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This study uses detailed data on exports from the European Union (EU-28) to non-EU countries to investigate the impact of global production fragmentation on the choice of transportation modes. The article finds a positive relationship between production fragmentation and air transportation. The study also finds that air transportation is more likely to be chosen for high-value products. Additionally, the positive effect of production fragmentation on the likelihood of using air transportation is more pronounced when goods are exported to medium-range markets, upper-middle-income countries, countries with better air transportation infrastructure, and time-sensitive products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selecting suitable trading partners in the globalized trade landscape remains critical. Traditional selection processes driven by factors like comparative advantage and trade costs are cumbersome and incomplete. Economic complexity offers a more precise measure of a country's economic development and product capacity, facilitating future-oriented choices. Leveraging international trade data from 2001 to 2015, this paper employs economic complexity theories to analyze Chinese and the US' trade networks in the global market. It explores multi-level considerations for exporting countries' partner selection, revealing varying product diversification challenges and market clustering tendencies. China shows increasing overall product proximity relationships, specifically notable in textile-related products, while the US exhibits decreasing product proximities. Additionally, trading positions and product dependencies vary across markets. Some countries, like Japan and Germany, maintain stable positions, while others fluctuate. Notably, countries like Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Cambodia have higher positions in the Chinese market, suggesting promising long-term trade partnerships. Conversely, countries like Yemen, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, and Sudan have higher positions in the US market, indicating significant disparities. Products that are needed in the Chinese market and occupy higher complexity positions are primarily concentrated in the field of non-ferrous metals, while the US market relies more on raw materials. This highlights distinct market dynamics, particularly pronounced in the US market. Hence, there is a greater likelihood of obtaining better economic benefits by trading these products in their respective markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to improve the competitive position of Egyptian black honey in the global market, as the study showed that Egypt ranks sixth in the world in terms of the value of black honey exports, and ranks seventh in the world in terms of the quantity of black honey exports during the period 2018-2022. It also showed that the most important markets importing Egyptian black honey are Indonesia, Italy and Turkey, where the total value and quantity of Egyptian black honey in these markets amounted to about $ 23.7 million, 158.1 thousand tons respectively, representing about 50.2%, 52.2% respectively of the average value and quantity of Egypt's black honey exports during the study period, which amounted to about $ 47.2 million, 301.2 thousand tons. And that Egyptian black honey achieves a competitive price advantage in the Indonesian market compared to other markets importing Egyptian black honey. By studying the most important factors affecting Egyptian black honey exports using the quasi-optimal demand model during the period 2011-2022, it was found that the value of Egypt's black honey exports is affected by: the size of each importing market's spending on black honey, the price of Egypt's black honey export to each market, as well as the export prices of countries competing with Egypt in each of those markets. The research recommends the necessity of studying the foreign trade of black honey in the Indonesian market, which is considered the most important market importing Egyptian black honey, because Egypt's market share in this market is very large compared to other markets importing Egyptian black honey. At the same time, the Indonesian market ranks third in the world in black honey exports, and trying to improve Egypt's competitive position in those markets, especially the Italian and Turkish markets, because they are among the most important markets importing Egyptian black honey after Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuna products are among the most popular seafoods in the world and widely traded across the globe. China is a major contributor to the worldwide tuna industry as both a producer and an exporter. Employing the Constant Market Share model, this study examines the factors influencing the variations in China's tuna exports from 2002 to 2022, focusing on global, country, and product type levels. Results show that (1) China's expanded tuna exporting trade is partially due to the rising worldwide demand for tuna, which is mostly prominent in China's tuna exports to the USA, Vietnam, and Malaysia, as well as its exports of frozen tuna products. (2) China's competitive edge in tuna exports has steadily strengthened in most of its principal exporting markets, especially in Japan and the fresh tuna markets. Nevertheless, the competitiveness structure of Chinese tuna exports has challenges in satisfying the diverse requirements of different nations (regions) for various types of tuna products. (3) The second-order effect has been the primary driver of the expansion in Chinese tuna exports, with its contribution rate consistently rising in recent years. In response to the changes in international and domestic tuna markets, China must implement strategies to maximize the potential of the tuna importing market, further improve its global competitiveness, enhance communication and coordination among domestic and international tuna stakeholders, and cultivate domestic tuna markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on county-level foreign trade archival documents, this article explores export production in the rural Pearl River delta during the 1960s and 1970s, focusing on the relationship between local foreign trade agencies and grassroots collectives in three counties. The study contends that, instead of the state having complete control of the entire production and procurement process, rural export production in the Pearl River delta demonstrates remarkable diversity and responsiveness to fluctuating overseas market conditions, whose adaptability, however, was significantly constrained by the grain-first policy during the Maoist era. This research further posits that the interplay between control and autonomy mechanisms shaped the institutional context in which rational, calculating Chinese peasants navigated the Maoist state. Notably, the state was not a monolithic entity, and its boundaries with the peasants were permeable and dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Moratorium is a common marine resource management strategy used by nation‐states that abruptly reclassifies the harvesting and trade of designated resources as 'illegal' for a defined period. Nation‐states use moratoria to help ecological stocks of overharvested marine species to recover. The Fijian state instituted a moratorium on the harvest and trade of beche‐de‐mer between 2017 and 2022 due to evidence of overfishing. Through ethnographic fieldwork with Fijian beche‐de‐mer fishers, traders and exporters, I examine how the moratorium affected relational trade flows of beche‐de‐mer. In precolonial Fiji, marine resources flowed through historically established regional socio‐cultural pathways. During the colonial period, Chinese migrants in Fiji occupied a unique relational positionality to indigenous (itaukei) communities, which allowed them bridge domestic and international resource markets. Through my ethnographic fieldwork, I detail how beche‐de‐mer continued to be traded during and post moratorium within such a relational resource geography. I argue that the relational ties between itaukei communities and Chinese‐Fijian buyers that subsequently connect to international markets undermined the moratorium restrictions, as well as the new conditionalities of trade after the moratorium was lifted. Such relationality in the marine resource trade renders moratoria an ineffective marine resource management strategy as it is inattentive to Pacific context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat market integration between the US and the UK before the "first era of globalization" (in the second half of the nineteenth century) was frequently interrupted by policy and "exogenous" events such as wars. This paper adds Canada to this story by looking at trade and price data, as well as contemporary debates. This allows us to triangulate the role of policy and wars, since Canada as a small open economy was part of the British Empire. We find that, despite its privileged access to British markets, Canada faced similar barriers to the US, suggesting that membership of the British Empire provided only a modest benefit to trade. We also describe the limitations she faced accessing the US market, in particular after American independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International trade in table grapes is expanding rapidly, with Peru overtaking South Africa as the second-largest exporter from the Southern Hemisphere behind Chile. The primary objective of the study was to the determine whether South Africa, with 75% of its exports destined for Europe, will be negatively affected by changes in Peru and Chile's export orientation. This question is addressed by breaking it down into four key factors. The first is the role of policy by applying Anderson et al.'s (2006) empirical framework of nominal rate of assistance (NRA) followed by measures of competitiveness, namely relative trade advantage (RTA), normalised revealed comparative advantage (NRCA) and the logarithmic relative export advantage (InRXA). The last two measures – indirect freight cost and trade barriers - zoom in on trade from one country to a specific destination. The results and discussion highlight that Peru, operating in close to a zero-distorted environment, has the potential to increase its competitiveness in the global table grape market. Whilst South Africa's table grape exporters also have this potential, given the advantages of a depreciating rand, broader and more favourable market access outside the EU and UK is paramount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the role of international price volatility and inventories on domestic market price dynamics in the case of agricultural commodities. Design/methodology/approach: A structural model is employed to uncover relationships among commodity price, price volatility, inventories and convenience yield. Monthly producer price data along with annual data on trade, consumption, inventories and tariffs for 71 countries and 13 commodities covering 2010–2019 are assembled to estimate the model. With a first-stage Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) estimator to identify the best instrument set, a nonlinear approach is used to estimate the model. Findings: Results show that international market information plays a critical role in domestic market price dynamics. International price volatility has a stronger effect on domestic prices than that of international inventories. Research limitations/implications: Current upheaval in commodity markets requires an understanding of how prices move together and inventories affect that movement. A country's internal price is not independent of the effects of global market events. Originality/value: Although hypotheses exist that global market information (volatility and inventories) helps countries manage domestic commodity prices, there have been limited studies on this relationship, especially with a structured model and cross-country data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the structure of the global avocado trade network and to understand the dynamics of commercial interaction between the leading countries in the market, using the social network analysis approach. Design/Methodology/Approach: One-hundred thirty-three countries that established 989 commercial exchange relationships were analyzed. This exchange accounted for 99% of the volume of the global avocado market for the year 2021. Results: The significant diversification in the import sources and export destinations of countries such as Netherlands and Spain suggests a robust and diversified trade strategy. Network indicators give a valuable insight into the centrality and importance of countries in the global avocado trade network. Mexico plays an important role in the network that goes beyond the quantity produced. Study Limitations/Implications: The most current analyzed data available to date belong to the year 2021. Findings/Conclusions: The analysis reveals the complex dynamics of interaction between the leaders of the global avocado trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the competitiveness of Mexican vanilla in the international market. Design/Methodology/Approach: The relative trade balance (RTB) and the revealed comparative advantage index (RCAI) were calculated to analyze the competitiveness of the Mexican vanilla in the international market. Both crushed and whole vanilla beans were evaluated. Results: Around 1% of the total vanilla area is harvested in Mexico, representing 6% of the world production volume. The Mexican market is competitive in the international whole vanilla beans market, but not in the case of crushed or ground vanilla. Study Limitations/Implications: The SIAVI portal was discontinued. Therefore, the international vanilla trade data could only be retrieved for the period ending on November 2021. Findings/Conclusions: The Mexican market has potential for the development of vanilla production. However, current production is practically absorbed by the local market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of trade sanctions, imposed against large exporting nations, on the degree of spatial integration achieved between non‐sanctioned importing markets. The analysis is conducted under a parity bounds framework based on Negassa and Myers (American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 89, 2007, 338). We apply this model to investigate the effects of the 2012–2016 sanctions against Iran's petrochemical exports on the main importing markets in Asia and we use it to measure the degrees of spatial integration attained outside and during the sanction period. Our findings document a complete reconfiguration of the spatial extent of the methanol markets. Outside of the sanction period, a high degree of market integration was achieved among the main Asian markets. In contrast, we observe the emergence of two little integrated market areas, China and India on one side and South Korea and South‐East Asia on the other, when sanctions are imposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tiempo y Economía is the property of La Fundacion Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rivista Italiana di Filosofia Politica is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article finds evidence of return cross‐predictability among trading partners in international financial markets. We show that the predictability of international customers dominates the predictability of domestic customers, and the predictability of international intra‐industry customers dominates the predictability of international inter‐industry customers. This return cross‐predictability decreases with two country characteristics: financial sophistication and size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa beans are one of Indonesia's primary export commodities, ranking fourth in terms of foreign exchange earnings. Under conditions of free trade, this study aimed to analyze the determinants of the export value of Indonesian cocoa beans compared to its competitors in West African countries (Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Nigeria). The research method used is the gravity model with panel data from 2000 - 2020, using STATA 14.2 and Microsoft Excel. The results indicate that the variables significantly affecting the export value of cocoa beans are economic distance, production, export volume, the population of exporting countries, harvested area, exchange rate, and membership in AFCFTA. Other variables are not significant. This study concludes that the effect of export volume and production of cocoa beans, economic distance, and exchange rate are positive, while the effect of membership in AFCFTA is negative. However, this study is unable to analyze the factors that influence the trade of Indonesian cocoa beans and its competitor countries to the import destination country (Malaysia) as well as the export of cocoa beans (raw or roasted). Future research direction includes exploring Indonesia's post-COVID-19 international trade strategy and food safety issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exports is crucial in driving economic growth and development for all countries worldwide. The export sector is critical for Turkey's economic growth and for boosting the country's standing in international trade. Exports is an essential source of Turkey's national income. It increases employment and contributes to economic growth. Exports is utilized as a strategic instrument to attain foreign trade balance, encourage knowledge transfer, gain access to new markets, and boost competitiveness. In recent years, Turkey, as an essential player in global commerce, has used various tactics to enhance its export activity. Turkey's export marketing strategy focuses on expanding export volume, diversifying exports, and maintaining competitiveness in foreign markets. The effectiveness of export marketing directly affects export performance. Turkey's export performance has shown a significant improvement. 2023 is essential as the 100th anniversary of the Republic of Turkey and the beginning of the second century. The study would outline Turkey's export history, underline the importance of export marketing, and examine how Turkey's export marketing techniques have evolved. It would also investigate Turkey's role in global commerce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Economics, Finance, Politics is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo is the property of Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this work we analyse the global soccer player transfer market providing a network approach that takes into account both the number of transfers and the related costs for football players in the world market. We propose a community detection methodology that considers different features of the network. We cluster countries according to similarities in their roles in the transfer market and to the presence of indirect connections due to common neighbours. Numerical results show a strict relation between the composition of clusters and the economic value of the football leagues of different countries. Indeed, we observe that, on average, leagues with a similar economic value belongs to the same cluster. The analysis has been also extended providing a comparison based on the world trade network. We observe that prominent European players in the economic trades are also relevant in the soccer transfer network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: determine the viability of increasing the exported quantity of Mexican strawberries to the Canadian market. Design/methodology/approach: Likewise, a simulated scenario was developed with the purpose of carrying out a forecast on the conditions that may occur to have a more accurate knowledge of the operation of the international strawberry trade between Mexico and Canada. To perform this analysis, the international market was represented in a partial equilibrium model. Results: According to the calculated price flexibility, an increase in the exported quantity of Mexican strawberries to Canada of 50% in one year would cause a positive final effect. With this estimate, it can be established that an increase in the exported quantity of Mexican strawberries to Canada of 50% in one year would be viable in the economic sense. In this simulated scenario, the Benefit/Cost Ratio (B/C R) calculated for the producers of Michoacan, Baja California and Guanajuato would be 1.0865, 1.196 and 0.6856 respectively. Limitations on study/implications: not all products and all states of Mexico are examined. Findings/conclusions: The results showed that an increase in strawberry production to export to Canada in Michoacan and Baja California would be profitable for the producer, while an increase in strawberry production for export to the Canadian market in Guanajuato would further decrease profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current period of capitalism is marked by the globalization of commodity flows and the insertion of countries in increasingly globalized circuits. In this sense, the concept of spatial circuit of production has emphasized the role of fixed and flows in the ordering of the sub-stages of production, making it possible to understand the part of these spaces in the overall productive process. This article analyses the spatial circuit of black pepper production in Brazil and its interrelation with the global market. To do so, we resorted to bibliographic review and statistical data available in IBGE, COMEX STAT and International Trade Centre databases, which reveal that Brazil is one of the main producers and exporters of this commodity in the world and that its production is concentrated in the states of Espírito Santo and Pará, while the exportation of the grain is commanded by companies located in the states of Pará, Espírito Santo and São Paulo, although the outflow and circulation, interconnecting Brazil to the global scale, is done through the ports of Santos, Belém and Rio de Janeiro, which monopolize 99% of the flow of this product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remanufacturing industry is experiencing a gradual increase in international trade. Accordingly, manufacturers are encountering a multitude of regulations in this cross-border trade of remanufactured products, such as import prohibitions/bans, environmental regulations, and tariff barriers. In this paper, we investigated the implications of exporting remanufactured products to the international market with or without trade regulations. Our analysis reveals that, although the international market for remanufacturing invariably benefits the manufacturer, trade regulations are a disadvantage to remanufactured exports. Thus, while the quality of remanufactured products increases, the adverse effect of trade regulations could be weakened. Additionally, we reveal that trade regulations may be detrimental to the environment with a higher rate of used core collection and disposal impact. Thus, policymakers should take care to regulate the international market for remanufactured goods rather than implementing a one-size-fits-all solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

enterprises entering the market of data integration services in the conditions of Industry 4.0. Methodology. Research methods based on the principle of the unity of theory and practice were used in the research process, including: the historical-logical method (to study the evolution of market development and its trends); the analytical-statistical one (to determine the dynamics of market volumes); SWOT-matrix method analysis and DROC-analysis (to study the global market development of data integration services and to determine the company’s development scenarios in the market in the conditions of Industry 4.0); correlation-regression analysis (to study the dependence of marketing costs on net income of IT market leaders); taxonomic analysis (to systematize strategies used by market players under different conditions); qualitative research method (expert interview to analyze the state of the market and identify trends in its development). Findings. The state, conjuncture, key trends and drivers of the development of the data integration services market were comprehensively investigated, and the impact of Industry 4.0 was analyzed. The strategies of the leading players and possible scenarios for the development of companies on the market are determined. Originality. Empirical and theoretical research allowed us to propose directions for the implementation of digital-marketing technologies for enterprises to enter new b2b markets and to substantiate their strategies for entering the market of data integration services; in addition, to take into account the prospects for the development of this market in the post-war development of Ukraine. Practical value. The research results can be helpful to state authorities and researchers, applied in the functional activities of IT enterprises, namely, conclusions regarding the specifics and prospects for the development of the market of data integration services, its drivers, and their development strategies in turbulent times and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, directions for the implementation of technologies digital-marketing for entering new b2b markets, strategies and tactics for entering the data integration services market, in particular, when researching the global data integration services market and developing hybrid entry strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of this research is to analyse the joint impact of export proactivity and coordination capacity as mediators on the relationship between export market orientation (EMO) and export performance and the relational norms and export continuity as EMO's antecedents. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses structural equation modelling for the analysis of 127 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from the agri-export sector in Peru. Findings: The research demonstrates the mediating role of export proactivity between EMO and export performance and the impact of relational norms as an antecedent of EMO as well as that of export continuity in export performance. Research limitations/implications: The cross-sectional study design has certain limitations; thus, longitudinal research is necessary to analyse the evolution of the impact of these variables. Future research should also consider new variables, such as absorptive capacity and institutional distance, in relation to EMO and export performance in emerging markets. Originality/value: This research paper provides a perspective that is an alternative to the traditional literature related to EMO since coordination capacity and export proactivity have been used as EMO's antecedents. However, in emerging countries, such as Peru, exports are based on comparative advantages. Under this context, it is necessary to analyse export proactivity and coordination capacity as mediators of the relationship between EMO and export performance and the relational norms and export continuity as EMO's antecedents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Globalization trends of today open and expand the trade-economic interconnections of enterprises over the world. Ukrainian business nowadays owns a small share of the global market. This is primarily due to uncertainty before the unknown market, the requirements of its consumers, foreign legislation, the conditions of certification and standardization, etc. The processes of entering international markets are caused by a number of reasons, among which the most common are: an increase in the volume of sales of goods or the provision of services, an increase in profitability, long-term profitability, an increase in innovation potential, an increase in experience, competition, the presence of government incentives. Generalization of approaches to the process of entering international markets allowed to formulate its planning stages: diagnostics of the enterprise, choice of strategy, choice of international market, search for partners, opening local representative offices, and creating a single information base of the enterprise. These stages are not overloaded with analytical research and calculations and are as close as possible to the practical activities of the enterprise. The article draws attention to the matter that effective functioning in international markets involves scaling up all the processes of the enterprise, and not conducting one-time export-import operations. Therefore, the systemacity of the entry of an enterprise into the international market involves the conduct of strategic analysis and the formation of a strategic plan. Properly planned activities and the chosen strategy of entering or expanding into international markets are the guarantor of mastering new segments and increasing profitability. On the basis of this, the types of strategies for entering international markets by levels of management are systematized, allowing to correctly coordinate and establish the relationship between them and implement the defined strategic goals of the enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the operations of the Royal Company of the Philippines in the global market, in particular on the slave trade between Africa and Spanish America, as a way to examine the local dimensions of global trade. It identifies the causes and consequences of a failed venture that, despite its failure, opened a new cycle in the Río de la Plata slave trade and its place in the global economy of the late eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Apparently, the bill of exchange is a payment instrument that is used only in domestic affairs, a fact for which there would be little interest in its analysis, but the practical utility and the complexity of the legal creation of the bill of exchange justify the widespread use of this instrument of exchange in the international market. It is no coincidence that the Romanian legislator is also concerned with the adaptation of specific legislation to the evolution of trade and international legislation. In the present study, we will analyze the new elements brought by the recent amendments to the law no. 58/1934, viewed in comparison with existing regulations at the international level, emphasizing the differences outlined between the main legal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study's purpose is to analyze the international mobile marketing (IMK) in order to stage the importance of this tool in the internationalization of companies. Our understanding of mobile marketing is constantly evolving, due to its high business penetration in a world globalized by technologies. Design/methodology/approach: A review of the relevant literature on IMK, companies and customers is undertaken to understand the link between them. The paper begins by explaining the coronavirus disease 2019 is accelerating the change of the rules of the game in traditional and online commerce around the world. Furthermore, this study uses secondary data from organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD), Sensor Tower, mobile marketing association (MMA), App Annie, among others, to support research results. Findings: The results have shown that IMK has opened a melting pot of opportunities for companies and consumers in this period of pandemic; the potential of this tool is being redefined, in order to identify, anticipate and satisfy customers requirement profitably and efficiently. This study aims to provide an assessment of new concept of IMK and how this tool has to be integrated into the firm's digital marketing strategies. Originality/value: The study contributes to make better future decisions in the international digital expansion of companies by company executives and marketing experts. This paper provides a comprehensive framework intended to guide research efforts focusing on digital marketing as well as to aid practitioners in their quest to achieve IMK success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authors: Mohamed A. K. Basuony1, Mohammed Bouaddi1, Heba Ali2, Rehab EmadEldeen3. Journal of Public Affairs, 2021, 22, e2761. DOI: 10.1002/pa.2761There was an error in the affiliation details for Rehab EmadEldeen. The published affiliation was listed as "School of Business, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt." The correct affiliation should be "Faculty of Economics and International Trade, The Egyptian Chinese University, Cairo, Egypt."We apologize for this error. [Extracted from the article]

International trade is one of the key spheres of economic policy. It is crucial for a country to understand the dynamics of its export markets to create a coherent strategy to improve its position in global markets. Research in this field is particularly interesting for both economists and policy makers. However, due to a lack of data, most of the well-established literature is focused on the national level. Therefore, there is little evidence on the influence of local characteristics on export markets. This research aims to evaluate the influence of regional factors on the competitiveness of firms in international markets, focussing on the importance of agglomeration economies and location, among other local factors. To identify this influence, this paper studies the case of Brazil. This country offers rich disaggregated information that allows this type of research and displays enormous differences across rural and urban areas. Given these differences, the assumption of homogeneous effects is too restrictive. Therefore, to study the patterns across different territories around the country, Geographically Weighted Generalized Linear Model (GWGLM) method is applied. The results indicate an interaction between location and the influence of several local characteristics such as human capital, the degree of development and the local economic structure. This relationship creates virtuous circles in a few locations where urban agglomerations create a suitable environment for firms, while opposite patterns appear in other locations. JEL codes: F14, R11 and R12 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the dynamics of food trade, which involves a corresponding virtual trade in environmental resources, is relevant for its effects on the environment. Among the socioeconomic factors driving the international food market, trade agreements play a significant yet poorly understood role in facilitating access to worldwide trade. Focusing on the global trade of grain from 1993 to 2015, we investigate the role of trade agreements in activating new linkages and increasing traded volumes and their environmental implications. Through a data-driven approach, we show that the activation of a trade agreement among countries induces a more than six-fold increase in the probability of establishing a new link. Also, the presence of a trade agreement over time, not just its activation, relates to a more stable market since it reduces the probability of link deactivation by more than half. The trade links covered by agreements show larger flows and smoother inter-annual fluctuations. Furthermore, trade agreements encourage the development of more water-efficient flows by stimulating the exchange of crops with high water productivity values. The average economic water productivity of crops traded under trade agreements increases by 62% when considering total virtual water and even by 93% when focusing on blue water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study intraday, market-wide shocks to stock prices, market liquidity, and trading activity on international stock markets and assess the relevance of recent theories on "liquidity dry-ups" in explaining such shocks. Market-wide price shocks are prevalent and large, with rapid spillovers across markets. However, price shocks are predominantly driven by information; they do not revert and are often associated with macroeconomic news. Furthermore, liquidity shocks are typically isolated and transitory. Overall, we find little evidence for liquidity effects fomenting price shocks or non-fundamental contagion, nor for alternative explanations. Market-wide liquidity dry-ups are thus of little concern to international investors. This paper was accepted by Karl Diether, finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agro-Knowledge Journal / Agroznanje is the property of University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To analyze the commercial competitiveness of Mexican mango in the global market, through the determination of growth rates of mango exports, imports and production, as well as the commercial competitiveness indices. Design/Methodology/Approach: The production data were obtained from the Agrifood and Fishing Information Service (Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera, SIAP), and those of exports and imports from the International Trade Center of UNCTAD/OMC through TRADEMAP. The relative trade balance, the transability index, the export openness index, and the import penetration index were measured. Results: The relative trade balance in Mexico was very close to 1. The transability index had an average of 0.2. The export openness index was positive every year. The import penetration index had values very close to 0. The exports increased 97% and the imports 30%. Study Limitations/Implications: The available statistical records for the period of 2005 to 2018 were taken into account, considering all the varieties of mango produced and exported. Findings/Conclusions: Mango is a primary product highly valued globally and, therefore, demand for this product has increased. Exports had a growing behavior, while imports are very low compared to the exports. The commercial balance was positive every year. Mexico evidenced an increase of competitiveness at the international level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the competitiveness of international orange trade over the period 1993-2018 based on global data. The paper uses the methodology of comparative advantages to analyse fresh orange and orange juice data. Results suggest that most competitive countries are focusing on processed orange trade. Although Brazil is the world's largest orange-producing country, it is not among the top 10 countries in the global orange fruit market, representing that it mainly focuses on processing. Results also suggest that there is no high concentration in the export market for fresh oranges, however, Spain's share is growing steadily, as well as South Africa and Egypt can be mentioned as emerging nations. With further analysis of the international orange trade, Egypt's comparative advantage over fresh oranges increased the most and had the highest results in recent periods followed by South Africa, Greece and Spain. By examining global orange juice trade, it is not surprising that Brazil had the largest comparative advantage, although its value is constantly declining. With a dynamic analysis of comparative advantages, a large decrease can be observed in the chance of survival of the advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of the development of global economic integrations complex tea trade network relationship was established between countries around the world. Based on the complex network analysis method, this paper dynamically analyzed the global tea trade network from 1987 to 2019, mainly explored the structural characteristics of the network system, the changes of core nodes and trade lines and the pattern evolution of China's tea export market in order to better respond to changes of the global tea trade network and provide a useful reference for promoting China's tea trade. It is found as follows. 1) The global tea production and trade volume was growing steadily, and the trade network was increasingly close, but the international tea trade competition was more intense. 2) Countries including Kenya, China, Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, Argentina and Malawi are the major tea export countries in the world, countries including the United Kingdom, Russia, Pakistan, the United States, Egypt, Iran and UAE are the world's major tea importers, a number of countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, France and China are important transfer stations of global tea trade and the United States has become the largest transfer station. In addition, countries that have a tea production base to support exports are still at the lower end of the global tea trade value chain, while countries that rely on imports to transform exports, that is, countries with a high degree of betweenness centrality, have a stronger ability for tea deep processing and value promoting. 3) The average value of global tea trade on core trade lines continues to rise, but the overall proportion has declined, which doesn't show the phenomenon of "club convergence", and there is a relatively stable relationship of output and input between the two countries on the major trade lines of tea. 4) The overall performance of China s tea export trade is getting better, the order of the export proportion from high to low is Africa, Asia, Europe, America, Oceania. China's tea export market presents a multi-point scattered and partially concentrated distribution pattern, the export market has shrunk in Western Europe, East Asia, North America and other countries, and it has expanded in North Africa and West African coastal countries. There is an evolutionary trend of "multiple small markets accompany a supermarket", among them, Morocco is the absolute largest market for China s tea exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Competitividade e Sustentabilidade - ComSus is the property of Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)