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The objective of this investigation was to examine the effects of distinct dosages of infant formula and diverse formula constituents on the growth and development of weaned rats. Fifty specific pathogen‐free (SPF) male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats aged 3 weeks were divided into the basic diet group, 20% ordinary milk powder group, 20% special formula milk powder group, 30% ordinary milk powder group, and 30% special formula milk powder group randomly. After 28 days of feeding, compared with the basic diet group, the body mass and brain/body weight of rats in the 30% ordinary and special formula milk powder groups were decreased. At the Genus level, Bacteroides in the group supplemented with 20% special formula milk powder was significantly lower than that in the basic diet group, and Parabacteroides was significantly lower than that in the 20% ordinary milk powder group. Lactobacillus was significantly higher than those in the basic diet group and the 20% ordinary milk powder group, and Blautia was significantly higher than those in the basic diet group and the 20% and 30% ordinary milk powder groups, and UBA1819 was significantly higher than those in the other groups. The abundance of Parasutterella in the basic diet group was significantly higher than those in the groups supplemented with 20% ordinary milk powder, 20% special formula milk powder, and 30% ordinary milk powder. This study found that different doses and different formula components of infant milk powder could affect body mass and intestinal flora in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats, and the addition of low‐dose (20%) special formula infant milk powder can increase the beneficial bacteria in the intestinal flora of rats and may reduce the pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acupoint catgut embedding (ACE) is a safe and effective method for treating obesity. However, how it modulates intestinal flora and adiponectin remains unclear. We employed 16s rRNA sequencing technology to investigate ACE induced changes in intestinal flora and its association with adiponectin in subjects who received real (n = 41) and Sham (n = 41) stimulation. After treatment, the ACE group’s body weight, BMI, WC, HC, WHtR, and WHR were significantly lower than those of the Control group (p < .01), there was statistically significant differences in ADPN between the two groups (p < .01). ACE reduces the species abundance and increased the diversity and differences of the gut microbiota in perimenopausal patients with central obesity. Most notably, there was an increase in Kosakonia and Klebsiella after ACE treatment in the patients. Significant negatively correlations were found between body weight/waist circumference and adiponectin. Increases in Klebsiella and Kosakonia were positively correlated with adiponectin, and were negatively correlated with body weight/waist circumference. Our results showed increases in Klebsiella and Kosakonia were correlated with body weight/waist circumference and adiponectin. These findings suggest that ACE-induced weight loss is probably in part associated with increases in adiponectin, Klebsiella and Kosakonia.Trial re-registration: www.chictr.org.cn, ID: ChiCTR2400087718, Registration Date: August 2nd 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quercetin (QR), recognized as a natural antibacterial ingredient, has found widespread application in the poultry industry. This study investigated the bacteriostatic mechanism and evaluated the in vivo inhibitory impact of caffeic acid-grafted chitosan self-assembled micelles loaded quercetin (CA-g-CS/QR) on avian Escherichia coli (E. coli). The findings indicate that the bactericidal mechanism of CA-g-CS/QR exhibits enhanced efficacy compared to QR alone, disrupting bacterial cell walls, disassembling biofilm structures, and impeding essential components necessary for bacterial growth. Following an avian E. coli attack in broilers, CA-g-CS/QR demonstrated the capacity to enhance the population of beneficial bacteria while concurrently decreasing harmful bacteria within the intestinal tract. Moreover, within 3 days of oral administration of CA-g-CS/QR, a significant decrease in Escherichia spp. count was evident, resulting in the restoration of broilers to a healthy state. CA-g-CS/QR proved to be a significant and more efficacious solution than QR alone for avian E. coli disease. Furthermore, CA-g-CS/QR displayed a broader distribution range and higher concentration within the body. Ten metabolites have been identified in the liver for both QR and CA-g-CS/QR. In conclusion, CA-g-CS/QR has demonstrated a notable capacity to enhance in vitro and in vivo bacterial inhibitory effects, providing foundation for the clinical application of QR in combating avian E. coli infections in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, strenuous forced exercise caused intestinal damage and reduced the exercise capacity of mice. However, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Lactobacillus pentosus CQZC02 (LPCQZC02) were found to improve both the intestinal barrier and exercise function in mice. The effectiveness of LPCQZC02 was confirmed through various methods, including kit detection, pathological observation, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and intestinal flora analysis. The findings demonstrated that LPCQZC02 could control colonic index, lessen colonic enlargement caused by intense exercise, and extend the running duration of mice. Serum levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione (GSH), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were elevated, whereas those of malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were reduced. The findings of the mRNA expression analysis revealed that in the colons of mice who remarkably exercised, LPCQZC02 could increase the expression levels of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin-1, and claudin-1 genes. Additionally, in skeletal muscle tissue, it could downregulate TNF-α expression level and upregulate copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) expression levels. Furthermore, LPCQZC02 could both reduce and promote beneficial bacteria in the intestines of mice undergoing intense exercise. In conclusion, LPCQZC02 emerged as a functional probiotic and demonstrated a notable advantage over sulfasalazine, a medication for intestinal conditions, in mitigating oxidative inflammation, repairing intestinal barrier damage, and enhancing motor function in mice subjected to strenuous exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-Bromopalmitate (2-BP) is a palmitoylation inhibitor that can prevent the binding of palmitic acid to proteins, thereby exhibiting significant effects in promoting inflammation and regulating the immune system. However, limited research has been conducted regarding the direct effects of 2-BP on the animal organism. Therefore, we probed mice injected with 2-BP for altered expression of inflammatory genes, with a focus on demonstrating changes in the intestinal flora as well as damage to the reproductive system. Our findings indicate that 2-BP can induce substantial inflammatory responses in visceral organs and cause testicular dysfunction. The key changes in the gut microbiota were characterized by an abundance of Firmicutes, Clostridiales, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Desulfovibrio, Muribaculaceae, and Alistipes, and their metabolism has been intricately linked to visceral inflammation. Overall, the findings of this study provide a sound scientific basis for understanding the impact of high doses of 2-BP in mammals, while also offering crucial support for the development of preclinical models to suppress palmitoylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of probiotics combined with enteral nutrition therapy on intestinal flora, digestive tract symptoms and endogenous environment in patients with gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: In this retrospective study, eighty patients with gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy admitted to Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University from January 2021 to September 2023 were included and divided into two groups by random number table method: the enteral nutrition group and the probiotics combined enteral nutrition group (n=40 each group). The differences in the number of intestinal flora, nutritional indicators, immune function, endotoxin, D-lactic acid levels between the two groups, and the digestive tract symptoms of the two groups before and after treatment were compared and recorded. Results: The levels of serum total protein (TP), prealbumin (PAB), albumin (ALB) and transferrin (TF) in both groups were higher than those before treatment, and those in the probiotics combined with enteral nutrition group were higher than those in the enteral nutrition group (p< 0.05). The levels of immunoglobulin A (lgA), immunoglobulin M (lgM) and immunoglobulin G (lgG) in the two groups were lower than before treatment, and those in the probiotics combined with the enteral nutrition group were lower than those in the enteral nutrition group (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Probiotics combined with enteral nutrition results in various benefits in the treatment of patients with gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy, improving immunity, and reducing gastrointestinal symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the alterations in gut microbiota among nonobese individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and their response to treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). A total of 90 patients diagnosed with NAFLD and 36 healthy subjects were recruited to participate in this study. Among them, a subgroup of 14 nonobese nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) were treated with UDCA. Demographic and serologic data were collected for all participants, while stool samples were obtained for fecal microbiome analysis using 16S sequencing. In nonobese NAFLD patients, the alpha diversity of intestinal flora decreased (Shannon index, p < 0.05), and the composition of intestinal flora changed (beta diversity, p < 0.05). The abundance of 20 genera, including Fusobacterium, Lachnoclostridium, Klebsiella, etc., exhibited significant changes (p < 0.05). Among them, nine species including Fusobacterium, Lachnoclostridium, Klebsiella, etc. were found to be associated with abnormal liver enzymes and glucolipid metabolic disorders. Among the 14 NASH patients treated with UDCA, improvements were observed in terms of liver enzymes, CAP values, and E values (p < 0.05), however, no improve the glucolipid metabolism. While the alpha diversity of intestinal flora did not show significant changes after UDCA treatment, there was a notable alteration in the composition of intestinal flora (beta diversity, p < 0.05). Furthermore, UCDA treatment led to an improvement in the relative abundance of Alistipes, Holdemanella, Gilisia, etc. among nonobese NASH patients (p < 0.05). Nonobese NAFLD patients exhibit dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. UDCA can ameliorate hepatic enzyme abnormalities and reduce liver fat content in nonobese NASH patients, potentially through its ability to restore intestinal microbiota balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus SDSP202418 isolated from shrimp paste on the exercise performance of fatigued mice were analyzed, and the potential action mechanism was revealed. L. rhamnosus SDSP202418 significantly improved the exhaustion time of the mice and regulated the biochemical indices (lactate dehydrogenase, nitrogen, and uric acid) of the fatigued mice to resist fatigue. L. rhamnosus SDSP202418 also upregulated the mRNA expression of slow muscle fibers and downregulated the mRNA expression of fast muscle fibers in the exercise mice by activating the AMPK/PGC-1a pathway in the fatigued mice. It also increased the contents of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH)) in the liver and muscle. These enzymes removed and repaired oxidative free radicals to achieve antifatigue. In addition, L. rhamnosus SDSP202418 can change the gut microbial structure and modulate the abundance and balance of fatigue-related gut microbiota, which in turn exerts antifatigue effects. L. rhamnosus SDSP202418 is a functional food component that relieves fatigue after exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Depression and anxiety significantly impact the quality of life in individuals with Cushing's disease (CD), which originates from pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), yet our understanding of the underlying mechanisms is limited. There is substantial evidence linking gut microbes to depression, anxiety, and endocrinology. Results: The gut bacterial phenotype of patients with Cushing's disease was significantly different from that of the control group, and when the mice were treated with fecal bacteria from these patients, both anxiety- and depression-like behavior were significantly increased. However, this effect can be alleviated by supplementing with 2-(14, 15-epoxyeicosatrienoyl) glycerol (2–14,15-EG) which was found at reduced levels in the peripheral blood of mice treated with coprofecal bacteria from Cushing's disease. In this process, the effects of hormone levels and immune factors were not significant. In addition, in an animal model, corticosterone has been observed to affect behavioral changes in mice through gut microbiota composition, clarifying the cause-and-effect relationship between hormones, microbiota, and behavior. Finally, there was no significant difference in gut microbiome composition and its effects on mouse behavior in patients with Cushing's disease with different levels of depression and anxiety. Conclusions: In summary, this research enhances our current understanding of how gut microbes in patients with Cushing's disease contribute to depression and anxiety, offering novel insights for clinical treatment approaches. 5dhu2eBu8fQWFpV1_knqDY Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the suspension cage culture procedure, a substantial quantity of attachments from the suspension cage will amass in the tidal flats, resulting in environmental pollution and resource wastage. The aim of the present study was to explore the feasibility of using attachments of suspension cage (ASC) as a raw feed material for sea cucumbers. Different ASC concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) were used in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) fed for 60 d. Replacing sea mud with 50% ASC significantly improved sea cucumber growth, reduced the feed coefficient, significantly increased the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, improved the activities of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, improved the intestinal structure, and enriched intestinal microbiome diversity (P<0.05). Replacing sea mud with 75% and 100% ASC significantly improved sea cucumber total antioxidant capacity and total superoxide dismutase (P<0.05).Furthermore, expressions of c-myc gene, mapk-7 gene and fgfr-1 gene, which all three growth genes, significantly increased in the 50% ASC treatment compared to that in the control; whereas, that of gdf-8 gene, a negative growth regulator, was inhibited (P<0.05). Based on the quadratic regression analysis for the weight gain rate, the appropriate levels of ASC substitution were estimated as to be 44.28%. The results suggested the potential of ASC as a new raw feed material for sea cucumbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the rapid development of omics technologies, researchers have shown that interactions between the intestinal flora and bile acids are closely related to the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). By regulating bile acid metabolism and receptor expression, the intestinal flora affects host metabolism, impacts the immune system, and exacerbates kidney injury in DKD patients. To explore interactions among the gut flora, bile acids and DKD, as well as the related mechanisms, in depth, in this paper, we review the existing literature on correlations among the gut flora, bile acids and DKD. This review also summarizes the efficacy of bile acids and their receptors as well as traditional Chinese medicines in the treatment of DKD and highlights the unique advantages of bile acid receptors in DKD treatment. This paper is expected to reveal a new and important potential strategy for the clinical treatment of DKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), intestinal flora imbalance and butyrate metabolism disorders precede clinical arthritis and are associated with the pathogenesis of RA. This imbalance can alter the immunology and intestinal permeability of the intestinal mucosa, leading to damage to the intestinal barrier. In this context, bacteria and their metabolites can enter the bloodstream and reach the distant target tissues of the host, resulting in local inflammation and aggravating arthritis. Additionally, arthritis is also exacerbated by bone destruction and immune tolerance due to disturbed differentiation of osteoclasts and adaptive immune cells. Of note, butyrate is a metabolite of intestinal flora, which not only locally inhibits intestinal immunity and targets zonulin and tight junction proteins to alleviate intestinal barrier-mediated arthritis but also inhibits osteoclasts and autoantibodies and balances the immune responses of T and B lymphocytes throughout the body to repress bone erosion and inflammation. Therefore, butyrate is a key intermediate linking intestinal flora to the host. As a result, restoring the butyrate-producing capacity of intestinal flora and using exogenous butyrate are potential therapeutic strategies for RA in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global aging population has led to a rise in age-related health issues, such as malnutrition, metabolic disorders, and even immune decline. Among these concerns, periodontitis holds particular significance for the well-being of the elderly. This study aimed to investigate the impact of aging on inflammatory resorption of alveolar bone in mice with periodontitis, with a specific focus on alterations in the intestinal microenvironment. To achieve this, we established a D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging mouse model with periodontitis and employed histopathological staining, oxidative stress, and inflammatory factors analyses to assess the severity of periodontitis and the health status. Additionally, the 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics analysis were employed to investigate alterations in the intestinal microbiota and metabolites. Our results showed that D-gal-induced aging mice with periodontitis experienced more pronounced alveolar bone inflammatory resorption and disruptions in the gut barrier, accompanied by an overall decline in physical condition. The microbial composition and structure of aged mice also underwent significant modifications, with a decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio. Furthermore, metabolomics analysis demonstrated that D-gal-induced aging primarily influenced lipids and lipid-like molecules metabolism, and enrichment observed in the rheumatoid arthritis and histidine metabolism pathways. These findings provide further evidence that the aging process exacerbates age-related alveolar bone loss (ABL) through disturbances in intestinal homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a prevalent hemorrhage condition that causes notable immune-related abnormalities. Recently discovered data has shown that the intestinal flora plays a crucial role in maintaining a balanced immune system. Furthermore, an imbalance in gut flora has the potential to increase the possibility of developing ITP. Moreover, some studies reported a strong link between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ITP. In this review, we described the significance of gut immunity in ITP. In addition, we explored the associations between gut flora and ITP as well as IBD and ITP. Finally, we examined the effectiveness of existing therapies that regulate gut homeostasis and their impact on the prognosis of patients with ITP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Antiviral medications for influenza could be ineffective due to the emergence of resistant influenza virus strains. Ruhao Dashi (RHDS) granules possess anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. The present study aimed to determine the efficacy of RHDS granules in treating influenza-infected mice and the mechanism underlying this treatment as well as its effect on the intestinal flora composition of the infected mice. Methods: The HPLC-UV method was used to identify the active components of RHDS granules. ICR mice were infected with influenza A virus (IAV) H1N1 subtype through a nasal drip. After the influenza mice model was successfully established, the pathological changes in the lungs were observed for 5 days after gavage treatment with 0.9% sterile saline and low, medium, and high doses (0.07, 0.14, and 0.28 g/mL, respectively) of RHDS granules. The serum levels of the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-a and sIgA were detected by ELISA. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and western blotting assay were performed to determine the expression levels of the tight junction (TJ) proteins claudin-1, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in colon tissues. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of feces samples was conducted to assess the effect of RHDS granules on the gut microbiota. Results: RHDS granules exerted a protective effect on the lung tissues of IAVinfected mice; moreover, the granules reduced the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and increased the relative expression levels of claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1 in colon tissues. Furthermore, RHDS granule treatment increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, and Faecalibaculum and decreased the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae; thus, RHDS granules could stabilize the intestinal microbiota to some extent. Conclusion: RHDS granules exert a therapeutic effect on IAV-infected mice probably by modifying the structural composition of their intestinal microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pike perch (Sander Lucioperca) is a predatory freshwater fish, which is highly popular amongst consumers, owing to its white flesh with a delicate structure and mild flavor. Compared to wild pike perch, the diet of farmed ones has shifted fromnatural food to artificial feeds. These changes would affect the gut flora of the pike perch. Endogenous metabolites of the intestinal flora are transferred through the gut-liver axis, which affects the physiological functions of the host. By studying wild and farmed individuals of the pike perch, novel insights into the stability of the intestinal flora can be provided. Methods and results: In this study, we measured various immune parameters in the blood, liver and intestine of wild and farmed pike perch using enzyme activity assays and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Gut microbes were also collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our results showed that the serum lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were twice as high in the wild group as in the farmed group. Furthermore, the activities of glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) in the intestinal tissues of the wild group were 733.91 U/g and 375.35 U/g, which were significantly higher than those of the farmed group. Expression of IL10 in the liver of farmed pike perch was also 4-fold higher than that of wild pike perch. The expression of genes related to the p53-BAX/Bcl2 signaling pathway was higher in both intestinal and liver tissues of wild pike perch compared with farmed. 16S rRNA gene analysis of the gut microflora showed a high relative abundance of Cetobacterium in the gut of farmed pike perch. Conclusion: As a result, our study indicates that dietary differences affect the diversity, composition and relative abundance of the gut flora of the pike perch. Meanwhile, it affects the glycolipid metabolism and immunomodulation of pike perch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, strenuous forced exercise caused intestinal damage and reduced the exercise capacity of mice. However, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Lactobacillus pentosus CQZC02 (LPCQZC02) were found to improve both the intestinal barrier and exercise function in mice. The effectiveness of LPCQZC02 was confirmed through various methods, including kit detection, pathological observation, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and intestinal flora analysis. The findings demonstrated that LPCQZC02 could control colonic index, lessen colonic enlargement caused by intense exercise, and extend the running duration of mice. Serum levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione (GSH), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were elevated, whereas those of malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) were reduced. The findings of the mRNA expression analysis revealed that in the colons of mice who remarkably exercised, LPCQZC02 could increase the expression levels of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin-1, and claudin-1 genes. Additionally, in skeletal muscle tissue, it could downregulate TNF-a expression level and upregulate copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) expression levels. Furthermore, LPCQZC02 could both reduce and promote beneficial bacteria in the intestines of mice undergoing intense exercise. In conclusion, LPCQZC02 emerged as a functional probiotic and demonstrated a notable advantage over sulfasalazine, a medication for intestinal conditions, in mitigating oxidative inflammation, repairing intestinal barrier damage, and enhancing motor function in mice subjected to strenuous exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gouty arthritis (GA), a metabolic and immunologic disease, primarily affects joints. Dysbiosis of intestinal flora is an important cause of GA. The metabolic disorders of intestinal flora leading to GA and immune disorders might play an important role in patients with hyperuricemia and established GA. However, the exact mechanisms, through which the dysbiosis of intestinal flora causes the development of GA, are not fully understood yet. Moreover, several therapies commonly used to treat GA might alter the intestinal flora, suggesting that modulation of the intestinal flora might help prevent or treat GA. Therefore, a better understanding of the changes in the intestinal flora of GA patients might facilitate the discovery of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The current review article discusses the effects of intestinal flora dysbiosis on the pathogenesis of GA and the cross-regulatory effects between gut flora and drugs for treating GA. This article also highlights the modulatory effects of gut flora by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to lower uric acid levels and relieve joint pain as well as provides a summary and outlook, which might help guide future research efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the effects of Bifidobacterium triple viable bacteria on intestinal floras and bilirubin in neonatal jaundice. Methods: A total of 300 children with jaundice admitted to Nanjing Jiangning Hospital were enrolled between May 2021 and May 2023. According to random number table method, they were divided into probiotic group (Bifidobacterium triple viable bacteria tables on basis of control group) and control group (routine treatment), 150 cases in each group. All were continuously treated for 1 week. The curative effect, changes of intestinal floras, bilirubin and inflammatory indexes before and after treatment, and the occurrence of adverse reactions during treatment were compared between the two groups. Results: The difference in response rate of treatment between probiotic group and control group was statistically significant (90.67% vs 82.00%, P<0.05). After treatment, counts of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus acidophilus in probiotic group were higher than those in control group, while count of Escherichia coli was lower than that in control group (P<0.05). The levels of total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL) and indirect bilirubin (IBIL) in probiotic group were lower than those in control group (P<0.05), inflammation level was lower than that in control group (P<0.05), and levels of y-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were lower than those in control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in incidence of adverse reactions between probiotic group and control group (10.00% vs 12.00%, P>0.05). Conclusion: Bifidobacterium triple viable bacteria can improve intestinal floras and inflammation level, reduce liver burden and bilirubin level in neonatal jaundice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yellow River Delta wetland is a habitat for wintering waterfowl, where mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and tundra bean goose (Anser fabalis) are commonly observed. Although the intestinal flora plays a pivotal role in maintaining host health and promoting nutrient absorption, it remains unclear whether the same overwintering habitat and challenging feeding conditions specifically affect the composition and diversity of intestinal flora in both species. Here, high-throughput sequencing was used to compare the intestinal bacterial communities of mallard and tundra bean goose from the same region. There was no significant difference in alpha diversity and beta diversity between the two species. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the two predominant phyla, accounting for more than 50.00% of the total. They enhanced the nutrient absorption and metabolic efficiency during overwintering. Catellicoccus was the most dominant genus in the intestinal flora of tundra bean goose, accounting for 33.91%, whereas Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was the most dominant genus in mallard, accounting for 7.34%. This difference is considered to be related to the feeding habits of these two species. No significant differences in the structure and diversity of intestinal bacterial communities were observed between mallard and tundra bean goose, and the similarity of intestinal flora between them was high. This study deepens our understanding of the intestinal flora of two coexisting species with different dietary preferences in the Yellow River Delta. It also lays the foundation for waterfowl disease prevention in this area, carrying significant scientific and practical implications for biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross-species transmission of intestinal bacteria caused by mixed-group contact in animals is currently an issue of concern. Herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and common shelducks (Tadorna tadorna) often forage in mixed groups, a process which is known as sympatric mixed foraging. This study sought to explore how mixed foraging affects the gut bacteria structure in herring gulls and common shelducks on Binzhou Seashell Island, China. Illumina high-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze the intestinal bacteria of these birds during their wintering period, with the goal of understanding the impact of mixed-species interactions on gut microbiota diversity. The results showed that alpha diversity of intestinal flora in common shelducks was higher than that in herring gulls, and there was no significant difference in beta diversity between the two species. The similarity ratio of the top five abundances of bacteria at the phylum classification level reached 42.86%. Judging from the results, there is resemblance in the structure of the intestinal flora between the two species. The study not only enhances our understanding of the adaptive strategies and interactions of these two avian species within the ecosystem, but also establishes a crucial foundation for bird resource management and disease prevention and control in this region. It holds significant scientific and practical implications for fields such as ecological conservation and biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a typical pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), β-1,3-glucan can engage with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to initiate an immune response. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune response, intestinal health, and bacterial resistance in juvenile Macrobrachium nipponense. Prawns were fed with five experimental diets containing 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% β-1,3-glucan for eight weeks. The findings demonstrated that the inclusion of β-1,3-glucan improved weight gain and survival rate in prawns. Prawns fed with β-1,3-glucan exhibited elevated activities of hepatopancreatic ACP (acid phosphatase), AKP (alkaline phosphatase), and SOD (superoxide dismutase), while MDA (malondialdehyde) content was reduced. Expression levels of PRRs related genes including LGBP (lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan binding protein), lectin, and LBP (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein) were significantly increased in prawns fed with β-1,3-glucan. Intestinal flora analysis revealed suppression of Cyanobacteria abundance at the Phylum level and enhancement in Rhodobacter abundance at the genus level in prawns fed with a 0.2% β-1,3-glucan diet. Furthermore, prawns fed with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% β-1,3-glucan demonstrated significantly higher survival rates following Aeromonas hydrophila infection. In conclusion, β-1,3-glucan can activate PRRs to improve immune responses in M. nipponese. Within the range of β-1,3-glucan concentrations set in this experiment, it is recommended to add 0.18% of β-1,3-glucan to the diet, taking into account the positive effect of β-1,3-glucan on the survival rate of M. nipponensecu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Prunella vulgaris L., a medicinal and edible homologous plant, is often used to treat conditions such as breast hyperplasia, thyroid enlargement and lymphatic tuberculosis. Research has demonstrated that it is particularly effective in the treatment of mammary gland hyperplasia (MGH). However, the material basis and mechanism of its efficacy are still unclear. RESULTS: Our results showed that in rats with MGH, polysaccharide from Prunella vulgaris L. (PVP) led to a reduction in the levels of estradiol, prolactin and malondialdehyde, while simultaneously increasing the concentrations of progesterone (P), superoxide dismutase (SOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase (CAT) in the serum. In addition, results obtained from 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated that PVP had the capacity to increase the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbiota in MGH rats, as well as modify the structure of the microbiota. Correlation analysis revealed that the levels of P, SOD, MnSOD and CAT were positively associated with Allobaculum, Romboutsia, Faecalibaculum and Clostridium, while negatively correlated with Turicibacter. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism of PVP in treating MGH might be through inhibiting the phosphorylation of the AKT‐FOXO3a signaling pathway and then activating the expression of downstream antioxidant enzymes, such as MnSOD and CAT. At the same time, PVP could restore intestinal flora homeostasis in rats with MGH by regulating the flora changes of Allobaculum, Romboutsia, Clostridium and Faecalibaculum, thereby reducing oxidative stress in rats with MGH. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Oxidative stress is a crucial factor in the age-related decline in physiological, genomic, metabolic, and immunological functions. We screened Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JS19, which has been shown to possess therapeutic properties in mice with ulcerative colitis. In this study, L. plantarum JS19 used as the adjunct starter culture in fermented goat milk (LAF) was employed to alleviate d-galactose-induced aging and regulate intestinal flora in an aging mouse model. The oral administration of LAF effectively improved the health of spleen and kidney in mice, while mitigating the hepatocyte and oxidative damage induced by d-galactose. Additionally, LAF alleviated d-galactose-induced dysbiosis of the intestinal flora by reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria Desulfovibrio and Helicobacter , while greatly promoting the growth of beneficial Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Eubacterium. Biomarker 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid was found to be positively linked with those harmful bacteria, whereas bio-active metabolites were strongly correlated with the beneficial genus. These observations suggest that LAF possesses the capability to mitigate the effects of d-galactose-induced aging in a mouse model through the regulation of oxidative stress, the gut microbiota composition, and levels of fecal metabolites. Consequently, these findings shed light on the potential of LAF as a functional food with antiaging properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intestine is the principal digestive organ which is generally divided into three segments as the proximal intestine (PI), the mid intestine (MI), and the distal intestine (DI) in fish. In this study, the role of dietary vitamin D3 (VD3) in regulating the function and health of different intestinal segments was evaluated in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fingerlings through the supplementation with the increasing levels of dietary VD3 (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 IU/kg). The results showed that VD3 supplementation (1000–2000 IU/kg) significantly enhanced the fish growth performance, and the correlation analysis suggested that this effect was positively correlated with intestinal somatic index (ISI) and intestinal length index (ILI) of MI and DI except PI. In support of this finding, dietary VD3 enhanced the activities of digestive and brush border enzymes in the fish mainly in MI and DI rather than PI. Furthermore, the intestinal microbiota analysis revealed that VD3 increased the abundance of intestinal flora at the genus level rather than the phylum level. Meanwhile, hematoxylin and eosin staining presented that VD3 supplementation reduced epithelial goblet cell hyperplasia and lamina propria edema compared with the VD3 deficiency group in the MI and DI. Further studies showed that feeding VD3 decreased malondialdehyde levels but increased total antioxidant capacity, glutathione levels, and total superoxidase activity in MI or DI but not PI, suggesting the antioxidant potential of VD3 in two intestinal segments. Moreover, in MI and DI but not PI, dietary VD3 suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine (il1 β and tnf α ) but enhanced antimicrobial peptide (hepcidin and βdefensin) mRNA levels and increased the activities of immune-related enzymes (lysozyme and acid phosphatase), highlighting the ability to improve fish immunity. Corresponding to these effects, dietary VD3 was able to mediate NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and NF-κB pathways in MI and DI. Finally, quadratic regression models based on weight gain (PWG), feed efficiency (PE), ISI, and ILI suggested that the appropriate VD3 requirements for grass carp fingerlings were 1233.70–1387.11 IU/kg. Taken together, our findings strengthened the potential of dietary VD3 in managing the functions and health of particular intestinal segments and provided valuable reference data for VD3 requirements of fingerling fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe pulmonary condition with high mortality and morbidity, lacking effective pharmacotherapeutic options. Rosa roxburghii Tratt, a unique fruit from southwestern China, is valued for its rich nutritional content and functional properties. Fermentation is known to enhance the nutritional value, flavor, and shelf life of foods. In this study, we investigated the effects of fermented Rosa roxburghii juice (RRFJ) on gut microbiota, metabolites, and the levels of short-chain fatty acids in the intestines, as well as its impact on lung tissue and intestine tissue injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress in murine models. The results showed that RRFJ modulated gut microbiota and metabolites, increased short-chain fatty acid levels, and consequently reduced lung tissue injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress in mice with ALI. These findings suggest that RRFJ has the potential to serve as a functional dietary adjunct in the management of acute lung injury, providing a scientific basis for its therapeutic role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Obesity (OB) is a prevalent metabolic disorder. With the advancement of the economy, the prevention and treatment of obesity is a big problem for the global community. The methods to lose weight include exercise, diet, medicine, and surgery. Compared with other methods, diet regulation is safer and more effective. Hawthorn fruit has the effect of reducing weight, but the mechanism of effectiveness are not clear. In this study, obesity model rats are used to conduct scientific pharmacological research on hawthorn flavonoids. Hawthorn flavonoids can effectively improve the body weight, lipid accumulation, and lipid levels of obese rats. The contents of the colon of rats are analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing technology. The intestinal microflora in obese rats changed significantly after flavonoids treatment, and they tended to be the control group. Based on liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, serum metabolomics showed that the metabolites in the serum changed significantly, after hawthorn flavonoids treatment. Hawthorn flavonoids are especially involved in the biological processes of grade bile acid biosynthesis, histidine metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the disorder of intestinal microorganisms is connected to changes in serum metabolites. These findings give a new idea about how hawthorn flavonoids help with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Bovine mastitis is one of the most common diseases in farms and has caused huge economic losses to farmers and led to a decline in milk quality. Antibiotics are a common treatment for mastitis. However, due to the emergence of bacterial resistance, they have brought great hidden dangers to public health and safety and also endanger people's health. Therefore, the development of antibiotic alternatives in the treatment of bovine mastitis is more urgent. Studies have found that yak IL-22 has tissue repair and inflammation inhibition effects. In this study, we used the yak IL-22 gene as a potential preparation to construct a mammary gland-specific plasmid for gene therapy for bovine mastitis and evaluated the role of this therapy in the disease, laying a foundation for the possible large-scale application of this preparation in the future. Since the development of dairy farming, bovine mastitis has been a problem plaguing the whole industry, which has led to a decrease in milk production, a reduction in dairy product quality, and an increase in costs. The use of antibiotics to treat mastitis can cause a series of problems, which can bring a series of harm to the animal itself, such as the development of bacterial resistance and dramatic changes in the gut flora. However, the in vivo and in vitro antibacterial activity of yak Interleukin-22 (IL-22) and its application in mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus have not been reported. In this study, the mammary gland-specific expression plasmid pLF-IL22 of the yak IL-22 gene was constructed and expressed in MAC-T cells and mammary tissue of postpartum female mice. The coding region of the IL-22 gene in yaks is 573 bp, which can encode 190 amino acids, and the homology difference in the IL-22 gene in yaks is less than 30%, which indicates certain conservation. IL-22 is a hydrophilic protein with a total positive charge of four, the presence of a signal peptide, and the absence of a transmembrane domain. Sufficient expression of IL-22 effectively inhibited the high expression of inflammatory factors caused by Staphylococcus aureus, reduced the symptoms of mammary gland histopathology, and alleviated mastitis. Under the action of IL-22, the intestinal flora of mastitis mice also changed, the abundance of intestinal Bacilli, Prevotellaceae, and Alloprevotella in mice increased after treatment, and the pathogenic bacteria decreased. These findings provide new insights into the potential application of the yak IL-22 gene in the treatment of bovine mastitis in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was to investigate the effects of the polysaccharides (PPM60−III) and sulfated polysaccharides (SPPM60−III) of pine pollen on the Th17/Treg balance, inflammatory cytokines, intestinal microbiota, and metabolite distribution in 3% DSS drinking water-induced UC mice. First of all, the physiological results showed that PPM60−III and SPPM60−III could alleviate UC, which was shown by the reduction in liver Treg cells, the rebalance of Th17/Treg, and the modulation of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the 16S rRNA results showed that PPM60−III and SPPM60−III could decrease Beijerinck and Bifidobacterium, and increase Akkermansia, Escherichia coli, and Fidobacteria. Finally, the metabonomics results showed that PPM60−III and SPPM60−III also restored purine and glycerolipid metabolism, up-regulated nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and caffeine metabolism to inhibit inflammation. In conclusion, PPM60−III and SPPM60−III could inhibit UC by regulating gut bacteria composition and metabolite distribution; SPPM60−III showed better anti-colitis activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study objective was to investigate the effect of mixed probiotics on the diversity of the pulmonary flora in critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation by analysing the changes in lung microbes. Methods: 24 adult critically ill patients who needed mechanical ventilation in our hospital were randomly divided into a probiotic group and a control group. Then, the probiotic group was given Live Combined Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus Capsules, Oral (Bifico) by nasal feeding within 24 h after mechanical ventilation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and venous blood were collected within 24 h after mechanical ventilation and on the 5th day after mechanical ventilation, and the treatment status of patients (mechanical ventilation time, 28-day survival), measured cytokine levels (IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A) and changes in pulmonary microorganisms were observed. Results: The microbial diversity of BALF samples decreased in the control group, and there was no significant difference in the probiotic group. Species difference analysis showed that among the three probiotics (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus) used for intervention, Lactobacillus caused significant differences in BALF in the control group. Clinical factor association analysis displayed significant associations with IL-17A levels in both blood and BALF. Conclusion: Mechanical ventilation can cause a decline in pulmonary microbial diversity, which can be improved by administering mixed probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wheat germ is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and disease resistance properties in animals. However, its effect on the gut of Sichuan white geese remains unclear. Method: In this study, thirty 250-day-old geese were divided into three equal groups, the control group, LWG group (21.8% wheat germ) and HWG group (43.6% wheat germ), the experiment lasted 12 weeks. We assessed various aspects of geese intestinal health, including barrier function, digestibility, antioxidant capacity, immunity, microbiota, and metabolism. Results: The study revealed a significant increase in villus height (VH), villus height-to-crypt depth (VH/CD) ratio, amylase, and lipase activities in the duodenum and ileum, increased putrescine levels in the duodenum and jejunum, as well as spermidine levels in the jejunum (P < 0.05). LWG increased the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the duodenum, while decreasing levels of intestinal malondialdehyde (MDA), serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity (P < 0.05). Furthermore, LWG increased the relative abundance of Oscillospiraceae_unclassified, Ligilactobacillus, and Roseburia, as well as increased levels of acetic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid, while decreasing the relative abundance of Subdoligranulum, Flavonifractor, and Klebsiella. Additionally, we observed 17 up-regulated genes and 25 down-regulated genes in the jejunum, which are associated with the cell cycle and immunity. These genes play roles in pathways such as the p53 signaling pathway, cell cycle regulation, and pathways associated with immune modulation. On the other hand, HWG increased intestinal VH and spermidine levels, as well as amylase and lipase activities in the duodenum (P < 0.05). It also elevated ileal T-AOC and sIgA levels (P < 0.05), while reducing intestinal MDA content, serum LPS levels, DAO activity, and propionic acid in cecum contents (P < 0.05). Moreover, HWG increased the relative abundance of Ligilactobacillus, Oscillospiraceae_unclassified, and Roseburia (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Overall, wheat germ diets, particularly the LWG diet demonstrated the ability to enhance antioxidant capacity, digestibility, immunity, and barrier properties of the intestinal tract, while modulating the gut microbiota and metabolism. Therefore, wheat germ diets hold promise in improving intestinal health by preserving barrier function and regulating flora structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ancient Chinese medicinal formula, Dayuan Yin (DYY), has a long history of use in treating respiratory ailments and is shown to be effective in treating acute infectious diseases. This study aims to explore how DYY may impact intestinal flora and metabolites induced by acute lung injury (ALI). ALI rats were induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to serve as models for assessing the anti-ALI efficacy of DYY through multiple lung injury indices. Changes in intestinal microflora were assessed via 16SrRNA gene sequencing, while cecum contents were analyzed using non-targeted metabonomics. Differential metabolites were identified through data analysis, and correlations between metabolites, microbiota, and inflammatory markers were examined using Pearson's correlation analysis. DYY demonstrated a significant improvement in LPS-induced lung injury and altered the composition of intestinal microorganisms, and especially reduced the potential harmful bacteria and enriched the beneficial bacteria. At the gate level, DYY exhibited a significant impact on the abundance of Bacteroidota and Firmicutes in ALI rats, as well as on the regulation of genera such as Ruminococcus, Lactobacillus, and Romboutsia. Additionally, cecal metabonomics analysis revealed that DYY effectively modulated the abnormal expression of 12 key metabolic biomarkers in ALI rats, thereby promoting intestinal homeostasis through pathways such as purine metabolism. Furthermore, Pearson's analysis indicated a strong correlation between the dysregulation of intestinal microbiota, differential metabolites, and inflammation. These findings preliminarily confirm that ALI is closely related to cecal microbial and metabolic disorders, and DYY can play a protective role by regulating this imbalance, which provides a new understanding of the multi-system linkage mechanism of DYY improving ALI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Intestinal flora and its metabolites can participate in the pathological process of osteoporosis and play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. In addition, exercise can regulate the intestinal flora and thus affect the occurrence and development of osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the effects and mechanism of intestinal flora on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and the potential role of exercise-mediated intestinal flora in regulating osteoporosis. METHODS: “Intestinal flora, intestinal bacteria, metabolites of intestinal flora, bone metabolism, osteoporosis, exercise” were selected as keywords. Literatures from 1990 to 2023 were retrieved from PubMed and CNKI databases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Changes in the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora and changes in the levels of intestinal flora metabolites such as trimethylamine oxide and bile acid can be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. The imbalance of intestinal flora can lead to intestinal barrier dysfunction and excessive production of lipopolysaccharides and trimethylamine oxide, induce the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α and other inflammatory cytokines, activate the nuclear factor κB signaling pathway and aggravate oxidative stress, thus promoting osteoclast differentiation, inducing osteoblast apoptosis and affecting bone marrow mesenchymal cell migration. Remodeling intestinal flora homeostasis can inhibit inflammatory response, downregulate oxidative stress, inhibit osteoclast differentiation, promote osteoblast differentiation, and regulate the osteogenic migration of bone marrow mesenchymal cells to prevent and treat osteoporosis. Exercise can regulate intestinal flora homeostasis, improve intestinal barrier function, promote the secretion of shortchain fatty acids and bile acids, down-regulate serum lipopolysaccharide level, reduce oxidative stress, and then inhibit osteocyte apoptosis, inhibit osteoclast differentiation, promote osteoblast differentiation, and regulate osteocyte nutrient metabolism to exert the potential of preventing and treating osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, animal production still faces the problem of diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites. However, the frequent use of antibiotics has a negative impact on the environment, and the drug resistance of farmed animals is gradually increasing. Since the comprehensive ban on antibiotics, the search for alternatives to antibiotics has received increasing attention. Finding green and pollutionfree alternatives to antibiotics is crucial for the development of animal husbandry and feed industry. Manno oligosaccharides (MOS), as a green feed additive obtained from yeast cultured cells, are environmentally friendly and pollution-free. They are added in small doses, naturally residue free, and have strong stability. They can regulate the gut microbiota environment, improve animal immunity, enhance animal antioxidant capacity, alleviate inflammation, regulate lipid metabolism, and promote animal growth performance. Enhancing the systemic and local immune systems, enhancing intestinal integrity and function, and stimulating the innate immune system are all modes of action of MOS in animals. However, the effect of MOS in actual production is not entirely consistent. The structure, correct dosage, addition method and duration of MOS, as well as the type, growth stage, and breeding conditions of breeding animals, are all factors that affect the effect of MOS. In addition, the combination of MOS with other functional additives and the use of probiotics can achieve more significant results. This article elaborates and summarizes the physical and chemical properties, chemical structure, biological functions, and applications of MOS in the production of poultry, pigs, ruminants, and aquatic animals, providing a theoretical basis for further promoting the application of MOS in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The well-set immune barrier plays an important role in promoting body health and improving poultry production performance. It is generally accepted that intestinal flora is involved in stimulating the development of the immune system, which in turn shape a well-set immune barrier for the host. While pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry are proliferating due to the prohibition of feeding antibiotics in the postantibiotic era. This is bound to disturb the intestinal flora and break the immune barrier, and the production performance of poultry will be negatively affected resultantly. Hence, it is of great significance to clarify the interaction between intestinal flora and immune function in poultry to guide poultry healthy and efficient breeding. In the present study, the research progress about the regulation of intestinal flora on the immune function in poultry were arranged, which aimed to provide the theoretical reference for the healthy and efficient breeding of poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-dairy creamer is a class of microencapsulated powdered fats and oils that are widely used in the food industry. However, the oils used in it are hydrogenated vegetable oils, which contain large amounts of saturated fatty acids and are extremely harmful to the human body. This study investigated the effects of replacing hydrogenated vegetable oil with walnut oil to prepare walnut non-dairy creamer on lipid levels and intestinal microorganisms in mice. The results show that low-dose walnut non-dairy creamer significantly decreased the contents of TC and TG in serum and increased the content of HDL-C (p < 0.01). The contents of MDA, ALT, and AST were significantly decreased, while the content of SOD was increased (p < 0.01). The abundance of Firmicutes in the walnut non-dairy creamer group decreased, and the abundance of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes (B/F) increased, which significantly increased the richness of Lactobacillus and Oscillospira (p < 0.01). Allobaculum richness was significantly decreased (p < 0.01). In conclusion, a low dose of walnut non-dairy creamer can effectively promote the metabolism of blood lipids in vivo, alleviate oxidative stress injury and lipid accumulation damage to mouse hepatocytes, and ameliorate the adverse effects of a high-fat diet on the intestinal microbiota of mice. This study provides a theoretical basis for the replacement of traditional non-dairy creamer and the research and development of walnut deep processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Although a reasonable diet is essential for promoting human health, precise nutritional regulation presents a challenge for different physiological conditions. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and abnormal bowel habits, and diarrheal IBS (IBS-D) is the most common, seriously affecting patients' quality of life. Therefore, the implementation of precise nutritional interventions for IBS-D has become an urgent challenge in the fields of nutrition and food science. IBS-D intestinal homeostatic imbalance involves intestinal flora disorganization and impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function. A familiar interaction is evident between intestinal flora and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which together maintain intestinal homeostasis and health. Dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, have been shown to regulate gut flora, which in turn improves the body's health by influencing the immune system, the hormonal system, and other metabolic pathways. Methods: This review summarized the relationship between intestinal flora, IECs, and IBS-D. It analyzed the mechanism behind IBS-D intestinal homeostatic imbalance by examining the interactions between intestinal flora and IECs, and proposed a precise dietary nutrient intervention strategy. Results and conclusion: This increases the understanding of the IBS-D-targeted regulation pathways and provides guidance for designing related nutritional intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Si-Ni-San (SNS), a traditional Chinese medicine, is effective in treating liver fibrosis with an unclear mechanism. Although disturbance of intestinal flora and the subsequent secretion of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) is suggested to be involved in the progression of liver fibrosis, whether SNS produces the anti-fibrosis effect through the regulation of intestinal flora and SCFAs remains unclear. Methods: In the current study, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated mice were dosed with SNS to examine the anti-fibrotic effects and the involved mechanism. Biochemical parameters, histological staining, and analyses of fibrotic gene expression were used to evaluate the anti-fibrotic effect of SNS, while intestinal flora and SCFA content were determined by 16S rRNA and LC-MS to evaluate the mechanism. Results: In vivo results showed that SNS improved liver function, reduced hepatocyte apoptosis and FFAR2/3 expression, and restored intestinal dysbiosis and reduced PA, BA, and IsA levels. In vitro experiments showed that PA, BA, and IsA exacerbated TNF-α-induced HepG2 apoptosis. Notably, the protective effects of SNS were compromised in pseudo-sterile mice. Discussion: In conclusion, our experimental results suggest that the disturbance in intestinal flora results in elevated SCFA levels, which further exacerbates hepatocyte apoptosis in liver fibrosis, while SNS suppresses CCl4-induced liver fibrosis at least partially by reinstating intestinal flora homeostasis and reducing SCFA levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA), a characteristic endocrine disruptor, is a substance that seriously interferes with the human endocrine system and causes reproductive disorders and developmental abnormalities. However, its toxic effects on the gut-liver-hormone axis are still unclear. Method: Male and female rats were exposed to BPA (300 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 60 consecutive days. H&E staining was used for histopathological evaluation, and the serum biochemical indexes were determined using an automatic analyzer. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to detect the intestinal microbial diversity, and the GC-MS was used to analyze the contents of shortchain fatty acids (SCFAs) in colon contents. UPLC-QTOF MS was used to analyze the related metabolites. The ELISA method was used to assess the levels of serum inflammatory factors. Results: Histopathological analysis indicated that the liver, heart, and testis were affected by BPA. There was a significant effect on alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the male-BPA group (P < 0.05), and globulin (GLB), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), ALT, TG, TC, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and creatinine (Cr) in the female-BPA group (P < 0.05). Metagenomics (16S rRNA gene sequencing) analysis indicated that BPA reduced the diversity and changed the composition of gut microbiota in rats significantly. Compared with the control and blank groups, the contents of caproic acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, and propanoic acid in the colon contents decreased in the male-BPA group (P < 0.05), and caproic acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, and valeric acid in the colon contents decreased in the female-BPA group (P < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis of the serum indicated that BPA could regulate bile acid levels, especially ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and its conjugated forms. The contents of amino acids, hormones, and lipids were also significantly affected after exposure to BPA. The increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-23 (IL-23), and transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) in the serum of the male-BPA group suggests that BPA exposure affects the immune system. Conclusion: BPA exposure will cause toxicity to rats via disrupting the gut-liverhormone axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermented traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been identified as a low-cost and promising feed additive to to alleviate weaning stress in young livestock and poultry effectively. This study investigated the impact of probiotic fermentation on the metabolite content of BanQi (Radix Isatidis and Astragalus membranaceus) extract while also examined the effects of both fermented-BanQi (FBQ) and unfermented-BanQi (UBQ) on growth performance, serum biochemistry, intestinal villi, and gut microbiota in weaned lambs. This study demonstrated that compared with UBQ, FBQ contained significantly higher levels of free amino acids (e.g., phenylalanine and isoleucine), short peptides (e.g., Val–Leu–Pro–Val–Pro–Gln and Gly–Leu), and the active ingredients (e.g., vindesine and reserpine) (P < 0.05). The addition of FBQ to the diet significantly increased the final body weight and average daily gain of weaned lambs (P < 0.05). In addition, FBQ significantly increased the total protein level in the serum and the villus length of the jejunum and ileum in lambs, while significantly reduced the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and urea (P < 0.05). Sequencing of the intestinal flora showed that FBQ improved the diversity of intestinal flora and promoted the enrichment of beneficial bacteria in the lamb intestine, such as Mogibacterium and Butyrivibrio, compared to NC or UBQ groups (P < 0.05). Fermentation with Bacillus subtilis can enhance the content of free amino acids, peptides, and active ingredients in BanQi extract, making it an effective method to improve the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine. Adding FBQ to the diet can improve the growth performance of weaned lambs, and its mechanism may be related to increasing the height of intestinal villi and increasing the diversity of intestinal flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effects of Manbai Shengfa formula on intestinal flora in mice with androgenic alopecia (AGA), using 16S rDNA technology. Methods A total of 36 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 6 groups, i. e. blank control group, model group, positive control group, and high -, medium -, and low-dose of Manbai Shengfa formula, with 6 mice per group. Following removal of hair on the back (2 cm X 3 cm area), multiple-point subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate at a total dose of 0.1 mg/d/mouse were given to establish the AGA model, while the uninjected mice served as blank controls. Afterward, both the blank controls and model mice were treated topically with normal saline (1.0 mL/d/ mouse). The positive group was treated topically with 5% minoxidil tincture (1.0 mL/d/ mouse). The rest three groups were treated orally with Manbai Shengfa formula at doses of 5.0 g/kg, 2.5 g/kg and 1.25 g/kg, respectively, for 30 consecutive days. After 30-day treatments, the skin of the depilated area was collected for pathology, and the feces were collected for 16S rDNA analysis. Results Compared with the untreated model group, Manbai Shengfa formula significantly increased the number of hair follicles. The morphology of hair follicles in the high-dose group was similar to that in the blank controls. The results of diversity analysis showed that the model group exhibited a reduced richness and diversity of intestinal fora compared to the blank controls, while Manbai Shengfa formula dose-dependently increased the richness of intestinal fora in the mouse model of AGA. The alpha diversity indices of intestinal fora differed significantly between the model group and the Manbai Shengfa formula treated groups (P <0.05). Conclusions Manbai Shengfa formula can significantly increase the richness and diversity of intestinal fora. The therapeutic effects of Manbai Shengfa formula for alopecia in AGA model may be linked to the regulation of intestinal microbial diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of combined use of Natto powder and monascus powder on the growth performance, serum antioxidant index, intestinal flora, and nutrient apparent metabolic rate of Gushi chickens. A total of 200 healthy male Gushi chickens of similar weight at the age of 30 days were selected, randomly divided into five groups with four replicates per group and 10 chickens per replicate. The CK group fed a basic diet, the T1 group supplemented with 1% Natto powder and 1% monascus powder in the basic diet, the T2 group supplemented with 2% Natto powder and 2% monascus powder, the T3 group supplemented with 2% Natto powder and 5% monascus powder, and the T4 group supplemented with 5% Natto powder and 2% monascus powder. The preliminary trial lasted for seven days, and the formal experiment lasted for 50 days. The results showed that compared with the CK group, the average daily weight gain of Gushi chickens in groups T2 to T4 was significantly increased (P<0.05), the feed to weight ratio of groups T1 to T4 was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the serum of Gushi chickens in groups T1 to T4 were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The number of E. coli in the cecum of Gushi chickens in groups T1 to T4 was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the number of Lactobacillus was significantly increased (P<0.05). the number of Bifidobacterium in the cecum of Gushi chickens in groups T2 to T4 was significantly increased (P<0.05). The metabolic rate of crude protein and crude fat in Gushi chickens in groups T1 to T4 were significantly improved (P<0.05), the metabolic rate of organic matter in Gushi chickens in groups T2 to T4 was significantly improved (P<0.05). The study indicates that combined use of Natto powder and monascus powder can improve the growth performance and dietary metabolic rate, improve serum antioxidant indexes, and maintain the intestinal health of Gushi chickens. The combination of 2% Natto powder and 2% monascus powder are better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary supplementation with α-linolenic acid (ALA) on muscle fatty acid composition and intestinal flora in fattening pigs. [Methods] A total of 36 Duroc×Landrace × Large White crossbred pigs, aged 120 days, were randomly assigned into two groups (CON and ALA)based on similar body weight, with three replicates per group and six pigs per replicate. The CON group was fed a basal diet, while the ALA group received a basal diet supplemented with 5 g·kg-1 α-linolenic acid. Six pigs from each group were randomly selected for slaughter and sampling analysis at 162 days of age. [Results]Although there were no significant differences in average final weight, daily gain, daily feed intake, and feed-to-gain ratio between the ALA and CON groups, the feed-to-gain ratio was reduced by 7.7% in the ALA group compared to the CON group. No significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding flesh color and drip loss. In terms of blood biochemical indices, contents of total cholesterol and free fatty acids were significantly lower in the ALA group than in the CON group (P<0.05). Regarding fatty acid composition in longissimus dorsi tissue, saturated fatty acid (SFA) content and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA)/n-3 PUFA ratio significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the ALA group compared to the CON group; meanwhile C18:3n-3 (ALA)and C20:5n-3 (DPA)contents significantly increased (P<0.05), leading to an overall increase in total n-3 PUFA content (P<0.05). Furthermore, compared to the CON group, abundances of Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Veillonellaceae, and Butyricicoccaceae were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the ALA group. Acidaminococcaceae and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, Desulfovibrionaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Tannerellaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Christensenellaceae had a significantly decreased abundance (P<0.05). [Conclusions] Dietary supplementation of 5 g·kg-1 α-linolenic acid enhanced muscle fatty acid composition, reduced muscle SFA content, increased muscle n-3 PUFA content, and decreased the n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA ratio in fattening pigs. Moreover, it significantly stimulated the proliferation of short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria such as Ruminococcaceae, Trichospirillaceae, and Veillonaceae in the intestinal tract of fattening pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]