Search

The fall of the Soviet Union was a colossal historical moment. Fifteen independent states were wrenched from the Soviet Union. Why were certain institutions made stronger than others? No test of tangible variables has ever turned up statistically signific ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

President Putin is wielding more and more power and the current American administration has expressed concern over this and the war in Chechnya. This study examines what effect Putin's increasing presidentialism as well as the government acknowledged war in Chechnya has had on political party unity in the Russian State Duma. Does the Duma hold a party line when Putin bypasses this institution altogether in an attempt to stand up to his increasing powers? Does the war in Chechnya breed party unity on all issues or certain issues? These questions are answered using statistical evidence in this study. The examination of the Duma is extremely important as it provides a window into an institution that could make or break the status of democracy in Russia by its weakness or strength. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past attempts at defining American grand strategy rely too heavily upon the enunciation of hard power objectives as both a means for achieving goals and as the goals themselves. Alternatively, we recognize that a state's grand strategy is far more nuanced than simply an explanation of hard power objectives and that a more comprehensive viewpoint must be achieved as a starting point for analysts, scholars, and policy makers. Our paper seeks to define contemporary American grand strategy in a new and holistic analytical framework that recognizes the interrelated nature of the multitude of goals of the contemporary state. This framework for grand strategy is unique in both its comprehensiveness and flexibility, in that it is a totally "living document" - one that is not limited by perspective or time for analysis. Therefore, even though our current paper focuses on the significant shift in modern American grand strategy in the Obama administration, its core model can be applied to any state, at any time in history. Our three tiered model rests upon the five Elements of defense, diplomacy, economics, environment, and ideology, which together form the basic analytical lens for interpreting any event of grand strategic importance. From this analytical foundation stems the Principle layer, which consists of hard power, soft power, multilateralism, humanitarian leadership, and natural resource security. This layer forms the organizational basis for our paper and is essentially universal as interpretive mechanisms in that they are flexible enough to interpret grand strategy from any perspective, be it modern Chinese goals or those of ancient Athens and Sparta. Finally, we recognize that specific incidents in the international system are essentially combinations of the various principles and thus constitute a third Issues layer for specific examples. These three layers - Elements, Principles, and Issues - all combine to produce a country's multifaceted and comprehensive grand strategy. In our current paper, we use the model to analyze the grand strategic shift in American grand strategy from the Bush administration to the Obama administration. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]