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This study has empirical character and includes literature review, research methodology, expected outcomes, model specification, empirical results and conclusions. Presented research employs panel data techniques and closely follows empirical literature to identify the factors that determine Unite States Foreign Direct Investment (US FDI) outflows. In order to test the implications of our models a panel of aggregate data on the outward US FDI to all European Union (EU-28) member countries, over the 2000-2013 period of time, was collected. When estimating the model, we have categorized the EU countries into four groups: EU-28 (all EU countries), EU-15 (Old EU countries), the Euro Area (19 countries), and EU-12 (New EU Members who joined the European Union in 2004 or thereafter). The goal of this research is to illustrate the impact of the following variables on outward USFDI in the New and Old European Union countries: the financial variables include the real interest differential and real exchange rate; the economic variables are represented by GDP per capita and GDP growth rate; the globalization process includes openness and is measured as total trade as a percentage of GDP; structural and location variables focus on education, infrastructure, telecommunication, civil liberty, perception of corruption, business environment; the labor quality variable incorporates labor productivity, unemployment rate, and the labor cost. The other factors integrate; inflation, tax on capital, and Research and Development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to examine the extent of the U.S. vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade patterns with the countries in the Middle Eastern region. To deepen our understanding of the development of trade and investment relations between the U.S. and the Middle Eastern countries, we consider both the commodity structure of trade as well as the structure of investment. Based on the hypothesis that intra-industry trade is closely related to offshore production by multinational enterprises, then a model have been develop to capture the main determinants of vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade that explicitly includes the role of the U.S. foreign investment in the region. The model is tested empirically using detailed trade and investment data. The findings of the study indicated that foreign investment plays a significant role in the increase in intra-industry trade in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to examine the extent of the U.S. vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade patterns with the countries in the Middle Eastern region. To deepen our understanding of the development of trade and investment relations between the U.S. and the Middle Eastern countries, we consider both the commodity structure of trade as well as the structure of investment. Based on the hypothesis that intra-industry trade is closely related to offshore production by multinational enterprises, then a model have been develop to capture the main determinants of vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade that explicitly includes the role of the U.S. foreign investment in the region. The model is tested empirically using detailed trade and investment data. The findings of the study indicated that foreign investment plays a significant role in the increase in intra-industry trade in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a conclusion of an earlier study investigating contrasting views on Africa's development strategies. In this concluding part, we disaggregated the regional model and investigated same problem at the country level. Current country-level investigation is based on data evidence from Nigeria. Generally, results of current country-level study portray characteristics and tendencies similar to those observed at regional level. The investigation leads us to conclude that while African countries may well approach both international aid and external trade as complementary development vehicles, they would be much better off mounting endeavor to strengthen their trading position with the rest of the world. In other words, a much better policy approach to development is for them to view international aid as no more than a supplementary development tool. The results portray that while trade strengthens a country's bargaining position with the rest of the world, dependence on external aid tend to do the exact opposite. Countries that depend on external aid-in view of growth-stifling complexities-portray an observable tendency of economic stagnancy or slow growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current paper, we examine contrasting views in literature on Africa's development strategies. Unlike past studies, the current paper is an empirical investigation based on new facts and data compiled from the transformed environment of investigated problem. The results-viewed in context of new realities surrounding the problem: (1) the on-going realignment of international relationships among nations; (2) the increasing effectiveness of trade compared to the increasing "politicization" of aid; (3) and the growth-stifling eligibility requirements being demanded by international creditors and donors-lead us to conclude that while African countries may well approach both international aid and external trade as complementary, alternative development vehicles, they would be much better off mounting endeavor to strengthen their trading position with the rest of the world, while they view international aid as no more than a supplementary development tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]