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Background: Yellow-fleshed potatoes biofortified with iron have been developed through conventional breeding, but the bioavailability of iron is unknown., Objectives: Our objective was to measure iron absorption from an iron-biofortified yellow-fleshed potato clone in comparison with a nonbiofortified yellow-fleshed potato variety., Methods: We conducted a single-blinded, randomized, crossover, multiple-meal intervention study. Women (n = 28; mean ± SD plasma ferritin 21.3 ± 3.3 μg/L) consumed 10 meals (460 g) of both potatoes, each meal extrinsically labeled with either 58 Fe sulfate (biofortified) or 57 Fe sulfate (nonfortified), on consecutive days. Iron absorption was estimated from iron isotopic composition in erythrocytes 14 d after administration of the final meal., Results: Mean ± SD iron, phytic acid, and ascorbic acid concentrations in iron-biofortified and the nonfortified potato meals (mg/per 100 mg) were 0.63 ± 0.01 and 0.31 ± 0.01, 39.34 ± 3.04 and 3.10 ± 1.72, and 7.65 ± 0.34 and 3.74 ± 0.39, respectively (P < 0.01), whereas chlorogenic acid concentrations were 15.14 ± 1.72 and 22.52 ± 3.98, respectively (P < 0.05). Geometric mean (95% CI) fractional iron absorption from the iron-biofortified clone and the nonbiofortified variety were 12.1% (10.3%-14.2%) and 16.6% (14.0%-19.6%), respectively (P < 0.001). Total iron absorption from the iron-biofortified clone and the nonbiofortified variety were 0.35 mg (0.30-0.41 mg) and 0.24 mg (0.20-0.28 mg) per 460 g meal, respectively (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: TIA from iron-biofortified potato meals was 45.8% higher than that from nonbiofortified potato meals, suggesting that iron biofortification of potatoes through conventional breeding is a promising approach to improve iron intake in iron-deficient women. The study was registered at www., Clinicaltrials: gov as Identifier number NCT05154500., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Sweetpotato and potato are fast-maturing staple crops and widely consumed in low- and middle-income countries. Conventional breeding to biofortify these crops with iron could improve iron intakes. To our knowledge, iron absorption from sweetpotato and potato has not been assessed., Objective: The aim was to assess iron absorption from regular and iron-biofortified orange-fleshed sweetpotato in Malawi and yellow-fleshed potato and iron-biofortified purple-fleshed potato in Peru., Methods: We conducted 2 randomized, multiple-meal studies in generally healthy, iron-depleted women of reproductive age. Malawian women (n = 24) received 400 g regular or biofortified sweetpotato test meals and Peruvian women (n = 35) received 500 g regular or biofortified potato test meals. Women consumed the meals at breakfast for 2 wk and were then crossed over to the other variety. We labeled the test meals with 57Fe or 58Fe and measured cumulative erythrocyte incorporation of the labels 14 d after completion of each test-meal sequence to calculate iron absorption. Iron absorption was compared by paired-sample t tests., Results: The regular and biofortified orange-fleshed sweetpotato test meals contained 0.55 and 0.97 mg Fe/100 g. Geometric mean (95% CI) fractional iron absorption (FIA) was 5.82% (3.79%, 8.95%) and 6.02% (4.51%, 8.05%), respectively (P = 0.81), resulting in 1.9-fold higher total iron absorption (TIA) from biofortified sweetpotato (P < 0.001). The regular and biofortified potato test meals contained 0.33 and 0.69 mg Fe/100 g. FIA was 28.4% (23.5%, 34.2%) from the regular yellow-fleshed and 13.3% (10.6%, 16.6%) from the biofortified purple-fleshed potato meals, respectively (P < 0.001), resulting in no significant difference in TIA (P = 0.88)., Conclusions: FIA from regular yellow-fleshed potato was remarkably high, at 28%. Iron absorbed from both potato test meals covered 33% of the daily absorbed iron requirement for women of reproductive age, while the biofortified orange-fleshed sweetpotato test meal covered 18% of this requirement. High polyphenol concentrations were likely the major inhibitors of iron absorption. These trials were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03840031 (Malawi) and NCT04216030 (Peru)., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition.)

The bioaccessibility and bioavailability of iron from 12 Andean potato clones were estimated using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion procedure and the Caco-2 cell line as a model of human intestine, with ferritin formation as a marker of iron absorption. We first showed that 63.7% (for the genotype CIP&#95;311422.016) to 79.0% (for the genotype CIP&#95;311575.003) of the iron is released from the potato tuber matrix during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and is therefore available at the intestinal level. On average, 32 and 24.5% of the hydrophilic bioactive components, vitamin C and chlorogenic acid, respectively, were also bioaccessible from boiled tubers. Intestinal absorption of intrinsic iron from potato tubers could not be detected using our in vitro Caco-2 cell model. When an extrinsic source of iron (20 μM FeCl3 and 1 mM ascorbic acid) was added to the digestion mixture, iron absorption varied from 1.8 to 8% for the genotypes CIP&#95;311422.016 and CIP&#95;311624.021, respectively, as compared to the reference control. Principal component analysis revealed negative relationships between bioavailable iron values and phenolic concentrations, whereas vitamin C concentrations were positively associated with the ferritin values. Further controlled intervention trials would be needed to conclusively assess the bioavailability of intrinsic iron from potato tubers.

A main breeding target of the International Potato Center (CIP) has been the biofortification of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with the essential micronutrients iron and zinc. This study assessed the broad‐sense heritability (H2) and genetic gains (ΔGs) achieved for iron and zinc concentrations in potato tubers and their relationships with yield components through three cycles of recurrent selection at the diploid level. Sixty genotypes comprising 17 Andean landraces from a base population called Cycle 0, 21 genotypes from Cycle II, and 22 from Cycle III were grown in field trials over 2 yr to compare micronutrient concentrations and agronomic performance. The effects of cycles and cycles × location interactions were both significant (P <.01) for all characters except tuber yield. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation along with high H2 (0.81 ± 0.19 for both iron and zinc) suggested that these parameters were under the control of additive gene effects and could be effectively manipulated by recurrent selection. Large gains of more than 29% iron and 26% zinc were demonstrated. There were slight decreases in dry matter (DM) content of 2 and 5% in Cycles II and III, respectively. Iron concentration had the greatest positive direct effect on total number of tubers per plant, and zinc had a weak negative direct effect on average tuber weight. Selected iron‐ and zinc‐dense genotypes with high, positive general combining ability were identified for use in an interploidy (4x–2x) breeding scheme aimed at increasing the iron and zinc contents of stable, high‐yielding disease and stress‐resistant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research to evaluate the potential of sweet potato to alleviate iron deficiency in affected human populations in developing countries is scarce. To partly fill this gap, we evaluated the bioaccessibility of iron in six sweet potato clones grown in two Peruvian environments, Satipo and San Ramon, following an in vitro gastro-intestinal digestion procedure. The bioaccessible iron content was clone-dependent and 1.7-fold higher in Satipo (5.15 μg/g of fresh weight (FW)) as compared to San Ramon (3.04 μg/g of FW). Aspects of iron bioavailability were then investigated using the Caco-2 cell model and ferritin synthesis as a marker, on two sweet potato clones after addition of an extrinsic source of iron to the digestion mixture.Results indicated that clone “CIP-194540.5” was presenting higher bioaccessible iron and lower phenolic contents and showed higher iron uptake as compared to clone “CIP-1055011.1” in both environments (91% vs . 24% in Satipo and 67% vs . 13% in San Ramon, respectively). These iron uptake values are higher than the ones previously reported for potato, which further stresses the use of sweet potato storage roots as part of a healthier diet in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Agricultural research in developing countries has increasingly focused on meeting nutritional objectives. Biofortified varieties and increased use of fertilizers have been studied to improve the nutrient profile of staple foods and thereby reduce micronutrient malnutrition. To understand where and for which crops this is appropriate, a better understanding of population-level consumption patterns is needed. In this paper, we demonstrate an approach to understanding the role of the potato in the Peruvian diet, and how it varies by geographic and socio-economic group. We combine readily available data on household expenditures from a Peruvian living conditions survey (ENAHO) with food composition data to derive estimates on the amount of potatoes consumed per adult equivalent, and the contribution of potatoes to meeting the energy, protein, calcium, iron, and vitamin C needs of Peruvians. Households in the highlands, where potatoes are often the basis of cropping systems, consume the greatest quantities of potatoes, averaging 421g/adult equivalent/day (g/ae/d). In this region, potatoes contribute 18%, 16%, 17%, and 97% of the recommended needs for energy, protein, iron, and vitamin C, respectively. Sensitivity testing using different cultivars previously examined from the Peruvian highlands shows that potatoes could supply a range from 7–31% of the recommended intakes for iron in this population. This work gives support for continuing agricultural research to reduce micronutrient malnutrition and provides guidance for where and with whom such research might have the greatest impact. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Breeding efforts to develop high iron and zinc potatoes require a fast and inexpensive technique to evaluate mineral concentrations in large numbers of samples. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of applying X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to estimate iron and zinc in freeze-dried and milled potato tuber samples. The calibration, and the external and independent validations showed high coefficients of determination, 0.93–0.96 for iron and 0.92–0.97 for zinc, and low standard errors, 1.10–1.44 mg/kg DW for iron and 0.91–1.06 mg/kg DW for zinc concentrations, indicating that iron and zinc can be estimated by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with high precision. The developed calibrations were applied to estimate iron and zinc concentrations of hundreds of biofortified potato clones from the International Potato Center’s breeding program, grown in 3 distinct locations of Peru. Twenty clones showing high iron concentration (above 32 mg/kg DW) and 13 clones with high concentration of zinc (above 25 mg/kg DW) were identified. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry provides a rapid, low cost and suitable tool for potato breeders, compared to inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for screening iron and zinc concentrations, especially when a high number of potato clones must be evaluated in a short time frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine native potato genotypes from the CIP were selected based on high, medium and low content (iron, ascorbate and polyphenolic), independent of the flesh color. Relative iron bioavailability was measured using the in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. The potato food matrix was studied alone and with two extrinsic sources of iron (ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride). The intrinsic concentration of iron ranged from 11 to 21 ppm. Two batches of sample were cooked (with and without peals), after cooking all peels were removed, and only the edible flesh was included in the sample. No significant differences were found between cooking batches with respect to iron concentration. The concentration of iron in the purple genotype 703274 was the highest found (21 ppm) among the group, however it showed one of the lowest Caco-2 cell iron bioavailability. The yellow-fleshed potato varieties showed 10 times fold higher bioavailable iron than the pink and purple-fleshed varieties. Among 3 purple genotypes, 700234 showed a higher level of bioavailable iron it also contains a higher level of chlorogenic acid. HPLC profiles revealed the presence of an unidentified anthocyanin visible at 520 nm wavelengths present in all 3 purple genotypes. Previous analysis (CIP 2005) of ascorbic acid showed that the yellow-fleshed genotype 704393 had the highest ascorbic acid content. These results suggest that potato has a high potential for biofortification and it promotes iron uptake from ferric and ferrous extrinsic iron sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated selected East African (EA) sweetpotato varieties for storage root dry matter and nutrient content and obtained information on the potential contributions of the varieties to alleviate vitamin A and mineral deficiencies. Roots obtained from 89 farmer (white- and orange-fleshed) varieties and one introduced variety ('Resisto') were analyzed for storage root quality using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy technology. Location differences were only significant for starch content. The σG² variance was significant (P < 0.01) for all the traits except sucrose content. Overall, the farmer varieties had higher dry matter, higher starch, and lower sucrose contents than the control clone, 'Resisto'. It is these qualities that make sweetpotato attractive as a starchy staple in EA. A low population's mean β-carotene content (19.0 ppm) was observed. However, deep orange-fleshed farmer varieties, 'Carrot_C', 'Ejumula', 'Carrot Dar', 'Mayai', and 'Zambezi', had β-carotene content that can meet 350% or greater of recommended daily allowance (RDA) with 250-g serving to a 5- to 8-year-old child. More but light orange-fleshed farmer varieties 'K-118', 'K-134', 'K-46', 'KMI61', 'MLE162 Nakahi', 'PAL161', 'Sowola6', 'Sponge', 'SRT34 Abuket2', 'SRT35 Anyumel', 'SRT52', and 'Sudan' can provide 50% to 90% RDA of pro-vitamin A for the child. The root minerals' content was generally low except for magnesium whose content can meet 50% or greater RDA in many farmer varieties. However, in areas with high sweetpotato consumption, varieties 'Carrot_C', 'Carrot Dar', 'KRE nylon', 'MLE163 Kyebandula', and 'SRT49 Sanyuzameza' can make good intakes of iron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium. In conclusion, some EA farmer varieties can contribute greatly to alleviation of vitamin A deficiency and substantial mineral intakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]