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Ovaj rad istražuje faktore koji su doprineli uspehu Međunarodne komisije za nestala lica koja je osnovana 1996. godine kako bi se rešilo pitanje nestalih osoba iz sukoba na prostoru bivše Jugoslavije. Misija Međunarodne komisije se kasnije proširila i na podsticanje saradnje među državama i pružanje stručne pomoći u pronalaženju nestalih osoba usled sukoba, kršenja ljudskih prava i katastrofa. Ovo istraživanje se zasniva na hipotezi da uspeh Međunarodne komisije proizilazi iz sadejstva egzogenih faktora, kao što su promene u međunarodnom pravu i humanitarnim paradigmama, i endogenih faktora, uključujući fleksibilan institucionalni dizajn Komisije i pristup radu koji je zasnovan na stručnosti. Putem analize strukture i funkcija Međunarodne komisije ovo istraživanje naglašava značaj prilagodljivosti i stručnosti u efikasnom radu međunarodnih organizacija. Delovanje Međunarodne komisije za nestala lica u Republici Srbiji i na teritoriji Kosova pruža uvid u to kako nestandardni institucionalni okviri mogu zaobići političke složenosti kako bi se postigli značajni humanitarni rezultati, ostvarujući neophodnu ravnotežu između nacionalnih interesa i međunarodnih obaveza humanitarne prirode.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is already impacting society significantly, and is likely to profoundly affect virtually every aspect of human life in the future. It thus presents a critical governance concern. This article discusses the nature of that challenge, and considers whether a new international institution should be established to help govern and regulate AI. It is argued that an AI focused international organisation is needed. It is required to produce authoritative information on the state of AI, provide technical assistance to disadvantaged states on developing robust AI regulatory frameworks, and help create and enforce global norms that address AI's threats. To achieve consensus on establishing such an organisation, initially, it could engage in the former two tasks as they are narrow in nature. But the organisation should have an ability to scale up its work to perform the latter function, as and when needed. Moreover, any AI focused international institution must allow for well thought-out private sector participation. Without such participation, the chances of its success are negligible. The paper concludes that it takes considerable effort and time to build new institutions. With the pace of AI advancements, if the international community does not start now, it may be too late to develop a robust institution with the care and caution that is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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International organisations play a vital role in shaping and implementing international norms and standards, contributing to the development of international law. This paper focuses on the United Nations (UN) as a prominent international organisation and examines its role in developing and implementing international law. Specialized entities within the UN, such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), and the International Law Commission (ILC), have played significant roles in the development, codification, and implementation of international law. The UN serves as a platform for ongoing dialogue, identifies emerging challenges, formulates international legal and policy instruments, provides mechanisms for peaceful settlement of disputes, and collaborates with other international and regional organisations. However, this paper also acknowledges the inherent challenges and shortcomings of the UN and explores proposals for UN reform to address these issues, enhance its influence, and better fulfil its overarching purpose. Through an analytical assessment of the UN's role and influence on international law, this paper aims to provide insights into the functioning of international organisations and their impact on shaping global legal norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes re-thinking the history of refugee protection in the Southeast Asia region, focusing on the post-World War Two period (1945–1979). It fills a gap in the literature on this period, drawing on archival material. It disrupts a narrative of "human rights exceptionalism" in Southeast Asia. First, it examines the small but powerful role of Southeast Asian states during the drafting of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. These states challenged colonial powers and asserted human rights. Second, it considers the role of key refugee-hosting states in Southeast Asia in developing—with other post-colonial states—regional standards to protect refugees under the auspices of the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee, the Aliens Principles of 1961 and Bangkok Principles of 1966. Third, it places international and regional action in the domestic context by drawing on the example of Thailand's protection of Vietnamese refugees. It concludes that the approach in the post-WWII years points to an extended history of protecting refugees in Southeast Asia, and valuable lessons from the Global South for the region and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article «International mediation - the art of resolving and managing international conflicts» examines the role of mediation in international conflict resolution. The authors analyse the principles and methods used in international mediation and examine examples of successful cases where mediation has facilitated an amicable agreement. The paper highlights the peculiarities of international conflicts, which are different from internal conflicts, and justifies the importance of the use of mediation in such situations. It also provides an overview of international organisations that are involved in mediation and mediation in different regions of the world. The paper emphasises that international mediation requires specific skills and approaches, taking into account different cultural, political and historical contexts. The authors discuss the importance of the involvement of independent mediators who have the necessary expertise and the trust of all parties to the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION. The article dwells on the issue of evolution of mechanism created to manage the Antarctic region: Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) and Committee on Environmental Protection (CEP). In the paper the main stages of the development of an ATCM as a main “political” body within the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) are analysed.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article is based on the analysis of the founding documents of the mentioned bodies – Antarctic Treaty of 1959 and Madrid Protocol to it of 1991, as well as the Rules of Procedure of the said bodies. Moreover, functioning of ATCM and CEP is compared to that of the other organs of the ATS – CCAMLR and its Scientific Committee.RESEARCH RESULTS. The author comes to a conclusion that the Consultative Parties throughout the existence of ATCM managed to effectively use the flexibility built in the Antarctic Treaty by adjusting ATCM to the particular challenges that the they were facing. The efficiency of such an approach is illustrated by the examples of the other organs of the ATS. In particular, the similarities between pairs of ATCM-CEP and CCAMLR - Scientific committee of CCAMLR are demonstrated.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The analysis and classification of ATCM variations as well as of the other fora under the ATCMs has been comprehensively analysed in Russia last in 2002. With regard to this the tendency of attributing more power to CEP is highlighted. In recent time, this is done to the detriment of the ATCM functioning, when its role is sometimes diminished to only approving decisions taken by the CEP. As a conclusion the opinion is expressed that the attempts to politicise the process and manipulate the statuses of different ATS bodies is counterproductive.

Copyright of Law & Justice Review is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article addresses the institutional role of the EU in the Council of Europe, with particular emphasis on EU participation in Council of Europe treaties and EU accession to the ECHR. While recognising the joint effort to achieve greater unity in the region of Europe through respect for the shared core values of pluralist democracy, human rights and the rule of law, the concerns raised by non-Member States of the EU about the impact of EU law and policies on the Council of Europe's standards are examined. It is argued that the Council of Europe and the EU have a shared responsibility for upholding the effectiveness of their respective frameworks and ensuring that any overlapping competences do not create conflict. This is particularly evident when it comes to the European system for the protection of fundamental rights, which is characterised by overlapping standards and procedures. The existing cooperation between the Council of Europe and the EU should be strengthened through a more rational, rules-based approach. In particular, it is suggested that the two systems should jointly agree on a series of basic principles on the treaty-making process, providing for horizontal application by the introduction of specific rules on, for example, voting and speaking rights of the EU, the sharing of reporting obligations between the EU and its Member States under Council of Europe monitoring mechanisms, and financial arrangements. The EU's participation and financial contribution to monitoring follow-up should always be considered on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the specificities of each mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the system of minority protection of the League of Nations. Minority protection occupied a prominent place on the League's agenda, which developed a significant expertise in the field. The League's system of minority protection is often regarded as an experiment. With regard to both material and procedural aspects this assessment is certainly correct. In particular, minority protection based upon legally binding treaties and declarations gave rise to the question of how individual and group rights should be treated within the frame of an international political organization. The paper further examines whether at least some of the elements of the League's minority protection system still persist in the context of contemporary international human rights law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global complexity and limitations in the United Nation's legal framework necessitates collaboration with regional organisations, creating tension between the legal frameworks guiding peacekeeping, the use of force, and intervention practices within the increasing complexity of peace enforcement and stabilisation missions with a Protection of Civilians mandate. With the UNs lack of impetus in clarifying stabilisation as a concept, the use of force required for stabilisation cannot be justified, necessitating the use of regional organisations' more flexible legal frameworks. The continued complexity of contemporary peace and security requires a reassessment of peacekeeping doctrine that, if left unaddressed, risk condemnation for illegal 'peacekeeping'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case Jam v International Finance Corp. to discuss the context of organisational accountability and immunity and its implications for United Nations (UN) Human Rights liability. Also cited are whether domestic civil (tort) law and international law can be used by national courts to determine the liability of the UN for alleged human rights abuses, and the primary and secondary rules of international law.

Copyright of Journal of Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article suggests that the autonomy of international organisations stems not so much – or not only – from intentional action on the part of international organisations and their member states, but also results well-nigh inevitably from the exercise of autonomy by international organisations. Whenever organisations act, they affirm their autonomy, and their autonomy is affirmed by their audiences. This is illustrated by brief discussions of the three main settings in which international organisations operate: vis-à-vis their member states (discussing the proposed expulsion of Liberia from the League of Nations), their staff (discussing manifestations of McCarthyism in UNESCO), and the outside world (discussing the immunities of the UN in relation to the Haiti cholera affair). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]