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Background: Adipose tissue (AT) is a passive reservoir for energy storage and an active endocrine organ responsible for synthesizing bioactive molecules called adipokines. Omentin is known as an anti-inflammatory adipokine that can modulate insulin sensitivity. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between omentin mRNA expression and glucose homeostasis of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in non-diabetic adults., Methods: VAT and SAT adipose tissues were collected from 137 adults aged ≥ 18 years hospitalized for abdominal surgery. Before surgery, preoperative blood samples were taken from the participants to measure fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and triglyceride. BMI, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, and QUICKI were calculated. Insulin levels were measured with Mercodia kits using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In order to obtain omentin mRNA expression, real-time PCR was performed., Results: Overall, 91 (66.4%) subjects were healthy [without insulin resistance (IR)], and 46 (33.6%) participants were with IR. In healthy and IR subjects, omentin gene expression was 1.04 and 2.32, respectively in VAT, and 3.06 and 1.30, respectively, in SAT (P > 0.05). After controlling for age and BMI, linear regression analysis indicated a significant positive association of SAT omentin expression with insulin concentration (β = 0.048; 95% CI 0.009, 0.088, P = 0.017) and HOMA-IR (β = 0.173; 95% CI 0.023, 0.323, P = 0.014). Moreover, a negative association of SAT omentin expression with HOMA-B (β = - 0.001; 95% CI 0.002, - 0.001, P < 0.001) was observed., Conclusion: This study's finding confirms a direct association between IR with omentin mRNA levels in SAT. Besides, the indicator of insulin sensitivity had an inverse association with omentin gene expression in SAT. This aspect of research suggests that omentin secretion from SAT has a strong link with insulin regulation., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Background and Aims: Omentin, as an adipokine, has been reported to improve insulin resistance and inflammation may be related to fatty acids (FAs). Plasma FAs can be used as biomarkers of dietary FAs and endogenous FA exposure. We aimed to evaluate the association between plasma FAs pattern and omentin gene expression in adipose tissue (AT)., Methods and Results: Visceral and subcutaneous AT and fasting blood were gathered from 97 adults aged >18 years. Participants were already admitted to hospitals for elective abdominal surgery. Dietary intakes were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. The relative omentin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous AT was measured by Real-Time PCR and plasma FAs was determined by gas chromatography. The principal component analysis was performed to derive the FAs pattern from plasma individual FAs. Three patterns were derived from plasma FAs, 1) high de-novo lipogenesis (DNL), 2) high trans saturated fatty acids (SFA), and docosahexaenoic acid (trans-SFA/DHA), and 3) high long-chain SFA (LC-SFA). After adjustment for age, sex, and insulin concentration, only the LC-SFA pattern was associated with omentin gene expression in visceral AT (β = 2.25, P = 0.03). Other patterns were not associated with omentin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous AT., Conclusion: A pattern characterized by high levels of myristic acid (14:0), heptadecanoic acid (17:0), pentadecanoic acid (15:0), and Cis&#95;heptadecanoic acid (17:1), which named LC-SFA was related to omentin gene expression in visceral AT., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of dietary carbohydrates with fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue., Methods: In this cross-sectional study, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues were gathered from 58 obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 ) and 44 non-obese (body mass index ≤18 to<30 kg/m 2 ) participants, aged ≥20 y, who had undergone elective abdominal surgery with minimal effect on dietary intake. Dietary intake was collected using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire, and daily intake of total carbohydrates, total sugar, sucrose, glucose, fructose, lactose, and maltose were calculated. The mRNA expression of the FTO gene in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction., Results: No significant difference was observed for FTO gene expression in subcutaneous and visceral fat mass between non-obese and obese participants. After adjusting for age and sex, total carbohydrate intake was inversely associated with FTO gene expression in subcutaneous (β = -0.403; P = 0.003) adipose tissues among obese participants. Furthermore, higher intake of total sugars, sucrose, glucose, and lactose was inversely and higher intake fructose was directly associated with FTO mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue among participants with obesity., Conclusion: Dietary intake of total sugars, sucrose, glucose, and lactose in obese participants only was inversely and dietary fructose was positively associated with FTO gene expression from the subcutaneous adipose tissue., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We aimed to illustrate determinants of VDR gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue among individuals without diabetes. We gathered visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues during an elective abdominal surgery form 33 morbidly obese (BMI > 40 kg/m 2 ), 23 obese (BMI = 30-40 kg/m 2 ), and 35 non-obese (BMI<30 kg/m 2 ) participants who were free of diabetes. Participants were classified according to their degree of obesity. Before the surgery, habitual dietary intake, physical activity, 25(OH)D, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and HOMA-IR was gathered. Non-obese participants had significantly lower mean VDR gene expression in visceral adipose tissues than both the obese and morbidly obese ones and had also lower expression in subcutaneous adipose tissues than the morbidly obese participants. In multiple linear regression models, BMI and HOMA-IR were the independent positive predictors of VDR gene expression in subcutaneous fat. Among non-obese subjects, WC and 25(OH)D were the positive and negative independent predictors of visceral adipose tissue VDR gene expression, respectively. Among obese participants, 25(OH)D was negatively, and BMI and HOMA-IR were positively associated with VDR mRNA levels in visceral adipose tissue. In morbidly obese participants, the independent positive predictors of VDR gene expression in visceral fat were BMI and HOMA-IR, and negative predictors were 25(OH)D and calcium intake. Our findings suggested that 25(OH)D concentrations are the fundamental elements to determine VDR gene expression in visceral fat which by increasing fat depots, the subsequent insulin resistance became another predictor of VDR gene expression., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of the study was to investigate the association of leptin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues with habitual fatty acid intake and its subtypes in adults. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues were gathered from 97 participants aged ≥ 20, who had undergone elective abdominal surgery. Dietary fatty acid intakes including total fatty acids (TFA), saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-3, n-6, and n-9 fatty acids were collected using a valid and reliable food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The leptin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues was measured by Real-Time PCR. After controlling for body mass index (BMI) and insulin, energy-adjusted dietary intake of SFA was positively and MUFA and n-3 fatty acids were negatively associated with subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues leptin gene expression. Besides, a significant negative association of PUFA, n-6, and n-9 fatty acids with leptin mRNA from visceral adipose tissue were observed. In order to better interpretations of the results, the participants were allocated two groups including non-obese (BMI < 30kg/m 2 ) and obese subjects (BMI ≥ 30kg/m 2 ). Among non-obese participants, the SFA had positive and PUFA had negative association with leptin gene expression in both adipose tissues. Furthermore, in obese participants, n-3, n-6, and n-9 fatty acids had a negative association with visceral leptin gene expression. Habitual intake of SFA, MUFA, and n-3 fatty acids were associated with leptin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues, suggesting an important role of quality and quantity of fatty acids intake in adipose tissue to regulate leptin expression., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)