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The Chinese Government has promulgated the "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI) to increase trade flows and integrate goods markets between China and BRI countries. The validity of purchasing power parity (PPP) implies well‐integrated goods markets, a precondition for further economic convergence, and the next stage of economic integration in factor, service, and financial markets. Our study aims to examine the validity of the PPP and the extent of goods market integration between China and selected BRI countries in Africa. Since the functional form of the cointegrating relationship may not be exact or linear, we adopt the nonparametric rank tests for analysis without prior knowledge and specification of the functional form. We also address the rank problems that occur in multivariate rank tests. Our empirical results provide strong evidence of an unrestricted PPP relationship with reasonably strong evidence of nonlinearity in the data. We also find that some African BRI countries have experienced goods market integration with China during the second‐half period only. This indicates that the introduction of the BRI in 2013 and China's active involvement in African economic development through BRI projects are leading to enhanced goods market integration between China and Africa. The results indicate favorable prospects of closer economic cooperation in the factor, service, and financial markets to build a free trade area or common markets with BRI countries in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of exchange rate volatility on China-Pakistan trade flows from 1980 to 2020. Using data from 42 import industries and 34 export sectors, bilateral trade between China and Pakistan is analyzed, with the US as the third country. Cointegration analysis reveals a strong relationship between Pakistan-China trade flows and exchange rate volatility. The yuan/dollar exchange rate negatively affects 22 import and 24 export industries in Pakistan, while the rupee/dollar exchange rate negatively impacts 31 import and 17 export industries. Findings suggest that the exchange rate volatility of the third country hampers bilateral trade between Pakistan and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper integrates trade policy and foreign direct investment into a unified analytical framework, and investigates the effects of input trade liberalization on the entry of foreign firms. To identify the causal effects, we utilize China's accession to the WTO in 2001 as a quasi-natural experiment, and perform difference-in-difference estimation. The results show that input trade liberalization significantly increases foreign entry. We also find that input trade liberalization not only promotes the entry of new foreign firms, but also restrains the exit of existing foreign firms, thereby contributing to the net growth of the number of foreign firms. The mechanism tests show that increasing variety as well as quality of intermediate input and reduction in marginal cost are the potential channels through which input trade liberalization promotes foreign entry. This paper further demonstrates that institutional environment strengths the positive effect of input trade liberalization on foreign entry, and the promotive effect of input trade liberalization on foreign entry increases with industry import intensity, additionally, input trade liberalization is also conducive to improving the quality of foreign investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend the opinion formation approach to probe the world influence of economical organizations. Our opinion formation model mimics a battle between currencies within the international trade network. Based on the United Nations Comtrade database, we construct the world trade network for the years of the last decade from 2010 to 2020. We consider different core groups constituted by countries preferring to trade in a specific currency. We will consider principally two core groups, namely, five Anglo-Saxon countries that prefer to trade in US dollar and the 11 BRICS+ that prefer to trade in a hypothetical currency, hereafter called BRI, pegged to their economies. We determine the trade currency preference of the other countries via a Monte Carlo process depending on the direct transactions between the countries. The results obtained in the frame of this mathematical model show that starting from the year 2014, the majority of the world countries would have preferred to trade in BRI than USD. The Monte Carlo process reaches a steady state with three distinct groups: two groups of countries preferring to trade in whatever is the initial distribution of the trade currency preferences, one in BRI and the other in USD, and a third group of countries swinging as a whole between USD and BRI depending on the initial distribution of the trade currency preferences. We also analyze the battle between three currencies: on one hand, we consider USD, BRI and EUR, the latter currency being pegged by the core group of nine EU countries. We show that the countries preferring EUR are mainly the swing countries obtained in the frame of the two currencies model. On the other hand, we consider USD, CNY (Chinese yuan), OPE, the latter currency being pegged to the major OPEC+ economies for which we try to probe the effective economical influence within international trade. Finally, we present the reduced Google matrix description of the trade relations between the Anglo-Saxon countries and the BRICS+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Miaoji Yu's China-US Trade War and Trade Talk" is a comprehensive book that explores the economic growth of China and its trade relations with the US. The book is divided into two parts, with the first part focusing on Chinese strategy towards economic growth and its politico-economic war with the West. The second part discusses the role of media, international barriers to trade, and Chinese government responses to US trade policies. The author, Miaoji Yu, is an internationally recognized economist and China specialist who provides valuable insights into China's rapid economic growth and its impact on the Asia Pacific region. The book offers a pragmatic analysis of the trade war and suggests that a better trade and economic relationship can be established between the two countries through pragmatic analysis and measures beyond rhetoric. It also explores the potential consequences of the trade war on global economies and highlights the need for a broader perspective on China as a trading partner. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and policymakers interested in understanding the complexities of the China-US trade war and its implications for international trade and business. [Extracted from the article]

This research was aimed at understanding the effects of exchange rate volatility on UAE's international trade. To examine the effects, 10 of the top trading partners of UAE were considered for this study. Additionally, in order to determine the volatilities of UAE's top 10 trading partners' currencies, the GARCH (1,1) model was used. After that the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing approach determined the long-run relationship between the volatilities of the currencies and the trade of UAE. Furthermore, the short-run relation between volatility and trade was detected using the Granger causality test. The results indicated that in the long run the volatility of the Chinese Renminbi, the Euro and the Saudi Riyal affect UAE's exports, while UAE's imports in the long run are affected by the volatility of the Iranian Rial and the Euro as well. On the other hand, the volatilities of the Indian Rupee and the Omani Riyal tend to affect UAE's exports in the short term, however, the imports of UAE in the short run are actually affected by the volatilities of the Euro and the Swiss Franc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the theoretical link between real exchange rates and oil prices, we utilize a univariate moving average (MA) and an augmented MA (A-MA) model to generate multi-period forecasts of China's real effective exchange rate for 2008–2018. The MA model utilizes past information in real exchange rates, and the A-MA model utilizes past information in both real exchange rates and oil prices. We show that the A-MA forecasts are unbiased and embody useful predictive information beyond that contained in the MA forecasts. In addition, the A-MA forecasts are directionally accurate under asymmetric loss. Such accurate forecasts are useful as inputs for policymakers to design an optimal real exchange rate policy to promote trade and attract foreign investment, and for foreign entities that regard China as an attractive environment for investing in various sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early 2020, China, Australia's top export market, unilaterally imposed trade restrictions on Australian barley, beef, coal, cotton, timber, copper and wine. However, convincing evidence regarding the effects of such trade restrictions on firms is scarce. Leveraging data on daily stock returns from 20 listed Australian and 32 listed Chinese firms that produce the restricted commodities, we provide the first systematic analysis of the firm‐level economic impacts of China's trade restrictions on Australian and Chinese firms. We find significant adverse effects on Australian firms' stock returns, leading to almost 20% loss within 10 trading days; however, most firms' stock returns immediately rebounded. In contrast, Chinese firms usually saw significant positive stock returns, leading to almost 30% gains, and the positive abnormal returns continuously increased within 10 trading days. Media coverage and trade dependence substantially impact Australian and Chinese firms' stock returns—industries with stronger trade dependence on China saw greater losses in Australian firms' stock returns. Our results suggest that trade reallocation and deflection are two effective mitigation mechanisms for Australian exporters facing China's trade restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the determinants of services trade in China with a panel of 42 trading partners during the period of 2000–2014. Using augmented Gravity model, the estimated results from Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) show that the sectoral output of China and its trading partners, sharing of common borders, fixed telephone subscription in China, exchange rate, perception of lower corruption in partner countries contribute positively to services trade between China and its trading partners. On the contrary but not surprisingly, trade restrictiveness and distance between capitals of China and its trading partners are negatively associated with services trade between China and its counterparts. Greater availability and adoption of information and communication technology in partner countries, proxied by fixed telephone subscription, appear to have a negative (positive) effect on China's services exports (imports). On the policy front, this paper suggests that the Chinese government should devise policies to deal with non-tariff trade restrictions and improve the country's telecommunication infrastructure to address the services trade gaps with its trading partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: Most transactions in world trade are invoiced in several international currencies. The changes in the distribution of the great economic powers and the strengthening of the position of developing countries make it necessary to consider the factors determining the choice of trade invoicing currency and to assess the prospects of the dollar as an invoicing currency and the possibility of strengthening the position of developing countries' currencies in this function. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to assess the factors influencing the choice of invoicing currency for international trade in 2000-2019. Methods: The analysis of factors influencing the choice of international trade invoicing currency is based on panel data modelling. The study is conducted for a group of 55 countries. It is assumed that the following variables may influence the currency position in the trade invoicing function: the share of the issuer's country in the bilateral trade, inflation and exchange rate. Findings & value added: The analysis showed that despite the decreasing share of the United States in world trade, the U.S. dollar remains the most important export invoicing currency. The main factors influencing the dollar's dominance are the U.S. share of countries' exports, inflation in developing countries, and the exchange rate in advanced economies. The great significance of trade share as a determinant of the position of the trade invoicing currency is an important indication of the strengthening position of developing country currencies, particularly the Chinese yuan. The obtained results confirm, with the use of more complete data, the validity of the dominant currency paradigm and enrich the still underdeveloped analysis in the area of international macroeconomics using panel data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the Bretton Woods agreement in 1944 till the present day, the US dollar has been the dominant currency in world trade. However, the rise of the Chinese economy has recently led to the emergence of trade transactions in Chinese yuan. Here, we mathematically analyze how the structure of international trade flows would favor a country to trade whether in US dollar or in Chinese yuan. The trade currency preference of a country is modeled as a binary variable with the properties of a spin in an Ising model. The computation of this trade currency preference is based on the world trade network built from the 2010–2020 UN Comtrade data and is determined by two multiplicative factors: the relative weight of trade volume exchanged by the country with its direct trade partners and the relative weight of its trade partners in global international trade. The performed analysis, based on the convergence of the Ising spin interactions, shows that from 2010 to present a transition took place, and the majority of the world countries would now have a preference to trade in Chinese yuan if one only considers the world trade network structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To promote global trade in an inexact settlement mechanism experienced by Russia, RBI has allowed the invoicing and settlement of exports/imports in rupee. In the backdrop of the US sanction on the Central Bank of Russia, the move towards INR settlement is not only a timely move to protect the trade transactions with Russia, it is surely a way to explore the market sentiment. The internationalization of a currency requires more trade transactions denominated in that currency. So, with the war and the pandemic-driven fragility in supply chains, the U.S. and its allies' shift towards friend-shoring global trade, move toward INR settlement may have a manifold effects to determine the future settlement of trades among BRICS and other Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly all studies in the literature have assessed the impact of exchange rate changes on trade flows for goods. Service industries, however, have not received much attention. Two studies have assessed the effects of exchange rate changes on U.S. service trade with its partners. We add to this literature with a new study that assesses the symmetric and asymmetric effects of changes in the real effective rate of the yuan on China's trade in 11 service industries with the world. While we find short-run effects on imports and exports for almost all service categories, short-run effects last into long-run asymmetric effects in six Chinese importing service industries and eight Chinese exporting service industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent surge in protectionist sentiment in countries around the world has rekindled the long-standing debate over the determinants of citizens' trade policy preferences. We examine the influence of two understudied but increasingly relevant factors – misinformation and economic threat – on support for international trade in the United States. We first show that more than 6–in–10 Americans endorse a salient misperception about Chinese currency manipulation despite extensive evidence to the contrary. Then, based on a preregistered survey experiment, we show that misinformation can be corrected, regardless of whether the threatening frame is present or not. In contrast to these results on factual beliefs, however, we find that trade policy preferences are considerably stable: neither anti-trade misinformation nor an economically threatening frame significantly reduces support for international trade. These findings suggest that political elites' strategy of 'playing the China card' by using misleading and threatening rhetoric is not so effective in mobilizing opposition to trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following recent advances in asymmetric impact of exchange rate volatility on trade flows, we assess the symmetric and asymmetric effects of exchange rate volatility on China's bilateral trade with each of its 21 trading partners. We find symmetric effects in only a few bilateral trade models. However, the asymmetric analysis which required using nonlinear models revealed short-run asymmetric effects in almost all export and import demand models and log-run significant asymmetric effects in 50% of the models. In almost all models, while increased volatility was found to hurt Chinese trade, decreased volatility was found to boost them, implying that stable exchange rate is beneficial for China's trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies that assessed the impact of exchange rate volatility on Chinese trade flows reported mixed findings. They all have assumed that the effects are symmetric. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of asymmetric effects of the real yuan–dollar volatility on the trade flows of 84 2‐digit industries that trade between the two countries. We show that estimating asymmetric and nonlinear models for each industry yields much more significant outcomes than estimating symmetric and linear models. We find that trade flows of 2/3rd of industries are affected asymmetrically in the short run. Short‐run effects last into asymmetric adverse long‐run effects in 35 U.S. exporting industries (with export share of 45%) to China and in 44 Chinese exporting industries (with 76% export share) to the U.S. Since increased volatility hurts a significant share of both countries' exports, a stable yuan–dollar rate as well as inflation rate will benefit both countries in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International trade is one of the main channels of technological diffusion as it allows countries to have access to technology developed by others in the process of buying and selling intermediate inputs and capital goods. In the 1990s, China initiated a process of major incentives for the development of new technologies and this was intensified in the 2000s. The country is now a potential technology donor, which contributes to the global diffusion of technology. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of technological spillovers from China through international trade. The analysis considered 22 OECD member countries, including China, and 17 manufacturing industries for the 2008–2014 period. The results indicate that China is contributing to the process of technological diffusion with both negative and positive spillovers. Besides identifying the spillovers from China broken down according to industries, our results also indicate that domestic and foreign spillovers are important channels of technological diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since initiating reform and opening up, especially since acceding to the World Trade Organization in 2001, China has made remarkable progress in international trade and economic development. Under the new development strategy of dual circulation, China looks to deepen regional integration through the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) after signing the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). This study describes the trade relations between China and the member states of RCEP and CPTPP and discusses the differences between the two agreements, as well as China's strengths and challenges. The paper proposes suggestions for the further opening up of China's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the interaction mechanism of economic and trade shocks between ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and China by building a GVAR model. The results indicate that the effects of China's economic shocks on ASEAN are more distinct than ASEAN's shocks on China. Negative shocks on China's growth rate produce negative effects on ASEAN's economic growth rate. The positive inflation shocks to China's economy produce long-lasting and prominent impacts on ASEAN's inflation rate and raise ASEAN's import and export rate. When China's export growth rate suffers a negative shock, ASEAN countries' economic growth rate declines. When ASEAN countries suffer a negative shock, the effects on China's growth rate, foreign trade, and inflation are quite moderate, but the renminbi depreciates rapidly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses developments in the internationalization of the China's currency renminbi (RMB) in the post-COVID-19 period. Other topics include the cross-border trade settlement in RMB, the RMB-denominated foreign direct investment (FDI) and outbound direct investment (ODI), and the total value of currency swaps signed by the People's Bank of China (PBC) with other central banks.

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Since 2013, China's cross-border e-commerce has developed rapidly under the impetus of state policy. Under the impact of the renminbi (RMB) currency appreciation, rising labour costs and international trade protectionism, China's foreign trade has slowed down relative to its overall growth rate. However, cross-border e-commerce has played an important role in the stability and development of China's foreign trade that has taken place. Against this background, this paper has collated the policies relating to cross-border e-commerce in China in recent years and has analysed the operational modes and opportunities for the cross-border e-commerce industry. It also investigates the general attitude and intention of the relevant government departments towards the industry and assesses the issues for relevant government departments and enterprises of cross-border e-commerce industry chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research empirically examines the impact of China's Renminbi (RMB) bilateral swap agreements (BSAs) on the usage of the currency in cross-border trade transactions. By using a unique dataset from SWIFT including cross-border settlement messages of 91 countries/regions between October 2010 and November 2015, we confirm that the signing of a RMB BSA helps to increase the number, the value and the proportion of RMB settlement in cross-border trade. Our results are robust with respect to the choice of different models, including multi-level mixed model, two-stage regression model, and difference-in-difference model. In addition to justifying the effectiveness of China's BSA-signing strategy to promote the RMB usage in trade settlement, our results clarify that the signing of those RMB BSAs is not purely for China's political ends as some scholars claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we examine China's promotion of the renminbi (RMB) in international oil trade and explore its implications for the international currency system in the short and the long term. The article traces the rise of the RMB in international oil trade in recent years and provides an analysis of its impact on the internationalization of the Chinese currency. We argue that despite the increasing use of the yuan in oil trade in recent years, in the short term it is highly unlikely that a petro-RMB system will emerge to rival the petrodollar system. Unlike the petrodollar, which combines the qualities of a master currency, a top currency and a negotiated currency, China lacks the economic leadership and the political and geopolitical leverages to make the RMB a major petrocurrency. Although the emergence of the RMB-denominated Shanghai oil futures is an important development, the absence of highly developed financial markets and a strong legal system in China hinders its potential. In the long run, the RMB may take on a more prominent role in the international oil trade as China's weight as an oil importer rises. More importantly, the overuse of financial sanctions by the US government has begun to undermine the role of the dollar within and beyond the oil trade. In addition, the rise of alternative energy sources will diminish the centrality of oil in the world economy, thus reducing the significance of petrocurrencies—whether the dollar or the RMB—in shaping the international currency system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, China become the second largest economy in the world. Therefore, China has an important role in the Asia and Global Economy. China's rapid economic growth is the reason why Renminbi (China currency) becomes an international currency. On October 2016, Renminbi was recognized by International Monetary Fund (IMF) as an international currency by including it in global reserve currency (Special Drawing Right). Furthermore, Renminbi is in the top 10 traded currencies in the world even in Asia. In global trade, China has trade relation with various country, so it can provide benefit for country that have economic relations with China especially countries in Southeast Asia which is a member of ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA). The purpose of Renminbi Internationalization is to increase China's economic growth and spillover from China to ASEAN. China's economic spillover to ASEAN has been growing in the few past years through financial linkage and trade linkage. This paper examines China's economics spillover to ASEAN-6 (Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia and Laos) before and after Renminbi internationalization through both trade and financial linkage. We use ratio of ASEAN-6's exports and imports to China to its total exports and imports as a proxy of trade linkage and ASEAN-6's Stock Price Index as a proxy of financial linkage, while we use claim and share of Renminbi in global foreign exchange reserve as moderator variable to find out whether the Renminbi internationalization can strengthen China's economic spillover to ASEAN-6 or not. Thus, we use Moderated Regression Analysis and Panel Least Square method in 6 ASEAN countries from 2012:Q1-2018:Q4. The result indicate that Renminbi Internationalization can strengthen China's economic spillover to ASEAN-6 economies that can be seen through trade linkage with an increase in imports and through financial linkage with an increase in Stock Price Index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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According to the governor of the Bank of England, Mark Carney, the global financial system is currently lagging behind the evolution of the global economy, facing asymmetric concentrations of financial assets in advanced economies relative to economic activity. As the world re-orders, this disconnect between the real and financial is likely to reduce, and in the process other reserve currencies may emerge. By 2030, seven of the world's top 10 economies will be current emerging markets, according to the latest report by Londonbased multinational banking and financial service company Standard Chartered. On the other hand, global tensions caused by economic sanctions and trade conflicts triggered by Washington have forced targeted countries to take a fresh look at alternative payment systems currently dominated by the US dollar. The global importance of the Chinese yuan seems destined to rise, according to strategists and economists who say flows in the currency will grow over the long term if Beijing continues to gradually open its financial system. The yuan will be increasingly driven by capital account flows, and not just trade-related flows. Looking for a proper anchor of value for the international monetary system is becoming also an issue of a paramount importance. Gold is seen by an increasing number of players as a natural anchor of value and some are already preparing themselves to that by increasing their gold reserves. Holding physical gold is definitely the best hedge against a crash of any paper currency but nevertheless, we need a trustful worldwide monetary and financial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

▀ Speculation that the dollar could lose its status as the world's main reserve currency "sooner rather than later"i looks, in our view, wide of the mark. Across a range of international uses, the dollar accounts for 40–60% of transactions – a share that has been stable or even increasing in recent years. Potential rivals are far behind, especially the Chinese renminbi, which accounts for just 1–2% of transactions. As a result, the dollar's pre‐eminence looks unlikely to be seriously threatened for many years to come. The US's gains from the dollar's global role may also be more modest than often thought.▀ The dollar's position is supported by factors including its widespread use as a trading and commodity‐pricing currency, the size and liquidity of US financial markets, and the continued lack of a credible rival. None of these is likely to be significantly eroded in the near term, even with some moves afoot to shift away from dollar payments in oil and other areas. Historical evidence suggests that a world of multiple reserve currencies is possible but also shows it can take decades for reserve currencies to lose their dominant status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the effect of Yuan revaluation on China's external trade performance. Using break point unit root analysis, 1994 has revealed to be the beginning of a new regime for real effective exchange rate implying that Yuan peg to US Dollar really played a central role in influencing real effective exchange rate. Though in the short run real effective exchange rate influence on trade seems unimportant, in the long run the influence is positive and economically significant. Since trade involves more than one country, growth in foreign economic activities influences China's exports growth the same way as China's economic growth influences import growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the impact of the Chinese yuan-U.S. dollar exchange rate on Mexican manufacturing exports to the U.S. Topics discussed are market share of Mexican manufactures in the U.S. compared with Chinese manufactures, determinants of manufacturing exports, effect of Chinese exchange rate policy on Mexican manufacturing exports, relationship of labor productivity and external demand with manufacturing exports and its policy implications for the Mexican economy.

This article examines the geopolitical and economic implications of the Belt and Road Initiative for the Middle East. It locates the BRI within the region’s politics and examines the opportunities that the initiative offers for the region, as well as its inherent risks and challenges. It argues that the BRI is not merely an economic project as framed by Beijing, but that it represents a new stage in China’s engagement with the region, and—if fully implemented—could have wide geopolitical implications. The Middle East has the potential to contribute immensely to China’s sustained growth by addressing its energy security, supporting China’s role as a ‘megatrader’, and, more importantly, driving China’s efforts to become a global maritime power and monetary power by internationalizing the Renminbi (RMB). Thus, the BRI could have wide implications for the Middle East. Far from being a win-win project for all, the BRI will likely benefit some countries in the region more than others. Iran stands ready to benefit most. The BRI will likely increase the strategic importance of the Suez Canal and could potentially undermine the importance of some logistic hubs in the Middle East in favour of other trade hubs in Central Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the petrodollar system and its significance to the financial and political dominance of the U.S. Topics include the dominance of the dollar in the global oil industry since the 1970s, the advantages gained by the U.S. with the dollar as the international trade currency and the potential threat yuan to the dominance of the dollar with the standing of China as the world's largest crude importer.

A continued appreciation of the Renminbi against the US dollar after the 2005 reform affected much on China's international trade which mainly settled through the US dollar. The textiles export as one of the major source of China's surplus and as a labor-intensive industry, the impact should be greater. This paper based on the analysis of appreciation of China and the states of textiles and apparels export, explores the impact and extent on the export of textiles export by the appreciation of the Renminbi and makes some suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach: This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings: This research paper concentrates on the focus and inherent challenges of China's efforts to unite the Asian region for mutual economic benefit. Chinese Government-led free trade agreements with other Asian countries, a promotion of China's RMB currency, and the Belt and Road infrastructure initiative are all being pursued as ways of networking Asia into firm competitor to western countries like the USA on the world trade stage. Originality/value: The briefing saves busy executives, strategists, and researchers' hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]