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1. The HERMES Polarized Hydrogen and Deuterium Gas Target in the HERA Electron Storage Ring

Author

G. Graw, Y. Salomatin, V. A. Gapienko, N. Bianchi, V. A. Korotkov, K. Sinram, L. De Nardo, M. Ehrenfried, R. De Leo, B. Hommez, W. Haeberli, Y. Van Haarlem, R. Seidl, J. G. Rubin, L. Lapikás, M. Bouwhuis, H. Böttcher, L. Rubacek, J. Seele, P. Tait, Michael Tytgat, E. Avetissian, K. Garrow, H. Ohsuga, Dirk Ryckbosch, A. Airapetian, Klaus Rith, G. Elbakian, W. Augustyniak, S. Lu, D. Heesbeen, B. Zihlmann, L. A. Linden-Levy, S. Taroian, Adel Terkulov, H. E. Jackson, V. G. Krivokhijine, H. P. Blok, A. Borissov, Y. Miyachi, J. Wendland, C. Baumgarten, W. Sommer, A. Reischl, F. Stinzing, Wolfgang Lorenzon, B. Maiheu, A. Rostomyan, A. Avetissian, D. H. Potterveld, Z. Akopov, G. Iarygin, J. Stewart, A. Brüll, C. Hadjidakis, Bo-Qiang Ma, R. Mussa, Ivana Hristova, G. Schnell, C. A. Miller, P. Bailey, J. Wilbert, P. E. Reimer, Rezo Shanidze, M. Henoch, G. Gapienko, Arne Vandenbroucke, G. van der Steenhoven, V. Vikhrov, Manuella Vincter, A. Nagaitsev, Michel Vetterli, A. Fantoni, E. De Sanctis, V. Kozlov, A. Laziev, Riccardo Fabbri, M. Statera, Hidekazu Tanaka, D. Reggiani, W.H.A. Hesselink, A. Borysenko, G. Ciullo, K. P. Schüler, P.F. Dalpiaz, N. Koch, B. Braun, T. Kobayashi, N. Akopov, O. Grebeniouk, Z. Ye, Y. Mao, P. Lenisa, V. Gharibyan, J. J. M. Steijger, Michael Düren, A. Trzcinski, J. Volmer, M. Stancari, T. Wise, C. Schill, A. Jgoun, Y. X. Ye, A. Ivanilov, A. Fechtchenko, C. Vogel, D. Balin, O. Mikloukho, M. Beckmann, W.-D. Nowak, A. R. Reolon, C. Shearer, Hasko Stenzel, C. Riedl, L. Felawka, B. Seitz, M. Amarian, E. Nappi, K. Hafidi, V. Mexner, I.A. Savin, L. Lagamba, V. Muccifora, U. Elschenbroich, M. Demey, P. Zupranski, P. Di Nezza, H. Kolster, Y. Holler, K. Oganessyan, P. B. van der Nat, I. M. Gregor, N. Meyners, G. Rosner, A. Osborne, Ralf Hertenberger, T. A. Shibata, M. Hartig, G.P. Capitani, Andrey V. Izotov, R.O. Avakian, M. Hoek, D. Hasch, B. Marianski, G.R. Court, G. V. Ybeles Smit, M. Capiluppi, B. Tchuiko, M. Kopytin, A. Nass, S. Frullani, P. Liebing, N. Pickert, E. Devitsin, J. Lu, A. Kisselev, S. Yen, Ralf Kaiser, E. Steffens, A. Hillenbrand, G. Gavrilov, M. Contalbrigo, Martin Raithel, T. Chen, E. C. Aschenauer, V. Shutov, I. Sanjiev, Naomi C R Makins, H. Marukyan, Houbing Lu, S. Belostotski, A. Andrus, V. Bryzgalov, M. Negodaev, F. Garibaldi, Sihui Wang, A. Elalaoui-Moulay, Frank Ellinghaus, E. R. Kinney, Y. Naryshkin, B. Krauss, (Astro)-Particles Physics, and Photo Conversion Materials

Subjects
29.25.Pj, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Hydrogen, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, 07.60.F, Electron, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Atomic Physics, NO, 07.77, 29.25.-t, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Physics::Atomic Physics, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Physics, 67.65, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, DESY, HERA, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Polarization (waves), 29.25.P, chemistry, Deuterium, Cathode ray, Atomic physics, Nucleon
Abstract

The HERMES hydrogen and deuterium nuclear-polarized gas targets have been in use since 1996 with the polarized electron beam of HERA at DESY to study the spin structure of the nucleon. Polarized atoms from a Stern-Gerlach Atomic Beam Source are injected into a storage cell internal to the HERA electron ring. Atoms diffusing from the center of the storage cell into a side tube are analyzed to determine the atomic fraction and the atomic polarizations. The atoms have a nuclear polarization, the axis of which is defined by an external magnetic holding field. The holding field was longitudinal during 1996-2000, and was changed to transverse in 2001. The design of the target is described, the method for analyzing the target polarization is outlined, and the performance of the target in the various running periods is presented. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2004
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2. A gas analyzer for the internal polarized target of the HERMES experiment

Author

G. Ciullo, P. Tait, G.R. Court, M. Stancari, W. Haeberli, P. Lenisa, Ralf Hertenberger, C. Baumgarten, H. Marukyan, B. Braun, E. Steffens, Klaus Rith, J. Stewart, G. Graw, M Henoch, M. Contalbrigo, A. Nass, N. Koch, P. F. Dalpiaz, M. C. Simani, D. Reggiani, H. Kolster, T. Wise, and J. Stenger

Subjects
HERMES experiment, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Hydrogen, Atoms in molecules, chemistry.chemical_element, DESY, Polarization (waves), Gas analyzer, 29.25.P, 07.77, chemistry, Deuterium, Atomic physics, Nucleon, Instrumentation
Abstract

A gas analyzer has been developed for the internal polarized target of the HERMES experiment at DESY in order to determine the relative amount of atomic and molecular hydrogen or deuterium in a gas sample. The precise quantitative knowledge of this ratio is crucial because the nucleons in atoms and molecules contribute differently to the average nuclear polarization of the target gas. A new calibration technique used to derive the relative sensitivity to atoms and molecules is presented. As an example, it is shown how the gas analyzer is used within the HERMES environment to divide the molecules in the gas sample into an unpolarized and a potentially polarized fraction.

Published
2003

3. Time-of-flight measurements in atomic beam devices using adiabatic high frequency transitions and sextupole magnets

Author

M. Henoch, P. Lenisa, Ralf Hertenberger, P. Ferretti, C. Baumgarten, B. Braun, S.P. Pod'yachev, I. Brunn, N. Koch, W. Haeberli, H. Kolster, T. Wise, E. Steffens, G. Graw, Klaus Rith, J. Stewart, G.R. Court, M. C. Simani, G. Ciullo, A. Golendukhin, A. Nass, and D. Reggiani

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Population, 07.60.F, Chopper, Hyperfine interactions, Optics, 07.77, Physics::Atomic Physics, education, Polarized targets, Polarimeters, Detection of atomic beams, Spin-polarized hydrogen, 29.25.P, 67.65, 31.30.G, Instrumentation, Hyperfine structure, Physics, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Polarimeter, Time of flight, Magnet, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Radio frequency, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Atomic beam devices are frequently equipped with sextupole magnets to focus the beam or to act as spin filters in combination with RF-transitions for manipulating the hyperfine population within the atomic beam. A useful tool for the analysis of sextupole systems, the application of time-of-flight (TOF) measurements is presented. TOF measurements are enabled without mechanical beam chopper by utilizing adiabatic radio frequency transitions to select atoms within a certain time interval. This method is especially interesting for the use in atomic beam devices that are already equipped with RF-transitions and sextupole magnets and where space limitations or the required quality of the vacuum do not allow the installation of a mechanical chopper. The measurements presented here were performed with the atomic beam polarimeter of the HERMES polarized deuterium target and the results have been used to optimize the sextupole system of the polarimeter.

Published
2002

4. An atomic beam polarimeter to measure the nuclear polarization in the HERMES gaseous polarized hydrogen and deuterium target

Author

W. Haeberli, J. Stewart, H. Kolster, D. Reggiani, G. Ciullo, C. Baumgarten, N. Koch, M. Henoch, T. Wise, P. Lenisa, Klaus Rith, P. Ferretti, Ralf Hertenberger, B. Braun, S.P. Pod'yachev, G. Graw, M. C. Simani, E. Steffens, A. Nass, G.R. Court, and A. Golendukhin

Subjects
HERMES experiment, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Hydrogen, Population, chemistry.chemical_element, 07.60.F, NO, Hyperfine interactions, 07.77, ddc:530, Physics::Atomic Physics, Nuclear Experiment, education, Polarized targets, Instrumentation, Hyperfine structure, Detection of atomic beams, Physics, education.field_of_study, 67.65, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Polarimeter, Polarization (waves), 29.25.P, 31.30.G, Polarized targets, Polarimeters, Detection of atomic beams, Spin-polarized hydrogen, Hyperfine interactions, Deuterium, chemistry, Atomic physics, Polarimeters, Beam (structure), Spin-polarized hydrogen
Abstract

An atomic beam polarimeter for measurement of the hyperfine population numbers and the absolute polarization of thermal atomic hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) beams is described. The principle of measurement and the method of calibration are given. The polarimeter measures the 4 (6) relative hyperfine population numbers of a thermal H (D) beam in the region of 10 13 atoms s −1 to an absolute error of less than 0.01. The polarimeter has been in continuous operation with the internal polarized hydrogen and deuterium gas target used in the HERMES experiment at DESY since 1996.

Published
2002
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