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1. Parasitoid wasps are species-rich and likely to be sensitive indicators of environmental change. Malaise traps are widely used for sampling certain taxa of parasitic Hymenoptera, but little is known about how they should best be used to monitor the community at an individual site. 2. To investigate the effects of sample duration, trap location and replication on the parasitoid assemblage, we sampled four ichneumonid subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) intensively using Malaise traps in two farm woods in the Vale of York, UK. 3. Species accumulation curves showed that even with 16 Malaise traps per wood, the community is incompletely sampled. Despite this, we caught up to 28% of all UK species in a single wood, implying that local parasitoid diversity may be very high. 4. Abundance and species richness of parasitoids differed significantly between sample periods (fortnights) and between traps, but did not differ overall between core and edge locations. 5. Parasitoid community composition differed between core and edge traps, but differences were much stronger in one wood than the other. One subfamily, the Poemeniinae, was found predominantly in edge locations. Catch differences became greater with increasing distance between traps. 6. The previous year, two traps in each of the same woods caught only half as many species, but species abundance was positively correlated between years. 7. Our results suggest that a small number of traps can contain useful information about the parasitoid community but is likely to seriously underestimate total species richness. To achieve extensive species coverage, sampling should continue over several weeks, with widely separated traps sampling both core and edge locations. Our focal taxa should prove excellent for monitoring the effects of environmental change on biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioural interactions among relatives may have consequences for many other traits. We tested the hypothesis that solitary parasitoids (displaying siblicidal behaviour in their larvae) have narrower host ranges than gregarious parasitoids (with tolerant larvae). In laboratory experiments, we compared parasitization success in two sister species of braconid wasp [ Aphaereta genevensis (Fischer), solitary, and Aphaereta pallipes (Say), gregarious (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiini)] on eight Drosophila species or strains. Host species or strain was the most important factor affecting parasitization success, and some of this variation was accountable to host physiological defences. Although two hosts were more suitable for the solitary species, and one more suitable for the gregarious species, these differences were small, and there was no consistent difference across all hosts. Wasp body size was positively correlated with parasitization success in both wasp species. This may be because body size increases oviposition success, or the motivation to oviposit. In A. pallipes parasitization success peaked after 3–4 days, but later in A. genevensis. This is likely due to low life expectancy and high egg loads increasing oviposition tendency in young A. pallipes, and egg limitation decreasing oviposition tendency in old A. pallipes. These data suggest that interactions among wasp larvae do not greatly affect the size of the fundamental niche examined here. However, they show the potential for life history traits, which differ between the species as a likely consequence of larval interactions, to affect the extent of the realized niche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]