Search

Aim: Women must seek regular gynecological care for their checkups, childbirth, or gynecological diseases. Given the critical responsibility of obstetricians and gynecologists in safeguarding the health and lives of both mother and baby, this profession is highly sensitive and stressful. Structural factors may complicate the relationship between the doctor and client and lead to gynecological violenceA study in Iran sheds light on the violence between female gynecologists and their clients. Methods: The research is done through semi-structured interviews with clients, residents, and female gynecologists in Iran to examine the lived experiences of both. Results: Based on the WHO's definition of gynecological violence and its categories, verbal, physical, and psychological violence, social discrimination, neglect of care, and failure to maintain client confidentiality were the main themes found in gynecological violence in Iran. Conclusion: The relationship between the gynecologist and the client suffers due to differences in religious and cultural beliefs, as well as the stressful nature of the job. Female gynecologists go through a challenging training course at university and also medical practice, and the significance of maternal mortality contributes to the stressfulness of their job. Working in public hospitals with a high workload and facing conflicts of interest between financial benefits and patient health complicates the relationship between the gynecologist and the client, creating the conditions for violence between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examines the extent of exposure to verbal violence experienced by people with intellectual disabilities and whether it differs based on their housing situation: living in the community, with family, or in a residential facility. Method: One hundred and eighty‐nine people with intellectual disabilities were interviewed about their experience with verbal violence. Results: Eighty‐six percent reported experiencing verbal violence in their lifetime and approximately 77% experienced it the past week. Participants were most likely to be yelled at, and friends were the most common perpetrators. While there were few differences by setting, people living with their families were more likely to be laughed at and marginally more likely to experience rude comments. Conclusions: Verbal violence is prevalent in the lives of people with intellectual disabilities in Israel. Interventions are necessary to assist people with intellectual disabilities to deal with such incidents, with possible additional supports needed for those living with family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alsun Beni-suef International Journal of Linguistics, Translation & Literature / Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Alsun Banī Swaīf Al-Dawliyyaẗ Li Luġawīyāt wa Al-Tarğamaẗ wa Al-Adab is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the notion of verbal aggression evident in Zoroastrian prayers. Although one may be surprised that a declaration of Zoroastrian faith, called Fravarānē (Yasna 12), begins with the words "I hate / abhor / am disgusted" instead of "I believe," cursing (nifrīn kunišn) the demons is a pious religious act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To define the missed care experiences of nurses exposed to verbal violence from patients. Background: Verbal violence takes the first place among the types of violence that nurses face in healthcare settings. This can cause negative emotional and physical responses in nurses and issues in patient and nurse interaction. As a result, it may lead to missed nursing care, defined as skipped, postponed or incomplete care during the patient's care. Methods: This is a phenomenological study. The study sample included 16 nurses working in inpatient clinics who reported experiencing verbal violence at least once in Turkey. The study was conducted between January and February 2022 with institutional permission and ethics committee approval (09/12/2021‐2021/357). A semi‐structured interview method was used to collect data. The information gathered from the interviews underwent thematic analysis using an inductive approach. The 'Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ)' was used to report this qualitative study based on a comprehensive protocol. Results: The types of verbal violence most frequently faced by nurses were determined as swearing, insulting, shouting and threats. Study findings were classified into three main themes: (i) response to verbal violence, (ii) missed nursing care experiences and (iii) suggestions to cope with verbal violence. The most felt emotions in the face of verbal violence were feeling sad, unsafe and worthless. Nurses common behaviours, in response to verbal abuse were ignoring, getting used to, and wishing to get away. The examples of missed care included using non‐therapeutic communication, postponing care or withdrawing from care. Conclusion: Verbal violence caused negative emotional and behavioural responses in nurses, which, in turn, negatively affected the nurse–patient interaction. These findings mean that verbal violence may pave the way for missed nursing care. Implications for nursing policy: According to these findings, an uninterrupted nursing care process needs to focus on preventive measures against verbal violence and increase the administrative and legal support offered to nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence against people is a widespread phenomenon and violence against people with disabilities even more common. Studies have examined different types of violence toward people with disabilities, but there has been almost no research to date on verbal violence involving people with intellectual or development disabilities (IDD). The present research focused on this subject. A qualitative study was conducted using an intervention program. The research questions were (a) what can help people with IDD expand their understanding of verbal violence and differentiate different situations of verbal violence and (b) what can help people with IDD expand their means for handling verbal violence of their own and that directed toward them? The sample included 64 people (45 males, 19 females; ages 22–75) with mild IDD, who were divided into four groups of 16 participants each in the intervention program. The findings indicate that the participants' conceptualization of verbal violence improved after the intervention program. Three main themes were identified: (a) differentiation between good and bad; (b) choosing how to handle verbal violence; and (c) helping others cope with verbal violence. Consistent with the humanistic perspective, the findings show that people with IDD can learn to handle verbal violence toward them in a way that promotes their understanding, enables them to choose their reactions, and affects those around them, as well as strengthening their self-efficacy. The research contributes to the sparse knowledge regarding verbal violence, especially against people with IDD, and offers ways of intervening to help them handle verbal violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To identify the mediating and moderating roles of depressive symptoms in the relationship between workplace violence and nurses' turnover intention in South Korea. Background: Workplace violence and depressive symptoms are known to influence turnover intentionsof employees. Introduction: Among healthcare workers, nurses may be at the greatest risk of exposure to workplace violence because they have frequent contact with patients and families of patients. Depressive symptoms reported to be related to workplace violence are one set of factors affecting turnover intention. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was designed and employed to investigate mediation and moderation roles of depressive symptoms between workplace violence and turnover intention. Results: Verbal violence and sexual harassment increased depressive symptoms, which in turn increased turnover intentions in a sample of Korean nurses. Depressive symptoms showed partial mediation effects between verbal violence and sexual harassment and turnover intention. Depressive symptoms showed moderating effects on sexual harassment and turnover intention. Discussion: It is necessary to reduce turnover intention not only by preventing violence but also by managing depressive symptoms in nurses who have experienced verbal violence and sexual harassment. Conclusion: Depressive symptoms were shown to have a mediating and moderation roles on the relationship between WPV and turnover intention. Implications for nursing and health policy: Hospital managers such as hospital and nursing directors should provide effective policies to prevent verbal violence and sexual harassment to reduce turnover intention in the workplace. It is needed to educate patients and patient caregivers about the importance of preventing violence against nurses. Policies should be established to provide regular check‐ups for depressive symptoms and psychological support for nurses who have experienced WPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescent dating violence (ADV) continues to be a health concern. Most previous research has examined physical and or sexual ADV with little attention to verbal violence. Methods: Drawing on the social‐ecological framework, the current study examined the moderating influence of school adult connectedness on experiences of verbal only, physical and/or sexual violence (combination ADV), and mental health outcomes among 11th graders (n = 31,459) in one Midwestern state. Results: Overall, 24.0% and 28.8% of adolescents met thresholds for depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively. Rates of mental health symptoms were higher among adolescents reporting ADV compared to those who did not report experience of ADV. In logistic regressions, higher level of school adult connectedness was associated with lower odds of depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively. In moderation analyses, school adult connectedness was protective for mental health outcomes regardless of ADV experience. Conclusion: Adolescent dating violence—including verbal violence alone—can be traumatic for young people. Schools can leverage the protective nature of school adult connection to promote mental health for all students, including adolescents who have experienced ADV. Incorporating trauma‐informed education practice of providing unconditional positive regard toward adolescents might be 1‐way schools can support adolescents in cultivating healthy relationships and well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wortfolge. Szyk Słów is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The crime rates in Mexico have been increasing in recent years; every day, there are reports on social media and in the news where assaults and verbal aggression by criminals can be seen. Public transportation units suffer from violence that authorities have not been able to reduce despite their efforts. This is why we have developed a fuzzy logic model that can adapt to almost any scenario thanks to the dynamism that we have implemented in each of its stages. We have obtained promising results that we believe will be of great help to the authorities for detecting the exact moment in which verbal aggression that is typical of a violent assault is happening in real time. This is a tool to help the authorities, not a substitution; we are simply making use of the latest technologies that are available to us. The goal of this paper is to provide a novel method for Mexican authorities in Mexico City in order to help the actual surveillance systems make faster decisions about whether violent assaults are happening or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To test a model examining the impact of verbal violence against new nurses on their turnover intention and the mediating effects of emotional reaction and burnout based on affective events theory. Background: In Korea, turnover rate of nurses, especially new nurses, is at a serious level. It is important to verify the paths by which nurses reach a turnover intention after experiencing verbal violence, which is the most common form of workplace violence. In particular, research on new nurses who are vulnerable to exposure to verbal violence and have a high turnover rate is insufficient. Methods: Data were collected using time‐lagged online surveys from 212 Korean new nurses. Structural equation modelling was used to test the hypothesized model. Results: The level of the turnover intention of new nurses was almost 4 out of 5. Verbal violence not only has a direct effect on turnover intention but also has an indirect effect through burnout. Emotional reactions and burnout sequentially mediated the relationship between verbal violence and turnover intention; these variables explained approximately 57% of turnover intention. Conclusions: To decrease negative emotional reactions and burnout caused by verbal violence may benefit to reduction of turnover intention of new nurses. Implications for Nursing Management: Our finding highlight the critical need for new nurses' violence interventions that focus on emotional reactions and burnout, and thereby improving desirable patient–co‐worker–nurse relationships and quality of life for new nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Workplace violence (WPV) against health-care professionals has been a concern worldwide as it strains the relationship between the patient and healthcare professionals. Implementing mitigation interventions to help the healthcare professionals to prevent and manage these violent episodes might make the workplaces more secure. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to synthesize the recent evidence on intervention strategies for workplace violence. METHOD: Four electronic databases (PubMed, Wiley, Cochrane and Google Scholar) were searched for peer-reviewed intervention studies published in the last 11 years to mitigate workplace violence. A qualitative synthesis of the findings from included studies was done. RESULT: A total of 17 studies were identified based on prevention and management of workplace violence. The interventions were mainly educational in nature based on a workshop format. These interventions were found to be effective in improving the perceived ability to deal with situations that lead to violence. CONCLUSION: Strategies to mitigate violent episodes could be helpful to health-care professionals and administrators in their attempts to make safer workplaces in the health-care settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Korea, suicide by nurses due to workplace verbal violence has become a serious social controversy. This study used a descriptive survey to identify factors influencing nurses' experiences with being either victims or perpetrators of verbal violence among colleagues. Participants were 205 nurses working at large-scale general hospitals in D city in August 2019. Data were collected through standardized questionnaires on experiences of verbal violence, committing acts of verbal violence, demographic characteristics, and job stress. For experiences of verbal violence, statistically significant differences were observed in age, gender, and nightshift work. Committing acts of verbal violence showed statistically significant differences in age, gender, entire career experience, career experience in one's present division, and nightshift work. A significant correlation was found between experiences of verbal violence, committing acts of verbal violence, and job stress. Gender and nightshift work influenced experiences of verbal violence in Model 1, while gender, nightshift work, and relationship conflicts were extracted in Model 2. In Model 3, career experience and committing acts of verbal violence were found to be significant. For committing acts of verbal violence, gender, nightshift work, and career experience were extracted in Model 1; gender, nightshift work, and relationship conflict were extracted in Model 2; and nightshift work, career experience, and experiences of verbal violence were significant in Model 3. Regarding verbal violence among nurses, a vicious cycle caused by job stress exists, in which newly hired nurses are often victims of verbal violence; however, as they gain career experience, they become the perpetrators. Therefore, to reduce nurses' job stress, it is necessary to operate job stress-control programs by career level, promote conversations among nurses to increase understanding of each other, and build a culture of mutual respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wortfolge. Szyk Słów is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This descriptive correlation study explored the moderating effect of social support and coping in the correlation between experiences of verbal violence and turnover intention among operating room nurses. Methods: The data collection for this study was conducted from July 22 to August 2, 2019, covering 213 operating room nurses working at six general hospitals. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression with the SPSS/WIN 25.0 program. Results: The mean scores on the experiences of verbal violence by doctors and nurses, social support, coping and turnover intention were 2.52, 2.33, 3.42, 2.61 and 3.90, respectively. Experiences of verbal violence by doctors (r=.21, p=.002) and nurses (r=.25, p<.001) showed a statistically significant positive correlation with turnover intention. In the relationship between the experiences of verbal violence and turnover intention, social support from coworkers (β=.80, p=.018) and coping (β=-.87, p=.005) had a moderating effect. Conclusion: The experience of verbal violence among operating room nurses affects turnover intention; therefore, there is a need to reduce verbal violence at medical sites, support programs to encourage social support from coworkers, and an effective system to cope with verbal violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Violence has a great impact on society, as is often the case with television programs. This study aims to assess how the violence is portrayed on television channels that reach a large audience of children, adolescents, and adults in Turkey. Method: This study is a media content analysis (28 television shows and 84 episodes) of the six most popular Turkish primetime television shows aired between November 18, 2019, and December 8, 2019. The violence types have been classified into one of the following five categories: verbal, physical, psychological, social, and economic. Besides, some vulnerable special groups, such as children and healthcare workers, have also been evaluated. Results: Our findings indicate that each show has at least one violent behavior. Contrary to the perception in society, men are exposed to violence more than women (56.6% vs. 27.6%). The number of psychological violence content in television shows (median:16.5) was significantly higher than the number of physical (median:11.0) and verbal (median:13.0) violent content (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings have significant consequences as exposure to popular media affect the behaviors and perceptions of the entire society, not just children.. Our study has the potential to shed light on the need to create new content in television shows watched by the Turkish society with educational messages on the risks and consequences of violent behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To examine nurses' perceptions of physical and verbal violence perpetrated by patients and visitors and to investigate themes surrounding gender and the incidence of violence. Background: The prevalence of violence towards nurses is a concern for nurses and hospital administrators. However, nurses who work in acute care and mental healthcare settings are particularly at high risk. This study examines the occurrence, type of violence and gender issues in a regional public hospital of Queensland Australia. Design: An exploratory, qualitative design. Methods: Focus group interviews with 23 nurses from Emergency Department (ED), Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Psychiatry Department (PD) working in Queensland regional public hospital, Australia. Qualitative data were transcribed and thematically analysed manually and by NVivo. COREQ research reporting checklist followed. Results: Participants reported frequent incidents of verbal and physical violence on a daily basis. Severe incidence included punching, kicking, biting and scratching, as well as threats of using weapons, such as knives. Patients were more likely to exhibit physical violence, especially towards male nurses, while hospital visitors including patient's family were more likely to exhibit verbal violence. Allocating male nurses in volatile areas and to care for violent patients raises concerns that the male nurses may be seen by their patients as "bodyguards" and not as a professional nurse. Conclusion: Findings indicate that staff believe that violence is increasing, feel the burden to accept that violence as part of the job and that the bureaucratic processes of the organisation make it difficult to address violence or get support. Organisations need to be vigilant in ensuring assistance is accessible and simplified. Relevant to clinical practice: This study contributes new knowledge to the discussion concerning of gender issues. Identifying gender issues could assist in developing the necessary interventions to reduce workplace violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Verbal violence is a common social phenomenon that is also observed in nursing science workplaces. Aim: This research project was aimed at investigating the phenomenon of verbal violence in the professional life of nursing staff. Material and Method: The sample (N=168) consisted of nurses working in clinics, care units, health centers in both the public and private sectors. The data collection was done using the Greek version of Verbal Abuse Scale questionnaire (VAS-GR). Results: The survey revealed that at a rate of 97.6%, nursing staff of all ages has been victim of verbal violence. 28% of the sample thinks the insane jesting appears fairly often, while 29% says that intense criticism and accusations of accusations and accusations often appear as forms of verbal violence. The relationship with the abuser seems to vary with the immediate superior having accumulated the highest percentage of 21.4%.Regarding the frequency of the phenomenon, much of the sample (26.8%) replied that the frequency rate reaches up to more than once a year. 52% considers the episode of verbal violence from fairly to very stressful, while the vast majority of the sample indicates enough or too much anger. More than 50% of the respondents consider an acceptable approach to addressing possible victimization, focusing as the main long-term consequence of non-satisfaction. Young age groups have found controversial occupations to deal with stress, while women tend to blame themselves more than men. Finally, it should be noted that the sample reliability test was very high (Cronbach's alpha index = 0.957), indicating that the results of the survey can be generalized. Conclusions: The nurse in his working environment is often confronted with episodes of verbal violence, mainly affecting his mental health and hence his sustainability in the workplace. The urgency of identifying the factors involved in creating the phenomenon of violent verbal behavior in the workplace of the nurses and in its effective treatment is therefore urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the relationship between exposure to verbal violence, body investment, and contingencies of self-worth among college students. The study hypotheses are that (a) gender differences will be found in exposure to types of verbal violence, (b) body investment and contingencies of self-worth will be positively interrelated, and (c) exposure to verbal violence will be related to students' body investment and contingencies of self-worth. A total of 300 Israeli students participated in the current study, 206 females (69%) and 94 males (31%), ages 19–47 years. The participants self-reported demographic information and completed an exposure to verbal violence questionnaire, the Body Investment scale, and the Contingencies of Self-Worth scale. The study found that students' evaluation of their own physical appearance is the strongest predictor of global self-esteem that is affected by being exposed to verbal violence. The findings show the importance of understanding the effects of exposure to verbal violence on contingencies of self-worth and of body investment as a predictor of contingencies of self-worth. We recommend creating intervention programs that address the consequences of verbal violence on body investment and self-worth to improve quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: This study investigated Department of Dental Hygiene students' experiences of verbal and nonverbal violence during their clinical training, and the effects of these experiences on their training site satisfaction and major satisfaction. Method/Statistical Analysis: The present study involved 80 students of the Departments of Dental Hygiene of the B, S, and D Colleges in Chungnam who had experience of on-site clinical training. The subjects were asked to answer a questionnaire that included questions about their demographic characteristics, their experience of verbal and nonverbal violence. Independent samples t-test was used to analyze differences in clinical training satisfaction and major satisfaction between experience of verbal and non-verbal violence at clinical training sites. Findings: Regarding the effect of experiences of verbal and nonverbal violence on the clinical training satisfaction, the clinical training satisfaction score was 2.95 out of 5 among the students who had experienced verbal violence, while it was 3.88 among those who had not experienced verbal violence. In addition, the clinical training satisfaction score was 2.85 out of 5 among the students who had experienced nonverbal violence, while it was 3.68 among those who had not experienced nonverbal violence. Regarding the effect of the experience of verbal and nonverbal violence on the major satisfaction, the major satisfaction score was 3.58 out of 5 among the students who had experienced verbal violence, while it was 4.05 among those who had not experienced verbal violence. In addition, the major satisfaction score was 3.33 out of 5 among the students who had experienced nonverbal violence, while it was 4.04 points among those who had not experienced nonverbal violence, indicating that the major satisfaction was higher in the students who had not experienced nonverbal violence, although the difference between the two groups was not significant. Improvements/Applications: The results showed that a significantly high ratio of dental hygiene students had experienced violence, but that they had failed to react positively. Therefore, various efforts and countermeasures must be implemented to reduce the violence that may occur during clinical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article takes a look at the incidence of verbal or physical violence nurses face on a daily basis and examines the importance of preparedness in handling potentially violent situations in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Trauma experienced by individuals with serious mental illnesses extends beyond physical and sexual abuse. This is among the first studies to examine verbal violence, both spoken and written words, experienced by individuals with serious mental illnesses. Method: Fifty individuals diagnosed with a schizophrenia-spectrum, bipolar, or major depressive disorder were recruited from community-based mental health agencies and reported on their experiences with 8 types of verbal violence identified in the literature, or related written comments, including: belittling, insulting, name-calling, teasing/ embarrassing, threatening, cursing, or yelling. They also reported on the frequency of such events and the perpetrators. Results: 82% of participants reported at least 1 type of verbal violence in their lifetime and 66% reported an incident in the past year. The most common experiences were being called names, belittled, and insulted, teased, or embarrassed in front of others. Top perpetrators were friends and parents. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: Verbal violence is a common experience with potentially devastating effects on mental health and well-being, sense of safety, and recovery and community participation among adults with serious mental illnesses. It is plausible that such comments deserve being recognized as "violence" on par with physical and sexual assaults, although further research would be useful to expand our knowledge about their effects on health, wellness, and community inclusion. New interventions that prevent, lessen, and eliminate such violence, may also be advisable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbal and indirect violence among peers in residential care settings (RCSs) are understudied social problems. This study, based on a sample of 1,324 Jewish and Arab adolescents aged 11–19 in 32 RCSs, examines the prevalence and multilevel correlates of verbal (such as cursing) and indirect (such as social exclusion) forms of victimization by peers in RCSs. Adolescents completed a self-report anonymous questionnaire in their facility. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) is used to examine the links between adolescents’ victimization, individual-level characteristics (gender, age, adjustment difficulties, self-efficacy, staff maltreatment experiences and perceived institutional social climate), and RCS-level characteristics (setting type of care, size, structure, and ethnic affiliation). Most adolescents reported having been verbally (73%) and indirectly (62%) victimized by their peers at least once in the month prior to filling out the questionnaire. Vulnerability to indirect violence is higher among girls and those with low perception of their social self-efficacy. Younger adolescents, adolescents with higher levels of overall adjustment difficulties, those experiencing high levels of physical maltreatment by RCS staff and those perceiving levels of child friendliness in their RCS as poor, were all more vulnerable to verbal and indirect victimization by peers. Verbal victimization is positively associated with residence in Jewish RCSs and indirect victimization is positively associated with residence in therapeutic settings which contain higher concentrations of vulnerable youth compared with rehabilitative settings. The findings can assist in designing anti-bullying intervention and prevention programs tailored for the at-risk children and institutions identified in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbal abuse is the most prevalent form of workplace violence. Its impacts on organizations as well as on victims' health are numerous. Several studies have emphasized the need to take into consideration victims' characteristics, in particular sex, to better understand rates of verbal violence in the workplace. Indeed, study results are contradictory, as some show women to be more at risk while others indicate that men would be more exposed. These variations could in part be explained by other factors that influence the prevalence of workplace violence, such as occupational domain and job characteristics. This review of literature thus aimed to describe the prevalence of verbal violence according to sex across occupational domains. Results showed that a majority of studies concluded to no significant sex differences. Among the studies with significant results, men tended to be more at risk than women. However, due to several limitations, it was not possible to draw conclusions as regards specific occupations. Conclusions of this review lead to specific recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives. To explore the prevalence, types and sources of violence in the nursing workplace and to assess the factors related to violence. Background. Workplace violence in nursing is not a new phenomenon; in recent years, much more attention has been paid to the issue in Taiwan. Few studies, however, have investigated the overall distribution of violence and the reasons for not reporting these incidents in nursing workplaces. Design. This descriptive, correlational study used structured questionnaires to collecting information about workplace violence experienced by nurses over the last year. Methods. Nurses ( n = 880) working in a public hospital in southern Taiwan were invited to complete the questionnaires, with a response rate of 89·9%. Results. Nurses working in outpatient units and emergency rooms experienced more frequent violence than those on surgical wards and intensive care units. Conclusion. These findings provide evidence of workplace violence in hospitals and may aid hospital and nursing administration to reduce and control violence. Relevance to nursing practice. These results provide evidence in relation to the importance of effective communication training to nurses and will assist hospital administrations in establishing higher-quality, healthy workplace environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because it is provocative and is based on the denigration of absent third parties, shock jock discourse stimulates reactions that go well beyond the initial circle of listeners. Trash radio supporters and detractors alike take up the hosts’ deprecating remarks, reinterpret them and put them back into circulation. As the repetitions multiply, interweaving private speech and public speech, a complex web of circulation forms, attesting to the contagiousness of the discourse and the influence of the radio hosts. In order to capture and explain this mechanism of propagation, we propose a model of analysis that combines elements of linguistic, discursive and pragmatic description. The model is illustrated by a case study. We are led to observe that the extent and rate of propagation of deprecating remarks inevitably affect the image of the person targeted and, more fundamentally, tend to make an aggressive mode of expression part of the natural speechscape. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This is a field investigation of the descriptive and exploratory type that considered variable-aspects such as: socioeconomic level, communication and violence between the spouses. This investigation was carried out in a community of low socioeconomic level in Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela during the year 2006. A sample of 45 families was selected and the women were defined as units of information. High levels of verbal violence generated by both members of the couple were reported, as well as high levels of verbal interaction and low ones of physical violence. In this sense we can assume that the verbal abuse could be working in two ways - at least for this study group - as a substitute for physical violence or as the first step of a phenomenon that usually develops in stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]