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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems are key solutions to improve water resource management in cities, and financial feasibility is essential for their diffusion. Moreover, studies about rainwater often adopt diverse design approaches, leading to incompatible results for direct comparison. This study introduces a categorised item-by-item outlay procedure and evaluates indirect (gravity) and direct (pressuriser) rainwater distribution schemes. Computer simulations were used to design 54 generic RWH system scenarios in Maringá based on a range of design variables. For each scenario, a monthly cost–benefit balance was built, and discounted payback, net present value, and internal rate of return were obtained. Similar outlays were obtained for direct and indirect rainwater distribution schemes (∆ = BRL 21.81) with an average of BRL 13,484.87 among all scenarios. Average operational costs were estimated at BRL 1.31/month.m3 of rainwater demand. On average, paybacks of 14.7 years and internal rates of return of 0.99% per month were obtained among feasible scenarios. Like in other studies, financial feasibility indicators presented significant correlations (0.88 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.94) with rainwater demand. The initial outlay distribution proposed herein provides an objective reference for result comparison among similar studies. Similar results for both rainwater distribution schemes point towards investigating alternative technical solutions for RWH systems.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:52:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-04-01 This study analyzes the investment in Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei shrimp production in greenhouses using the biofloc technology system (BFT). Considering bioeconomic variables, a sensitivity analysis was performed with data collected over the course of 10 years to evaluate program efficiency. The parameters considered include a stocking density of 400 shrimp/m2, which reached a productivity rate of 3.84 kg/m2 (69,120 kg/year—three cycles), a final mean weight of 12 g, and a feed conversion rate of 1.3. The results obtained had a net present value (NPV) of US$ 904,947.21, net future value (NFV) of US$ 2,401,094.35, equivalent annual value (EAV) of US$ 148,861.38, payback (PB) of 2 years and 4 months, discounted payback period (DPP) of 2 years and 10 months, profitability index (PI) of 2.59, internal rate of return (IRR) of 41.23%, and a modified internal rate of return (MIRR) of 21.25%. However, shrimp with a final mean weight of 15 g resulted in an NPV of US$ 2,522,150.62, NFV of US$ 6,692,016.44, EAV of US$ 414,886.98, a PB of 1 year and 2 months, DPP of 1 year and 2 months, PI of 5.43, IRR of 89.13%, and an MIRR of 30.57%. The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) concluded that the probability of NPV being negative is 0. The analysis confirms that P. vannamei production using the BFT system is a financially sustainable activity. Núcleo de Pesquisas em Administração Contabilidade e Economia (NUPACE) Faculdade de Administração Ciências Contábeis e Economia Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronegócios Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados – UFGD, Mailbox 364 Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP Campus Experimental de Registro, Av. Nelson Brihi Badur, 430 Estação Marinha de Aquacultura Instituto de Oceanografia Programa de Pós-graduação em Aquicultura Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Mailbox 474 Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP Campus Experimental de Registro, Av. Nelson Brihi Badur, 430

The exploitation of yerba mate is one of the oldest agricultural activities in the region of Planalto Norte Catarinense, besides the cultural bond represents a source of income and employability for farmers. The present work is aimed at the study of the economic evaluation of a yerba mate densification. The study herd is a random densification in a native plantation, done with the intention of increasing the productivity. Herb productivity was estimated in three harvesting systems: in an annualsystem, in a biennial system (Biennial 1) and in an intercalated system, where each half of the herd is harvested every two years intercalated (Biennial 2). For each collection system, the payback, the revenue/cost ratio, the average cost of production, the net present value (NPV), equivalent annual value (EAV), infinite net present value (NPV∞) and the internal rate of return (IRR) were calculated. After processing all the data, the annual system was clearly the one with the shortest payback of 1.66 years showing that in this system the return on the initial investment will be faster, since it avoids the natural loss of leaves. Theannual harvest system also presented better NPV and higher 76% IRR, demonstrating better economic viability.

The aim of the study is to present an economic analysis of a micro cogeneration system using financial analysis (energy view) and exergoeconomic analysis (exergy view). This system uses a natural gas -fueled 30 kW microturbine to generate electricity, and to produce hot water by recovering energy from the waste heat in the exhaust gases by using a heat exchanger, which serves as the drive source of an absorption chiller with a nominal capacity of 35 kW. In the financial analysis economic indicators such as payback, net present value and internal rate of return were used to verify the economic feasibility of this system, while in the exergoeconomic analysis, the Theory of Exergetic Cost was used to determine the exergetic monetary costs. A thermodynamic model was developed on the EES-32 (Engineering Equation Solver) platform. On applying the financial analysis, the results showed that the micro cogeneration system is feasible with positive values of R$ 206,540.00 for NPV, 27% IRR and a 6-year payback. Based on the exergoeconomic analysis, the cogeneration system is also feasible since the monetary cost of the electricity is lower than that charged by the electricity company but this is only possible after the 5 th year.

The objective of this study was to develop a simulation model to analyse the technical, economic, and financial performance of using different reproductive strategies in dairy herds. Strategies simulated were: artificial insemination (AI) using conventional semen after oestrus detection (AIC), AI using sex-sorted semen after oestrus detection (AIS), timed artificial insemination (TAI) using conventional semen (TAIC), and TAI using sex-sorted semen (TAIS). The total time horizon analysed corresponded to 25 years, divided into 425 periods of 21 days. The model simulates the biological cycle that takes place within the bovine herd, and uses input information (productive parameters, investments, and reproductive program) to calculate output information (animal inventory variance, incomes, costs, and cash flow analysis). Based on the obtained cash flow, the payback period, net present value, and internal rate of return were calculated. The payback for AIC, AIS, TAIC, and TAIS occurred in 26, 27, 23, and 25 periods. The net present value and the internal rate of return per year of the investment for AIC, AIS, TAIC, and TAIS were US$ 557773 and 59.44%; US$ 520469 and 54.76%; US$ 741800 and 70.22%; and US$ 662891 and 63.52%, respectively. The mean culling rate over 25 years for AIC, AIS, TAIC, and TAIS was 43.30%, 64.89%, 21.12%, and 36.40%, respectively. The simulation clearly demonstrated the economic and technical benefits of using TAI in dairy herds. These benefits are greater when TAI is used with conventional semen, despite the large investment in technology that is required. Using this mathematical model, future studies could be conducted when the assessment of the technical and economic viability of new scenarios is required.

Ao longo da história da humanidade as doenças de plantas ceifaram milhões de vidas, levaram a mudanças de hábitos e, mais recentemente, ao aumento nos custos de produção, devido à necessidade de controle e, a perdas de produção. Diante destes fatos, torna-se imprescindível o emprego de técnicas para a correta identificação das doenças, visto que implica, diretamente, no controle adequado das mesmas. Diante do exposto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a viabilidade econômica da instalação de uma clínica de diagnose de doenças de plantas na região de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, foram apurados dados de demanda e tipo de análises necessárias para a identificação dos principais agentes patogênicos causadores de doenças em plantas. Junto a empresas especializadas, foram levantados os custos de equipamentos e reagentes para a execução das mesmas. Apurados estes dados, foram feitos os cálculos dos Custos Variáveis, Custos Fixos, Receita Bruta e Receita Líquida e para avaliar a rentabilidade, bem como, o retorno do investimento foram utilizados os indicadores Valor Presente Líquido - VPL, Taxa Interna de Retorno - TIR e Payback - PB. O VPL obtido foi de R$ 1.894.882,59, ou seja, este valor está sendo agregado em relação a minha melhor opção de investimento. O Payback foi de 3,06 anos, estimando assim o tempo para o retorno do meu capital investido e a TIR foi de 61%. Também realizou-se uma análise de sensibilidade, com o cálculo do VPL considerando que o investimento inicial (R$ 181.843,67), a receita líquida, a vida útil (10 anos) e a taxa de juros (10%) poderiam variar em 50% para mais ou para menos. Exceto no caso da vida útil ser inferior a 6 anos, o VPL foi positivo em todos os casos, demonstrando que os dados apurados estão dentro da realidade e que o projeto continua viável mesmo que os parâmetros sofram uma variação considerável. Com base nos coeficientes de rentabilidade Valor Presente Líquido, Payback e Taxa Interna de Retorno pode-se concluir que o empreendimento em análise é viável, apresentando alta rentabilidade sobre o capital investido. = Throughout the history, plant diseases have claimed millions of lives, led to changes in habits and, more recently, they have increased costs of control and yield losses. Given these facts, it is essential the use of techniques for the accurate identification of diseases, since it implies directly in the proper control of them. The objective of this work was to study the economic feasibility of a plant disease diagnostic laboratory in the region of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Therefore, the demand and type of analysis required for identifying the major pathogens of plant diseases were identified. From specialized companies were collected the cost of equipments and reagents. Verified these data were made calculations of variable and fixed costs as well as the, gross and net revenues. To assess the profitability and the return on investment were calculated the indicators Present Net Value - NPV, Internal Rate of Return - IRR and Payback - PB. The NPV obtained was R$ 1.894.882,59, i.e., this value being aggregating regarding my best investment option. The Payback was 3.06 years, thus estimating the time for the return on the invested capital and the IRR was 61%. It was carried out a sensitivity analysis, estimating the NPV, considering the initial investment (R$ 181.843,67), net income, the equipment life expectancy (10 years) and the interest rate (10%) could varies 50% more or less. Except in the case of equipment life expectancy being less than six years, the NPV was positive in all the cases, demonstrating that the data are in reality and that the project remains viable even if the parameters suffers considerable variation. Based on the coefficients of profitability Net Present Value, Payback and Internal Rate of Return can be concluded that the project is feasible, with high return on the capital invested.

Tradicionalmente as famílias da região Centro-Serra do estado do Rio Grande do Sul criam suínos (Sus scrofa domesticus) como fonte de subsistência, porém nesta região estão inseridas apenas algumas pequenas agroindústrias de abate e processamento de carne suína. Uma destas agroindústrias possui certificação para comercialização apenas em território municipal, no entanto devido ao interesse na ampliação do negócio para o território estadual, é necessária a construção de uma nova planta industrial. Deste modo, com o objetivo de analisar a viabilidade econômica da implantação de uma nova unidade industrial nesta região, foi utilizado um questionário de campo e pesquisas de mercado, além de análises do orçamento de infraestrutura para o levantamento dos custos de implantação de uma nova unidade. Os dados obtidos foram lançados em um fluxo de caixa com prazo de dez anos na intenção de avaliar a viabilidade econômica. Foram utilizados os indicadores Taxa Interna de Retorno – TIR, Valor Presente Líquido – VPL, e o tempo de retorno do capital investido – Payback, como forma de analisar o investimento. A análise econômica resultou em uma TIR de 22%, VPL de R$ 271.099,67 para uma taxa de atratividade de 10 %, e Payback de três anos e onze meses. Com esses resultados positivos, do ponto de vista econômico, a implantação de uma nova unidade de abate e processamento de suínos para a referida região apresenta-se como um investimento altamente atrativo. = Despite families of the Centro-Serra of Rio Grande do Sul traditionally raises hogs as a source of living, there are some small slaughters and pork processing facilities in this region. One of these agro industries has certification for marketing in municipality. Due the interest in expanding the business all over the state, it is necessary to build a new industrial plant. In this context, the present study aims to analyze the economic feasibility of installing a hog slaughter and processing facility in Centro-Serra region. A questionnaire and market research was used to survey the implementation costs of the new industrial plant. The data obtained were used to estimate a cash flow projection for a period of ten years. The capital budgeting techniques used were Internal Rate of Return – IRR, Net Present Value – NPV and payback. The economic analysis resulted in an IRR of 22%, NPV of R$ 271.099,67 for a hurdle rate of 10% and payback of three years and eleven months. With positive results, economically and socially, the implementation of a new hog slaughter and processing facility for Centro-Serra region presents to be a highly attractive investment.

[EN] This paper reports on capital budgeting analysis to assess investments in renewable energy photovoltaic systems in Spain. Standard profitability indicators such as net present value, payback time and internal rate of return are applied to such investments. Two main issues have been taken into account: the changes taking place in the recent history of energy policies in Spain as well as the evolution of related technologies. Despite variation in incentive policies, we show how both technology and market have been able to overcome the lack of long-term policies, and even nowadays, photovoltaic energy systems can still be regarded as a profitable investment from an economic viewpoint, even in absence of any kind of incentive., This work was supported by the European Commission through a Nano CIS Project (FP7-PEOPLE-2010-IRSES ref. 269279).

Due to the importance of family farming especially in bean cultivation in the state of Paraná, Brazil, current assay evaluates the economic viability and risk of bean production on a family farm in Campo Mourão (northwestern region). Economic viability indicators have been assessed, such as net present rate value (NPR), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period (PP). Further, sensitivity analysis and risk analysis were carried out with Monte Carlo simulation method. Results indicated the project´s economic viability. Moreover, their viability was more sensitive to revenue components than that of costs. These factors did not warrant significant risk to the project´s success. Tendo em vista a importância da agricultura familiar, sobretudo para o cultivo do feijão, no estado do Paraná, buscou-se avaliar a viabilidade econômica e o risco de um estabelecimento de agricultura familiar, dedicado ao plantio de feijão, no município de Campo Mourão (região Noroeste). Estimaram-se indicadores de viabilidade econômica, como o valor presente líquido (VPL), a taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e o período de payback (PP), e foram realizadas análise de sensibilidade e de risco pelo método de simulação de Monte Carlo. Os resultados encontrados apontaram a viabilidade econômica do projeto. Ademais, constatou-se que a sua viabilidade é mais sensível aos componentes de receita do que de custos e que esses fatores não implicaram em risco significativo para o sucesso do projeto.

The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to prove correlation between wage and school degree. For verification is used regression analysis, ordinary least squares method. Here is approved the possitive correlation between wage and school degree so the next is to calculate return of investment in college education. Student are divided into groups according to the place where they come from. For each of them is calculated costs of the study. For the calculation is used method of the net present value as the internal rate of return and payback period. The results shows that the greatest net present value has studying Charles University in Prague. The payback period of investment in college education is greatest in Prague. This is due to higher earnings in the capital city.

Submitted by Thiago de Oliveira Gonzaga (thiago.gonzaga@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2022-01-22T15:42:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Avaliação da viabilidade econômica e do risco de uma unidade produtiva de pequena escala de produção de feijão no Município de Campo Mourão (PR).pdf: 951662 bytes, checksum: 9ac4494db307368a85f079790d794e39 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Renato Lourenço (renato.lourenco@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2022-01-24T16:38:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Avaliação da viabilidade econômica e do risco de uma unidade produtiva de pequena escala de produção de feijão no Município de Campo Mourão (PR).pdf: 951662 bytes, checksum: 9ac4494db307368a85f079790d794e39 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-01-24T16:38:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Avaliação da viabilidade econômica e do risco de uma unidade produtiva de pequena escala de produção de feijão no Município de Campo Mourão (PR).pdf: 951662 bytes, checksum: 9ac4494db307368a85f079790d794e39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 Fundação João Pinheiro Fundação João Pinheiro Tendo em vista a importância da agricultura familiar, sobretudo para o cultivo do feijão, no estado do Paraná, buscou-se avaliar a viabilidade econômica e o risco de um estabelecimento de agricultura familiar, dedicado ao plantio de feijão, no município de Campo Mourão (região Noroeste). Estimaram-se indicadores de viabilidade econômica, como o valor presente líquido (VPL), a taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e o período de payback (PP), e foram realizadas análise de sensibilidade e de risco pelo método de simulação de Monte Carlo. Os resultados encontrados apontaram a viabilidade econômica do projeto. Ademais, constatou-se que a sua viabilidade é mais sensível aos componentes de receita do que de custos e que esses fatores não implicaram em risco significativo para o sucesso do projeto. Due to the importance of family farming especially in bean cultivation in the state of Paraná, Brazil, current assay evaluates the economic viability and risk of bean production on a family farm in Campo Mourão (northwestern region). Economic viability indicators have been assessed, such as net present rate value (NPR), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period (PP). Further, sensitivity analysis and risk analysis were carried out with Monte Carlo simulation method. Results indicated the project´s economic viability. Moreover, their viability was more sensitive to revenue components than that of costs. These factors did not warrant significant risk to the project´s success. Governo e Política