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BACKGROUND: In this study, we aimed to evaluate enteral nutrition (EN), parenteral nutrition (PN) and supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) in terms of achieving nutritional goals. METHODS: Patients receiving either EN, PN, or SPN treatment followed up by the clinical nutrition team between January and December 2017 at the university research and training hospital were included in the study. Daily nutritional requirements were calculated according to the recommendations. Total energy intake during nutritional treatment (NT) and all metabolic, mechanical, technical complications of NT were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 603 inpatients were included in the study. The nutritional goal was achieved in the majority of the SPN group patients (87.5%) statistically significant relation was found between the achievement of the target (or not) and PN access route (peripheral or central) (P < .001). However, none of the complications found statistically related to achieving the target, including gastrointestinal complications of EN (P = .46), metabolic complications of EN (P = .07), mechanical complications of EN (P = .79), metabolic complications of PN (P = .89), gastrointestinal complications in SPN group (P = .45), and metabolic complications in SPN group (P = .68). CONCLUSION: Nutritional goals could be achieved with SPN without increasing complications in the majority of patients. Commencement of SPN should be considered for positive outcomes in patients who failed to achieve desired nutritional outcomes.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Parenteral nutrition is an important risk factor for candidemia. In this risk analysis study, the effect of previous antibiotic administration apart from the length of hospital stay, duration of Parenteral nutrition treatment, and Candida score parameters on developing candidemia was evaluated in the non-neutropenic patients receiving Parenteral nutrition treatment. METHODS: In this double center, retrospective, and cross-sectional study, the data of patients who received Parenteral nutrition treatment were collected. Patients with or without candidemia after the initiation of Parenteral nutrition treatment were compared in terms of demographic features, Candida score, length of hospital stay, duration of Parenteral nutrition treatment, and previous use of antibiotics. Then, predictor factors affecting the probability of candidemia during Candida growth time were determined by the Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients (59.5% males) were included and 16 (10.81%) of these had candidemia after initiation of parenteral nutrition treatment. The median (min–max) duration of parenteral nutrition treatment was 11 (4–72) days and the Candida growth time was 13 (7–29) days. Statistically significant differences were found between patients with or without candidemia groups in terms of length of hospital stay (p

As the oldest cardiac glycoside with a narrow therapeutic index and complex pharmacokinetic profile, digoxin is still used to treat many conditions such as congestive heart failure (CHF), atrial fibrillation or flutter, and certain cardiac arrhythmias.1 Its distribution in the heart and muscles might increase due to hyperthyroidism or hypokalaemia and decrease due to hyperkalaemia or hyponatraemia.1 Digoxin is the minor substrate of cytochrome-P450 (CYP) 3A4 and the major substrate of P-glycoprotein/ABCB1.1 In general, the incidence of toxicity is reported to be about 1% in patients with CHF treated with digoxin.1 Increased intracellular calcium due to inhibition of Na–K transporter is the primary pathway of digoxin toxicity.2 Factors such as renal function, age, lean body weight, cytokine levels and concomitant medications should be …