1. Development of an automated yeast-based spectrophotometric method for toxicity screening: Application to ionic liquids, GUMBOS, and deep eutectic solvents.
- Author
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Azevedo AMO, Vilaranda AG, Neves AFDC, Sousa MJ, Santos JLM, and Saraiva MLMFS
- Subjects
- Biological Assay, Reproducibility of Results, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Solvents, Ionic Liquids toxicity
- Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used as a eukaryotic model organism for studying the toxic effects of various compounds. In this context, an automated spectrophotometric method based on the enzymatic reduction of methylene blue dye to a colorless product by living yeast cells was implemented in a sequential injection analysis system. Loss of yeast viability/impaired metabolic activity was monitored by an increase in optical density at 664 nm. To prove the usefulness of this approach, the toxicity of ILs (ionic liquids), GUMBOS (group of uniform materials based on organic salts), and DESs (deep eutectic solvents) was examined. Differences obtained between IC
50 values confirmed the impact of structural elements on each compounds' toxicity. While DESs appeared to be less toxic than ILs, GUMBOS were found to be among the most toxic compounds to yeast cells and thus can be viewed as promising antimicrobial candidates. The automated methodology showed satisfactory repeatability and reproducibility (RSD < 9%), which is in good agreement with Green Chemistry principles. In fact, the method required consumption of only 40 μL of reagents and produced less than 2 mL of effluents per cycle. Thus, the developed assay can be used as an alternative tool for toxicity screening., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
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