hortalizas ,Bewässerung ,Esportazione di frutta e verdura ,Irrigation ,Evolución contemporánea ,Exportation des fruits et légumes ,Mediterranean Spain ,Export von Obst und Gemüse ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,Fruit and vegetable export ,Zeitgenössische Entwicklungen ,Orticoltura ,Mittelmeerraum Spanien ,Evoluzione contemporanea - Abstract
International audience; Die Küstenregionen Spaniens am Mittelmeer (von Katalonien bis Andalusien) haben sich in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts zu einem "Gartenbaubogen" und zum wichtigsten Produktionszentrum für Obst und Gemüse im Mittelmeerraum entwickelt, das als Frischware (in die westeuropäischen Nachbarländer) exportiert wird. Die historischen Huertas, die Gemüsegürtel der Städte, wurden durch die Urbanisierung zurückgedrängt, aber die neuen Anforderungen der Märkte in der EU führten zur Entwicklung neuer Bewässerungsgebiete in der südlichen Hälfte dieser Fassade: Diese Pionierfront rückte von Norden nach Süden vor und wurde durch die Einrichtung eines neuen Autobahn-Schnellverkehrsnetzes unterstützt. Klimatische Vorteile und niedrige Produktionskosten sowie öffentliche und private Investitionen haben eine wirtschaftliche und soziale Entwicklung auf der landwirtschaftlichen Grundlage des geschützten Anbaus ermöglicht. Diese räumliche Dynamik stößt nun an die Grenzen der Ausbeutung der natürlichen Ressourcen (Wasser und Boden, aufgrund der Konkurrenz durch Urbanisierung und Tourismus) und der Entstehung neuer, noch südlicherer Produktions-/Exportgebiete.; In the second half of the 20th century, the coastal regions of Mediterranean Spain (from Catalonia to Andalusia) became a horticultural "arc" and, in the Mediterranean, the main production centre for fruit and vegetables exported fresh (to neighbouring Western European countries). The historical huertas, the vegetable belts of the cities, have retreated in the face of urbanisation, but the new demands of the European Community markets have provoked the development of new irrigated areas in the southern half of this façade: this pioneer front has progressed from north to south, with the development of a new rapid motorway transport system. The climatic advantages and low production costs, as well as public and private investments, have enabled economic and social development on the agricultural basis of protected crops. This spatial dynamic is now coming up against the limits of the exploitation of natural resources (water and soil, as a result of competition from urbanisation and tourism), and the appearance of new production/export areas even further south.; En la segunda mitad del siglo XX, las regiones costeras de la España mediterránea (de Cataluña a Andalucía) se convirtieron en un "arco" hortícola y, en el Mediterráneo, en el principal centro de producción de frutas y hortalizas exportadas en fresco (a los países vecinos de Europa Occidental). Las huertas históricas, los cinturones hortícolas de las ciudades, han retrocedido ante la urbanización, pero las nuevas exigencias de los mercados de la Comunidad Europea han provocado el desarrollo de nuevas zonas de regadío en la mitad sur de esta fachada: este frente pionero ha progresado de norte a sur, con el desarrollo de un nuevo sistema de transporte rápido por autopista. Las ventajas climáticas y los bajos costes de producción, así como las inversiones públicas y privadas, han permitido un desarrollo económico y social sobre la base agrícola de los cultivos protegidos. Esta dinámica espacial choca ahora con los límites de la explotación de los recursos naturales (agua y suelo, por la competencia de la urbanización y el turismo) y la aparición de nuevas zonas de producción/exportación aún más al sur.; Les régions littorales de l’Espagne méditerranéennes (de la Catalogne à l’ Andalousie,) sont devenues dans la 2e moitié du 20e siècle un « arc » horticole et , en Méditerranée, le premier pôle de production de fruits et de légumes exportés en frais (vers les pays d’Europe occidentale voisins). Les huertas historiques, ceintures maraîchères des villes, ont reculé devant l’urbanisation, mais les nouvelles demandes des marchés de l’Europe communautaire ont provoqué le développement de nouvelles zones irriguées dans la moitié sud de cette façade : ce front pionnier a progressé du nord vers le sud, avec l’aménagement d’un nouveau transport rapide autoroutier. Les avantages climatiques et les faibles coûts de production, les investissements publiques et privés, ont permis un développement économique et social sur la base agricole des cultures protégées. Cette dynamique spatiale se heurte maintenant aux limites de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles (eau et sol, par suite de la concurrence de l’urbanisation et du tourisme), et de l’apparition de nouvelles zones de production/exportation encore plus méridionales.; Nella seconda metà del XX secolo, le regioni costiere della Spagna mediterranea (dalla Catalogna all'Andalusia) sono diventate un "arco" orticolo e, nel Mediterraneo, il principale centro di produzione di frutta e verdura esportata fresca (verso i vicini Paesi dell'Europa occidentale). Le storiche huertas, le cinture orticole delle città, si sono ritirate di fronte all'urbanizzazione, ma le nuove esigenze dei mercati comunitari hanno provocato lo sviluppo di nuove aree irrigue nella metà meridionale di questa facciata: questo fronte pionieristico è progredito da nord a sud, con lo sviluppo di un nuovo sistema di trasporto rapido autostradale. I vantaggi climatici e i bassi costi di produzione, così come gli investimenti pubblici e privati, hanno permesso lo sviluppo economico e sociale sulla base agricola delle colture protette. Questa dinamica territoriale si scontra ora con i limiti dello sfruttamento delle risorse naturali (acqua e suolo, a causa della concorrenza dell'urbanizzazione e del turismo) e con la comparsa di nuove aree di produzione/esportazione ancora più a sud.
- Published
- 2023
6. Horticultural management of Italian Pistachio orchard systems: current limitations and future prospective.
- Author
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Marino, Giulia and Marra, Francesco Paolo
- Subjects
AGRICULTURAL intensification ,HORTICULTURE ,PISTACHIO ,AGRICULTURAL economics ,AGRICULTURAL productivity - Abstract
Copyright of Italus Hortus is the property of Societa di Ortoflorofrutticoltura Italiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
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7. GIADA, un sistema centralizzato per la gestione dell'irrigazione a domanda / GIADA, a decision support system for a demand-driven irrigation
- Author
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Fabio, Zottele, Roveri, Marco, Elia, Rigo, Eros, Simoni, Paolo, Villa, and Giambattista, Toller
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decision support system ,gestione della risorsa irrigua ,cloud ,water resource scheduling ,irrigazione ,sistema di supporto alle decisioni ,irrigation - Published
- 2018
8. Comunità di irrigazione e rapporti fra rivales: riflessioni giurisprudenziali e tutela pretoria
- Author
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Maganzani, Lauretta
- Subjects
communities ,irrigazione ,comunità ,rivales ,irrigation ,Settore IUS/18 - DIRITTO ROMANO E DIRITTI DELL'ANTICHITA' - Published
- 2017
9. PROVE IDRAULICHE SU UN SEMOVENTE IRRIGUO
- Author
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Giuseppe Taglioli, Angelo Fabbri, G. Taglioli, and A. Fabbri
- Subjects
Engineering ,Irrigation ,Bioengineering ,ROTOLONI ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Water consumption ,lcsh:Agriculture ,UNIFORMITÀ DISTRIBUTIVA ,Range (statistics) ,Metre ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,IRRIGAZIONE ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Environmental engineering ,lcsh:S ,SEMOVENTI ,lcsh:S1-972 ,irrigation, self-propelling sprinkler, hydraulic performance ,Agriculture ,Controller (irrigation) ,VERIFICA TECNOLOGICA ,business ,Intensity (heat transfer) ,Water well - Abstract
Vengono riportati gli esiti di prove tecnologiche su un semovente irriguo ad ala avvolgibile:verifica di portata,pressione,uniformità distributiva,qualità dell'adacquamento. Inoltre viene proposto un metodo di calcolo per individuare la migliore sovrapposizione dei getti e quindi la corretta distanza tra due successive postazioni del semovente per rendere massima l'omogeneità distributiva. The correct management of the irrigation is a well known factor of success in agriculture, even as regard the water saving. As a consequence it was tested here a very common medium sized hose-reel irrigation machine, known in Italy as rotolone. Several hydraulic and technical aspects were investigated, in two tests on a 3 ha field: - the hydraulic distribution on the field, measured by means of 55 rainfall meter; - the uniformity of the forward speed and the effectiveness of the controller; - the effect of the standstill times on distribution quality; - the hydraulic performance declared by the manufacturer; - the water consumption, the manpower requirements; - the quality of irrigation. Moreover a theoretical analysis of the best overlapping between the range of two adjacent sprinkler was developed. The tests have shown the importance of the regularization of the backward speed: in lack of this the variations can reach the value of 70%. The value of 85% in overlapping of wetted areas, recommended by manufacturers, was theoretically justified. The measured mean range, at the recommended pressure, was 10% lower than declared by manufacturer. The rain hourly intensity was too high for the needing of the clay soil of the field. The jet spraying was coarse in relationship to the clay fraction of the soil but not for the crop (maize). The hose-reel irrigation machine examined here, can maintain an high level of feasibility if some improvement were adopted.
- Published
- 2007
10. GROWTH TRAITS OF FIVE YOUNG OLIVE CULTIVARS, GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION REGIMES
- Author
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G. Morelli, V. Magliulo, F. Fragnito, and R. d'Andria
- Subjects
olivo ,Irrigation ,Horticulture ,Agronomy ,irrigazione ,Cultivar ,Biology - Abstract
Olive is a typical Mediterranean crop, featuring high water stress resistance and adaptation to drought. It has also been reported to be highly responsive to irrigation water, both in terms of vegetative growth and yield. The present research was undertaken to provide quantitative data concerning the response of 5 olive cultivars to different water regime, in an inland hilly area of southern Italy. The experiment was carried throughout 1996, on a 6 x 3 spaced drip-irrigated orchard, established in 1992. Five table and double attitude cultivars - Ascolana tenera , Kalamata , Nocellara del Belice, Itrana and Maiatica, the first three yielding fruit in 1996 - grafted on DA 12-Io rootstock, were tested under four water regimes: T0 (rainfed) and T1, T2 and T3 that received a water depth equivalent to 33, 66 and 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration, respectively. Irrigation markedly influenced growth behaviour. Trunk diameter was 7.73, 7.60, 6.94, 6.92 cm at the end of 1996 for T3, T2, T1 and T0 respectively, with almost no differences between the 2 most irrigated treatments, and between T1 and the control. Differences in mean shoot length were evident at the end of August between T3 (45.4 cm) and the other treatments - 39.2 38.4, 38.2 cm, for T2, T1 and T0 - loosing significance thereafter. Ascolana, Itrana, Kalamata, Nocellara and Maiatica ranked in decreasing order, with featuring a development concentrated in the second part of the season. Growth analysis parameters were computed and their trends analysed. Simple correlation matrix were calculated to investigate the existence of correlation with yield, for the different phenological phases, to evidence periods of strategic importance in terms of efficiency of water application.
- Published
- 1999
11. Nuovi parametri per l'irrigazione di Abate Fétel su vari cotogni
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Anconelli S., Solimando D., Galli F., Verzella D., Losciale P., CORELLI GRAPPADELLI, LUCA, MORANDI, BRUNELLA, ZIBORDI, MARCO, MANFRINI, LUIGI, PIERPAOLI, EMANUELE, Anconelli S., Solimando D., Corelli Grappadelli L., Morandi B., Zibordi M., Manfrini L., Pierpaoli E., Galli F., Verzella D., and Losciale P.
- Subjects
water balance ,irrigazione ,bilancio idrico ,pear ,rootstock ,pero ,portinnesti ,irrigation - Abstract
Riassunto La ricerca ha lo scopo di valutare l’effetto della riduzione degli apporti irrigui sulle performance fisiologiche ed agronomiche della cultivar Abate Fetél innestata sui 4 portinnesti più comunemente utilizzati nella Valle del Po. La prova è stata effettuata presso l’azienda agricola dimostrativa “Fondazione per l’Agricoltura Fratelli Navarra” sita in Ferrara, Emilia Romagna, mettendo a confronto quattro differenti portinnesti e densità di impianto: MC, Sydo, Adams ed MH. Le 4 combinazioni sono state sottoposte ai seguenti 4 livelli di irrigazione decrescenti:100%, 50%, 25% RDI-IRRINET, test asciutto. L’irrigazione è stata gestita seguendo un bilancio idrico secondo il modello IRRINET fornito dal Consorzio per il Canale Emiliano Romagnolo (CER), che tiene conto del regime di Deficit di irrigazione controllato (RDI). Il bilancio idrico del modello IRRINET ha confermato la propria validità nella stima dell’umidità del terreno, avendo registrato una buona corrispondenza con i valori di umidità misurati dai sensori disposti nella prova. I dati produttivi medi del biennio, relativi alla fase di piena produzione, inoltre, hanno evidenziato che il cotogno C, abbinato a forme di allevamento e impianti superfitti (12.000 piante/ha), deprime la pezzatura in misura significativa rispetto agli altri portinnesti, con un conseguente calo di prodotto commerciale. Summary This three-year trial is carried out at the Demonstration Farm of the “Fondazione per l'Agricoltura Fratelli Navarra” located near Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna. On Abbé Fétel grafted on 4 of the most currently used rootstocks in the Po Valley (MC, Sydo, Adams and MH) contrasting irrigation volumes are assessed, in each phenological stage and scion/rootstock combination, to determine the minimum irrigation level at which plants are not exposed to damaging water stress conditions. The different volumes were determined as fractions of the IRRINET daily recommendation for Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) in this orchard, and various agronomic parameters were determined. The IRRINET model proved suited to predict soil water content; decreasing irrigation volumes determined decreasing % of marketable yields, and diminishing fruit size, while total yields were not decreasing (for some rootstocks) between 100 and 50% IRRINET. MC performance was generally lower than for the other rootstocks, revealing the limits of its quite low vigour.
- Published
- 2013
12. Sviluppo di metodologie e componenti agrometeorologiche per il supporto alla gestione della risorsa idrica nel florovivaismo: risultati operativi e potenzialità applicative
- Author
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Piero Battista, Bernardo Rapi, Maurizio Romani, Francesco Sabatini, and Gaetano Zipoli
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sistemi di controllo ,agrometeorological models ,monitoraggio micrometeorologico ,irrigazione ,micrometeorological monitoring ,modelli agrometeorologici ,control systems ,irrigation - Abstract
La storica frammentazione del sistema ortoflorovivaistico italiano comporta un'oggettiva difficoltà delle imprese a sostenere i costi legati all'innovazione dei propri processi-prodotti. Per quasi trent'anni presso l'Istituto di Biometeorologia del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, sono state condotte attività di ricerca che permettessero anche alle imprese medio-piccole di avvantaggiarsi dall'instaurarsi di rapporti più stretti e continuativi con gli organismi di ricerca. Nel ripercorrere le fasi salienti del processo di studio, adattamento e integrazione di funzioni e dispositivi per una razionalizzazione delle pratiche irrigue nel florovivaismo, condotto nel quadro di recenti progetti di ricerca e trasferimento tecnologico, se ne discutono risultati e potenzialità applicative.
- Published
- 2013
13. Modellizzazione della evapotraspirazione delle specie coltivate in serra e in vivaio
- Author
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Laura Bacci 1, Giulia Carmassi 2, Luca Incrocci 2, Piero Battista 1, Bernardo Rapi 1, Paolo Marzialetti 3, and Alberto Pardossi 2
- Subjects
equazione di Penman-Monteith ,protected crops ,irrigazione ,colture protette ,soilless culture ,colture fuori suolo ,Penman- Monteith equation ,irrigation - Abstract
Il miglioramento dell'efficienza dell'irrigazione nelle colture in serra e in vivaio e un obiettivo molto importante se si considerano i loro ingenti fabbisogni irrigui (da 5.000 a 12.000 m3 ha-1 all'anno). In queste colture la pratica irrigua e realizzata nella maggior parte dei casi con sistemi di microirrigazione, pertanto la razionalizzazione degli apporti idrici e, nel caso delle colture fuori suolo, il recupero dell'acqua di drenaggio rappresentano attualmente le principali possibilità per incrementare l'efficienza irrigua. In questa review sono illustrati alcuni modelli di stima dell'evapotraspirazione delle colture in serra e in vivaio, utilizzabili per gestirne l'irrigazione, frutto delle ricerche condotte dagli Autori negli ultimi anni.
- Published
- 2013
14. Assessment of vineyard water status variability by thermal and multispectral imagery using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
- Author
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R. Zorer, Pedro Balda, Fermín Morales, Javier Tardáguila, Franco Meggio, Javier Baluja, and Maria P. Diago
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Stomatal conductance ,Irrigation ,Viticulture ,Coefficient of determination ,Multispectral ,UAV ,Multispectral image ,Soil Science ,Vineyard ,Drone ,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ,Irrigazione ,Environmental science ,Settore AGR/03 - ARBORICOLTURA GENERALE E COLTIVAZIONI ARBOREE ,Spatial variability ,Vegetation Index ,Multispettrale ,Viticoltura ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Water Science and Technology ,Remote sensing - Abstract
12 Pags., 3 Tabls., 5 Figs., The goal of this study was to assess the water status variability of a commercial rain-fed Tempranillo vineyard (Vitis vinifera L.) by thermal and multispectral imagery using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The relationships between aerial temperatures or indices derived from the imagery and leaf stomatal conductance (g s) and stem water potential (Ψstem) were determined. Aerial temperature was significantly correlated with g s (R 2 = 0.68, p < 0.01) and Ψstem (R 2 = 0.50, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the thermal indices derived from aerial imagery were also strongly correlated with Ψstem and g s. Moreover, different spectral indices were related to vineyard water status, although NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and TCARI/OSAVI (ratio between transformed chlorophyll absorption in reflectance and optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index) showed the highest coefficient of determination with Ψstem (R 2 = 0.68, p < 0.05) and g s (R 2 = 0.84, p < 0.05), respectively. While the relationship with thermal imagery and water status parameters could be considered as a short-term response, NDVI and TCARI/OSAVI indices were probably reflecting the result of cumulative water deficits, hence a long-term response. In conclusion, thermal and multispectral imagery using an UAV allowed assessing and mapping spatial variability of water status within the vineyard., This work was supported by the Agencia de Desarrollo Económico de La Rioja (ADER) with the Project TELEVITIS 2008-I-ID-00123. The authors want to thank Domecq Bodegas allowing the execution of this study in their commercial vineyard. Fermín Morales thanks Gobierno de Aragón (A03 research group) for financial support.
- Published
- 2012
15. Le acque di irrigazione
- Author
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Molinari, Gian Pietro and Lucini, Luigi
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salinità ,sodicity ,Settore AGR/13 - CHIMICA AGRARIA ,irrigazione ,sodicità ,irrigation ,salinity - Published
- 2011
16. Operating costs for water distribution for irrigation purposes. An empirical analysis with a flexible functional form
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Giraldo, Luca and Dono, Gabriele
- Subjects
Translog ,Acqua ,Cost ,Water ,Costo ,Tariffazione ,Irrigazione ,Flessibile ,Funzione ,Function ,Irrigation ,AGR/01 ,Flexible ,Pricing - Abstract
In agricoltura l’acqua è spesso un fattore produttivo limitante e soggetto a frequenti ed importanti periodi di scarsità, che incentiva una forte competizione per il suo impiego anche tra diversi settori, sia industriali che urbani. Avvalendosi del principio che l’uso familiare dell’acqua debba prevalere su quello produttivo, le Pubbliche Amministrazioni tendono a razionalizzarne l’utilizzo agricolo, attraverso consorzi per la gestione delle fonti d’acqua. Tuttavia, esiste ancora una forte necessità di calibrare la gestione delle risorse idriche a scopo irriguo, per perseguire obiettivi di natura economica e politica che riguardano la riduzione degli sprechi e l’allocazione efficiente. Il problema della gestione della risorsa idrica è reso ancora più rilevante e attuale dalle recenti osservazioni e teorie sul cambio climatico globale, che prospettano scenari futuri con una scarsità dell’acqua in aumento, accompagnata da modificazioni della variabilità degli eventi atmosferici che sono alla base della sua disponibilità. Una prima e importante difficoltà nasce dall’uso normativo del concetto di efficienza, in un’ottica di recupero dei costi. E’ quindi d’interesse lo studio dei costi legati all’uso della risorsa idrica in agricoltura, per comprendere meglio in che direzione sarebbe opportuno spingere le politiche di gestione dell’acqua per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi comunitari e, più in generale, di traguardi di efficienza economica più sostenibili. Per una corretta e consapevole gestione delle risorse idriche, è necessaria un’analisi degli aspetti economici legati alla fornitura del servizio irriguo, per comprendere gli effetti che determinati interventi avranno sui benefici associati a tale servizio. E’ sulla comprensione di questi aspetti della distribuzione dell’acqua a scopo irriguo che si incentra il lavoro di tesi. Per realizzare questo studio, è stata presa in esame l’area servita da un consorzio di bonifica e irrigazione in Sardegna. Tale scelta è da ritenersi interessante, giacché i sistemi di distribuzione dell’acqua irrigua e i metodi di tariffazione adottati da questo consorzio sono tra i più praticati in Italia e nell’area del Mediterraneo. Pertanto, le caratteristiche di questa area permettono di estendere le conclusioni del lavoro per considerazioni più generali. Attraverso un’approfondita ricostruzione delle tecnologie distributive e dei dati economici e tecnici, sono stati prodotti i dati per poter costruire un modello dei costi operativi della distribuzione irrigua. Il lavoro di raccolta dati ha permesso di comprendere come la realtà dei consorzi irrigui sia molto variegata e diversificata. A tal proposito, infatti, non va trascurato che nel corso degli anni le strutture consortili hanno operato delle ristrutturazioni, sia dal punto di vista organizzativo che tecnico. E’ quindi auspicabile comprendere come queste ristrutturazioni hanno modificato le economie e le efficienze dei consorzi irrigui e quanto spazio può ancora sussistere per un ulteriore miglioramento di queste condizioni. All’interno dello stesso comprensorio, difatti, coesistono strutture molto diverse per la distribuzione dell’acqua irrigua che sono il risultato del processo di ammodernamento differenziato e disomogeneo dei vari distretti irrigui. L’approccio metodologico utilizzato è quello basato sulla funzione di costo logaritmica trascendente (translog), già ampiamente utilizzato in altre aree di studio dell’economia applicata, soprattutto nell’analisi dell’efficienza e nella valutazione del progresso tecnologico. In questo lavoro sono stati sviluppati 7 modelli econometrici con 3 diversi gradi di dettaglio nella specificazione della tecnologia. Questa differenzazione è stata utile per comprendere come alcuni aspetti peculiari dei diversi sistemi di distribuzione dell’acqua possano essere presi in considerazione nelle politiche di tariffazione dell’acqua irrigua. Esiste ancora una forte necessità di calibrare la gestione delle risorse idriche a scopo irriguo, per perseguire obiettivi di natura economica e politica che riguardano la riduzione degli sprechi e l’allocazione efficiente. Si è visto come il volume d’acqua fornito sia di fatto un elemento insufficiente per descrivere i costi operativi: la distribuzione dei volumi d’acqua su superfici più o meno estese ha impatti spesso più importanti dei volumi d’acqua in sé. Ciò è facilmente comprensibile, perché le strutture utilizzate nella distribuzione hanno dei costi anche di ‘attivazione’ e di mantenimento in funzione che sono più legati alla loro dimensione piuttosto che a loro livello operativo. Quando l’acqua viene distribuita per gravità si generano delle perdite di rete dovute a necessità tecnologiche e organizzative, che raggiungono anche il 30% dell’acqua immessa nei canali. Queste perdite non assumono alcun valore economico, tranne forse quando l’acqua deve essere pompata per brevi tratti collinari. Ciò è rilevante per la gestione del servizio irriguo, nel momento in cui si vuole regolare l’esternalità dello spreco di acqua generata dal consorzio attraverso la tariffazione. Dai risultati, emerge anche un sostanziale sotto utilizzo delle strutture che generano i costi fissi di fornitura: è importante specificare che l’implementazione del recupero costo pieno, richiesto dalla attuale normativa, non determini che in varie circostanze, gli agricoltori si trovino a pagare le inefficienze dei sistemi che gestiscono i servizi idrici. Certamente, la sola conoscenza dei costi di fornitura è incompleta per adottare un adeguato sistema di tariffazione. Lo studio dei costi operativi ha comunque dato un apporto significativo alla conoscenza sul funzionamento dei consorzi di bonifica e irrigazione ed i risultati ottenuti permettono di fare delle considerazioni sulle indicazioni di tariffazione introdotti dalla WFD. In agriculture the water is often a limiting factor and subject to frequent and important periods of scarcity, which encourages strong competition for its use even among different sectors, both industrial and urban areas. Using the principle that the family use of water should take precedence over the production, Public Administrations tend to rationalize the agricultural use, through consortia for the management of water sources. However, there is still a strong need to adjust the management of water resources for irrigation purposes, in pursuit of economic objectives and policy dealing with waste minimization and allocation efficiency. The management of water resources is made even more relevant and topical by recent observations and theories on global climate change, which envisage future scenarios with an increasing scarcity of water, accompanied by changes in the variability of atmospheric events that underlie the availability. A first and important difficulty arises from the use of the concept of regulatory efficiency, considering cost recovery. The study of the costs associated with the use of water resources in agriculture is therefore interesting to better understand in what direction we should push the water management policy for the achievement of EU objectives and, more generally, the goals of sustainable economic efficiency. For a correct and conscious management of water resources is necessary to analyze the economic aspects related to irrigation service supply, in order to understand the effects that certain actions will have on the benefits associated with such service. The thesis focuses on understanding of these aspects of water supply for irrigation purposes. In order to carry this study on, the area served by a consortium of drainage and irrigation in Sardinia has been examined. This choice can be considered interesting, since the irrigation water distribution systems and pricing methods adopted by this consortium are among the most practiced in Italy and the Mediterranean. Therefore, the characteristics of this area allow us to extend the conclusions of the work for more general interpretations. Through a detailed reconstruction of the distribution technologies and the economic and technical aspects, the data for constructing a model of the operational costs of the irrigation distribution have been produced. The work of data collection has made it clear that the reality of the consortium irrigation is very varied and diverse. In this regard, it should not be overlooked that over the years the facilities have operated consortium of restructuring, both organizationally and technically. It is therefore desirable to understand how these renovations have changed the economies and efficiencies of irrigation consortia and how much space can still exist for further improvement of these conditions. Within the same area, in fact, very different structures for irrigation water distribution coexist, and are the result of the variable and heterogeneous modernization process throughout the various irrigation districts. The methodological approach used is based on the transcendental logarithmic (Translog) cost function, already widely used in other areas of applied economics, particularly when analyzing and evaluating the efficiency of technological progress. In this work 7 econometric models were developed, with 3 different degrees of detail in the specification of the technology . This differentiation is helpful in understanding how certain distinctive features of different water distribution systems can be taken into account in the irrigation water pricing policies. There is still a strong need to balance the management of water resources for irrigation purposes, in pursuit of economic objectives and policy dealing with waste minimization and allocation efficiency. It is seen that the volume of water supplied is in fact inadequate to describe the operational costs: the distribution of volumes of water onto land is relevant when it is accounted for considering also the land on which it is distributed. This is easily understandable, because the structures used in the distribution have also costs for activation and continued operation that are more related to their size rather than their operational level. When the water is distributed by gravity, network losses appear, due to technological and organizational needs, which reach even 30% of the water distributed in the channels. These losses do not take any economic value, except perhaps when the water must be pumped over low hills. This is relevant for the management of irrigation service, when we want to adjust the externalities of waste water generated by the consortium through the pricing. The results also shows a substantial under use of the distribution facilities that generate the fixed costs of delivery. So it is important to specify that the implementation of full cost recovery required by current legislation determines that, in some circumstances, farmers are paying the inefficiencies of the systems that manage the water services. Certainly, the mere knowledge of supply costs is incomplete to adopt a proper system of charging. The study of operating costs has nevertheless made a significant contribution to knowledge on the functioning of the consortia of reclamation and irrigation, and the results obtained allow to make some considerations on the indications for pricing introduced by the WFD. Dottorato di ricerca in Economia e territorio
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- 2010
17. Earth Observation products for operational irrigation management in the context of the PLEIADeS project
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Alfonso Calera, A. Perdigão, J. Garatuza-Pajan, R. Escadafal, Lahoucine Hanich, Guido D'Urso, J.B. Tapia, Francesco Vuolo, M. A. Osann, K. Richter, D'Urso, Guido, Richter, K., Calera, A., Osann, M. A., Escadafal, R., Garatuza Pajan, J., Hanich, L., Perdigão, A., Tapia, J. B., and Vuolo, F.
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Earth observation ,Irrigation ,Computer science ,Satellites ,Crop water requirements ,Soil Science ,Context (language use) ,Evapotranspirazione ,Water scarcity ,remote sensing ,Irrigazione ,Fabbisogno irriguo ,Irrigation management ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology ,Estimation ,telerilevamento da satellite ,Evapotranspiration ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,Environmental engineering ,Agriculture ,Sustainability ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Controlled and efficient agricultural irrigation management is required to avoid negative effects of the increasing world water scarcity and therefore to assure a sustainable production. Within this context, the project ‘Participatory multi-Level EO-assisted tools for Irrigation water management and Agricultural Decision-Support’ (PLEIADeS: http://www.pleiades.es ) addressed the efficient and sustainable use of water for food production in water-scarce environments. The project aimed at improving the performance of irrigation schemes by means of a range of measures, made possible through wide space–time coverage of Earth Observation (E.O.) data and interactive networking capabilities of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Project partners, represented by a set of pilot case-studies, included a broad range of conditions characteristic for the European, Southern Mediterranean and American regions. Algorithms for a number of basic products for the estimation of Irrigation Water Requirements (IWR) have been defined in an operational framework. In this study a review of application of these algorithms, applied and validated within different case-studies during the project, is presented.
- Published
- 2010
18. Water Framework Directive and water pricing: impact on the agricultural farms of the Maremma Etrusca irrigation district of Tarquinia
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Cortignani, Raffaele and Severini, Simone
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Programmazione matematica positiva ,Irrigazione ,Water Framework Directive ,Water pricing ,Direttiva quadro delle acque ,Positive Mathematical Programming ,Irrigation ,AGR/01 - Abstract
La direttiva 2000/60/CE istituisce un quadro per la protezione delle acque nell’Unione Europea. Gli Stati membri possono utilizzare strumenti economici per ottenere gli obiettivi prefissati. In modo particolare si deve tener conto del principio del recupero dei costi dei servizi idrici, compresi quelli ambientali e delle risorse. Attualmente il costo dell’acqua considera solamente una parte dei costi finanziari e quindi ci sarà un aumento del costo con importanti ripercussioni economiche, sociali ed ambientali. L’analisi condotta valuta il possibile impatto di un aumento del costo dell’acqua sulle aziende agricole di un Consorzio di Bonifica situato in una zona costiera del centro Italia. In particolare, sono state effettuate due set di simulazioni: un aumento della tariffa uguale in tutti i periodi irrigui ed un aumento della tariffa nel solo periodo estivo. Inoltre l’analisi mette in evidenza pregi e limiti dell’approccio metodologico usato. La metodologia utilizzata è la Programmazione Matematica Positiva (PMP) e in particolare l’approccio di Arfini e Paris (1995) con l’introduzione di un dato esogeno sul valore della terra. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che lo strumento della tariffazione non può da solo ottenere obiettivi soddisfacenti per quanto riguarda la conservazione delle risorse idriche. Infatti anche con notevoli aumenti del costo dell’acqua si ha una ridotta riduzione del consumo di acqua. L’aumento del costo dell’acqua determina una estensificazione degli ordinamenti colturali, un limitato peggioramento dei risultati economici della aziende agricole ed una riduzione delle entrate del Consorzio. L’aumento della tariffa nel solo periodo estivo determina, a parità di risparmio idrico, un costo per gli agricoltori leggermente inferiore. La metodologia della PMP può essere utilizzata con buoni risultati anche per quanto riguarda l’analisi di problematiche riguardanti le risorse idriche. Il limite più grande è che, negli approcci standard, non si possono considerare nuove tecniche irrigue a più basso fabbisogno irriguo. The directive 2000/60/EC draws up a framework for the protection of the waters in the European Union. The Member states can use economic instruments to obtain the established goals. In particular one must take account of the principle of recovery of water services, including environmental and resource costs. Actually water cost considers only a part of financial costs and therefore there will be an increase of cost: this could have relevant economic, social and environmental effects. The thesis values the possible impact of an increase of water cost on agricultural irrigated area situated in a coastal area of the central Italy. The used methodology is the Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) and in particular the Arfini-Paris approach (1995) whit the introduction of a exogenous data on the land value. In particular two sets of simulations have been carried out: an increase of the water costs in all irrigation periods and an increase only in the summer. Moreover the analysis points out merits and limits of the used methodological approach. Simulation results show that increasing water costs do not reach satisfying goals concerning the water conservation. In fact there is a small reduction of the water consumption also with large increases of water cost. The increase of the water cost determines a more extensive cropping pattern, a limited worsening of the economic results and a decrease of the revenues of the irrigation board. The increase of water cost only in the summer determines a impact more limited on farmers economic results. The analysis has shown that the PMP methodology can be used also to study water resource problems and policies. The more large limit is that it is not possible to consider new irrigation techniques nor crops not observed in the base situation. Dottorato di ricerca in Politica agraria
- Published
- 2008
19. Fertilization via carbonated water and mineral concentration in a tomato crop
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G. Basile, R. d'Andria, M. Arienzo, V. Magliulo, and Albino Maggio
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Irrigation ,biology ,Magnesium ,fungi ,pomodoro ,Soil Science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,food and beverages ,irrigazione ,Manganese ,Zinc ,Drip irrigation ,biology.organism_classification ,Horticulture ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nutrient ,chemistry ,acqua carbonizzata ,Botany ,Carbon dioxide ,costituenti analitici ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Solanaceae - Abstract
In our experiments, application of carbonated water (CW) modified the nutritional status of a field-grown tomato crop. Fruit concentrations of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) were initially increased by CW, after which they were similar to the controls (Zn and Mn) or lower (Cu and Fe). Leaf concentrations of the same group of elements were also increased in the later growth stages. Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the earlier stages showed diminished concentrations in all plant parts in response to CW treatment; later on, a slightly higher Ca content was found in the fruit and lower in the leaves, while the fruit Mg content was decreased. Higher cation contents were found in the plant in response to the higher irrigation frequency and interaction with CW effect was detected in most of the cases. In the first period, leaf and fruit contents of all elements, except for Mg in the fruit were increased by daily irrigation. In the second one, leaf content of all nutrients was also increased; the fruit content of Mg, Ca and Zn was increased, while that of Cu, Fe, and Mn was decreased.
- Published
- 1993
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20. Effect of apical preparation on different needle depth penetration
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Mélanie Dedieu, Alexia Vinel, Franck Diemer, Aline Sinan, Sara Laurencin-Dalicieux, Marie Georgelin-Gurgel, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), INSERM U563, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-IMT École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux (IMT Mines Albi), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux (IMT Mines Albi), and Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)
- Subjects
Preparazione apicale ,medicine.medical_specialty ,[SDV.OT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT] ,Continuous rotation ,Materials science ,Root canal ,0206 medical engineering ,Dentistry ,02 engineering and technology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Irrigazione ,Strumenti ,medicine ,Needle ,Penetration depth ,[SDV.IB.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering/Biomaterials ,General Dentistry ,Irrigation ,Syringe ,Medicine(all) ,Aghi ,business.industry ,Nickel—titanium ,[SPI.MECA.BIOM]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Biomechanics [physics.med-ph] ,Nichel-titanio ,030206 dentistry ,Penetration (firestop) ,020601 biomedical engineering ,Surgery ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Apical shape ,business ,Instruments ,Nickel–titanium - Abstract
AimShaping should be complemented by antiseptic solution. These are often delivered using a needle and syringe. But apical penetration of the irrigation solution is of only 1mm beyond its tip. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of the apical preparation on the penetration depth of some needles.Methodology24 teeth were divided randomly into two groups and prepared in continuous rotation (350rpm) with Revo-S® or ProTaper® to sizes AS 30, 35 and 40 and F1, F2 and F3 respectively. Four types of endodontic needles were used. Three sizes of stainless steel needles: 25, 27 and 30 gauge and one of nickel–titanium needle: 30 Gauge. Each needle was inserted and its length of penetration measured before the root canal preparation and after the finishing files.ResultsMultivariate analysis of variance showed significant differences for the finishers (p
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21. Pour une géographie des grands projets d\'irrigation dans les terres sèches des pays sous-développés: les impacts sur le milieu et leurs conséquences
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Pierpaolo Faggi
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Irrigazione ,dependency ,under-developement ,irrigation ,waterlodging ,salinization ,sand problems ,acculturation ,dépendance ,impact ,sous-développement ,saturation hydrique ,ensablement ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Impatto ambientale ,Crisi territoriale ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Control of water, salt, and sand is correctly ensured in the old irrigation areas of the « traditional system », with secular knowledges and technics. With the great new irrigation projects, environmental impacts are much more important ; water management problems are very different and more difficult to solve. Valuation and correction overstay traditional knowledges and technics, and lead to depreciate « the self-sufficient system » for the benefit of the « technical system » which is controlled by other socio-spatial systems., La maîtrise de l'eau, du sel, du sable est assez bien assurée dans les périmètres irrigués anciens du « système paysan », grâce à une connaissance et à des techniques séculaires. Avec les grands projets d'irrigation actuels, les impacts sur le milieu sont beaucoup plus importants. Les problèmes de maîtrise de l'eau se présentent de façon différente et prennent des dimensions beaucoup plus considérables. Leur diagnostic comme les remèdes à y apporter ne sont plus du ressort des savoirs et des techniques traditionnels ; cela conduit à l'effacement du « système paysan » autonome, au profit du « système-projet » très dépendant d'autres systèmes socio-spatiaux., Faggi Pierpaolo. Pour une géographie des grands projets d'irrigation dans les terres sèches des pays sous-développés : les impacts sur le milieu et leurs conséquences. In: Revue de géographie de Lyon, vol. 61, n°1, 1986. pp. 7-17.
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- 1986
22. Optimisation of water and nitrogen in irrigated permanent meadows in the province of Reggio Emilia
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Vincenzo Tabaglio, Bortolazzo, E., Ligabue, M., and Davolio, R.
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concimazione azotata ,efficienza d'uso dell'acqua ,water use efficiency ,foraggicoltura ,irrigazione ,efficienza d'uso dell'azoto ,grassland ,N fertilization ,soil nitrate ,irrigation ,nitrogen use efficiency ,Settore AGR/02 - AGRONOMIA E COLTIVAZIONI ERBACEE ,nitrati nel suolo
23. FRUIT AND LEAF SENSING FOR THE CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF TREE WATER STATUS IN HIGH-DENSITY ORCHARD SYSTEMS
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Alessio Scalisi, LO BIANCO, Riccardo, and BAGARELLO, Vincenzo
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water relations, water status ,olivo ,automazione ,ecophysiology ,nectarine ,ecofisiologia ,plant ,probe ,frutti ,nettarine ,irrigation ,olive ,Automation ,sensor ,sensori ,Olea europaea ,sonde ,Prunus persica ,foglie ,Acqua ,horticulture ,arboricoltura ,stato idrico ,irrigazione ,Settore AGR/03 - Arboricoltura Generale E Coltivazioni Arboree ,relazioni idriche
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