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Aims This study aims to investigate the current status of biventricular pacemaker and defibrillator implantation in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients with indications for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in China and the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)‐pacemaker (P) and CRT‐defibrillator (D) implantation on the clinical prognosis of CHF among patients undergoing CRT. Methods and results Overall, 798 consecutive patients who had devices implanted (implantable cardioverter defibrillator: 199, CRT‐D: 362, and CRT‐P: 237) from May 2012 to July 2013 in POSCD‐China, a multicentric prospective cohort study, were enrolled. The primary endpoint was all‐cause death, and the secondary endpoint was SCD. In total, 71.3% of patients had non‐ischaemic CHF. The mean follow‐up time was 27.7 ± 12.0 months, and death occurred in 158 cases, with 35 cases of SCD. CHF was the main cause of death (68.4%), followed by sudden death (22.2%). In the CRT‐P group, the SCD rate was 8.0%, which was much higher than that in the CRT‐D (3.3%) and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (2.0%) groups. No significant differences were identified in the all‐cause death rate between the CRT‐D and CRT‐P groups (CRT‐D vs. CRT‐P, 20.4% vs. 19.4%, P = 0.840). Conclusions In China, among CHF patients with indications for primary prevention of SCD who received device implantation, non‐ischaemic CHF was the main aetiology, and the most important cause of death was heart failure. No differences in all‐cause death were observed between the CRT‐D and CRT‐P groups, but the CRT‐D group had a lower SCD rate than the CRT‐P group.

Background The role of triglyceride (TG) in secondary prevention of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) was debated. In the present study, we assessed the association between admission TG levels and long-term mortality risk in CAD patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted from a single registered database. 3061 consecutive patients with CAD confirmed by coronary angiography were enrolled and were grouped into 3 categories by the tertiles of admission serum TG levels. The primary end point in this study was all-cause mortality and the secondary end point was cardiovascular mortality. Results The mean follow-up time was 26.9 ± 13.6 months and death events occurred in 258 cases and cardiovascular death events occurred in 146 cases. Cumulative survival curves indicated that the risk of all-cause death decreased with increasing TG level (Tertile 1 vs. Tertile 2 vs. Tertile 3 = 10.3% vs. 8.6% vs. 6.3%, log rank test for overall p = 0.001). Cox regression analysis showed an independent correlation between TG level and risk of all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58–0.86] and cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.51–0.89) in total patients with CAD. Subgroup analysis found the similar results in patients with acute coronary syndrome and acute myocardial infarction. Conclusions This study found an inverse association between TG levels and mortality risk in CAD patients, which suggests that the “TG paradox” may exist in CAD patients. Trial registration ChiCTR, ChiCTR-OOC-17010433. Registered 17 February 2017 - Retrospectively registered.

Background: Macroscopic vascular invasion (MVI) is a terminal manifestation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and carries an extremely poor prognosis. In Chinese and Korean HCC guidelines, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), or/and radiotherapy (RT) is adopted for treatment of MVI. In the current study, we aimed to compare the long-term outcome of TACE + RT to that of RT alone in patients with local advanced HCC with MVI.Methods: In this retrospective study, 148 treatment-naive patients of HCC with MVI were enrolled. Of the patients enrolled, 49 received TACE + RT treatment, whereas 99 patients received RT alone as a monotherapy. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and intrahepatic control were evaluated using univariable and propensity score–matched analyses.Results: During follow-up, 126 patients (85.1%) died. The median follow-up time was 55.0 months in the RT group and 57.0 months in the TACE + RT group. The TACE + RT group showed better OS and PFS than the RT group, but intrahepatic control was comparable in these two groups. Of 41 cases well-pairs after propensity score matching, the associations between TACE + RT and better OS and PFS remained (15.0 vs. 8.0 months, and 8.0 vs. 4.0 months, all P < 0.05). The 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-years OS rates in the TACE + RT group were 56.1, 28.6, 20.8, and 15.7 vs. 31.5%, 13.1%, 9.8%, and 6.7% in the RT group, respectively (P = 0.017). The 6-, 12-, and 24-months rates in the TACE + RT group were 51.2, 39.0, and 23.1% vs. 36.6%, 13.9%, and 11.1% in the RT group, respectively (P = 0.04). Two patients (4.1%) experienced radiation-induced liver disease (RILD), and one (2.0%) experienced RT-related gastrointestinal (GI) bleed in the TACE + RT groups. Nine patients (9.1%) experienced RILD, and two (2.0%) experienced RT-related GI bleed in the RT groups.Conclusion: Transarterial chemoembolization + RT had well-complementarity with no more complications than RT alone, providing a better PFS and OS compared with RT-alone treatment for HCC with MVI.

Background: The impact of renal function on the prognostic value of N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) remains unclear in coronary artery disease (CAD). This study sought to investigate the value of using NT-proBNP level to predict prognoses of CAD patients with different estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted from a single registered database. 2087 consecutive patients with CAD confirmed by coronary angiography were enrolled. The primary endpoint was allcause mortality. Results: The mean follow-up time was 26.4 ± 11.9 months and death events occurred in 197 cases. The NT-proBNP levels increased with the deterioration of renal function, as well as the optimal cutoff values based on eGFR stratification to predict endpoint outcome (179.4 pg/mL, 1443.0 pg/mL, 3478.0 pg/mL, for eGFR ≥ 90, 60–90 and < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively). Compared with the routine cut-off value or overall optimal one, stratified optimal ones had superior predictive ability for endpoint in each eGFR group (all with the highest Youden’s J statistics). And the prognostic value became weaker as eGFR level decreased (eGFR ≥ 90 vs. 60–90 vs. < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, odds ratio [OR] 7.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7–33.9 vs. OR 4.8; 95% CI 2.7–8.5 vs. OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.5–6.2). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that NT-proBNP exhibits different predictive values for prognosis for CAD patients with different levels of renal function. Among the assessed values, the NT-proBNP cut-off value determined using renal function improve the accuracy of the prognosis prediction of CAD. Moreover, lower eGFR is associated with a higher NT-proBNP cut-off value for prognostic prediction.

Obesity is a risk factor for both coronary artery disease (CAD) and chronic renal insufficiency (RI); patients with CAD are prone to obesity and RI. In this study, we try to analyze the effect of body composition on death in CAD patients with mild RI.Retrospective cohort study.A total of 1,591 consecutive CAD patients confirmed by coronary angiography were enrolled and met the mild RI criteria by estimated glomerular filtration rate: 60-90 mL/min.The influence of body composition on mortality of CAD was detected in different body compositions, including body mass index (BMI), body fat (BF), and lean mass index (LMI). The end points were all-cause mortality. Cox models were used to evaluate the relationship of quintiles of body compositions with all-cause mortality.A survival curve showed that the risk of death was higher in the low BMI group than in the high BMI group (log-rank for overall P = .002); LMI was inversely correlated with risk of death, such that a lower LMI was associated with a higher risk of death (log-rank for overall P .001). No significant correlation was observed between BF and risk of death. Multifactorial correction show that LMI was still inversely correlated with risk of death (quintile 1: reference; quintile 2: hazard ratio [HR]: 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26-0.92; quintile 3: HR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.17-0.70; quintile 4: HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.20-0.85; quintile 5: HR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.12-0.67).For CAD patients with mild RI, BMI or BF was unrelated to risk of death, while LMI was inversely correlated with risk of death. A weak "obesity paradox" was observed in this study.

Fibrinogen (Fib) is considered to be a potential risk factor for the prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but it is unclear whether Fib level have synergistic effects to enhance the prognostic value of the GRACE score in patients with ACS. A retrospective analysis was conducted from a single registered database. 2253 consecutive patients with ACS confirmed by coronary angiography were enrolled and were grouped into 3 categories by the tertiles of admission plasma Fib levels. The end points were all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality. The mean follow-up time was 27.2 ± 13.1 months and death events occurred in 223 cases and cardiac death events occurred in 130 cases. Cumulative survival curves indicated that the risk of all-cause death increased with increasing Fib level (mortality rates for Tertile 1 vs. Tertile 2 vs. Tertile 3 = 6.6% vs. 10.8 %vs. 12.3%, p < 0.001). Cox multivariate regression analysis indicated that compared with other traditional risk factors, plasma Fib level is independently correlated with all-cause death (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.04-1.70). However, incorporating elevated Fib level into the GRACE model did not significantly increase the predictive value of the GRACE score; for instance, AUC only increased from 0.703 to 0.713 (p = 0.765). In conclusion, Fib level at admission was independently associated with death risk among Chinese patients with ACS. However, the incorporation of Fib level at admission into the GRACE score did not improve this score's predictive value for death risk among these patients.

There is a controversy surrounding the correlation between fibrinogen (Fib) level and prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). We try to investigate the role of the subtypes of CAD in this controversy.A retrospective analysis was conducted from a single center CAD registered database. 3020 consecutive patients with CAD confirmed by coronary angiography were enrolled. The end points were all-cause mortality.The mean follow-up time was 27.2±13.1months and death events occurred in 258 cases. Mortality rates for patients with CAD and those in the stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) and unstable angina pectoris (UAP) groups exhibited an overall rising trend as Fib levels increased (log rank test, all p0.05). However, similar trends were not detected in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The results of a Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis showed that Fib level was independently correlated with the risk of death in patients with CAD as well as those in the SCAD and UAP groups (CAD, HR 1.40, CI 1.16-1.68; SCAD, HR 1.86, CI 1.24-2.79; UAP, HR 1.42, CI 1.06-1.90). In the AMI group, however, no independent correlation was observed between Fib level and mortality.The different proportions of subtypes of CAD affected the correlation between Fib level and the clinical prognosis of patients with CAD. This is maybe a clue to explain the controversy.

Background The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score has been extensively validated to predict risk during hospitalization in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Recently, serum calcium has been suggested as an independent predictor for in-hospital mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; however, the relationship between the 2 has not been evaluated. Hypothesis The combination of GRACE risk score and serum calcium could provide better performance in risk prediction. Methods The study enrolled 2229 consecutive patients with ACS. Independent predictors were identified by a multivariate logistic regression model. The incremental prognostic value added by serum calcium to the GRACE score was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic, net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Results Patients in the upper quartiles of serum calcium presented with lower in-hospital mortality (odds ratios for 3 upper quartiles vs lowest quartile, respectively: 0.443, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.206-0.953; 0.243, 95% CI: 0.090-0.654; and 0.210, 95% CI: 0.082-0.538). Area under the curve increased significantly after adding serum calcium to the GRACE score (0.685 vs 0.746; Z = 2.617, P = 0.009). Furthermore, inclusion of serum calcium in the GRACE score enhanced NRI (0.524; P = 0.009) and IDI (0.011; P = 0.003). Conclusions Lower serum calcium level on admission is a possible indicator of increased risk of in-hospital mortality in ACS patients. Inclusion of serum calcium in the GRACE score may lead to a more accurate prediction of this risk. Large prospective studies are needed to confirm this finding.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of nocturnal light pulses (NLPs) on the feed intake and metabolic rate in geese. Fourteen adult Chinese geese were penned individually, and randomly assigned to either the C (control) or NLP group. The C group was exposed to a 12L:12D photoperiod (12 h light and 12 h darkness per day), whereas the NLP group was exposed to a 12L:12D photoperiod inserted by 15-min lighting at 2-h intervals in the scotophase. The weight of the feed was automatically recorded at 1-min intervals for 1 wk. The fasting carbon dioxide production rate (CO2 PR) was recorded at 1-min intervals for 1 d. The results revealed that neither the daily feed intake nor the feed intakes during both the daytime and nighttime were affected by photoperiodic regimen, and the feed intake during the daytime did not differ from that during the nighttime. The photoperiodic treatment did not affect the time distribution of feed intake. However, NLPs lowered (p

Background Ageing is a risk factor for both coronary artery disease (CAD) and reduced renal function (RRF), and it is also associated with poor prognosis in patients with CAD or RRF. However, little is known about whether the impact of RRF on clinical outcomes are different in CAD patients at different age groups. This study aimed to investigate whether ageing influences the effect of RRF on long-term risk of death in patients with CAD. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from a single-center cohort study. Three thousand and two consecutive patients with CAD confirmed by coronary angiography were enrolled. RRF was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 ml/min. The primary endpoint in this study was all-cause mortality. Results The mean follow-up time was 29.1 ± 12.5 months and death events occurred in 275 cases (all-cause mortality: 9.2%). The correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between eGFR and age (r = − 0.386, P

Background Elderly patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) frequently complicated with more cardiovascular risk factors, but received fewer evidence-based medications (EBMs). This study explored the association of EBMs compliance in different age groups and the risk of long-term death. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted from a single registered database. 2830 consecutive patients with CAD were enrolled and grouped into 3 categories by age. The primary end point was all-cause mortality and secondary endpoint is cardiovascular mortality. Results The mean follow-up time was 30.25 ± 11.89 months and death occurred in 270 cases,including 150 cases of cardiac death. Cumulative survival curves indicated that the incidence rates of all-cause death and cardiovascular death increased with age (older than 75 years old vs. 60 to 75 years old vs. younger than 60 years old, mortality: 18.7% vs. 9.6% vs. 4.1%, p

Apolipoprotein B plays a central role in lipoprotein metabolism. Many studies have evaluated the association between Apolipoprotein B gene polymorphisms (XbaI, EcoRI, SpIns/Del, MspI) and the risk for coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. However, the results remain inconsistent, particularly among different populations. To more precisely determine the association between Apolipoprotein B gene polymorphisms and coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction risk, we performed a meta-analysis via a comprehensive search of electronic databases (up to February 1st, 2015), odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated using a fixed or random effect model. A total of 47 studies, with 9411 coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction cases and 9082 controls, were included in this meta-analysis. The combined results revealed significant associations between an increased risk of coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction and EcoRI (AA vs GG: OR 1.511, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.098, 2.078) and SpIns/Del (DD vs II: OR 1.331, 95 % CI 1.064, 1.665) alleles in the general population. In a subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity, the T allele of the XbaI variant was associated with a decreased risk in Caucasians, whereas it was associated with an increased risk among the East Asian population. No significant correlation was detected between the A allele of the MspI variant and the coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction risk in either the general population or any ethnic subgroup. The results of our study suggest that Apolipoprotein B gene polymorphisms may affect the coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction susceptibility and these effects may display notable discrepancies among different populations.

Background There is debate regarding the predictive value of interventricular septum (IVS) wall thickness for adverse events. Aims The study investigated the association between the severity of thickened IVS and all-cause death in Chinese patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods A total of 2297 CAD patients verified by angiography was consecutively included. Patients were grouped according to the severity of thickened IVS. Cox regression analysis was conducted to determine the independent prognostic value of thickened IVS for all-cause death. Results During a median follow up of 25 months, 149 patients died. A gradient increase in the risk of death was observed across thickened IVS groups. Compared to patients with normal IVS thickness, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.49 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–2.23, P = 0.05) and 2.13 (95% CI 1.29–3.54, P = 0.003) for all-cause death in those with mildly and moderately/severely thickened IVS respectively. For one unit increase in IVS thickness, the risk of all-cause death was elevated by 14% (adjusted HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.24, P = 0.003). In patients with normal indexed left ventricular mass, thickened IVS was also demonstrated as an independent risk factor for all-cause death. Conclusion Thickened IVS can be served as a reliable marker for predicting all-cause death in Chinese patients with CAD, even in those with normal left ventricular mass.

Although several studies have suggested that intensive statin pretreatment could reduce the incidence of procedure-related myocardial infarction in western population, the data on the effect in Asian patients have been still limited. The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of intensive atorvastatin load in Chinese patients undergoing elective PCI. A total of 1202 patients with stable angina or non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) scheduled to undergo PCI received either intensive statin treatment (80 mg atorvastatin daily × 2 days before PCI and 40 mg daily × 30 days after PCI) or usual care. The primary endpoint was incidence of major adverse cardiac events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or unexpected target vessel revascularization) within 30 days after PCI. Safety endpoints include the incidence of contrast induced nephropathy (CIN), ALT/AST >3 upper limit of normal (ULN), CK >5 ULN. The incidence of 30-day MACE did not significantly differ between the intensive group and control group (19.4 vs 18.3%, P = 0.63). Multivariate analysis revealed age (OR = 1.024, 95% CI 1.003–1.045, P = 0.023) and total stent length as an independent predictor of 30-day MACE (OR = 1.012, 95% CI 1.007–1.018, P < 0.0001). The incidence of CIN was comparable between intensive group and control group (4.09 vs 4.39%, P = 0.795). No significant differences were observed in other safety profile at all follow-ups between treatment groups. The ISCAP trial demonstrated that serial intensive atorvastatin therapy did not improve the clinical outcome with similar safety profile comparing with usual care among Chinese patients undergoing elective PCI.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is safe and effective for patients with aortic stenosis (AS) who have a high operative risk. However, there is still debate on the effect of TAVI in AS patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (REF). The objective of the review is to clarify the efficacy of TAVI and the impact of REF on the 30-day and midterm mortality in these patients.Studies on TAVI were searched in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases and were included in this review following predefined criteria. Data were extracted and pooled risk ratios (RR) were synthesized to explore the relationship between REF and 30-day plus midterm mortality.Twenty-eight studies comprising 14,099 patients were included in the analysis of the association of REF with the prognosis of patients after TAVI. An average increase in left ventricular ejection fraction of 8-10 % was observed among these patients after TAVI. REF was not related to the 30-day mortality [RR = 1.90, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.80-4.47]; however, it was related to the midterm mortality (RR = 1.49, 95 %CI = 1.14-1.93) of patients undergoing TAVI. Patients with low-flow and low-gradient AS had a higher 30-day mortality (RR = 1.54, 95 %CI = 1.11-2.13) and midterm mortality rate (RR = 1.69, 95 %CI = 1.33-2.14) compared with AS patients without these characteristics. The mortality of TAVI patients was significantly lower than that of those undergoing conservative therapy, and was similar to that of patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement.REF was not associated with 30-day mortality, but it was associated with the midterm mortality of TAVI patients. Patients with REF could benefit from TAVI compared with conservative therapy.

Background Changes in the ECG indicator PtfV1 reflect left atrial pressure and left ventricular diastolic function in NSTE-ACS patients during hospitalization. The value of PtfV1 in the evaluation of long-term prognosis in NSTE-ACS is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the dynamic changes in P-wave terminal force in lead V1(PtfV1) in the ECG of non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) patients during hospitalization and the long-term major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) of patients. Methods A total of 595 patients who received coronary angiography and were confirmed as NSTE-ACS in the coronary heart disease database of Department of Cardiology of West China Hospital were continuously included. The PtfV1 and other clinical data at admission and discharge were collected and dynamically observed. The end events of follow-up observation were MACEs. Results Follow-up was performed on 595 patients for 24.71 ± 1.95 months. There were 127 PtfV1(+) and 468 PtfV1(–) at admission, and the incidences of MACEs were 14.2% and 11.1%, respectively (P = 0.731). Compared with patients with persistent PtfV1(–) ECG at admission and discharge, 53 patients with persistent PtfV1(+) ECG at admission and discharge had increased risk for MACEs (HR: 2.221, 95% CI: 1.072–4.601, P = 0.032); 94 patients with new PtfV1(+) ECG at discharge also had significantly increased risk for MACEs (HR: 2.993, 95% CI: 1.660–5.397, P = 0.000). Conclusions NSTE-ACS patients with persistent PtfV1(+) ECG indicators at admission and discharge and new PtfV1(+) at discharge had significantly increased risk of MACEs.

Objectives Calcium has a critical role in a spectrum of biological processes related to cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to evaluate associations of baseline serum calcium levels with both short-term and long-term outcomes in CAD patients. Materials and methods 3109 consecutive patients with angiography confirmed CAD, admitted to West China hospital of Sichuan University between July 2008 and September 2012 were enrolled and were categorized into quartiles according to admission serum calcium to determine the association of serum calcium level with in-hospital and long-term mortality by multivariable Logistic and Cox regression analysis respectively. Results The admission serum calcium was normally distributed with a mean level of 2.20±0.15 mmol/L. A total of 259 deaths, including 58 in-hospital deaths, occurred during a mean follow-up of 20 months. Patients in the upper quartiles of serum calcium, as compared to the lowest quartile of serum calcium, were presented with lower in-hospital mortality [HR was 0.391 (95% CI: 0.188–0.812), 0.231(95% CI: 0.072–0.501) and 0.223 (95% CI: 0.093–0.534) for three upper quartiles versus lowest quartile respectively] and long-term mortality [HR was 0.614 (95% CI: 0.434–0.869), 0.476(95% CI: 0.294–0.698) and 0.553 (95% CI: 0.349–0.777) respectively]. Similar association between serum calcium and long-term mortality as showed in total cohort were also obtained when restricting analyses to subgroups: stable CAD patients, ACS patients and discharged patients. Conclusions As a widely available clinical index, serum calcium was an independent predictor of both in-hospital and long-term mortality among CAD patients. Further studies are warranted to determine mechanisms and whether patients with hypocalcaemia could benefit from calcium supplement.

Although the oncogenic role of PPFIA1 (liprin-α1) in breast cancer has been reported, whether its dysregulation is associated with metastasis risk or survival outcomes in breast cancer patients is not clear. Our primary data showed that PPFIA1 expression was significantly higher in liver metastatic breast tumors than in the primary tumors. Then, we tried to pool previous annotated genomic data to assess the prognostic value of PPFIA1 in distant metastasis–free survival, the risk of metastatic relapse, and metastatic relapse–free survival in breast cancer patients by data mining in two large databases, Kaplan–Meier plotter and bc-GenExMiner 4.0. Results from Kaplan–Meier plotter showed that although high PPFIA1 expression was generally associated with decreased distant metastasis–free survival in estrogen receptor+ patients, subgroup analysis only confirmed significant association in estrogen receptor+/N− (nodal negative) group (median survival, high PPFIA1 group vs low PPFIA1 cohort: 191.21 vs 236.22 months; hazard ratio: 2.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.42–3.5, p

Background A new 4-tired classification of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) based on LV concentricity and dilation has been proposed; however, the association between the new categorization of LV geometry and outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is still unknown. Methods All the 2297 patients with CAD included underwent echocardiographic examination prior to discharge. Left ventricular mass (LVM) was calculated, and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) was indexed by body surface area (BSA). Study cohort was divided into five groups according to LV geometry: (i) eccentric nondilated LVH (normal LVM/EDV(2/3) and EDV/BSA) (n = 129); (ii) eccentric dilated LVH (normal LVM/EDV(2/3) with increased EDV/BSA) (n = 222); (iii) concentric nondilated LVH (increased LVM/EDV(2/3) with normal EDV/BSA) (n = 441); (iv) concentric dilated LVH (increased LVM/EDV(2/3) and EDV/BSA) (n = 118); and (v) normal LV mass (n = 1387). Results Dilated LVH was associated with a higher event rates of all-cause death (eccentric 13·1% vs. 3·1%; concentric 13·6% vs. 8·4%) and composite events (eccentric: 17·6% vs. 5·4%; concentric: 18·6% vs. 12·7%) compared with nondilated LVH. While eccentric nondilated LVH had comparable risk for adverse outcomes compared with normal LV mass (all-cause death: relative risk (RR) 0·68, 95% confidential interval (CI) 0·25–1·85; composite events: RR 0·75, 95% CI 0·36–1·58). Cox regression analyses showed that eccentric dilated LVH had the highest propensity to all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2·752 [95% CI 1·749–4·328], P

The initiation of beta-blockers in the perioperative period of non-cardiac surgery remains controversial. After reviewing all the evidence, the expert panel of the Chinese Society of Cardiology (CSC) believes that there lacks high-quality randomized trial and the use of perioperative beta-blocker can only be considered on a case-by-case basis. Five practical recommendations are presented.

Context Previous findings regarding the relationship between smoking and clopidogrel effects were considerably discrepant. Objective To assess the impact of smoking on clinical and pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel. Data sources Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library through January 2013 were searched. Reference lists of pertinent literatures and abstracts of major cardiovascular conferences were screened. Study selection Clinical and laboratory studies, which reported major adverse cardiovascular events and on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity categorised by smoking status respectively, were selected. Data extraction Descriptive and quantitative data were extracted. The main analyses were performed under a random-effects model. For clinical studies, HR estimates were synthesised according to smoking status; for laboratory studies, standardised mean difference (SMD) of on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity and OR for high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity were pooled. Heterogeneity was quantified by computing I 2 statistic. Results Of the 1869 citations retrieved, seven clinical studies and 12 laboratory studies involving 111 132 patients with established cardiovascular disease and 6658 patients with acute coronary syndrome and/or stent deployment, respectively, were included for meta-analysis. Pooled clinical results showed that an intensified antiplatelet regimen involving clopidogrel was associated with 10% reduced risk for major adverse cardiovascular events among non-current smokers (HR 0.90; 95% CI 0.85 to 0.96), while this clinical benefit was enhanced by 2.9-fold among current smokers (HR 0.71; 95% CI 0.62 to 0.80). Pooled analysis of laboratory studies revealed that current smokers had significantly lower on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity (SMD −0.30; 95% CI −0.46 to −0.15) but, notably, there was considerable inter-study heterogeneity (I 2 76.2%; p=0.000). The analysis based on four studies (n=1423) suggested a significantly lower odds of high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity among current smokers than those among never smokers (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.43). Conclusions Smoking appears to positively modify the relative clinical efficacy and pharmacodynamic effects of clopidogrel.

Background Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 plays a key role in clopidogrel activation and thus impacts the clinical outcome of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the majority of patients with CAD gradually discontinue clopidogrel after one year of discharge. This study explored whether the CYP2C19 gene polymorphism was associated with clinical events in patients with CAD after one year of discharge. Method Between July 2008 and July 2009, 506 patients with CAD that was confirmed by coronary angiography were enrolled in this study, and their CYP2C19 genotype was determined. The primary endpoint events included cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and nonfatal stroke. The secondary endpoint events included the components of the primary endpoint events, all-cause mortality and recurrent revascularisation. Result The baseline clinical characteristics of CYP2C19*2-mutation carriers (homozygous *2/*2, n = 49; heterozygous *1/*2, n = 222) and non-carriers (wild-type allele *1/*1, n = 235) were comparable. The follow-up results showed that the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events within one year of discharge was significantly higher in carriers of the CYP2C19*2 homozygous genotype (*2/*2) than non-carriers (12.24% vs. 3.83%, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 4.651, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.566–13.814, p = 0.006). However, the follow-up results after one year of discharge showed that the risk of the CYP2C19*2 homozygous genotype were significantly reduced. New primary endpoint events during the second year after discharge had no significant correlation with the CYP2C19 genotype. Conclusion The risk of cardiovascular events in CAD patients with a homozygous CYP2C19*2 mutation was significantly higher than in other patients within the first year after discharge. However, the adverse impact of the CYP2C19*2 polymorphism was significantly reduced after one year of discharge.

Background Damage to the vascular endothelium may be one of the pathophysiological causes of in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) capture stents (ECS) have the ability to accelerate the damage repair process. However, the clinical outcomes of ECS remain unknown thus far. Objectives To evaluate the impact of ECS use on the clinical outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease by comparing ECS to drug-eluting stent (DES) and/or bare metal stent (BMS). Methods Studies and abstracts were retrieved from the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE online databases and from the conference compilations of the American Heart Association (AHA), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), and Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics (TCT). These studies were analyzed to investigate whether there was a difference in the clinical therapeutic effects between the ECS group and the DES/BMS group. The primary clinical end-point events were in-stent thrombosis and target lesion revascularization (TLR). The secondary clinical end-point events were target lesion failure (TLF), total mortality, cardiac death, and myocardial infarction (MI). Results A total of 2,024 patients were enrolled in the analysis of in-stent thrombosis. There was no significant difference in the incidence of in-stent thrombosis between the ECS group and the DES/BMS group. A total of 1,745 patients were enrolled in the analysis of TLR, and there was no significant difference in the TLR incidence between the ECS group and the DES/BMS group. However, compared with DES, the TLR incidence for ECS increased 1.73-fold (relative risk [RR]: 1.73, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.01–2.94, P = 0.04). Moreover, the incidence of cardiac death and TLF also increased 3.54-fold (RR: 3.54, 95% CI: 1.13–11.08, P = 0.03) and 1.90-fold (RR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.05–3.45, P = 0.03), respectively. But compared with BMS, there is no significance of the clinical events. Conclusion Compared with DES/BMS use, ECS use may not reduce the incidence of in-stent thrombosis and TLR. In addition, the incidence of TLR and cardiac death with ECS is possibly relatively higher compared with DES and no difference compared with BMS, but this also needs more large RCTs to guarantee. (J Interven Cardiol 2013;26:228–238)

Fibrinogen (Fib) was considered to be a potential risk factor for the prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), but there was lack of the evidence from Chinese contemporary population. 3020 consecutive patients with CAD confirmed by coronary angiography were enrolled and were grouped into 2 categories by the optimal Fib cut-off value (3.17 g/L) for all-cause mortality prediction. The end points were all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality. Cumulative survival curves showed that the risk of all-cause mortality was significantly higher in patients with Fib ≥3.17 g/L compared to those with Fib p p = 0.002). Subgroup analysis showed that elevated Fib levels were predictive for the risk of all-cause mortality in the subgroups according to age, medical history and diagnosis. COX multivariate regression analysis showed that plasma Fib levels remained independently associated with all-cause mortality after adjustment for multiple cardiovascular risk factors (all-cause mortality, HR 2.01, CI 1.51–2.68, p

Background Cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C19 is expressed in vascular endothelium and metabolizes arachidonic acid to biologically active epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, which play a key role in regulating vascular tone. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the genetic functional variant 681G>A (*2) of cytochrome CYP2C19 is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in Chinese patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods Between July 2008 and September 2009, 654 consecutive patients with CAD were enrolled in this study. All participants underwent CYP2C19 genotyping. The primary study endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke. Secondary endpoints included the components of the primary endpoint, death from any cause, and recurrent revascularization. Results The baseline characteristics were well-balanced between carriers (heterozygous *1/*2, n =291; homozygous *2/*2, n =57) and non-carriers ( n =306) of the CYP2C19*2 variant. During the follow-up period (11.42±4.23 months), the primary endpoint occurred more frequently in homozygous *2/*2 than in non-carriers ( n =306) of CYP2C19*2 variant (12.28% versus 3.27%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR]=5.191; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.936–13.917; P =0.001); however, no such increase was evident in heterozygous *1/*2 patients (4.12% versus 3.27%; adjusted HR=1.208; 95% CI 0.517–2.822; P =0.662). Conclusions The homozygous CYP2C19*2/*2 genotype is an independent determinant of adverse vascular events in Chinese patients with CAD.

Objectives: To assess the impact of different CYP2C19*2 polymorphisms on clinical outcomes and the effects of CYP2C19*2 polymorphism on predicting clinical outcomes in association with classic risk factors in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Methods: Between July 2008 and September 2009, 497 consecutive patients with ACS who were admitted to the West China Hospital of Sichuan University were enrolled and underwent CYP2C19*2 determination. The clinical outcomes were the composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and nonfatal stroke. Results: Baseline characteristics were balanced between noncarrier, heterozygous and homozygous groups of the CYP2C19*2 variant. The clinical endpoint occurred more frequently in the homozygous group (HR 4.86, CI 1.62–14.56, p = 0.005). After multivariable analysis, the CYP2C19*2 genetic variant was an independent predictor of cardiovascular events (HR 5.96, CI 1.77–20.03, p = 0.0039) as well as GRACE score and Killip class. The combination of CYP2C19*2 with GRACE score and Killip class increases the potential to predict adverse outcomes. Conclusions: Homozygosity (A/A) for CYP2C19*2 mutant is an independent determinant of prognosis in patients with ACS. The combination of CYP2C19*2 polymorphism with classic risk factors may be a useful tool to predict the risk of cardiovascular events.

Background Sudden cardiac death (SCD) from cardiac arrest, one of the most common types of cardiac-related death, is most often triggered by ventricular arrhythmia (VA). It has been reported that aldosterone antagonists (AAs) have the benefit of reducing SCD in patients with heart failure (HF). It also has been indicated in animal experiments and clinical trials that AAs may have an antiarrhythmic effect. Hypothesis AAs have an effect on VA in patients with HF or coronary artery disease. Methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Current Controlled Trials, and the National Research Register, and identified randomized controlled trials on the effect of AAs on VA. Results All together, 7 trials with a total of 8635 patients were identified and extracted. AAs reduced the risk of SCD in patients with HF by 21% (relative risk [RR]: 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67–0.93). AAs significantly reduced the episodes of ventricular premature complexes (mean difference 705 ± 646 episodes per 24 hours). Risk of ventricular tachycardia was reduced by 72% (RR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.10–0.77). Conclusions The additional administration of AAs in patients with HF or coronary artery disease shows a benefit in reducing the risk of SCD and may also be effective for reducing episodes of ventricular premature complexes and ventricular tachycardia. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The work was supported by grants from the Chinese National Nature Science Foundation (grant numbers 30600607 and 30770877, Beijing, China), and the National High-tech Research and Development Program of China (2006AA02A406, Beijing, China).

The objective of this study was to evaluate high-density lipoprotein (HDL) antioxidative activity and its possible influencing factors in patients with essential hypertension and to investigate the correlations between HDL antioxidative activity and the carotid arterial intima-media thickness (CIMT). Thirty-three patients with essential hypertension and 32 healthy people as control were included. High- and low-density lipoprotein in plasma were isolated by one-step density gradient ultracentrifugation, and induced oxidation with external Cu(2+). Antioxidant activity of HDL, lag time, and lipid peroxidation degree were determined by spectrophotometric and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) methods. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity in serum was measured with continuous monitoring using phenylacetate as a substrate. The CIMT was measured with a high-resolution ultrasound Doppler system. In patients with essential hypertension, the inhibitory effect of HDL on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and the PON1 activity were reduced (72.29 +/- 2.03)% vs. (80.91 +/- 2.06)%, and (112.21 +/- 8.64)u/ml vs. (146.43 +/- 8.79)u/ml (all P < 0.05). The lag time of oxidation and the lipid peroxidation between the hypertensive group and the control group did not show a statistically significant difference. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that HDL antioxidative activity might be affected by PON1 activity (P = 0.004), diastolic pressure (P = 0.004), sex (P = 0.006), and that CIMT might be affected by HDL antioxidative activity (P = 0.030), systolic pressure (P = 0.026), and total cholesterol level (P = 0.033). The HDL antioxidative activity is reduced in patients with essential hypertension and significantly affected by sex. The CIMT was negatively correlated with HDL antioxidative activity, which suggests that decreased HDL antioxidative activity may be one of the important determinants for the development of atherosclerosis in patients with essential hypertension.

Intermedin (IMD), a new calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide family peptide with vasodilatory and positive inotropic properties, has multiple functions in regulating cardiovascular homeostasis and is of particular interest in the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R). We created a mouse model of MI/R by ligating the cardiac left anterior descending artery to study the possible pathophysiological role of IMD and its receptor complexes in MI/R. Compared with the control, infarcted mice showed increased content, mRNA and protein expression of IMD in plasma and cardiac tissue. The mRNA expression of the receptor activity-modifying protein 3 (RAMP3) gene increased very early, and the calcitonin receptor-like receptor and RAMP2 mRNA levels increased later after reperfusion. However, the RAMP1 gene expression did not change. The tissue IMD content was positively correlated with the diastolic blood pressure and negatively correlated with pulse pressure. In addition, exogenous IMD treatment significantly ameliorated the MI/R injury by rescuing the pulse pressure, inhibiting neutrophil infiltration in the peri-infarction area, and decreasing the creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in plasma. Our results indicated that IMD was upregulated in the ischemic myocardium and may induce important beneficial cytoprotection against cardiac ischemic injury.

Despite strong evidence linking decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to worse cardiovascular outcome, the impact of eGFR on mortality in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with different left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) is not well defined.A retrospective cohort study. From Jul. 2008 to Jan. 2012, consecutive patients with CAD of West China Hospital were enrolled and were grouped into 3 eGFR categories: ≥90, 60-90, and60mL/min/1.73m(2). Patients with EF≥50% or50% were defined as preserved EF or reduced EF, respectively. The endpoints were all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality.There are 2161 patients according to the inclusion criteria and follow-up requirement. The mean follow-up time was 30.97±11.70months. Cumulative survival curves showed that in patients with reduced EF, renal insufficiency significantly increases all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in a graded fashion (mortality rate, moderate or severe vs. normal: 29.3% vs. 5.4%, p0.001; cardiac mortality rate, moderate or severe vs. normal: 18.2% vs. 4.5%, p=0.001, respectively). Cox regression analysis showed that in CAD patients with reduced EF, moderate to severe renal insufficiency increased all-cause mortality by 6.10-fold (HR 6.10, 95% CI 2.50 to 14.87) and cardiac mortality by 4.10-fold (HR 4.10, 95% CI 1.51 to 11.13). Use of beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and statins was associated with decreased risk of mortality, but the use was lower in renal insufficiency patients, especially in combination of reduced EF.This study has found that the effect of renal function on prognosis in patients with CAD is closely related to cardiac function. In patients with reduced EF, renal insufficiency accompanies the higher risks of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. A higher number of treatments from beta-blocker, ACEIs or ARBs, and statin therapy were associated with decreased risk of mortality, even in the combination of renal insufficiency or declining cardiac function.

Serum potassium homeostasis play an important role in myocardial function, but the impact of serum potassium levels on long-term mortality has not been well evaluated. In the current study, we investigated patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and analyzed the relationship between admission serum potassium levels and long-term mortality. Between July 2008 and September 2012, 2369 patients with ACS that was confirmed by coronary angiography were enrolled in this study and completed the follow-up. The serum potassium level was evaluated within first 24 h after admission. The primary outcome in this study was all-cause mortality. Patients were categorized into five groups to determine the relation between admission serum potassium levels and long-term mortality:3.5, 3.5 to4.0, 4.0 to4.5, 4.5 to5.0, and5 mEq/L. There was a U-shaped relationship between admission serum potassium levels and long-term mortality that persisted after multivariable adjustment. The mortality risk was lowest in the group of patients with potassium levels of 3.5 to4.0 mEq/L, whereas mortality was higher in patients with potassium levels4.5 [hazard ratio (HR) 1.62, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.90 to 2.93 and HR 1.55, 95 % CI 0.54 to 4.49, for patients with potassium levels of 4.5 to5.0 mEq/L and ≥ 5.0 mEq/L, respectively] or3.5 mEq/L (HR 2.14, 95 % CI 1.28 to 3.59). There was a U-shaped relationship between admission serum potassium levels and long-term mortality for ACS patients; in particular, among the examined patients, the lowest mortality was observed in those with admission serum potassium levels of between 3.5 and4.5 mEq/L compared with those who had higher or lower potassium levels.

The aim of the present review was to investigate the association between the use of oral β-blockers and prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) treatment. A systematic literature search was conducted in Pubmed (from inception to September 27, 2014) and Embase (Ovid SP, from 1974 to September 29, 2014) to identify studies that compared the outcome of patients with AMI taking oral β-blockers with that of patients not taking after PCI. Systematic review and meta-analysis were performed with random-effects model or fixed-effects model. Ten observational studies with a total of 40,873 patients were included. Use of β-blockers was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause death (unadjusted relative risk 0.58, 95% confidential interval 0.48 to 0.71; adjusted hazard ratio 0.76, 95% confidential interval 0.62 to 0.94). The potential benefit of β-blockers in preventing all-cause death was not similar in all population but was restricted to those with reduced ejection fraction, with low use proportion of other secondary prevention drugs or with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The association between the use of β-blockers and improved survival rate was significant in ≤1-year follow-up duration. Rates of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and heart failure readmission in patients using β-blockers were not significantly different from those in patients without β-blocker therapy. In conclusion, there is lack of evidence to support routine use of β-blockers in all patients with AMI who underwent PCI. Further trials are urgently needed to address the issue.

Background There is conflicting evidence regarding the impact of preexisting renal dysfunction (RD) on mid-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS). Methods and results Forty-seven articles representing 32,131 patients with AS undergoing a TAVI procedure were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled analyses were performed with both univariate and multivariate models, using a fixed or random effects method when appropriate. Compared with patients with normal renal function, mid-term mortality was significantly higher in patients with preexisting RD, as defined by the author (univariate hazard ratio [HR]: 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.50–1.90; multivariate HR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.17–1.84), baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (univariate HR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.47–1.86; multivariate HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.24–1.71), and serum creatinine (univariate HR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.48–1.92; multivariate HR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.36–1.99). Advanced stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD stage 3–5) was strongly related to bleeding (univariate HR in CKD stage 3: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.13–1.49; in CKD stage 4: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.04–1.62), acute kidney injure (AKI) (univariate HR in CKD stage 3: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.03–1.59; in CKD stage 4: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.74–2.96), stroke (univariate HR in CKD stage 4: 3.37, 95% CI: 1.52–7.46), and mid-term mortality (univariate HR in CKD stage 3: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.26–1.95; in CKD stage 4: 2.77, 95% CI: 2.06–3.72; in CKD stage 5: 2.64, 95% CI: 1.91–3.65) compared with CKD stage 1+2. Patients with CKD stage 4 had a higher incidence of AKI (univariate HR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.34–2.16) and all-cause death (univariate HR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.28–1.99) compared with those with CKD stage 3. A per unit decrease in serum creatinine was also associated with a higher mortality at mid-term follow-up (univariate HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.18–1.30; multivariate HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.08–1.30). Conclusions Preexisting RD was associated with increased mid-term mortality after TAVI. Patients with CKD stage 4 had significantly higher incidences of peri-procedural complications and a poorer prognosis, a finding that should be factored into the clinical decision-making process regarding these patients.

Although inappropriate left ventricular mass has been associated with clustered cardiac geometric and functional abnormalities, its predictive value in patients with coronary artery disease is still unknown. This study examined the association of inappropriate left ventricular mass with clinical outcomes in patients with angina pectoris and normal ejection fraction.Consecutive patients diagnosed with angina pectoris whose ejection fraction was normal were recruited from 2008 to 2012. Inappropriate left ventricular mass was determined when the ratio of actual left ventricular mass to the predicted one exceeded 150%. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke. Clinical outcomes between the inappropriate and appropriate left ventricular mass group were compared before and after propensity matching.Of the total of 1515 participants, 18.3% had inappropriate left ventricular mass. Patients with inappropriate left ventricular mass had a higher composite event rate compared with those with appropriate left ventricular mass (11.2 vs. 6.6%, P=0.010). Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that inappropriate left ventricular mass was an independent risk factor for adverse events (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.45; P=0.035). The worse outcome in patients with inappropriate left ventricular mass was further validated in a propensity matching cohort and patients with the traditional definition of left ventricular hypertrophy.Inappropriate left ventricular mass was associated with an increased risk of adverse events in patients with angina pectoris and normal ejection fraction.

Background: "Obesity paradox" was not consistently observed in Asians with coronary artery disease (CAD). Aim: The study investigated the association between body composition and outcomes in Chinese patients with CAD. Design: Cohort study. Method: A total of 3280 patients with angiographically validated CAD were consecutively included. Body fat percentage and lean mass index (LMI) were evaluated using the Clinica Universidad de Navarra - Body Adiposity Estimator. The rate of mortality from any cause was compared across groups classified by the quartiles of LMI. Results: During a median period of 24 months, 288 (8.8%) participants died. There was a close association between increasing LMI and reducing mortality rate. However, univariate analyses did not find protective effect of body fat on survival. After adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, current smoking, systolic blood pressure, creatinine, white blood cell count, haemoglobin and medication, Cox regression analyses showed that the significant relation between higher quartiles (Q) of LMI and survival benefit (Q4, hazard ratio 0.58 (95% confidential interval 0.36-0.94) vs. Q3, 0.60 (0.39-0.91) vs. Q2, 0.60 (0.41-0.88) vs. Q1, reference) remained. Conclusion: Low lean mass index, but not body fat predicts all-cause mortality in Chinese patients with CAD.

Previous reports of percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass graft outcomes in coronary artery disease patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) were inconsistent. We evaluated the optimal revascularization strategy for CKD patients. We searched Pub Med, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and scanned the references of relevant articles and reviews. All studies that compared relevant clinical outcomes between percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass graft in CKD patients were selected. We defined short-term and long-term all-cause mortality as primary outcome, and long-term incidences of myocardial infarction and revascularization as secondary outcomes. A total of 2235 citations were retrieved, and 31 studies involving 99,054 patients, with 55,383 receiving percutaneous coronary intervention and 43,671 receiving coronary artery bypass graft, were included. In subgroup analyses of dialysis patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention with stents versus coronary artery bypass graft, CKD patients with multivessel coronary disease, and CKD patients receiving drug-eluting stent versus coronary artery bypass graft, the pooled outcomes revealed that percutaneous coronary intervention possessed lower short-term mortality, but higher late revascularization risk. No significant differences in long-term mortality were observed between the two strategies in these subgroup analyses. In conclusion, in some specific clinical circumstances, CKD patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention possessed lower short-term all-cause mortality, but higher long-term revascularization risk, than coronary artery bypass graft; long-term all-cause mortality was not different between the two strategies.

In a recent issue of Circulation , Bach et al for the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) Investigators1 investigated rosiglitazone use and cardiovascular events among patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease based on the BARI 2D trial. A lower incidence of stroke and composite death, myocardial infarction, and stroke was found; no difference was observed on mortality, myocardial infarction, and …

A 78-year-old woman with chest discomfort and progressive exertional dyspnea was admitted to our center. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) suggested severe aortic stenosis (AS) (mean pressure gradient 70 mm Hg; peak jet velocity 5.4 m/s) and moderate aortic regurgitation (AR). Left ventricular

Background— There were considerable discrepancies with regard to sex-related differences in complications and prognosis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Methods and Results— The Cochrane library and PubMed online databases were searched. Articles reporting sex-specific post–transcatheter aortic valve implantation complications and mortality were identified. Two authors selected studies and extracted data independently. Random- and fixed-effects models were used depending on between-study heterogeneity. There were 27 articles, a total of 9118 patients, enrolled in our systematic review and meta-analysis, including 4176 men and 4942 women. Pooled analyses suggested considerable sex-related differences in complications and early as well as midterm outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. The difference in the risk for heart block requiring permanent pacemaker implantation was noted to be significant only in the subgroup of the CoreValve-dominating studies (pooled risk ratio [RR, men versus women], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13–1.47). Although men had significantly lower risks for major/life-threatening bleeding (pooled RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68–0.96) and major vascular complications (pooled RR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.37–0.66), they had poorer prognosis. In fact, male sex was associated with significantly higher risks for deaths at both 30 days (RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.07–1.76) and 1 year (RR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.14–1.49). Conclusions— Although men had lower risks for major/life-threatening bleeding and major vascular complications after transcatheter aortic valve implantation, they had less favorable short-term and midterm survival.

The purpose of this study was to discuss the present situation of discharge medications in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with different levels of renal function and assess the potential impact of these medications on the prognosis of this patient population. A retrospective cohort study was conducted. From July 2008 to Jan 2012, consecutive patients with CAD confirmed by coronary angiography of West China Hospital were enrolled and were grouped into 3 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) categories: ≥60, 30 to 60, and

Intermedin (IMD) is a recently discovered vasodilator peptide. We studied the role of IMD in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by investigating the ability of exogenous IMD to alter lipid profiles and ameliorate the development of atherogenic-diet induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Ten of eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were as control. Thirty of eight-week-old male ApoE-/- mice were fed with an atherogenic diet for 18 weeks. After feeding atherogenic diet for 12 weeks, the mice were equally and randomly divided into three groups. Normal saline was given in group A and C57BL/6J mice. Intermedin was given by mini osmotic pumps at the dosage of 100 ng/kg/h and 500 ng/kg/h in group B and group C respectively. After the treatment of IMD for 6 weeks, aortic ultrasonography of group C showed that IMD prevented the progression of atherosclerotic lesions and the increase of wall thickness in the aorta. Oil-red-O staining of the entire aorta and the atherosclerotic aortic root section showed 2 folds decrease atherogenic plaque (p

BACKGROUND: Earthquake exposure is associated with adverse consequences for cardiovascular disease. However, in the context of depressive symptoms, the prognostic significance of heart failure (HF) related to earthquake-related loss has not been characterized before. HYPOTHESIS: To determine the prognostic impact of earthquake-related loss on event-free survival in patients with HF, with depression as a modifying factor. METHODS: Depressive symptoms were assessed by using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale in 404 HF patients who were followed up for 2 years after the earthquake to collect data on mortality and readmission. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare event-free survival between patients with and without earthquake-related loss. Cox proportional hazard regression modeling was used to examine the predicted outcomes for baseline variables. RESULTS: The proportion of patients with moderate/severe depressive symptoms among the HF patients with earthquake-related loss is much higher than their counterparts (27.038% vs 17.84%, P = 0.039). Heart failure patients without loss experienced longer event-free survival than patients with loss (P = 0.002), especially among patients without depressive symptoms (P = 0.003). Meanwhile, in a Cox proportional hazard regression model, the event-free survival was associated with earthquake-related loss, left ventricular ejection fraction, depressive symptoms, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Heart failure patients without earthquake-related loss experienced longer event-free survival than did HF patients with severe loss. Earthquake-related loss was a predictor of poor outcomes in HF patients, particularly in patients without depression. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The work was supported by grants from the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (2008AA022601). The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose. Language: en

High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) is excellent for the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction [(1)][1]. In a recent issue of the Journal , Bandstein et al. [(2)][2] validated again the outstanding value of hs-cTnT to rule out myocardial infarction in chest pain patients in the