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Obesity is occurring due to continue taken high fat diet; this is the fast-growing problem reaching epidemic proportion globally. Ursolic acid altered the abnormal glucose metabolism in diabetic rats. In this experimental protocol, we examine ursolic acid (UA) anti-obesity effect against streptozotocin (STZ) and high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats. Orally administered the ursolic acid (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) dose to the hyperglycemic rats for 8 weeks and estimated the blood glucose level at different time intervals. Biochemical, hepatic, lipid, renal and antioxidant parameters were estimated. Traf-4, Mapk-8, Traf-6 and genes such as Ins-1, ngn-3 and Pdx-1 mRNA expression were estimated using qRT-PCR to scrutinize the molecular mechanism in MAPK downstream JNK cascade and insulin pathway signalling pathways. Ursolic acid significantly (p<0.001) down-regulated the blood glucose level at dose dependent manner. Its also reduced the plasma insulin level, non-essential fatty acid and increased the level of adiponectin as compared to obese control group rats. Ursolic acid treated group rats reduced the level of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Ursolic-acid-treated rats have been shown to decrease oxidative stress in pancreatic tissue by restoring the free radical effect of scavenging, suppress the Traf-6, Mapk-8 and Traf-4 mRNA expression, enhance the expression of Pdx-1, Ins-1 and Ngn-3 and ensure the regeneration of pancreas β cells and therefore pancreas insulin. The current result suggested the anti-obese effect of ursolic acid against high fat diet (HFD) induced obese rats via alteration of insulin and JNK signaling pathway.

Based on the higher mortality and the higher proportion of critically ill adults in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with diabetes, good inpatient glycemic control is particularly important in the comprehensive treatment of COVID-19. Individualized blood glucose target goals and treatment strategies should be made according to specific circumstances of COVID-19 inpatients with diabetes. For mild patients, a strict glycemic control target (fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 4.4-6.1 mmol/L, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (2 h PG) 6.1-7.8 mmol/L) are recommended; a target for the glycemic control of common type patients (FPG 6.1-7.8 mmol/L, 2 h PG 7.8-10.0 mmol/L) and subcutaneous insulin deliver therapy are recommended; a target nonfasting blood glucose range of 10.0 mmol or less per liter for severe-type COVID-19 patients, a relatively Less stringent blood glucose control target (FPG 7.8-10.0 mmol/L, 2 h PG 7.8-13.9 mmol/L) for critically ill patients and intravenous insulin infusion therapy are recommended. Due to the rapid changes in the condition of some patients, the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar status (HHS) maybe occur during the treatment. Blood glucose monitoring, dynamic evaluation and timely adjustment of strategies should be strengthened to ensure patient safety and promote early recovery of patients., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Science Edition).)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the release profile and in vivo hypoglycemic effect of insulin (INS)-loaded pH-sensitive hydrogel (INS-TPM950) administrated by oral route. TPM950 was fabricated via a free polymerization method and its inner morphology was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). INS was encapsulated into TPM950 by an adsorption method, and the in vitro release profiles of INS from INS-TPM950 were revealed in pH 1.2 and 6.8. To investigate the hypoglycemic effect of INS-TPM950, Male Wistar rats were used in modeling of diabetes mellitus by multiple intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. The in vivo hypoglycemic effect of oral INS-TPM950 was studied, and the optimal dosage was also determined. SEM photograph showed that abundant 3D meshes were distributed in the inner of TPM950 hydrogel. INS release profile suggested that only 18.2 ± 11.3% INS was released in pH 1.2, but over 88.8 ± 4.9% was delivered into phosphate buffer solution in pH 6.8. After injection to the diabetic rats, the released INS solution from INS-TPM950 exhibited an obvious hypoglycemic effect. Oral administration of 50.0 I.U./kg of INS-TPM950 showed a slow but effective hypoglycemic effect, and the lowest blood glucose level was reached to 47.5 ± 5.5% of the original level. Therefore, this formulation had a potential application in diabetes treatment via oral ingestion.

This study investigated the effects of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (CHS) isolated from sea cucumber on glucose metabolism and insulin signaling in the liver of insulin-resistant C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFSD). Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned into six groups: control; HFSD; 1 mg RSG/kg·body weight (RSG); 80 mg CHS/kg · body weight (CHS); 20 mg CHS+1 mg RSG/kg · body weight (20 CHS+RSG); and 80 mg CHS+1 mg RSG/kg · body weight (80 CHS+RSG). Blood glucose, insulin parameters, glucose metabolism-related enzymes activities and insulin-signaling transducers in the liver were analyzed at 19 weeks. Results showed that CHS significantly decreased body weight gain, adipose tissue weight, and fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels in insulin-resistant mice. Rosiglitazone (RSG) is an effective thiazolidinedione hypoglycemic agent, and CHS synergistically enhanced the effect of RSG. CHS feeding normalized the activities of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and increased glycogen reserves in the liver. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that CHS promoted the mRNA expression of insulin receptors (IR), insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB), and glycogen synthase (GS) in the liver of insulin resistant mice, and inhibited glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3β) mRNA expression. The results suggested that CHS treatment improved glucose metabolism by modulating metabolic enzymes and promoting the PI3K/PKB/GSK-3β signaling pathway mediated by insulin at the transcriptional level. These results provided strong justification for the development of CHS as a functional food.

Hyperglycemia is associated with poor outcomes in hospitalized medical and surgical patients. Although some early evidence showed benefits of intensive insulin therapy (IIT), recent evidence does not show a consistent benefit and even shows harm associated with the use of IIT. The overuse of some therapeutic interventions and the resulting harms to a patient are an important component of unnecessary health care costs. The goal of this article is to address the management of hyperglycemia and evaluate the benefits and harms associated with the use of IIT to achieve tight glycemic control in hospitalized patients with or without diabetes mellitus. This article is based on the evidence review and the guideline developed by the American College of Physicians on this topic. Best Practice Advice 1: Clinicians should target a blood glucose level of 7.8 to 11.1 mmol/L (140 to 200 mg/dL) if insulin therapy is used in SICU/MICU patients. Best Practice Advice 2: Clinicians should avoid targets less than 7.8 mmol/L (<140mg/dL) because harms are likely to increase with lower blood glucose targets.

Introduction: Stemcells can be used to treat diabeticmellitus and complications. ω3-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derived lipid mediators are inflammation-resolving and protective. This study found novel DHA-derived 7S,14R-dihydroxy-4Z,8E,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid (7S,14R-diHDHA), a maresin-1 stereoisomer biosynthesized by leukocytes and related enzymes. Moreover, 7S,14R-diHDHA can enhance mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) functions in the amelioration of diabetic mellitus and retinal pericyte loss in diabetic db/db mice. Methods: MSCs treated with 7S,14R-diHDHA were delivered into db/db mice i.v. every 5 days for 35 days. Results: Blood glucose levels in diabetic mice were lowered by 7S,14R-diHDHAtreated MSCs compared to control and untreated MSC groups, accompanied by improved glucose tolerance and higher blood insulin levels. 7S,14R-diHDHAtreated MSCs increased insulin+ β-cell ratio and decreased glucogan+ α-cell ratio in islets, as well as reduced macrophages in pancreas. 7S,14R-diHDHA induced MSC functions in promoting MIN6 β-cell viability and insulin secretion. 7S,14R-diHDHA induced MSC paracrine functions by increasing the generation of hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. Furthermore, 7S,14R-diHDHA enhanced MSC functions to ameliorate diabetes-caused pericyte loss in diabetic retinopathy by increasing their density in retina in db/db mice. Discussion: Our findings provide a novel strategy for improving therapy for diabetes and diabetic retinopathy using 7S,14R-diHDHA-primed MSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disease in the world. Previous studies have shown that anesthetics can affect perioperative blood glucose levels which related to adverse clinical outcomes. Few studies have explored the choice of general anesthetic protocol on perioperative glucose metabolism in diabetes patients. We aimed to compare total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with total inhalation anesthesia (TIHA) on blood glucose level and complications in type 2 diabetic patients undergoing general surgery. Methods: In this double-blind controlled trial, 116 type 2 diabetic patients scheduled for general surgery were randomly assigned to either the TIVA group or TIHA group (n = 56 and n = 60, respectively). The blood glucose level at different time points were measured and analyzed by the repeated-measures analysis of variance. The serum insulin and cortisol levels were measured and analyzed with t-test. The incidence of complications was followed up and analyzed with chi-square test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. The risk factors for complications were analyzed using the logistic stepwise regression. Results: The blood glucose levels were higher in TIHA group than that in TIVA group at the time points of extubation, 1 and 2 h after the operation, 1 and 2 days after the operation, and were significantly higher at 1 day after the operation (10.4 ± 2.8 vs. 8.1 ± 2.1 mmol/L; P < 0.01). The postoperative insulin level was higher in TIVA group than that in TIHA group (8.9 ± 2.9 vs. 7.6 ± 2.4 IU/mL; P = 0.011). The postoperative cortisol level was higher in TIHA group than that in TIVA group (15.3 ± 4.8 vs. 12.2 ± 8.9 ug/dL ; P = 0.031). No significant difference regarding the incidence of complications between the two groups was found based on the current samples. Blood glucose level on postoperative day 1 was a risk factor for postoperative complications (OR: 1.779, 95%CI: 1.009 ~ 3.138). Conclusions: TIVA has less impact on perioperative blood glucose level and a better inhibition of cortisol release in type 2 diabetic patients compared to TIHA. A future large trial may be conducted to find the difference of complications between the two groups. Trial registration: The protocol registered on the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry on 20/01/2020 (ChiCTR2000029247). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning algorithms can be used to forecast future blood glucose (BG) levels for diabetes patients, according to recent studies. In this study, dataset from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system was used as the sole input for the machine learning models. To forecast blood glucose levels 15, 30, and 45 minutes in the future, we suggested deep neural network (DNN) and tested it on 7 patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The suggested prediction model was evaluated against a variety of machine learning models, such as k-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector regression (SVR), decision tree (DT), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), random forest (RF), and eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The experimental findings demonstrated that the proposed DNN model outperformed all other models, with average root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 17.295, 25.940, and 35.146 mg/dL over prediction horizons (PHs) of 15, 30, and 45 minutes, respectively. Additionally, we have included the suggested prediction model in web-based blood glucose level prediction tools. By using this web-based system, patients may readily acquire their future blood glucose levels, allowing for the generation of preventative alarms prior to crucial hypoglycemia or hyperglycemic situations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is occurring due to continue taken high fat diet; this is the fast-growing problem reaching epidemic proportion globally. Ursolic acid altered the abnormal glucose metabolism in diabetic rats. In this experimental protocol, we examine ursolic acid (UA) anti-obesity effect against streptozotocin (STZ) and high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats. Orally administered the ursolic acid (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) dose to the hyperglycemic rats for 8 weeks and estimated the blood glucose level at different time intervals. Biochemical, hepatic, lipid, renal and antioxidant parameters were estimated. Traf-4, Mapk-8, Traf-6 and genes such as Ins-1, ngn-3 and Pdx-1 mRNA expression were estimated using qRT-PCR to scrutinize the molecular mechanism in MAPK downstream JNK cascade and insulin pathway signalling pathways. Ursolic acid significantly (p<0.001) down-regulated the blood glucose level at dose dependent manner. Its also reduced the plasma insulin level, non-essential fatty acid and increased the level of adiponectin as compared to obese control group rats. Ursolic acid treated group rats reduced the level of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Ursolic-acid-treated rats have been shown to decrease oxidative stress in pancreatic tissue by restoring the free radical effect of scavenging, suppress the Traf-6, Mapk-8 and Traf-4 mRNA expression, enhance the expression of Pdx-1, Ins-1 and Ngn-3 and ensure the regeneration of pancreas β cells and therefore pancreas insulin. The current result suggested the anti-obese effect of ursolic acid against high fat diet (HFD) induced obese rats via alteration of insulin and JNK signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary fatty acids can alter membrane fatty acid composition with the consequent change in the action of various receptors. Incorporation of mustard oil was found to increase insulin secretion, reduce blood glucose levels, and increase the expression of glucose transporter gene 4 (Glut4). Methods: Three-week-old male Wistar rats were fed with 8% lipid-inclusive isocaloric mash diet. There were non-diabetic control (NDC) and diabetic control (DC) groups fed with ghee, and similarly non-diabetic (NDT) and diabetic treatment (DT) groups fed with mustard oil. Streptozotocin (STZ) was administered intraperitoneally once at a dose rate of 40 mg/kg bodyweight for the induction of diabetes. Blood glucose was estimated using glucometer periodically. Lipids were extracted from mustard oil and in tissue samples, and fatty acid estimation was done using gas chromatography (GC). Gene expression of 84 genes related to diabetes was measured in muscle tissue using Qiagen™ RT2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) profiler array. The real-time PCR data obtained as threshold cycle (Ct) values were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis® (IPA®) software. Results: After induction of diabetes by day 30, the average glucose levels were above 500 mg/dL in diabetic groups, but for the mustard oil treatment group, they were reduced to 337 mg/dL by the 60 days of treatment. Significantly higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids particularly linoleic acid and linolenic acid were found in mustard oil treatment groups. Insulin receptor signaling was prominent in both ghee-fed normal and mustard oil–fed diabetic treatment groups. Glucose was found to be the major upstream regulator in all the groups except for ghee-fed diabetic control group. Conclusions: Mustard oil inclusion in the diet reduces blood glucose levels by increased insulin receptor signaling, thereby partially reversing diabetic state in experimentally induced diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Previous research suggests that there may be intergender differences in the profile of glycemic control achievable during the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This preliminary study was conducted to determine differences in glycemic outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients amongst men and women in an Indonesian hospital. The study was conducted at the outpatient internal medicine polyclinic of Universitas Airlangga Teaching Hospital Surabaya. This observational prospective cohort study examining outcomes for 64 patients (32 men and 32 women) treated with insulin therapy. The primary outcome measure was the extent to which subjects achieved concordance with the target blood glucose parameters based on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidance. After 3 months of combination basal-bolus insulin treatment, the proportion of subjects who had fasting blood glucose values in the target range did not increase for either gender. For women, there was a significantly higher proportion of subjects who achieved a postprandial glucose value within the target range (p=0.04) In this study, patients achieved postprandial glycemic outcomes for women but not men. More research is required to elucidate the possible intergender difference in results for subjects treated with basal-bolus insulin for type 2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the suppressive effect of a single dose of water-soluble α-glycosylated rutin (monoglucosyl rutin; MR) on postprandial blood glucose elevation in healthy subjects with relatively high fasting blood glucose levels. Methods: This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study enrolled 34 healthy Japanese adult subjects with relatively high fasting blood glucose levels. The study period ran from November 13, 2019, to March 19, 2020. All subjects were randomly allocated to either sequence A or sequence B (n = 17 per group) using a computerized random number generator. The washout period was at least one week between periods I and II. In period I, the subjects took either MR or placebo tablets. In period II, subjects took different tablets from the ones they had taken in period I. We evaluated their blood glucose and insulin levels after glucose loading (150 g of cooked rice). The incremental area under the curve (IAUC) of the postprandial blood glucose level was determined as the primary outcome. The blood glucose and insulin levels at maximum (maximum blood concentration; Cmax), each measurement point, and IAUC of the blood insulin level after glucose loading were the secondary outcomes. Results: Out of 33 subjects, 16 in sequence A (11 men and 5 women, 54.5 ± 9.8 years) and 17 in sequence B (9 men and 8 women, 58.8 ± 9.4 years) were analyzed as a per-protocol dataset. The glucose IAUC after MR consumption was significantly lower than that of the placebo (P = 0.034). Results of the other outcomes were not observed with significant treatment effects. There were no adverse events attributable to the test foods. Conclusions: We suggest that MR has a suppressive effect on the elevation of postprandial blood glucose in healthy adults with relatively high fasting blood glucose levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An autoimmune disease known as type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas, impairing their ability to produce insulin. An artificial pancreas is a device that is able to analyze information from sensors, such as continuous glucose monitoring, to deliver the correct amount of insulin by subcutaneous injection via a pump. The design and development of such an artificial pancreas poses several challenges. One of these is the need for an appropriate mathematical model of the patient's physiology in order to develop a suitable controller. Over the past three decades, a number of artificial pancreas control techniques have been investigated in simulation and clinical research. This review aims to advance the knowledge of artificial pancreas system development by providing a comprehensive overview of recent advances in modeling the biological processes involved and in developing nonlinear control strategies. Real-time parameter estimation and effective uncertainty management as well as in-depth clinical studies and long-term investigations are relevant aspects that need to be evaluated for assessing the efficacy and safety of the artificial pancreas in practice. Further perspectives on control techniques that address patient-specific conditions and enable effective and individualized diabetes management will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a type of disorder of multiple aetiology which is related to the metabolism, symptoms of which included hyperglycaemia followed by the disturbance in the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein and fat. This abnormality may occur due to unusual insulin secretion or insulin action or both. The effect of diabetes mellitus includes long term damage, dysfunction and failure or various organs. α-amylase is saccharide degrading inherent in living body that controls the diabetes mellitus and keep the blood glucose level to its threshold level, without affecting to any normal body mechanism. Thus α-amylase performs an important role as a digestive enzyme for carbohydrate in the body and control of glucose in blood. In general, medicine is usually an intermixture of various chemical components & exert some side effect caused by prolong dosage. Plant derived extract contains some chemical substances i.e. secondary metabolites that have the ability to inhibits α-amylase present in saliva and are easily applied to food, drugs and medicine These inhibitors inhibit the activity of -amylase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing rapidly at an accelerating rate worldwide. The status of diabetes has changed over the last three generations; whereas before it was deemed a minor disease of older people but currently it is now one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among middle-aged and young people. High blood glucose-mediated functional loss, insulin sensitivity, and insulin deficiency lead to chronic disorders such as Type 1 and Type 2 DM. Traditional treatments of DM, such as insulin sensitization and insulin secretion cause undesirable side effects, leading to patient incompliance and lack of treatment. Nanotechnology in diabetes studies has encouraged the development of new modalities for measuring glucose and supplying insulin that hold the potential to improve the quality of life of diabetics. Other therapies, such as β-cells regeneration and gene therapy, in addition to insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs, are currently used to control diabetes. The present review highlights the nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems and emerging treatment strategies of DM.

BACKGROUND: Intelligent blood glucose control algorithm is an important part of closed loop artificial pancreas. OBJECTIVE: To effectively control the blood glucose level of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, reduce the incidence of high or low blood glucose level, and propose a closed-loop insulin control algorithm based on fuzzy adaptive proportional-integral-derivative control strategy. METHODS: According to the real-time monitoring data of continuous human blood glucose, proportional-integral-derivative algorithm was used to simulate the physiological transmission process of insulin secretion from human β cells. Then the parameters of the proportional-integral-derivative controller were continuously optimized. The amount of insulin-on-board was used to correct the insulin dose calculated by fuzzy adaptive proportional-integral-derivative algorithm to realize the optimal control of insulin pump. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The performance of the proposed control algorithm was tested using the UVa/Padova stimulator jointly developed by the University of Virginia (USA) and University of Padova (Italy). Results showed that the insulin control algorithm significantly reduced hypoglycemia events, controlled blood glucose levels in the designated target range, increased the accuracy and effectiveness of insulin injection therapy, and greatly reduced the occurrence of various complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is one of the life-threatening diseases in the world. Nowadays, diabetes patients are increasing due to improper monitoring of blood glucose level. The diabetes infected patients have to check the amount of glucose level present in the body using an invasive method. By using this method, they have to take a drop of blood from the body and check the amount of glucose level, by which they can inject the required amount of insulin into the body. To overcome the difficulties caused by invasive method, in this prototype a non-invasive methodology is used. The main objective of this work is to design a portable non-invasive blood glucose level monitoring device using Near Infrared (NIR) sensors. The device includes Infrared LED, Photodiode, and Arduino MEGA 2560 microcontroller. Besides being able to detect glucose concentration in blood, the device also displays the required insulin dose based on glucose level corresponding to the Body Mass Index (BMI) of the user. In this paper, NIR spectroscopy is used to achieve bloodless monitoring of glucose level from a diabetic patient and also extracts insulin mechanism based on the data provided by the processor/controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Serum adiponectin concentration is inversely associated with leptin and insulin concentration. There is little paucity of information in the literature on the adipokine levels and regulation by resveratrol in cholesterol diet-fed animals. Thirty rabbits were randomly divided into six groups, each of five animals: Group 1 = control (C), Group 2 = cholesterol diet (CD) only, Group 3 = resveratrol 200 mg/kg (R200), Group 4 = resveratrol 400 mg/kg (R400), Group 5 = CD + R200, Group 6 = CD + R400. The preparations were administered for 8th weeks of the treatment protocol. weight and blood glucose level were measured on week zero and the 8th week of the treatment. At the end of the study period, the rabbits were placed under light anaesthesia. Blood samples were evaluated for serum concentrations of metabolites assays (adiponectin, leptin and insulin). Serum adiponectin significantly (P < 0.05) increased in resveratrol + CD groups, compared to CD group only. Leptin and insulin significantly (P <0.05) decreased in CD groups co-administered with resveratrol, compared with CD group only. In conclusion, the increase in adiponectin level and decrease in leptin and insulin level following resveratrol administration elucidated the therapeutic potential of resveratrol, despite cholesterol diet consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There exist controversies about the health effects of coconut. Fresh coconut consumption on human health has not been studied substantially. Fresh coconut consumption is a regular part of the diet for many people in tropical countries like India, and thus there is an increasing need to understand the effects of fresh coconut on various aspects of health. Aim: To compare the effects of increased saturated fatty acid (SFA) and fiber intake, provided by fresh coconut, versus monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and fiber intake, provided by a combination of groundnut oil and groundnuts, on anthropometry, serum insulin, glucose levels and blood pressure in healthy adults. Materials: Eighty healthy volunteers, randomized into two groups, were provided with a standardized diet along with either 100 g fresh coconut or an equivalent amount of groundnuts and groundnut oil for a period of 90 days. Assessments such as anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, blood sugar and insulin levels were performed before and after the supplementation period. Results: Results of this study showed a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar (FBS) in both the groups. However, a significant reduction in body weight was observed in the coconut group, while a significant increase in diastolic pressure was observed in the groundnut group. Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that fresh coconut-added diet helps reduce blood glucose levels and body weight in normal healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Chitosan-based injectable hydrogels were designed and fabricated through the dynamic crosslinking of dual-reversible covalent bonds (imine and phenylboronate ester) for precise insulin release. The hydrogels contain dual glucose-sensors/responsive elements, featuring high sensitivity and rapid responsiveness to glucose level variation in cumulative and half-hourly pulsed insulin release. The hydrogels demonstrated improved cytocompatibility against HSF cells and histological long-term analysis of tissue after implantation. Evaluation of the glycemic control ability in STZ-induced hyperglycemic mice revealed that the hydrogel system showed excellent glycemic control ability in the glucose tolerance test and maintained blood glucose levels in a normal range for up to 11 days after a single administration. Thus, the hydrogel system showed applicable potential in insulin replacement therapy for diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To study the effects of Fruticosa potentilla L. on the expression of key enzymes and hormones related to glucose and lipid metabolism in T2DM rats. [ Methods] The ethyl acetate fraction of 95% methanol extract of F. potentilla (MEE) was administered orally to the T2DM rats, and the level of glucose and expression of insulin, resistin, leptin, glucokinase (GK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) in the rats were measured and detected. [ Results] In the T2DM rats administered with MEE, the postprandial blood glucose level decreased, the expression levels of resistin, leptin and G-6-Pase were down-regulated, and the expression levels of insulin and GK were up- regulated (jP < 0. 05, P <0.01). [ Conclusions] F. potentilla can reduce effectively postprandial blood glucose level, regulate the expression of a variety of enzymes and hormones related to glucose and lipid metabolism and recover partially the insulin level in T2DM rats to achieve resistance to T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the common complications that occur during pregnancy. Early intervention is essential to prevent the development of the disease in the nonpregnant state but also helpful in preventing the occurrence of GDM. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of aerobic exercises on insulin sensitivity and fasting plasma glucose level in pregnant women with risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty multigravidae women between 20-24 weeks of gestation with risk for GDM were randomly selected (age range was 25-35 years), body mass index ranged from 30-35 kg/m². Women were divided into two equal groups: intervention group (A), which followed an aerobic exercise program in the form of walking on treadmill, three times weekly until the end of 37 weeks of gestation in addition to diet control. Control group (B) which received diet control with usual care given by obstetricians and midwives. Evaluation of the women in both groups was carried out before and after treatment program through assessment of fasting blood glucose and insulin levels. RESULTS: There was a highly statistically significance decrease in fasting blood glucose level, fasting insulin level in both groups where the p value was 0.0001 favoring group (A). CONCLUSION: Moderate intensity of aerobic exercises were effective in reducing fasting blood glucose level and fasting insulin level in pregnant women with risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of present study was to evaluate and compare the hypoglycemic activity of different solvents extracts of Thymus serpyllum in rabbits. Diabetes was induced with single intravenous injection of alloxan monohydrate (150mg/kg). Glibenclamide and acarbose were used as standard drugs. The crude powder of Thymus serpyllum (500 mg/kg b.w) significantly reduced blood glucose level in both normal and diabetic rabbits. Various extracts of Thymus serpyllum were compared for their hypoglycemic activity in diabetic rabbits. Ether and aqueous extracts significantly reduced the blood glucose level with maximum effect (p<0.001) produced by aqueous extract, which was selected for further study. Aqueous extract significantly inhibited the rise in glucose level in oral glucose tolerance test. The extract showed synergistic effect with different doses of insulin; however serum insulin level of the diabetic rabbits was not significantly increased by the extract. HbA1c level was significantly (p<0.05) reduced whereas hemoglobin level was significantly increased in three months study. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpinoids, reducing sugar and cardiac glycosides. It is concluded that the aqueous extract might be used alone or in combination with insulin to manage diabetes and its associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some people with well-managed insulin-dependent diabetes can dive safely. Those cleared to participate should control tightly the variables that impact blood glucose levels, including activity, timing, food and insulin. Honest self-assessment is critical. A diabetic diver should cancel a dive if seasick, unusually anxious, or following significant high or low blood glucose levels in the preceding 24 hours. The diver should enter the water with a blood glucose level above 8.3 mmol⋅L-1 and below 14 mmol⋅L-1 with a stable or rising trend in blood glucose established with glucose tests at 90, 60, and 30 minutes prior to a dive. The diver should carry emergency glucose at all times and brief dive buddies about hypoglycaemia procedures. This is a personal account of the author's experience diving with type 1 diabetes and details how the UHMS/DAN recommendations are put into practice on dive days. Key elements of the self-assessment process, long- and rapid-acting insulin adjustments, meal timing, responses to blood glucose trends, handling hypoglycaemia and approaching multi-dive days are described. Some considerations for people using insulin pumps are also briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the release profile andin vivohypoglycemic effect of insulin (INS)-loaded pH-sensitive hydrogel (INS-TPM950) administrated by oral route. TPM950 was fabricated via a free polymerization method and its inner morphology was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). INS was encapsulated into TPM950 by an adsorption method, and thein vitrorelease profiles of INS from INS-TPM950 were revealed in pH 1.2 and 6.8. To investigate the hypoglycemic effect of INS-TPM950, Male Wistar rats were used in modeling of diabetes mellitus by multiple intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. Thein vivohypoglycemic effect of oral INS-TPM950 was studied, and the optimal dosage was also determined. SEM photograph showed that abundant 3D meshes were distributed in the inner of TPM950 hydrogel. INS release profile suggested that only 18.2 ± 11.3% INS was released in pH 1.2, but over 88.8 ± 4.9% was delivered into phosphate buffer solution in pH 6.8. After injection to the diabetic rats, the released INS solution from INS-TPM950 exhibited an obvious hypoglycemic effect. Oral administration of 50.0 I.U./kg of INS-TPM950 showed a slow but effective hypoglycemic effect, and the lowest blood glucose level was reached to 47.5 ± 5.5% of the original level. Therefore, this formulation had a potential application in diabetes treatment via oral ingestion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycemic activity of oil palm Elaeis guineensis fruit extract on normal and Streptozotocininduced diabetic rats was studied. The oil palm fruit extract (OPF) were administered orally at different concentrations (100, 200 and 500 mg kg-1 b.w.) in fasting and post-prandial rats. Hypoglycaemia was not observed in the group of normal rats treated with OPF. In fasting rats, OPF (500 mg kg-1 b.w.) has caused the blood glucose level (BGL) to reduce significantly. For post-prandial diabetic rats, the antihyperglycemic activity was observed after OPF treatment at concentrations 200 and 500 mg kg-1. Chronic OPF treatments (for 28 days) had increased the diabetic rat's body weight and reduced BGL as well as improved plasma insulin secretion. The result of this study suggests E. guineensis palm fruit extract show evidence of antihyperglycemic properties from the reduction of the BGL in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study crude powder and various extracts of Teucrium stocksianum were evaluated for antidiabetic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Crude extract significantly reduced blood glucose level of normal and diabetic rabbits. The results were comparable with standard drug gliben-clamide. Ethyl acetate extract (500 mg/kg) produced maximum decrease in blood glucose level among all the extracts and was selected for further study. Ethyl acetate extract significantly inhibited rise in glucose level in normal rabbits after an oral glucose load. The extract showed synergistic effect with different doses of insulin. Serum insulin level of diabetic rabbits was also significantly increased by the extract. HbA1c level was significantly (p

Abstract: The closed loop control of blood glucose levels in a nonlinear glucose–insulin regulatory system is considered in this paper. Based on the subcutaneous glucose sensor readings, a control algorithm is designed and implemented. A mathematical model characterizing the ultradian oscillatory nature of the glucose–insulin regulatory system of diabetic patients is considered and an estimation based model predictive control scheme with physiological and actuator constraints is implemented. An in silico preclinical testing is done to corroborate the control algorithm using the UVa/Padova virtual patient software. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study was conducted to determine the effects of moderate aerobic antenatal exercise on the umbilical blood flow and neonate wellbeing in Type II diabetic pregnant women. Forty multiparous pregnant women with Type II diabetes at 24 weeks' gestation were participated in this study. Their age ranged from 25-32 years old, their body mass index >30Kg/m2 and all of them were under insulin therapy. They were classified into 2 equal groups (A&B). Each patient in the study group (A) underwent moderate intensity aerobic exercise training (60% of maximum heart rate) 30 minutes, 3 times /week for 10 weeks (30 sessions) in addition to their medical treatment and advices to continue normal daily activities, while patients of the control group (B) were only follow their medical treatment and advices to continue normal daily activities. Fasting blood glucose level and umbilical artery blood flow for each patient in both groups (A&B) were evaluated before starting and after the end of the study duration (10 weeks). Also, APGAR score at 1st and 5th minutes after delivery were assessed for all neonatal infants. Results of this study revealed that moderate intensity aerobic exercise training caused statistically highly significant (P<0.001) improve in the placental blood flow through decreasing umbilical artery pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio and maximum systolic velocity as well as increasing its end diastolic velocity. Also, results revealed a statistically highly significant (P<0.001) decrease in blood glucose level for the exercised ladies and a statistically significant (P<0.05) increase in 1st minute Apgar scores in neonatal infants of the exercising mothers. Thus it could be concluded that aerobic exercises are effective in improving placental blood flow offering more nutrients to the fetus in Type II diabetic pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 35 years, the growth of nanotechnology has opened several new vistas in medical sciences, especially in the field of drug delivery. New and new moieties are coming handy for treating diseases. The input of today's nanotechnology is that it allows real progress to achieve temporal and spatial site-specific delivery. The market of nanotechnology and drug delivery systems based on this technology will be widely felt by the pharmaceutical industry. In recent years, the number of patents and products in this field is increasing significantly. In this present review we are discussing the recent trends and applications of nanoparticulate drug delivery in the treatment of diabetes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of an ethanolic extract of Cichorium intybus (CIE) which is widely used in India as a traditional treatment for diabetes mellitus. Male Sprague–Dawley rats aged 9 weeks (160–200g) were administered with streptozotocin (STZ, 50mg/kg) intraperitoneally to induce experimental diabetes. The Cichorium intybus whole plant was exhaustively extracted with 80% ethanol, concentrated at 40°C using a rotavapor and freeze dried to get powder. Hypoglycemic effects of CIE were observed in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in which, a dose of 125mg of plant extract/kg body weight exhibited the most potent hypoglycemic effect. Moreover, daily administration of CIE (125mg/kg) for 14 days to diabetic rats attenuated serum glucose by 20%, triglycerides by 91% and total cholesterol by 16%. However, there was no change in serum insulin levels, which ruled out the possibility that CIE induces insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. In addition, hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity (Glc-6-Pase) was markedly reduced by CIE when compared to the control group. The reduction in the hepatic Glc-6-Pase activity could decrease hepatic glucose production, which in turn results in lower concentration of blood glucose in CIE-treated diabetic rats. In conclusion, our results support the traditional belief that Cichorium intybus could ameliorate diabetic state. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing rapidly at an accelerating rate worldwide. The status of diabetes has changed over the last three generations; whereas before it was deemed a minor disease of older people but currently it is now one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among middle-aged and young people. High blood glucose-mediated functional loss, insulin sensitivity, and insulin deficiency lead to chronic disorders such as Type 1 and Type 2 DM. Traditional treatments of DM, such as insulin sensitization and insulin secretion cause undesirable side effects, leading to patient incompliance and lack of treatment. Nanotechnology in diabetes studies has encouraged the development of new modalities for measuring glucose and supplying insulin that hold the potential to improve the quality of life of diabetics. Other therapies, such as β-cells regeneration and gene therapy, in addition to insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs, are currently used to control diabetes. The present review highlights the nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems and emerging treatment strategies of DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous study, we found that the collagen peptides prepared from the by-products of Bester sturgeon had an inhibitory effect on elevated blood glucose levels in a glucose tolerance test with ICR mice. In the present study, we examine the mechanism of the effect of sturgeon collagen peptides (SCPs) in detail. When glucose was orally administered to mice along with the SCPs, it was found that the glucose remained in the stomach for a longer time. In the above tests, the amount of glucose excreted in the feces of mice also increased. On the contrary, it was revealed that the SCPs have a dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory ability in an in vitro test. In subsequent oral and intravenous glucose administration tests, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin levels in the blood of mice were maintained at high levels. These results suggested the following three mechanisms: SCPs slow the rate of transportation of glucose from the stomach into the small intestine, resulting in delayed glucose absorption; SCPs suppress the absorption of glucose in the small intestine and excrete it from the body; SCPs inhibit DPP-IV in the blood and maintain a high GLP-1 level in blood, which in turn stimulates insulin secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Hypoglycaemia prediction play an important role in diabetes management being able to reduce the number of dangerous situations. Thus, it is relevant to present a systematic review on the currently available prediction algorithms and models for hypoglycaemia (or hypoglycemia in US English) prediction.Methods: This study aims to systematically review the literature on data-based algorithms and models using diabetics real data for hypoglycaemia prediction. Five electronic databases were screened for studies published from January 2014 to June 2020: ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, SCOPUS, and PubMed.Results: Sixty-three eligible studies were retrieved that met the inclusion criteria. The review identifies the current trend in this topic: most of the studies perform short-term predictions (82.5%). Also, the review pinpoints the inputs and shows that information fusion is relevant for hypoglycaemia prediction. Regarding data-based models (80.9%) and hybrid models (19.1%) different predictive techniques are used: Artificial neural network (22.2%), ensemble learning (27.0%), supervised learning (20.6%), statistic/probabilistic (7.9%), autoregressive (7.9%), evolutionary (6.4%), deep learning (4.8%) and adaptative filter (3.2%). Artificial Neural networks and hybrid models show better results.Conclusions: The data-based models for blood glucose and hypoglycaemia prediction should be able to provide a good balance between the applicability and performance, integrating complementary data from different sources or from different models. This review identifies trends and possible opportunities for research in this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]