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The aim of this study was to examine the effects of various levels of supplemental calcium iodate (CI) on productive performance, egg quality, blood indices and iodine (I) accumulation in the eggs in commercial laying hens. A total of 240 White Leghorn layers (Hy-line W36) were divided through a completely randomized design into six treatments with five replicates and eight hens per each at 32 weeks of age. This experiment lasted for 12 weeks. Concentrations of I in the mash diets were 0.74, 3.13, 5.57, 8.11, 10.65 and 12.94 mg I/kg of feed in treatments 1-6 respectively. The added doses of CI were included 0.0 (control), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mg/kg of diet for treatments 1-6 respectively. There were no significant differences in productive performance among the treatments. The highest eggshell strength was observed in group fed diet containing 3.13 mg I/kg (p = .014). The highest percentage of calcium and lowest percentage of phosphorus in eggshell were observed in group fed diet containing 12.94 mg I/kg (p = .0001). Feeding hens with diet containing 12.94 mg I/kg increased serum triiodothyronine-to-thyroxine ratio (p = .0001). Serum alanine aminotransferase activity in hens fed diet containing 12.94 mg I/kg was significantly more than control (p = .041). Blood Serum triglycerides in hens fed diet containing 8.11 mg I/kg were significantly higher than control (p = .0001). Edible fraction of the eggs of birds fed diet containing 12.94 mg I/kg was enriched by I almost 3 times more than those fed diet containing 0.74 mg I/kg. The results suggested that egg production, egg mass, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected by dietary I levels. Iodine accumulation in the eggs were increased by increasing dietary I levels and the level of 10 mg/kg CI could supply I enrichment of the eggs.

Currently there is a need for specialized pyrotechnic materials to combat the threat of biological weapons. Materials have been characterized based on their potential to produce heat and molecular iodine gas (I2) to kill spore-forming bacteria (e. g. anthrax). One formulation, already proven to kill anthrax simulants, is diiodine pentoxide with aluminum; however, it suffers from poor stability and storage problems. The heat and iodine gas output from this mixture and candidate replacement mixtures were measured with bomb calorimetry and extraction and analysis of I2 by UV-Vis. Of the mixtures analyzed, calcium iodate and aluminum was found to be the highest producer of I2. The heat output of this mixture and others can be tuned by adding more fuel, with the cost of some iodine. Products of combustion were analyzed by thermal analysis (SDT), XPS, XRD, and LC/MS. Evidence for various metal iodides and metal oxides was collected with these methods.

Aim: Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of iodine supplementation on iodine content of eggs in laying hens. Materials and Methods: In the experiment, 135 laying hens (White Leghorn) of 55 weeks age were randomly distributed to 5 dietary treatments; each group contained 27 laying hens distributed in three replicates of 9 birds each. Diet T1 was control basal layer diet without iodine enrichment in which iodine content (I2) was as per NRC recommendation. Basal diets were supplemented with calcium iodate (Ca (IO3)2) at 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg in T2, T3, T4 and T5 groups, respectively. The iodine content in the calcium iodate is 65.21%, therefore, the diets T2, T3, T4 and T5 contained 3.25, 6.50, 9.75 and 13.0 ppm iodine, respectively. The laying hens were fed the respective experimental diets ad libitum during the experimental period of 10-week. The iodine content of egg yolk and albumen was analyzed at the end of 5th and 10th week of the experiment. Economics of feeding for the production of iodine enriched egg was calculated at the end of the experiment. Results: Increasing iodine levels in diet of hens from 0.45 to 13.0 ppm significantly increased egg iodine concentration, the highest concentration of egg iodine was observed in the group fed diet supplemented with 13.0 ppm iodine followed by those fed 9.75, 6.50, 3.25 and 0.45 ppm iodine in diet. There was no significant difference in the iodine levels of unboiled versus boiled eggs. Therefore, the consumers are ensured to receive the optimal levels of iodine from boiled iodine-enriched eggs. Among different diets, minimum and significantly lower feeding cost (Rs. per dozen or per kg eggs) was noticed in hens allotted T3 diet (6.50 ppm I2). However, feeding cost of hens receiving 3.25 and 9.25 ppm I2 was statistically (p

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of various feed iodine supplementations up to the permitted maximum level in the EU, the effect of applying rapeseed meal (RSM) compared to a glucosinolate (GSL) free ration and the impact of two different iodine species (iodide, iodate) on milk, urinary, faecal and blood serum iodine as well as on T3 and T4 levels of blood. The results of the milk iodine are not completely shown but partly discussed in this paper. The study was conducted with 32 dairy cows, divided into 4 groups with 8 animals each. In two groups the cows were fed distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as main protein source (16.5% of ration DM), in the other groups rapeseed meal (3.5 mmol GSL/kg) was applied. In each case half of the animals received feed with iodine in the form of potassium iodide, the other half as calcium iodate. Iodine supplementations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/kg DM were tested in consecutive periods of 21 days each. The supplementary iodine increased iodine contents of serum, urine and faeces. RSM application resulted in consistently higher iodine contents in the mentioned matrices just displaying significant differences at high supplementation levels. When feeding DDGS, at high iodine supplementations iodide caused higher serum and faecal iodine than iodate. Besides, the iodine species showed no consistent impact on the tested parameters. At the highest tested iodine supplementation (5 mg/kg DM) in the experimental groups (DDGS/iodide, DDGS/iodate, RSM/iodide, RSM/iodate) the iodine concentration of serum amounted to 234, 157, 334 and 361 µg/l, of urine to 1134, 1020, 2341 and 2513 µg/l and of faeces to 673, 354, 715 and 790 µg/kg fresh matter. At the same supplementation level T4 was significantly lowered. No impact was shown for the RSM application and the iodine species on T3 and T4. The results of the present study indicate that high iodine intakes not only cause strong increases in milk and urinary iodine but also lead to a considerable rise of iodine excretion via faeces. RSM in feed causes a shift of iodine normally excreted via milk to an excretion via urine and faeces accompanied by higher serum iodine.

Supplementation of animal feed with iodine influences the iodine content of milk and therefore, in addition to salt iodination, provides another possibility for improving the human iodine supply. On the other hand, excessive iodine intake by humans through drinking milk must be avoided. Furthermore, the iodine content of milk varies, depending on the presence of iodine antagonists in feed (e.g., glucosinolates in rapeseed) and the applied iodine species. This study evaluated the impact of various feed iodine supplementation levels up to the permitted maximum level, the effect of applying rapeseed compared with a glucosinolate-free ration, and the impact of 2 different iodine species on the iodine content of milk. A total of 32 dairy cows were divided into 4 groups with 8 animals each. Two groups received distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as the protein source, and the others received rapeseed meal (RSM, 16.5% of total diet). In each case, half the animals received feed supplemented with iodine in the form of potassium iodide, and the other half received feed supplemented with iodine in the form of calcium iodate. Iodine supplementation levels of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/kg of dry matter (DM) were tested in consecutive periods of 21 d each. The milk iodine concentration increased with increasing iodine supplementation of the feed. Rapeseed meal in the ration (0.58 mmol of glucosinolates/kg of diet DM) diminished the milk iodine concentration by up to one-half to one-third of the concentration achieved by DDGS. At iodine supplementation levels of 2 mg/kg of DM and higher, the differences were significant. The application of iodate predominantly resulted in higher milk iodine concentrations compared with iodide, but not significantly in any period. At the highest tested iodine supplementation (5 mg/kg of DM), the milk iodine concentration increased up to 1,464 (iodide) and 1,578 microg/kg (iodate) when feeding DDGS and up to 718 (iodide) and 620 microg/kg (iodate) in the RSM groups. The carry over of iodine from feed into milk amounted to 30 to 56% when using DDGS, and 11 to 25% when using RSM. The maximum level of iodine currently allowed in the feed of dairy cows in Europe could lead to high milk iodine concentrations. As a result, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level in human nutrition could be exceeded. Therefore, this maximum level needs to be reevaluated. In addition to iodine supplementation, the application of RSM in the ration must be considered when estimating the iodine content of milk.

A total of 135 layers of 55 weeks age were randomly distributed into 5 dietary treatments with 3 replicates having 9 birds each. Layers of group T1 (Control) were fed basal diet. Diets of layers in group T2, T3, T4 and T5 were same as T1 except that in these diets iodine was supplemented as calcium iodate in such a way that respective diets contained 3.25, 6.50, 9.75 and 13.0 mgI/kg feed. Total experimental period lasted for ten weeks. Weight gain (g/hen), feed intake (g/hen/day), cumulative feed intake (kg/hen) and hen-day egg production (%) was comparable in groups T1, T2 and T3, however, lower (P

KI and KIO3 are the commonly used prophylactic drugs for the protection of thyroid glands against radioiodine. In this study, we have demonstrated the use of another iodine containing salt, calcium iodate [Ca(IO3)2], as an effective blocker of radioiodine uptake by the thyroid gland in rats. Ca(IO3)2 is permitted by the FDA as a food additive and is "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS, CFR No.1206). We have also compared the efficacy of Ca(IO3)2 with KIO3 in blocking thyroidal uptake of radioiodine, which could be important considering the better shelf life of Ca(IO3)2. Laboratory rats were administered 131I and stable iodide in the form of KIO3 or Ca(IO3)2 was given orally, 2 h after the administration of 131I. All the animals were monitored for whole body retention (WBR) of 131I, at 24 h and further for 14 d. The results of the present study provide us with evidence that Ca(IO3)2 can serve as another promising radioiodine blocker, and is as equipotent as KI/KIO3 in protecting the thyroid gland. We have not found any studies that examined the property of Ca(IO3)2 in blocking radioiodine uptake by the thyroid gland and the present study is an attempt in this direction.

Publisher Summary Iodine is an essential micromineral for all animal species, including humans. It occurs in plant tissues predominantly as inorganic iodide and is readily absorbed in this form from all segments of the intestinal tract. Few definitive studies of iodine bioavailability have been done since 1973. The current information is primarily from the work of Miller and his associates at the University of Tennessee with dairy cattle. Early studies have shown that either sodium iodide (NaI) or potassium iodide (KI), as supplemental sources of iodine, were effective in maintaining normal thyroid weights in rats fed with goitrogenic diets. Several researchers have used uptake of stable or radioactive iodine by the thyroid or other tissue as an indication of bioavailability of an iodine source. Injectable forms of iodized oils, as well as iodized oils administered orally, have served as effective sources of supplemental iodine in the reduction of endemic goiter in human populations. Iodine is unique in that stability of the carrier compound is of great importance. Goitrogenic substances present in feed or food are the most important factors influencing iodine bioavailability. Perchlorates and rubidium salts were known to interfere with iodine uptake by the thyroid. Sodium iodide, potassium iodide, and thylenediamine dihydriodide are well utilized by animals as sources of iodine. Calcium iodate and pemacalcium orthoperiodate are also of high bioavailability and have been shown to have greater physical stability. Potassium iodide or sodium iodide has usually served as the reference standard when comparative studies were conducted.

A new four-step thermochemical cycle based on calcium and iodine is proposed for the decomposition of water. The chemical reactions comprising the cycle are: the redox reaction of iodine with calcium hydroxide; the thermal decomposition of calcium iodate; the hydrolysis of calcium iodide; and the thermal decomposition of hydrogen iodide. Experimental verification of each of these reactions and an evaluation of the thermal efficiency of the process based on the material and energy balances for a proposed flow sheet are also presented.

The nutritional availability of iodine from calcium iodate, pentacalcium orthoperiodate (PCOP), and sodium iodide was compared using six near-term pregnant cows. Nine days before expected parturition, three were orally dosed with 2mCi 125 I-labeled calcium iodate and three orally with 2mCi 125 -labeled pentacalcium orthoperiodate. Each animal was orally given 2mCi Na 131 I simultaneously with the 125 I doses. One animal from each group was killed seven days after dosing and four were allowed to calve normally. Blood plasma radioiodine concentrations, thyroid uptake, and urinary and fecal radioiodine excretions were comparable for each of the iodine compounds during seven days after dosing. Calcium iodate and pentacalcium orthoperiodate were equally available as iodide for transfer to the unborn fetus as indicated by equal 125 I and 131 I concentrations in slaughter samples including maternal and fetal thyroids, abomasal content, placental fluids, cotyledons, and fetal bladder content and bile. Thyroid and plasma 125 I levels equaled corresponding 131 I values for four cows and calves during six days following parturition. It was concluded that calcium iodate and pentacalcium orthoperiodate are adequate supplemental iodine sources for cattle.

UNLESS properly protected, potassium iodide loses iodine when mixed with other minerals of the trace mineral mix or when subjected to adverse storage conditions of moisture, heat and sunlight. In order to overcome the problem of stability, many types of iodine compounds have been studied, one of which, the iodates, has proved to be very satisfactory without any protective coating. However, since availability is even more important than stability, the following experiment with chickens was undertaken to evaluate calcium iodate as a goiter-preventing agent. The iodates are not new as chemical compounds or as therapeutic agents in medicine. Their pharmocological action in animals was studied more than eighty years ago by Melsens (1871), indicating that the iodate is converted to the iodide in vivo and absorbed as such by the thyroid gland. Recently, the thyroid uptake of iodine from iodate in man was measured by Murray and Pochin (1951) with . . .

Simple and accurate methods are described for the microdetermination of arsenate and arsenite ions using 12- and 14-fold amplification reactions. The arsenate method is based upon reaction with calcium iodate and iodometric titration of the liberated iodate, whereas the arsenite method depends upon reaction with iodine and oxidation of the resulting iodide with bromine. This is followed by iodometric titration of the iodate in addition to the arsenate present in solution. The overall recovery amounts to 99.51 and 99.63% for arsenate and arsenite respectively.