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International audience; OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine how different resistance training protocols affect gremlin 1, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), cardiometabolic, and anthropometric measures in obese men. METHODS: Forty-four males with obesity (weight: 93.2 ± 2.2 kg, BMI: 32.9 ± 1.2 kg/m(2), age: 27.5 ± 9.4 years) were randomly assigned to traditional resistance training (TRT, n = 11), circuit resistance training (CRT, n = 11), interval resistance training (IRT, n = 11) or control (C, n = 11) groups. TRT group performed ten exercises at 50% of 1RM with 14 repetitions for three sets and 30 seconds rest interval between exercises and 1.5 min rest between sets, the CRT protocol included three circuits of 10 exercises, at an intensity of 50% of 1-RM, 14 repetitions with a minimum rest (< 15 s) between exercises and 3 min rest between sets, and the IRT group performed two sets of the same exercises with 50% of 1 RM, and 14 repetitions were followed with active rest of 25% of 1RM and 14 repetitions. All resistance training groups performed 60 min per session resistance exercises, 3 days per week, for 12 weeks. Measurements were taken at baseline and after 12 weeks of exercise training. RESULTS: Resistance training (TRT, CRT, and IRT) significantly decreased plasma levels of gremlin (TRT from 231.0 ± 5.8 to 210.0 ± 11.6 ng/ml, CRT from 226.0 ± 7.6 to 188.0 ± 7.7 ng/ml and, IRT from 227.0 ± 6.3 to 183.0 ± 9.0 ng/ml, effect size (ES): 0.50), MIF (TRT from 251.0 ± 7.4 to 260.0 ± 6.5 ng/ml, CRT from 248.0 ± 10.9 to 214.0 ± 9.0 ng/ml and, IRT from 247.0 ± 8.9 to 196.0 ± 6.9 ng/ml, ES: 0.55) and CRP (TRT from 28.4 ± 1.7 to 23.3 ± 2.1 nmol/l, CRT from 28.5 ± 2.2 to 21.1 ± 1.8 nmol/l, IRT from 28.1 ± 1.3 to 20.8 ± 1.3 nmol/l, ES: 0.49) compared to the control group (p

Background: The effects of exercise and stevia extract on diabetes-related indicators have been already reported, but their cardiac benefits on Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) are unclear. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training and stevia supplementation on gene expression levels of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and β-Myosin Heavy Chain (β-MHC) in the heart tissue of T1D rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 25 rats with the average weight of 250-300 g were divided into five groups; healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic+supplementation, diabetic+training, and diabetic+training+supplementation. T1D was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg/ body weight). Endurance training was performed 5 days a week at a speed of 20-30 meters per minute on a surface with a zero slope for 8 weeks. Stevia was gavaged in a dose of 250 mg/kg/body weight. Rats were slaughtered 48 hours after the last training session. Cardiac tissue was used to measure the parameters. The gene expression of ANP and b-MHC in cardiac tissue was measured by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. Findings: The gene expression levels of ANP and β-MHC were significantly higher in the diabetic control group compared to the healthy control group (P=0.001), and significantly lower in the diabetic+training and diabetic+training+supplementation groups compared to the diabetic control group (P=0.001). Conclusion: Endurance training and stevia supplementation can have beneficial effects on the heart of T1D rats.

This study compared the effects of varying aerobic training programs on pulmonary diffusing capacity (TLCO), pulmonary diffusing capacity for nitric oxide (TLNO), lung capillary blood volume (Vc) and alveolar–capillary membrane diffusing capacity (DM) of gases at rest and just after maximal exercise in young athletes. Sixteen healthy young runners (16–18 years) were randomly assigned to an intense endurance training program (IET, n = 8) or to a moderate endurance training program (MET, n = 8). The training volume was similar in IET and MET but with different work intensities, and each lasted for 8 weeks. Participants performed a maximal graded cycle bicycle ergometer test to measure maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and maximal aerobic power (MAP) before and after the training programs. Moreover, TLCO, TLNO and Vc were measured during a single breath maneuver. After eight weeks of training, all pulmonary parameters with the exception of alveolar volume (VA) and inspiratory volume (VI) (0.104 < p < 0889; 0.001 < ES < 0.091), measured at rest and at the end of maximal exercise, showed significant group × time interactions (p < 0.05, 0.2 < ES < 4.0). Post hoc analyses revealed significant pre-to-post decreases for maximal heart rates (p < 0.0001, ES = 3.1) and improvements for VO2max (p = 0.006, ES = 2.22) in the IET group. Moreover, post hoc analyses revealed significant pre-to-post improvements in the IET for DM, TLNO, TLCO and Vc (0.001 < p < 0.0022; 2.68 < ES < 6.45). In addition, there were increases in Vc at rest, VO2max, TLNO and DM in the IET but not in the MET participants after eight weeks of training with varying exercise intensities. Our findings suggest that the intensity of training may represent the most important factor in increasing pulmonary vascular function in young athletes.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a combination of aerobic-resistance training (CARET) and broccoli supplementation on dectin-1 levels and insulin resistance in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Methods: Forty-four males with T2D were randomly allocated to four groups (n = 11 each group): CARET + broccoli supplement (TS), CARET + placebo (TP), control + broccoli supplement (S), and control + placebo (CP). CARET was performed three days per week for 12 weeks. TS and S groups received 10 g of broccoli supplement per day for 12 weeks. All variables were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Results: Plasma dectin-1 levels were decreased in TS and TP groups compared with the CP group (p &lt, 0.05). Cardiometabolic risk factors showed significant reductions in TP and TS groups compared to S and CP groups (p &lt, 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of CARET and broccoli supplementation produced the largest improvements in insulin resistance and dectin-1 and other complications of T2D.

We investigated the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on selected circulating adipokines and other cardiovascular diseases risks factors in men with obesity. Thirty men with obesity (age: 24.96±3.11 year, BMI: 30.92±1.04 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to HIIT and control groups. The HIIT group participated in a 12-week HIIT program (5×2 min interval bout at an intensity of 85–95% HRmax interspersed by 1 min passive recovery, three times per week), while the control group maintained their usual lifestyles. Blood lipids, insulin resistance, and select serum adipokines were assessed before and after 12 weeks of the intervention period. HIIT improved body composition and lipid profiles (p

Introduction: Evidence suggests that hypoxia and high-intensity exercise training can increase apoptosis of lung cells and Adiantum capillus-veneris (Ac-v) extract can have anti-apoptotic effects. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of chronic hypoxia and the (Ac-v) extraction as a supplement on TNF-a and P53 protein expression as well as the respiratory surface. Material and methods: 24 healthy Wistar rats (age = 4 weeks, weight = 72 = 9 gr) were trained using interval training for 6 weeks followed by a 3-week stay in hypoxia conditions. Half of the hypoxia samples received 500 ml/gr/per body weight daily (Ac-v) within 3 weeks of hypoxia. At the end, the lung tissue was removed for histological and immunohistological analysis. Results: After 3 weeks of hypoxia exposure following 6 weeks of exercise, expression of P53 and TNF-a increased and the respiratory surface decreased (p ≤ 0.05). After 3 weeks of taking the Ac-v extract during hypoxia exposure, reduced P53 and TNF-a expression and the increased respiratory surface were observed (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Chronic hypoxia may be considered as a strong stimulus leading to the expression of proteins involved in apoptosis and tissue disruption. However, our findings suggest that the antioxidative properties of Ac-v extract could decrease the destructive structural and molecular events that happen along with hypoxia exposure or intense exercise training.

Seyed Morteza Tayebi1, tayebism@atu.ac.ir, ORCID: 0000-0003-0459-4443, Mitra Khademosharie2, m_khadem_un@yahoo.com, ORCID: 0000-0003-4422-8093, Tayebe Amiri Parsa3, amiritayebe@yahoo.com, OrCiD: 0000-0002-5032-7816, Mehdi Abaszadegan4, m.abaszadegan@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-6051-5565, Ayoub Saeidi5, saeidi_as68@yahoo.com, ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2458-6256, A.V. Nenasheva6, nenashevaav@susu.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-0092-2948 1Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran, 2Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran, 3Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran, 4Payame Noor University, Maku, Iran, 5University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran, 6South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation Сейед Мортеза Тайеби1, Митра Хадемошари2, Тайебе Амири Парса3, Мехди Абасзадеган4, Аюб Саеди5, А.В. Ненашева6 1 Университет им. Алламе Табатабаи, г. Тегеран, Иран, 2Университет Рази, г. Керманшах, Иран, 3Университет им. Хакима Сабзевари, г. Сабзевар, Иран, 4Университет Пайаме Нур, г. Маку, Иран, 5Университет Мазандарана, г. Баболсар, провинция Мазандаран, Иран, 6Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск, Россия Objectives. ATP-binding cassette transporters transfer a variety of substrates across the lipid bilayers in an energy-dependent manner. ABCA1 is a member of this family, which plays a crucial role in plasma HDL-C metabolism. On the other hand, the short-term effects of exercise training are less studied. The aim of this study was the effects of a single bout of exercise on liver ABCA1 gene expression in the male Wistar rats. Methods. Twenty four male Wistar rats were housed in a standard environment and randomly divided into two Control (n = 12) and Experimental (n = 12) groups. The exercise included running on a treadmill for 120 min (18 m/min). Immediately, 2 and 24 hours after exercise, rats were anesthetized, and samples were taken from the adipose tissue and liver. Liver ABCA1 was assessed by RT-PCR. Results. The results showed that liver ABCA1 gene expression had significant elevation immediately, 2 and 24 hours after exercise (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The findings of this study proved that acute exercise can increase liver ABCA1 gene expression. Цель. АТФ-связывающие кассетные транспортеры переносят различные субстраты через липидный двуслой энергетически-зависимым способом. Ген ABCA1 является членом этого семейства, которое играет первостепенную роль в метаболизме липопротеинов высокой плотности, находящихся в плазме. При этом краткосрочный эффект тренировочных нагрузок на экспрессию данного гена до сих пор остается малоизученным. Цель данного исследования - выявить, какое влияние оказывает однократное выполнение упражнения на экспрессию гена печени ABCA1 у самцов крыс породы Wistar. Методы. 24 самца крысы породы Wistar были размещены в стандартных условиях и разделены случайным образом на две контрольные (n = 12) и экспериментальные (n = 12) группы. Тренировочная нагрузка включала в себя бег на специальном тредмиле в течение 120 минут (18 м/мин). Для взятия образцов из печени и жировой ткани крысы были анестезированы сразу, через два часа и через двадцать четыре часа после выполнения упражнения. Ген ABCA1 был исследован методом ПЦР с обратной реакцией. Результаты. Результаты исследования показали, что экспрессия гена печени ABCA1 значительно возросла сразу, через два часа и через двадцать четыре часа после выполнения упражнений (p < 0,05). Заключение. Полученные результаты подтвердили, что тяжелая физическая нагрузка может повысить экспрессию гена печени ABCA1.

Circuit resistance training (CRT) is a time-efficient exercise modality for improving skeletal muscle and cardiovascular fitness. But the beneficial role of CRT in obese individuals is still not well understood. This study explores the reducing effects of progressive CRT on inflammatory biomarkers and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese young men. Methods: Thirty obese men (Body mass index (BMI): 30.67 3.06; age: 23 3.2 years) were divided into CRT and control groups. The CRT was performed for eight-weeks (3 times/week, 65 85% of 1 repetition maximum). Fasting blood samples were taken pre and post intervention for analyzing apelin, chemerin, serum amyloid A (SAA), C reactive protein concentrations (CRP), lipid profile, and insulin resistance index. The data were assessed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Body mass, BMI and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were significantly decreased after training intervention (P < .05). Compared to the control group, the plasma concentrations of Chemrin (P = .038), SAA (P = .004), insulin (P < .001), insulin resistance index (P < .001), total cholesterol (P = .033), triglyceride (P < .001), and low-density lipoprotein (P = .039), were significantly mitigated in the CRT group, but high-density lipoprotein plasma levels increased in the CRT group compared to that of the control group (P = .035). There was no significant difference between two groups in apelin and CRP (P > .05). Moreover, insulin resistance was positively correlated with apelin (r = 0.56) and chemerin (r = 0.51). Also, chemerin had a positive correlation with SAA (r = 0.49), and WHR (r = 0.54). Conclusion: CRT caused an improvement in inflammation and cardiometabolic risk factors in young obese men, and this improvement was accompanied by decreased insulin resistance. Scopus

International audience; We review the effects of acute and long-term physical activity on adipokine levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Three electronic databases were searched. Studies made in animal models were excluded, while studies based on participants with and without T2D, and also studies with type 1 diabetes were included. Of the 2,450 citations, 63 trials, including randomised control trials, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, met our inclusion criteria. Seventy and five percent of studies reported the effects of physical activity on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL-6), adiponectin, visfatin, omentin-1, and leptin levels. There are no robust results due to variations in exercise modality, intensity, duration, and also differences in cohort characteristics in the literature. Only four studies described the effects of an acute session of physical activity on adipokine levels. Overall, physical activity improves diabetes status by regulating adipokine levels. However, long-term aerobic + resistance training combined with dietary modifications is likely to be a more effective strategy for improving adipokines profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: The current study investigated the chronic effects of high-volume moderate-intensity training and low-volume high-intensity training on heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial stiffness in sedentary adult men. Materials and methods: Forty-five males (age: 42± 5.7 yrs.) were randomly assigned into control group (n=15), high-volume moderate-intensity training (HVMIT) (n=15), and low-volume high-intensity training (LVHIT) (n=15). The HVMIT group ran three times per week, on the treadmill at 50% to 60% of VO2max for 45 to 60 minutes, while the LVHIT trained at 70% to 85% of VO2max for 25 to 40 minutes. Both training programs were equated by caloric expenditure. HRV, Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV), hemodynamic variables, and body composition were measured before and after 12 weeks.Results: Both protocols (HVMIT and LVHIT) significantly increased the Standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN) and High-frequency (HF) bands after 12 weeks (p ˂ 0.05). The LF/HF ratio decreased significantly in both training groups (p ˂ 0.05). However, these changes were significantly greater in the LVHIT protocol (p ˂ 0.05). Furthermore, the Root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) significantly increased only in the LVHIT protocol (P ˂ 0.05). Moreover, a significant decrease in low-frequency (LF) and PWV was only observed following the LVHIT protocol (P ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: This study indicates that the LVHIT protocol is more effective and efficient for improving HRV variables and PWV than the HVMIT protocol.

The effects of acute consumption of L-Arginine (L-Arg) in healthy young individuals are not clearly defined, and no studies on the effects of L-Arg in individuals with abnormal body mass index undertaking strenuous exercise exist. Thus, we examined whether supplementation with L-Arg diminishes cardiopulmonary exercise testing responses, such as ventilation (VE), VE/VCO2, oxygen uptake (VO2), and heart rate, in response to an acute session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in overweight men. A double-blind, randomized crossover design was used to study 30 overweight men (age, 26.5 ± 2.2 years; body weight, 88.2 ± 5.3 kilogram; body mass index, 28.0 ± 1.4 kg/m2). Participants first completed a ramped-treadmill exercise protocol to determine VO2max velocity (vVO2max), after which they participated in two sessions of HIIE. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 6 g of L-Arg or placebo supplements. The HIIE treadmill running protocol consisted of 12 trials, including exercise at 100% of vVO2max for 1 min interspersed with recovery intervals of 40% of vVO2max for 2 min. Measurements of VO2 (ml·kg−1·min−1), VE (L/min), heart rate (beat per min), and VE/VCO2 were obtained. Supplementation with L-Arg significantly decreased all cardiorespiratory responses during HIIE (placebo+HIIE vs. L-Arg+HIIE for each measurement: VE [80.9 ± 4.3 L/min vs. 74.6 ± 3.5 L/min, p 2 [26.4 ± 1.3 vs. 24.4 ± 1.0, p 2 [26.4 ± 0.8 ml·kg−1·min−1 vs. 24.4 ± 0.9 ml·kg−1·min−1, p p d = 0.89]). The authors conclude consuming L-Arg before HIIE can alleviate the excessive physiological strain resulting from HIIE and help to increase exercise tolerance in participants with a higher body mass index who may need to exercise on a regular basis for extended periods to improve their health.

We studied the effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) on gut hormones (leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and ghrelin) in males with obesity. Thirty sedentary males were randomly allocated to either an experimental group (EG, n = 15) or a control group (CG, n = 15). The EG group completed their Ramadan fasting rituals (30 days), whereas the CG continued with their normal daily habits. Blood samples were collected at four time points: 24 h before the start of Ramadan (T0), on the 15th day of Ramadan (T1), the day after the end of Ramadan (T2) and 21 days after Ramadan (T3). There were significant pre-to-post improvements for leptin (p = 0.01, d = 1.52), GLP-1 (p = 0.022, d = 0.75), PYY (p = 0.031, d = 0.69) and CCK (p = 0.027, d = 0.81) in the EG, with no interaction effect for ghrelin (p = 0.74, d = 0.008). No significant changes (p &gt, 0.05) occurred in plasma volume variations (&Delta, PV) after RIF in both EG (&minus, 0.03 &plusmn, 0.01%) and CG (0.06 &plusmn, 0.07%). RIF represents an effective strategy to modify appetite-regulating hormones, leading to improved body composition indices and reduced obesity.

International audience; PurposeWe examined the effects of moderate resistance exercise (RE) on serum cortisol, testosterone, extracellular heat shock protein (HSP70), and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-15 concentrations in untrained males in a hot environment. MethodsTen untrained young males (26 +/- 3 years; 75.8 +/- 6 kg; 177.4 +/- 5.3 cm) performed two series of full body RE [3 sets of 8 to 10 repetitions, 30-60 s recovery between series with 70% of one maximal repetition (1-RM), with a rest period of 1 to 3 min between exercises] carried out in a random order in both heated (similar to 35 degrees C) and thermoneutral (22 degrees C) conditions. Serum concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, HSP70, and IL-6 and IL-15 were measured before, at the end, and 1 h after RE sessions. Participants in both groups consumed 4 ml of water/kg body mass every 15 min. ResultsThere were time-related changes in testosterone, HSP70, and IL-6 (P< 0.001), and cortisol and IL-15 (P< 0.05). Levels of cortisol, HSP70, and IL-6 increased immediately for RE at 35 degrees C, and testosterone and IL-15 levels were decreased. Changes in serum testosterone, HSP70, cortisol, and IL-15 and IL-6 levels were reversed after 1 h. A significant time x condition interaction was observed for IL-15 and HSP70 (P< 0.001), cortisol and IL-6 (P< 0.05), but not for testosterone (P> 0.05). ConclusionRE in a heated environment may not be appropriate for achieving muscle adaptations due to acute changes of hormonal and inflammatory markers.

International audience; The prevalence of obesity in the world is increasing rapidly, and the associated morbidity and mortality require crucial need for non-pharmacological and therapeutic intervention to reduce alteration of appetite, food intake, and gut hormones. The effectiveness of this non-pharmacological intervention for weight management is due to probable alteration in gut hormones which regulating appetite and food intake. There are several types of hormones that control an individual’s appetite. In this study, researchers focused on major hormones of appetite regulation, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, and oxyntomodulin (OXN). Obese individuals were believed to have lower energy expenditure (EE) rates compared to normal and overweight ones. As such it is important to increase EE through exercise. The decrease in energy expenditure is partly due to a reduction in lean mass, the component of the body responsible for most of the energy expenditure of rest, which is found during diet. In addition, adaptive responses to weight loss are associated with many hormonal changes, including a decrease in leptin, insulin, intestinal peptide PYY, and sympathetic nervous system activity, with an increase in tissue sensitivity to insulin and circulating levels of ghrelin. Studies have shown that aerobic or resistance training resulted in slightly higher or no changes in circulating levels of these hormones, while other studies in normal-weight or overweight individuals found an interesting result about more intense physical exercise. They suggested that this type of exercise could affect ghrelin by decreasing the secretion of this peptide and stimulating that of another gastrointestinal peptide antagonist, the PYY. Intense physical exercise decreases energy intake in normal-weight and overweight individual. Further studies are required to confirm those results in obese individual. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Background: We examined the effect of antioxidant supplementation and exercise on irisin within postmenopausal women. Methods: Forty-eight participants (age: 55.7 ± 4.9 years; weight: 68.0 ± 6.3 kg; BMI 27.0 ± 2.7; mean ± SD) were randomized into four groups for the eight week intervention: control group (CG; n = 12), resistance training group (RTG; n = 12), supplementation with Zataria multiflora group (ZG; n = 12), or supplementation with Z. multiflora and resistance training group (ZRTG; n = 12). RTG and ZRTG performed circuit resistance training, and both ZG and ZRTG consumed 500 mg of Z. multiflora every day during the intervention. Blood samples were taken 48 hours before and after the intervention. Results: There was a significant difference in irisin at post-training, with greater levels in ZRTG compared to CG. A significant increase was noted for irisin at post-training compared to pre-training for ZG, RTG, and ZRTG. Moreover, we identified a significant decrease in malondialdehyde in the RTG and ZRTG groups and increase in glutathione in the ZG, RTG, and ZRTG groups when compared to CG. Conclusion: These findings showed that exercise, Z. multiflora supplementation or their combination led to an increase in irisin. Keywords: Antioxidants, Circuit resistance training, Myokine, Postmenopausal women, Zataria multiflora

Summary Objectives Tobacco use contributes to 5 million deaths per year worldwide with half of the people who smoke today likely to die prematurely. The aim of the current study was to examine the influence of waterpipe (WP) smoking on cognitive function and hematological parameters prior to and following supramaximal exercise. Methods A total of 20 sedentary males were assigned into two groups: WP smoker (WPS, n = 10, with more than 10 years smoking experience), and non-smoker (NS, n = 10). Participants performed a 30 s Wingate supramaximal exercise test. Blood samples and cognitive test were obtained before and immediately after the exercise test. Results No significant difference was observed between groups for cognitive function at both pre- (54.0 ± 9.9 vs. 58.3 ± 11.8%, P = 0.428) and post-exercise (62.5 ± 6.3 vs. 61.1 ± 5.9%, P = 0.645). All hematological indices increased significantly at post-exercise with white blood cell, neutrophil, haematocrit and lymphocyte values significantly greater for WPS compared to NS. Conclusion Long-term WP smoking resulted in significantly greater hematological indices potentially reflective of greater inflammation. Despite these hematological differences, similar group responses were observed during stress (i.e. supramaximal exercise) indicating that long-term WP smoking may have limited impact on cognitive function via hematological changes. Future studies may elucidate the impact of long-term WP smoking on cardiovascular and cognitive function.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance (ET), resistance (RT) and concurrent training (CT) on plasma levels of visfatin, insulin, glucose and insulin resistance of non-athlete men with Obesity. It was a semi-experimental study. Thirty six men [age: 21.48 (0.25), and BF%: 27.39 (0.52)], voluntarily participated in this study after public announcement in university. Main inclusion and exclusion criteria was healthy (no physical illness and inability), obesity [based on WHO's definition body fat percentage (BF%) of over 25] and non-athlete (without regular training during week). They were randomly divided into three groups (n=12) for ET, RT and CT. For 8 weeks (3sessions/week), the candidates participated in ET (25-40 min at 65-85% of maximum heart rate), RT (5exercises, 6sets, intensity: 50-80% of one repetition maximum, volumes: 5, 8 and 12repetitions) and CT (one or a half-term ET and then RT with 3 sets). Blood samples were taken 48 h before the first training session and 48 h after the last training session. The ANCOVA was used for the comparison of the effect of three types of training. The BF% in ET was significantly less than that in RT (p

Summary Purpose Menopause is a normal condition that all women experience as they age. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of circuit resistance exercise training with Zataria multiflora (Avishan-e-Shirazi) dietary supplementation on plasma apelin, glucose, insulin, insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance. Methods Ninety-six volunteer postmenopausal women were allocated into 8 groups. Resistance training consisted of 12 stations had been done for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected at pre- and -post intervention. Results Circuit RT increases apelin and decreases both insulin and blood glucose, whereas Zataria multiflora has no independent effect on apelin but does decrease blood glucose and is likely to be in some means synergistic with circuit RT effects. Conclusion These results suggest that circuit resistance training augments plasma apelin and decreases both insulin and blood glucose. However, Zataria multiflora has no independent effect on apelin but does decrease blood glucose which is likely to be to some extent synergistic with training effects.

The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine as well as the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin each serve vital roles in humans. When challenged by stressful situations, all of these hormones respond in an attempt to maintain homeostasis. One powerful stressor to invoke the release of these hormones is physical activity, that is, exercise. The thyroids and prolactin each have independent roles allowing the body to accommodate to exercise. But they also share an interrelation in their responses. Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone release invoked by stress stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone and thus the thyroids as well as the release of prolactin. Likewise, estrogen serves as an interconnective regulatory link by stimulating the release of both the thyroids and prolactin. The roles of these hormones in exercise are multifaceted, but one overlapping and common function is their combined aid and support of the tissue inflammatory responses after exercise. This is highly critical for facilitating elements of the adaptive-recovery procedures to exercise and exercise training.

PURPOSE: Zataria is a plant with anti-inflammatory properties, which has been used for the treatment of many diseases. This study investigated the effect of different intensities of circuit resistance training and Zataria supplementation on plasma retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Seventy-two postmenopausal women were divided on randomized order into six groups: Control (McGinley and Bishop in J Appl Physiol 121(6):1290–1305, 2016), Training 35% (T35%), Training 55% (T55%), Zataria (Özgünen et al. in Scand J Med Sci Sports 20:140–147, 2010), Zataria/Training 35% (ZT35%), and Zataria/Training 55% (ZT55%). Resist-ance training program included 12 exercise stations (each: 30 s, intensity: 35% and 55% of 1-RM) for 8 weeks (3 sessions/week). Daily (500 mg) Zataria was used after breakfast by participants in ZG, ZT35%, and ZT55% groups. Blood samples were taken 48 h before and after the first and last sessions of training. RESULTS: After the training period the percentage of body fat decreased significantly (P < 0.001) in all trained groups, whereas muscle mass increased significantly (P < 0.01) only in T55% and ZT55% groups. A significant decrease was observed for RBP-4 values (P < 0.05) after training in all groups except for ZG and CG. Also, RBP-4 was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in all groups as compared to CG at the post-test except for ZG. Moreover, significantly lower values (P < 0.05) were found in T55%, ZT35%, and ZT55% as compared to ZG in post-intervention. TNF-α values decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the post-test as compared to pre-intervention in ZT35% and ZT55%. Also, TNF-α was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in ZT55% compared to CG and T35% in post-test CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate clearly that in postmenopausal women, circuit resistance training both at low and moderate intensities cause a greater reduction in RBP-4 and TNF-α when Zataria is supplemented in the diet during training.

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Catecholamines [adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA)] are known to stimulate glucose metabolism at rest and in response to maximal exercise. However, training and recovery mode can alter theses hormones. Thus our study aims to examine the effects of recovery mode during High-intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on glucoregulatory hormone responses to maximal exercise in young adults. Twenty-four male enrolled in this randomized study, assigned to: control group (eg, n=6), and two HIIT groups: intermittent exercise (30 s run/30 s recovery) with active (arg, n=9) or passive (prg, n=9) recovery, arg and prg performed HIIT 3 times weekly for 7 weeks. Before and after HIIT, participants undergo a Maximal Graded Test (MGT). Plasma catecholamines, glucose, insulin, growth hormone (Gh) and cortisol were determined at rest, at the end of MGT, after 10 and 30 min of recovery. After training V02max and Maximal Aerobic Velocity (MAV) increased significantly (p

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Background and Objectives: Several studies have reported that some conditions such as exercise and hypoxia induce DNA damage and dysfunction and apoptosis. Some plant foods contain numerous bioactive compounds and anti-inflammatory properties that can help fight DNA damage. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effect of supplementation of Adiantum capillus-veneris (ACV) extract on Bax/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) ratio apoptotic index and remodeling of pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells in lung tissue of healthy Wistar rats during stressful conditions (hypoxia). Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven Wistar male rats (four-week old, 72 &plusmn, 9 g) were randomly assigned into three groups: normoxic, sedentary, and not-supplemented (NG, n = 9), exercise and hypoxia and not-supplemented (HE, n = 9), and exercise and hypoxia and supplemented group (HS, n = 9). The NG remained sedentary in the normoxia environment for nine weeks. The HE group participated in a high-intensity (IT) program for six weeks, then remained sedentary in the hypoxia environment for three weeks. The low-pressure chamber simulated a ~2800 M altitude 24 h/d. HS participated in IT, then entered and remained sedentary in the hypoxia environment for three weeks, and they consumed 500 mg per kg of body weight ACV extract. Results: The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio of the HE group increased significantly (+50.27%, p &le, 0.05), the average number of type I pneumocytes was reduced significantly (&minus, 18.85%, p &le, 0.05), and the average number of type II pneumocytes was increased significantly (+14.69%, p &le, 0.05). Also, after three weeks of consuming the ACV extract, the HS group in comparison with the HE group had their Bax/Bcl-2 ratio reduced significantly (&minus, 24.27%, p &le, 0.05), the average number of type I pneumocytes increased significantly (+10.15%, p &le, 0.05), and the average number of type II pneumocytes reduced significantly (&minus, 7.18%, p &le, 0.05). Conclusion: The findings show that after three weeks of hypoxia following six weeks of high-intensity interval training in Wistar rats, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the number of type II pneumocytes were increased and the number of type I pneumocytes was reduced significantly. These results strongly suggest that an apoptosis state was induced in the lung parenchyma, and consuming ACV extract modulated this state.

Background: It is observed that the levels of retinol binding protein-4 (RBP-4) and cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in people with obesity, diabetes and low physical activity, such as postmenopausal females, are more than those of the healthy individuals. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of circuit resistance training (CRT) and Zataria multiflora supplementation (ZMSuppl) on RBP-4 and TNF-α in postmenopausal females. Methods: Forty-eight untrained postmenopausal females participated in the study and were divided into four groups (n = 12) of control (Con), CRT, ZMSuppl and CRT along with ZMSuppl (CRT + ZMSuppl). CRT program included 12 stations (30 seconds for each station, 85% one repetition maximum) for eight weeks (three sessions/week). 500 mg of ZMSuppl was consumed daily after breakfast in ZMSuppl and CRT + ZMSuppl groups. Blood samples were taken 48 hours before the first session and 48 hour after the last session of training to measure plasma RBP-4 and TNF-α. Results: A significant reduction was observed in plasma TNF-α in the CRT + ZMSuppl group in comparison with Con (P < 0.05). In addition, a significant reduction was observed in plasma RBP-4 in both CRT and CRT + ZMSuppl groups in comparison with Con (P < 0.01) and ZMSuppl (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The current study showed that intense CRT causes significant reduction only in plasma RBP-4; but this reduction was higher in RBP-4 and also in TNF-α, when ZMSuppl was added to CRT. Therefore, it may be an effective method to reduce disorders and abnormalities related to inflammatory factors resulting from menopause.

Background: The enzyme HGPRT 5-phosphoribosyl converts to hypoxanthine or guanine to build up IMP or GMP as an ATP and GTP precursor in the purine nucleotides salvage pathway. This enzyme is most active in the liver, blood cells, nervous system, and skeletal muscles. In fact, the normal activity of this enzyme is involved in the salvage of 90% of free nucleotides and thereby contributes to the economy of purine in cells. Minor decrease or defect of this enzyme results in the increased xanthine, uric acid, and oxygen free radicals. Reports suggest the relationship between this enzyme and the level of physical preparation, antioxidant capacity, and low blood uric acid levels in active individuals. However, the effect of different types of exercise, especially high-intensity intermittent exercise on this enzyme is not clear. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the possible compatibility of this enzyme and some purine nucleotide cycle variables in a short-term high-intensity interval training. Methods: 18 healthy, untrained, male, eligible volunteers (based on their age, height, and weight) were randomly divided into control and training groups. The training group rode the bicycle ergometer with maximum intensity for 2 weeks (3 sessions per week) with 45-second repetitions and a 4-minute rest between the sets. Blood samples were collected for measuring HGPRT, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid before and 48 hours after the last training session, and data were analyzed using analysis of covariance at alpha level of 0.05. Results: A significant increase was found in the levels of hypoxanthine (P = 0.001) and xanthine (P = 0.001) while a statistically significant reduction was found in the level of uric acid (P = 0.02). However, after training, the HGPRT serum level did not increase significantly (P = 0.386). Conclusions: The results suggest that this short-term program was able to improve the variables involved in the purine nucleotide recycling pathway, and probably led to maintaining the balance of total nucleotide pool.