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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Children with CF commonly suffer from recurrent and persistent pulmonary tract infections caused by diverse bacterial pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm formation of bacterial isolates in pediatric patients with CF. The study population of this cross-sectional study included 8,908 children suspected to have CF by clinical manifestations from March 2015 to August 2017 who were referred to the Tehran Pediatric Central Hospital, Iran. The tests carried out for each participant included screening sweat test, sputum culture, antibiotic susceptibility test using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and biofilm formation in microtiter plates method. Based onclinical examination and screening sweat test, 183 (2.05 %( out of 8,908 children, were positive for CF. The mean age of children was estimated at 2.93 years, and the majority of them were male (n=103, 56.2%). No gender-specific difference was observed in CF disease in this study (Pamp;gt;0.05). In addition, the results of sputum culture showed that 153 (83.6%) microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) were collected from CF patients. Normal flora was isolated in 30 (16.4%) patients and more than one bacterial species were isolated in 7.2% of patients. The obtained results indicated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most prevalent isolated bacteria followed by Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Based on the antibiotic susceptibility test results, P. aeruginosa and piperacillin/tazobactam had the highest (11.7%) and the lowest (2.3%) resistance rate against gentamicin, respectively. However, all K. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to Cefotaxime. Among S. aureus isolates, 83.4% and 16.6% were methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Concerning biofilm formation, 76%, 67%, and 72.5% of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae isolates were biofilm producers, respectively. Based on the study results, P. aeruginosa was the dominant pathogen in pediatric patients with CF from Tehran, Iran, and most of the pathogens were biofilm producers. No severe antibiotic resistance was observed in the isolates; however, the anti-microbial resistance profile should be carefully checked in CF patients on a regular basis.

Background: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of trichomoniasis infection among females in Tehran, Iran. Methods: This study was conducted on 482 women referred to the 6 obstetrics and gynecology centers of Tehran during 2015-2016. Some information including education, occupation, and number of sexual partners was obtained and clinical signs and symptoms of the genital tract were diagnosed by clinical examination. Two swabs were collected from the posterior fornix of patients. Two laboratory techniques, wet mount, and culture were carried out. Finally, statistical analysis test was performed using SPSS software version 16.0. Results: Age distribution of patients was 15-60 yr. Trichomonas vaginalis was detected in 2 out of 482 participants (0.41%). All of the infected individuals were married (0.43%) and they had unique sexual partner and all of them had clinical symptoms. Significant association was observed between incidence of T. vaginalis infection and educational levels (P= 0.03), occupation (P=0.006), clinical symptoms (P=0.001), marriage (P=0.006) and bacterial infection (P=0.018). Conclusion: The prevalence of trichomoniasis was low and its incidence was associated with several risk factors.

Background and Objectives: The appearance of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has raised a global concern over the past three decades. This study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. pneumoniae isolated from patients in Children´s Medical Center (CMC) Hospital during 2001 to 2011. Materials and Methods: During the 11 years period, a total of 194 S. pneumoniae isolates were collected in CMC Hospital. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and time-series analysis was used to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility changes over the time. Results and Conclusion: Antimicrobial susceptibility of S. pneumoniae to different antibiotics decreased from 2001 to 2011 as: penicillin from 78% to 32%, erythromycin from 75% to 35%, chloramphenicol from 94% to 55%, ampicillin from 70% to 62%, ceftriaxone from 100% to 87%, sulfametoxazole from 57% to 40%. We did not find any significant difference between the susceptibility of isolates from sterile and non-sterile sources. It would be an important key to consider antimicrobial stewardship as an essential factor to prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance.

Background: The present study was aimed to investigate molecular diversity of Echino-coccus granulosus isolates collected from human clinical samples using two mitochondrial genes cox1 and nad1 in Iran. Methods: Forty seven human hydatid cysts were collected through surgery from two hospitals in Tehran during 2010-2012. To determine the fertility of protoscoleces, the cyst fluids were subjected to morphological microscopic examinations. Protoscoleces were removed from each cyst and their total genomic DNAs were extracted. PCR was performed to amplify fragments of 450 and 400 base pair (bp) for cox1 and nad1 genes, respectively. Genotype diversity and sequence variation of the strains were studied by bioinformatics software and in comparison with those mtDNA sequences already de-posited in GenBank. Results: Sixteen, (53.3%), 13 (43.3%), and 1 (3.3%) samples were related to lung, liver, and spleen, respectively. The remained 17 unfertile samples were excluded from the study. From the 29 isolates, 86.7% (n=26) and 10% (n=3) were related to G1, and G3 genotypes, respectively. The sole isolate with G6 genotype was obtained from lung sample. Analysis of concatenated sequences of cox1+nad1 indicated the presence of 11 haplotypes among our strains that were related to genotypes G1 (n=9), G3 (n=1) and G6 (n=1). Conclusion: In consistent to other reports from Iran, genotypes G1, G3, and G6 were observed in our human isolates. The rate of G3 genotype was however higher than other studies implying that human can be considered as a new appropriate host for G3 genotype. Further studies with more sample size from different geographic areas of Iran are needed for E. granulosus mapping.