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A checklist of the genus Platycerus Geoffroy is updated. A method for the observation of endophallus is introduced and used for the study of four species of Platycerus from China. The morphology of Chinese species of Platycerus is reviewed, and all the useful morphological characters are clarified. A character matrix is made to accumulate all the current information on morphology of Chinese species. Platycerus yingqii sp. nov. is described from the northern slope of Mount Taibaishan, southern Shaanxi, China. This new species is similar to Platycerus rugosus, but can be distinguished by male with a browner dorsal surface, remarkably shorter tarsi, lighter and redder ventrites, shorter gap between incisor teeth and mola, male genitalia with different endophallus, female with shorter metatarsi, and female genitalia with the inner apex of hemisternite not protruding beyond the outer apex. The morphological characters of the other three species from China are also studied. A key to the geographical species groups of Platycerus is presented. Keys to the Chinese species are provided for both males and females. Finally some natural history notes are given for some species of Platycerus from China.

The status of Platycerus cribripennis Van Dyke, generally treated as a synonym of P. marginalis Casey, has been unclear. Here we recognize and redescribe P. cribripennis, which is endemic to the coastal mountains of California, as a valid species due to its unique morphology. A key to the Platycerus of California is presented, and the distributions of the recognized species are discussed.

The endemic North American stag beetle tribe Platyceroidini Paulsen & Hawks (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae) is reviewed. All primary types were studied and the existing generic and species concepts are subsequently corrected. Based on study of the male genitalia and external morphology, the previously monotypic genus Platyceropsis Benesh is reduced to subgeneric status under Platyceroides Benesh, new status, and the species Platyceroides laticollis (Casey) and Platyceroides keeni (Casey) new combination are transferred to this subgenus . Praocerus, new subgenus, is created to contain the species Platyceroides latus (Fall), and P. viriditinctus (Benesh). In the nominal subgenus, confusion has resulted from the historic misapplication of the oldest available name, Platyceroides agassii (LeConte), resulting in significant underestimation of the number of extant taxa. Lectotypes are designated for four species-group names (listed in their original combinations): Platycerus latus Fall, Platycerus opacus Fall, Platycerus pacificus Casey, and Platycerus parvicollis Casey. Four new species ( Platyceroides barrae, P. infernus , P. pampinatus , and P. umpquus ) are described from California and Oregon, United States of America. The following species are valid and are removed from synonymy with P. agassii : P. pacificus (Casey), revised status, and P. californicus (Casey), revised status. The synonym Platycerus parvicollis Casey is transferred from Platyceroides agassii to P. californicus, new synonymy. With the addition of four new species and the correction of the mistaken synonymies the total number of species in the tribe Platyceroidini is now 16.

Platycerus primigenius Weise, 1960 (Figs. 14–15) Platycerus primigenius Weise, 1960: 139. Distribution. Caucasus (Bartolozzi & Sprecher-Uebersax 2006); Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran (Imura 2010). Distribution in Iran. Iran (without precise locality) (Imura 2010). Remarks. The species was not recorded for Iran by Bartolozzi & Sprecher-Uebersax (2006) but was reported for the country by Imura (2010), without precise locality. Iablokov-Khnzorian (1967) and Baraud (1993) consider this species to be a synonym of P. caraboides. The taxonomy of the Caucasian Platycerus species seems still rather confused and a revision is necessary., Published as part of Bartolozzi, Luca, Ghahari, Hassan, Sprecher-Uebersax, Eva & Zilioli, Michele, 2014, A checklist of stag beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from Iran, pp. 422-436 in Zootaxa 3887 (3) on pages 428-429, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3887.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/224822, {"references":["Weise, E. (1960) Die palaarktischen Arten der Gattung Platycerus Fourcr. (Col., Lucanidae). Entomologische Blatter, 56, 133 - 149.","Bartolozzi, L. & Sprecher-Uebersax, E. (2006) Lucanidae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 3. Scarabaeoidea - Scirtoidea - Dascilloidea - Buprestoidea - Byrrhoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, pp. 63 - 77.","Imura, Y. (2010) The genus Platycerus of East Asia. Taita Publishers, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, 240 pp.","Iablokov-Khnzorian, S. M. (1967) Nasekomye zhestkokrylye. Fauna Armyanskoy SSR. Tom VI. Plastinchatousye (Scarabaeoidea). Akademia nauk Armyanskoy SSR, Yerevan, Armenia, 223 pp. [in Russian]","Baraud, J. (1993) Les Coleopteres Lucanoidea de l'Europe et du Nord de l'Afrique. Bulletin mensuel de la Societe linneenne de Lyon, 62, 42 - 64."]}

Platycerus caraboides caraboides (Linnaeus, 1758) (Figs. 12–13) Scarabaeus caraboides Linnaeus, 1758: 354. Distribution. Widely distributed Palaearctic species (see Bartolozzi & Sprecher-Uebersax 2006). Distribution in Iran. Guilan (Sakenin et al. 2008), Iran (Bartolozzi & Sprecher-Uebersax 2006, Bunalski et al. 2014, without precise locality). Remarks. The records of this species for Iran (Bartolozzi & Sprecher-Uebersax 2006; Sakenin et al. 2008, Bunalski et al. 2014) need to be verified. Platycerus primigenius Weise, 1960 lives in the Caucasus region and it is possible that the records of P. caraboides in fact refer to this taxon (see below); the closely related P. caucasicus Parry, 1864 was also recorded from Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, South Russia (Bartolozzi & Sprecher-Uebersax 2006), and Turkey (Imura 2010). Gusakov (2003) described P. perplexus Gusakov, 2003 and P. vicinus Gusakov, 2003 from Caucaus (Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia), so the status and complete distribution of these species also needs to be verified. Platycerus caraboides caraboides was recorded on Acer velutinum (Sapindaceae) in Iran by Sakenin et al. (2008)., Published as part of Bartolozzi, Luca, Ghahari, Hassan, Sprecher-Uebersax, Eva & Zilioli, Michele, 2014, A checklist of stag beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from Iran, pp. 422-436 in Zootaxa 3887 (3) on page 428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3887.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/224822, {"references":["Bartolozzi, L. & Sprecher-Uebersax, E. (2006) Lucanidae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 3. Scarabaeoidea - Scirtoidea - Dascilloidea - Buprestoidea - Byrrhoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, pp. 63 - 77.","Sakenin, H., Eslami, B., Samin, N., Imani, S., Shirdel, F. & Havaskary, M. (2008) A contribution to the most important trees and shrubs as the hosts of wood-boring beetles in different regions of Iran and identification of many natural enemies. Plant and Ecosystem, 16, 27 - 46. [in Persian, English abstract]","Bunalski, M., Samin, N., Ghahari, H. & Hawkeswood, T. (2014) Contributions to the knowledge [of] the scarab beetles of Golestan province, northern Iran with checklist of Iranian Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera). Polish Journal of Entomology, 83, 141 - 170.","Weise, E. (1960) Die palaarktischen Arten der Gattung Platycerus Fourcr. (Col., Lucanidae). Entomologische Blatter, 56, 133 - 149.","Imura, Y. (2010) The genus Platycerus of East Asia. Taita Publishers, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, 240 pp.","Gusakov, A. A. (2003) New species of the lamellicorn beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae, Scarabaeidae) from the Palaearctic region. Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists, 108, 26 - 30. [in Russian, English abstract]"]}

Checklist of Platycerus of the world Platycerus Geoffroy, 1762 = Systenocerus Weise, 1883 = Systenus Sharp & Muir, 1912 Type species: Scarabaeus caraboides Linnaeus, 1758 North American species 1: 1. Platycerus depressus LeConte, 1850 —northeastern USA & Canada = Platycerus piceus Kirby, 1837 (unavailable name) 2 2. Platycerus marginalis Casey, 1897 —western North America = Platycerus cribripennis Van Dyke, 1928 (synonym) 3. Platycerus oregonensis Westwood, 1844 —western North America = Platycerus coerulescens LeConte, 1869 (synonym) = Platycerus chalybaeus Casey, 1897 (synonym) 4. Platycerus virescens (Fabricius, 1775) (Lucanus)—eastern & central USA, Canada = Lucanus quercus Weber, 1801 (synonym) = Lucanus securidens Say, 1823 (synonym) = Platycerus quercus angustus Casey, 1909 (synonym) = Platycerus quercus iowanus Casey, 1909 (synonym) = Platycerus peregrinus Casey, 1909 (synonym) European and western Asian species 3: 5. Platycerus caprea (De Geer, 1774) (Lucanus)—Europe 6. Platycerus caraboides (Linnaeus, 1758) (Scarabaeus) — Europe, Syria, Iran, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia = Platycerus azureus Dalla Torre, 1879 (synonym) = Platycerus caerulosus Didier & Seguy, 1953 (possible synonym) 4 = Carabus coerulescens Uddman, 1753 (synonym) = Platycerus chalybaeus MacLeay, 1819 (synonym) 5 = Platycerus chlorizans Dalla Torre, 1879 (synonym) 5 = Platycerus coeruleus Dalla Torre, 1879 (synonym) 5 = Platycerus cribratus Mulsant & Rey, 1863 (synonym) = Platycerus diabolus Dalla Torre, 1879 (synonym) 6 = Platycerus nigripes MacLeay, 1819 (synonym) 6 = Platycerus pseudocaprea Paulus, 1970 (synonym) 7 = Lucanus rufipes Herbst, 1790 (synonym) = Platycerus trivialis Dalla Torre, 1879 (synonym) = Platycerus virescens Mulsant, 1842 (synonym) = Platycerus viridiaeneus Mulsant, 1842 (synonym) = Platycerus viridicollis Depoli, 1917 (synonym) = Platycerus viridis Dalla Torre, 1879 (synonym) 7. Platycerus primigenius Weise, 1960 — Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran 8. Platycerus senguni Schweiger, 1966 — Turkey 9. Platycerus spinifer Schaufuss, 1862 — France, Portugal, Spain 10. Platycerus caucasicus Parry, 1864 —Caucasus, Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan 11. Platycerus delagrangei Fairmaire, 1892 — Turkey, Syria 12. Platycerus perplexus Gusakov, 2003 — Azerbaijan, NE Georgia, Russia 13. Platycerus vicinus Gusakov, 2003 — Georgia, N Armenia Japanese species: 14. Platycerus acuticollis acuticollis Kurosawa, 1969 — Japan 15. Platycerus acuticollis takakuwai Fujita, 1987 — Japan 8 Platycerus acuticollis akitai Fujita, 1987 — Japan 8 Platycerus acuticollis namedai Fujita, 1987 — Japan 8 16. Platycerus delicatulus delicatulus Lewis, 1883 — Japan Platycerus delicatulus unzendakensis Fujita & Ichikawa, 1982 — Japan 17. Platycerus kawadai Fujita & Ichikawa, 1982 — Japan 18. Platycerus sugitai Okuda & Fujita, 1987 — Japan 19. Platycerus urushiyamai Imura, 2007 — Japan 20. Platycerus akitaorum Imura, 2007 — Japan 21. Platycerus sue Imura, 2007 — Japan Chinese species (Fig. 158): 22. Platycerus hongwonpyoi hongwonpyoi Imura & Choe, 1989 — South Korea = Platycerus hongwonpyoi merkli Imura & Choe, 1989 (synonym?)— North Korea Platycerus hongwonpyoi mongolicus Imura & Bartolozzi, 2006 —Inner Mongolia (Ao-han-qi) Platycerus hongwonpyoi qinlingensis Imura, 1993 —Shaanxi (Qinling) = Platycerus hongwonpyoi dabashanensis Okuda, 1997 (synonym?)—Chongqing (Dabashan) = Platycerus hongwonpyoi funiuensis Imura, 2006 (synonym?)—Henan (Funiushan) = Platycerus hongwonpyoi shennongjianus Imura, 2008 (synonym?)—Hubei (Shennongjia) Platycerus hongwonpyoi tianmushanus Imura & Wan, 2006 —Zhejiang (Tianmushan) 23. Platycerus tabanai tabanai Okuda & Tanikado, 1994 —Shaanxi (Qinling) = Platycerus tabanai taibaishanensis Okuda, 2003 (synonym?)—Shaanxi (Qinling) Platycerus tabanai baotianmanus Imura, 2006 —Henan (Funiushan) 24. Platycerus rugosus Okuda, 1997 —Chongqing (Dabashan), NE Sichuan (Micangshan) 25. Platycerus yingqii Huang & Chen, 2009 —Shaanxi (Qinling) 26. Platycerus dundai Imura & Bartolozzi, 1994 —W Sichuan (Luding) = Platycerus benesi Imura & Bartolozzi, 1994 (synonym) 9 Platycerus dundai miyatakei Tanikado & Tabana, 1997 —S Sichuan (Jinyang) 10 27. Platycerus cupreimicans Imura, 2006: 121 —Yunnan 28. Platycerus feminatus Tanikado & Tabana, 1997 —S Sichuan (Daliangshan) 29. Platycerus tieguanzi Imura, 2007 —C Sichuan (Omeishan) 30. Platycerus tangi Imura, 2008 —NC Sichuan (Maoxian) 31. Platycerus cyanidraconis Imura, 2008 —NC Sichuan (Maoxian) 32. Platycerus businskyi Imura, 1996 —Shaanxi (Qinling) 33. Platycerus bashanicus Imura & Tanikado, 1998 —Chongqing (Dabashan) 11 34. Platycerus consimilis consimilis Tanikado & Tabana, 1998 —NC Sichuan (Lixian) Platycerus consimilis phagophilus Imura, 2005 —NE Sichuan (Micangshan) 35. Platycerus yeren Imura, 2008 —Hubei (Shennongjia) 36. Platycerus nagahatai Imura, 2008 —Shaanxi (Qinling) 37. Platycerus ladyae Imura, 2006 —W Sichuan (Erlangshan) 38. Platycerus hiurai Tanikado & Tabana, 1997 —S Sichuan (Daliangshan) Platycerus hiurai tanikadoi Imura, 2002 —C Sichuan (Xilingxueshan) 39. Platycerus kitawakii Imura & Tanikado, 1998 —Chongqing (Dabashan) 40. Platycerus turnai Imura, 2001 —Hubei (Shennongjia) Fossil species: 41. Platycerus sepultus Germar, 1837 —Oligocene, Germany 42. Platycerus zherichini Nikolajev, 1990 —Oligocene, Russia Notes on the checklist: As there are numerous discrepancies between our checklist and the latest published catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Lobl & Smetana 2006), we provided the following explanations for all of the discrepancies. 1. The synonymic list of American species follows Paulsen (2008). 2. According to Paulsen (2005, 2008), Benesh (1946) erroneously used the name Platycerus piceus Kirby, but that name is not available as it is based on a misidentification of Ceruchus piceus (Weber). 3. The synonymic list of European and western Asian species follows Lobl & Smetana (2006). 4. According to Imura (1994 b, 2006 d), Platycerus caerulosus Didier & Seguy is no different from P. caraboides in male genitalia, and it has not been rediscovered in China or even in adjacent areas. The most likely explanation is that the type series was mislabelled from Hunan (Hong-Jang-Hsien). 5. Platycerus chalybaeus MacLeay, Platycerus chlorizans Dalla Torre, and Platycerus coeruleus Dalla Torre were treated as synonyms of Platycerus caucasicus (Parry) by Maes (2008). 6. Platycerus diabolus Dalla Torre and Platycerus nigripes MacLeay were treated as synonyms of Platycerus delagrangei Fairmaire by Maes (2008). 7. Platycerus pseudocaprea Paulus was treated as a valid species by Maes (2008). 8. According to Imura (2007 b), the following three taxa: Platycerus acuticollis takakuwai Fujita, Platycerus acuticollis akitai Fujita, and Platycerus acuticollis namedai Fujita constitute a species independent from Platycerus acuticollis Kurosawa, but the formal revision has not been published yet. 9. Platycerus benesi Imura & Bartolozzi was recently synonymized with Platycerus dundai Imura & Bartolozzi by Imura (2005 c). This species exhibits great individual variation. 10. Platycerus dundai miyatakei Tanikado & Tabana was originally described as a valid species but was subsequently downgraded by Imura (2005 c) as a subspecies of Platycerus dundai Imura & Bartolozzi 11. Platycerus bashanicus Imura & Tanikado was originally described as a subspecies of Platycerus businskyi Imura, but was subsequently given full species rank by Imura (2006 b).

Key to females of Chinese species of Platycerus The females of the similar species are hardly distinguishable by morphological characters. The useful diagnostic characters are mainly found in the dorsal color of the body, the pronotum, the sterna, the ventrites, the legs, the hemisternites, and the styli of the female genitalia. The following key is tentative, because females of nearly all the Chinese species have not been described in detail in the literature. The females of the following taxa are not distinguishable: Platycerus businskyi, Platycerus bashanicus, Platycerus consimilis phagophilus, and Platycerus yeren. 1 Posterior angle of pronotum angled............................................................................................................................. 2 - Posterior angle of pronotum rounded........................................................................................................................... 5 2 Most of the prosternum and central part of mesosternum red in color, only slightly darker than metasternum. Hemis- ternite more upright, with inner lateral margin relatively straighter and more vertical to anterior margin................................................................................................................................................................... Platycerus hongwonpyoi - Most of the prosternum and central part of mesosternum black or green in color, much darker than metasternum. Hemisternite more oblique, with inner lateral margin strongly bent and not vertical to anterior margin.................... 3 3 Pronotum widest near the middle, with anterior half of lateral margin more convex..................... Platycerus tabanai - Pronotum widest posteriorly, with anterior half of lateral margin straighter............................................................... 4 4 All tarsi relatively shorter, mesotarsi markedly shorter than mesotibia. Hemisternite wider and shorter, with inner apex not protruding more than outer apex....................................................................................... Platycerus yingqii - All tarsi relatively longer, mesotarsi nearly as long as mesotibia. Hemisternite thinner and longer, with inner apex protruded more than outer apex...................................................................................................... Platycerus rugosus 5 All femora shiney red or shiney brown........................................................................................................................ 6 - All femora black................................................................................................................................ Platycerus hiurai 6 Metasternum shiney red or shiney brown.................................................................................................................... 7 - Metasternum black..................................................................................................................................................... 10 7 Prosternum and mesosternum concolorous with metasternum. Styli of female genitalia stouter................................................................................................................................................................................. Platycerus cupreimicans - Prosternum and mesosternum more or less darker than metasternum. Styli of female genitalia slenderer................ 8 8 Dorsal surface more brown and less green. Hemisternites with inner apex strongly protruded.... Platycerus ladyae - Dorsal surface more green. Hemisternites with inner apex not protruding or slightly protruding.............................. 9 9 Metasternum, ventrites, and legs more red in color. Hemisternite with inner apex not protruding at all........................................................................................................................................................................... Platycerus feminatus - Metasternum, ventrites, and legs less red in color. Hemisternite with inner apex slightly protruded..................................................................................................................................................................................... Platycerus dundai 10 Dorsal color more brown. Central part of abdominal ventrites brown....................................... Platycerus nagahatai - Dorsal color less brown. Central part of abdominal ventrites black or blue............................................................. 11 11 Mesotibiae and metatibiae more or less brown......................................................................................................... 12 - Mesotibiae and metatibiae black or blue, much darker............................................................................................. 14 12 Dorsal color more blue. Mesotibiae and metatibiae darker brown............................. Platycerus consimilis consimilis - Dorsal color less blue. Mesotibiae and metatibiae brighter reddish brown................................................................ 13 13 Hemisternites with inner basal part broadly membranous and not sclerotized. Styli shorter........ Platycerus kitawakii - Hemisternites with inner basal part not broadly membranous. Styli longer......................... Platycerus cyanidraconis 14 Pronotum with the flattened outer edge wider. Elytra relatively shorter................................................................... 15 - Pronotum with the flattened outer edge narrower. Elytra relatively longer................................................................ 16 15 Dorsal color basically brassy........................................................................................................ Platycerus tieguanzi - Dorsal color basically green................................................................................................................ Platycerus tangi 16 Pronotum with anterior part of lateral margins more convex and less convergent........................... Platycerus turnai - Pronotum with anterior part of lateral margins straighter and more convergent...................................................................................... Platycerus businskyi, Platycerus bashanicus, Platycerus consimilis phagophilus, Platycerus yeren

Platycerus yingqii Huang & Chen, sp. nov. Type material. Holotype (Fig. 1): CHINA: Shaanxi Prov.: 3, Bao-ji City, Mei-xian County, Mt. Taibaishan, Kai-tian-guan 1800m, 26.V. 2008, H.Huang & X.-D. Yang leg. (SHNU). Paratypes (Figs. 2, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16): CHINA: Shaanxi Prov.: 33, 3 ƤƤ, same data as for the holotype (13, 1 Ƥ in BMNH; 13, 1 Ƥ in CHH; 13, 1 Ƥ in CCCC). Description. The description for those “discrete” characters can be found in the character matrix (Table 1) or in the numbered part of the above stated list of characters. The description for those “continuous” characters can be found in the unnumbered part of the list of characters in which the new species are compared with Platycerus rugosus, Platycerus kitawakii, and Platycerus hongwonpyoi mongolicus. Measurement. Body-length measured from apex of mandible to terminal tip of elytra: 11 mm for male holotype, 10.5–11.5 mm for male paratypes, and 9.7– 11 mm for female paratypes. Length of elytra: 6.5 mm for male holotype, 6.2–6.9 mm for male paratypes, 6.0–7.0 mm for female paratypes. Length of protibia: 2.5 mm for male holotype, 2.5–2.8 mm for male paratypes, 1.8–2.2 mm for female paratypes. Length of mesotibia: 2.6 mm for male holotype, 2.5–2.6 mm for male paratypes, 1.9–2.2 mm for female paratypes. Length of mesotarsi: 2.7 mm for male holotype, 2.7–3.0 mm for male paratypes, 1.7–1.8 mm for female paratypes. Length of metatibia: 2.8 mm for male holotype, 2.8–3.0 mm for male paratypes, 2.3–2.6 mm for female paratypes. Length of metatarsi: 2.8 mm for male holotype, 2.8–3.0 mm for male paratypes, 1.3–1.5 mm for female paratypes. Ratio of mesotarsi length to mesotibia length: 1.04 for male holotype, 1.04–1.15 for male paratypes, 0.84–0.89 for female paratypes. Ratio of metatarsi length to metatarsi length: 1.00 for male holotype, 1.00–1.07 for male paratypes, 0.54–0.60 for female paratypes. Diagnosis. This new species is similar to Platycerus rugosus in most external features (such as male mandible, pronotum, and sclerotized male gentialia), but can be distinguished from the latter by the following combination of characters: dorsal color of males more brown; a ratio of metatarsi length to metatibia length in males being 1.00–1.07 versus 1.18–1.19 in Platycerus rugosus; a ratio of metatarsi length to metatibia length in females being 0.54–0.61 versus 0.67 in Platycerus rugosus; ventrites of males red, not black; incisor teeth closer to molae in male mandible; keels of penis not markedly broader near the proximal end than at other parts; flagellum on endophallus not bifurcate at base; endophallus with one-paired basal pouch and laterodorsal pouches protruded basad as free branches; hemisternite of female genitalia stouter with inner apex not very protruded. In distribution and characters of the pronotum this new species is similar to Platycerus tabanai tabanai and Platycerus tabanai taibaishanensis, but can be easily distinguished from both of them by the following combination of characters: male mandible without a gap between apex and incisor teeth; posterior angle of pronotum sharper in both sexes; basal half of parameres more inflated; keels of penis not much broader near proximal end than at other parts; hemisternite of female genitalia with inner apex not strongly protruding (the characters in endophallus have not been studied for Platycerus tabanai tabanai and Platycerus tabanai taibaishanensis). In distribution and dorsal color of this new species is similar to Platycerus nagahatai, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the following combination of characters: male mandible without a gap between apex and incisor teeth, with incisor teeth much closer to molae; posterior angle of pronotum angled in both sexes; ventrites of males bright red, not dark black; endophallus with anterior pouch absent, with onepaired basal pouches, one-paired laterodorsal pouches protruding basad as free branches and inflation immediately above ejaculatory area not large; hemisternite of female genitalia with inner apex not strongly protruding. Discussion. An uncertainty is that the male specimens identified as Platycerus rugosus in this work were not collected from the type locality, the Dabashan Mountains. Instead, they were collected from the Micangshan Mountains, which are the western extension of the Dabashan Mountains and possess very similar fauna; however they match the original description of Platycerus rugosus in all the diagnostic characters, including the sclerotized male genitalia. The only problem is that the endophallus of Platycerus rugosus has not been studied for specimens from the type locality. Nevertheless, Platycerus yingqii can be easily distinguished from Platycerus rugosus at least by those characters in external features, the sclerotized male genitalia, and female genitalia. Both Platycerus tabanai and Platycerus tabanai taibaishanensis were described from the same area in Qinling Mountains and based on male specimens as holotypes; they are somewhat similar to the new species in some characters, but can be distinguished by several important characters as stated in "diagnosis". There is detailed information on the characters of the male mandible and the sclerotized male genitalia in the literature for both Platycerus tabanai and Platycerus tabanai taibaishanensis. The relationship between Platycerus tabanai tabanai and Platycerus tabanai taibaishanensis needs an examination of more specimens and characters in endophallus; however this has nothing to do with the validity of Platycerus yingqii. Type locality. China, Shaanxi Province, Bao-ji City, Mei-xian County, Mount Taibaishan. Etymology. This new species is named after the son of the senior author, Ying-Qi Huang, who was born in summer of 2006.

Platycerus yingqii Huang & Chen, sp. nov. Type material. Holotype (Fig. 1): CHINA: Shaanxi Prov.: 3, Bao-ji City, Mei-xian County, Mt. Taibaishan, Kai-tian-guan 1800m, 26.V. 2008, H.Huang & X.-D. Yang leg. (SHNU). Paratypes (Figs. 2, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16): CHINA: Shaanxi Prov.: 33, 3 ����, same data as for the holotype (13, 1 �� in BMNH; 13, 1 �� in CHH; 13, 1 �� in CCCC). Description. The description for those ���discrete��� characters can be found in the character matrix (Table 1) or in the numbered part of the above stated list of characters. The description for those ���continuous��� characters can be found in the unnumbered part of the list of characters in which the new species are compared with Platycerus rugosus, Platycerus kitawakii, and Platycerus hongwonpyoi mongolicus. Measurement. Body-length measured from apex of mandible to terminal tip of elytra: 11 mm for male holotype, 10.5���11.5 mm for male paratypes, and 9.7��� 11 mm for female paratypes. Length of elytra: 6.5 mm for male holotype, 6.2���6.9 mm for male paratypes, 6.0���7.0 mm for female paratypes. Length of protibia: 2.5 mm for male holotype, 2.5���2.8 mm for male paratypes, 1.8���2.2 mm for female paratypes. Length of mesotibia: 2.6 mm for male holotype, 2.5���2.6 mm for male paratypes, 1.9���2.2 mm for female paratypes. Length of mesotarsi: 2.7 mm for male holotype, 2.7���3.0 mm for male paratypes, 1.7���1.8 mm for female paratypes. Length of metatibia: 2.8 mm for male holotype, 2.8���3.0 mm for male paratypes, 2.3���2.6 mm for female paratypes. Length of metatarsi: 2.8 mm for male holotype, 2.8���3.0 mm for male paratypes, 1.3���1.5 mm for female paratypes. Ratio of mesotarsi length to mesotibia length: 1.04 for male holotype, 1.04���1.15 for male paratypes, 0.84���0.89 for female paratypes. Ratio of metatarsi length to metatarsi length: 1.00 for male holotype, 1.00���1.07 for male paratypes, 0.54���0.60 for female paratypes. Diagnosis. This new species is similar to Platycerus rugosus in most external features (such as male mandible, pronotum, and sclerotized male gentialia), but can be distinguished from the latter by the following combination of characters: dorsal color of males more brown; a ratio of metatarsi length to metatibia length in males being 1.00���1.07 versus 1.18���1.19 in Platycerus rugosus; a ratio of metatarsi length to metatibia length in females being 0.54���0.61 versus 0.67 in Platycerus rugosus; ventrites of males red, not black; incisor teeth closer to molae in male mandible; keels of penis not markedly broader near the proximal end than at other parts; flagellum on endophallus not bifurcate at base; endophallus with one-paired basal pouch and laterodorsal pouches protruded basad as free branches; hemisternite of female genitalia stouter with inner apex not very protruded. In distribution and characters of the pronotum this new species is similar to Platycerus tabanai tabanai and Platycerus tabanai taibaishanensis, but can be easily distinguished from both of them by the following combination of characters: male mandible without a gap between apex and incisor teeth; posterior angle of pronotum sharper in both sexes; basal half of parameres more inflated; keels of penis not much broader near proximal end than at other parts; hemisternite of female genitalia with inner apex not strongly protruding (the characters in endophallus have not been studied for Platycerus tabanai tabanai and Platycerus tabanai taibaishanensis). In distribution and dorsal color of this new species is similar to Platycerus nagahatai, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the following combination of characters: male mandible without a gap between apex and incisor teeth, with incisor teeth much closer to molae; posterior angle of pronotum angled in both sexes; ventrites of males bright red, not dark black; endophallus with anterior pouch absent, with onepaired basal pouches, one-paired laterodorsal pouches protruding basad as free branches and inflation immediately above ejaculatory area not large; hemisternite of female genitalia with inner apex not strongly protruding. Discussion. An uncertainty is that the male specimens identified as Platycerus rugosus in this work were not collected from the type locality, the Dabashan Mountains. Instead, they were collected from the Micangshan Mountains, which are the western extension of the Dabashan Mountains and possess very similar fauna; however they match the original description of Platycerus rugosus in all the diagnostic characters, including the sclerotized male genitalia. The only problem is that the endophallus of Platycerus rugosus has not been studied for specimens from the type locality. Nevertheless, Platycerus yingqii can be easily distinguished from Platycerus rugosus at least by those characters in external features, the sclerotized male genitalia, and female genitalia. Both Platycerus tabanai and Platycerus tabanai taibaishanensis were described from the same area in Qinling Mountains and based on male specimens as holotypes; they are somewhat similar to the new species in some characters, but can be distinguished by several important characters as stated in "diagnosis". There is detailed information on the characters of the male mandible and the sclerotized male genitalia in the literature for both Platycerus tabanai and Platycerus tabanai taibaishanensis. The relationship between Platycerus tabanai tabanai and Platycerus tabanai taibaishanensis needs an examination of more specimens and characters in endophallus; however this has nothing to do with the validity of Platycerus yingqii. Type locality. China, Shaanxi Province, Bao-ji City, Mei-xian County, Mount Taibaishan. Etymology. This new species is named after the son of the senior author, Ying-Qi Huang, who was born in summer of 2006., Published as part of Huang, Hao & Chen, Chang-Chin, 2009, Notes on the morphology, taxonomy, and natural history of the genus Platycerus Geoffroy from China, with the description of a new species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae), pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 2087 on pages 27-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274809

Key to females of Chinese species of Platycerus The females of the similar species are hardly distinguishable by morphological characters. The useful diagnostic characters are mainly found in the dorsal color of the body, the pronotum, the sterna, the ventrites, the legs, the hemisternites, and the styli of the female genitalia. The following key is tentative, because females of nearly all the Chinese species have not been described in detail in the literature. The females of the following taxa are not distinguishable: Platycerus businskyi, Platycerus bashanicus, Platycerus consimilis phagophilus, and Platycerus yeren. 1 Posterior angle of pronotum angled............................................................................................................................. 2 - Posterior angle of pronotum rounded........................................................................................................................... 5 2 Most of the prosternum and central part of mesosternum red in color, only slightly darker than metasternum. Hemis- ternite more upright, with inner lateral margin relatively straighter and more vertical to anterior margin................................................................................................................................................................... Platycerus hongwonpyoi - Most of the prosternum and central part of mesosternum black or green in color, much darker than metasternum. Hemisternite more oblique, with inner lateral margin strongly bent and not vertical to anterior margin.................... 3 3 Pronotum widest near the middle, with anterior half of lateral margin more convex..................... Platycerus tabanai - Pronotum widest posteriorly, with anterior half of lateral margin straighter............................................................... 4 4 All tarsi relatively shorter, mesotarsi markedly shorter than mesotibia. Hemisternite wider and shorter, with inner apex not protruding more than outer apex....................................................................................... Platycerus yingqii - All tarsi relatively longer, mesotarsi nearly as long as mesotibia. Hemisternite thinner and longer, with inner apex protruded more than outer apex...................................................................................................... Platycerus rugosus 5 All femora shiney red or shiney brown........................................................................................................................ 6 - All femora black................................................................................................................................ Platycerus hiurai 6 Metasternum shiney red or shiney brown.................................................................................................................... 7 - Metasternum black..................................................................................................................................................... 10 7 Prosternum and mesosternum concolorous with metasternum. Styli of female genitalia stouter................................................................................................................................................................................. Platycerus cupreimicans - Prosternum and mesosternum more or less darker than metasternum. Styli of female genitalia slenderer................ 8 8 Dorsal surface more brown and less green. Hemisternites with inner apex strongly protruded.... Platycerus ladyae - Dorsal surface more green. Hemisternites with inner apex not protruding or slightly protruding.............................. 9 9 Metasternum, ventrites, and legs more red in color. Hemisternite with inner apex not protruding at all........................................................................................................................................................................... Platycerus feminatus - Metasternum, ventrites, and legs less red in color. Hemisternite with inner apex slightly protruded..................................................................................................................................................................................... Platycerus dundai 10 Dorsal color more brown. Central part of abdominal ventrites brown....................................... Platycerus nagahatai - Dorsal color less brown. Central part of abdominal ventrites black or blue............................................................. 11 11 Mesotibiae and metatibiae more or less brown......................................................................................................... 12 - Mesotibiae and metatibiae black or blue, much darker............................................................................................. 14 12 Dorsal color more blue. Mesotibiae and metatibiae darker brown............................. Platycerus consimilis consimilis - Dorsal color less blue. Mesotibiae and metatibiae brighter reddish brown................................................................ 13 13 Hemisternites with inner basal part broadly membranous and not sclerotized. Styli shorter........ Platycerus kitawakii - Hemisternites with inner basal part not broadly membranous. Styli longer......................... Platycerus cyanidraconis 14 Pronotum with the flattened outer edge wider. Elytra relatively shorter................................................................... 15 - Pronotum with the flattened outer edge narrower. Elytra relatively longer................................................................ 16 15 Dorsal color basically brassy........................................................................................................ Platycerus tieguanzi - Dorsal color basically green................................................................................................................ Platycerus tangi 16 Pronotum with anterior part of lateral margins more convex and less convergent........................... Platycerus turnai - Pronotum with anterior part of lateral margins straighter and more convergent...................................................................................... Platycerus businskyi, Platycerus bashanicus, Platycerus consimilis phagophilus, Platycerus yeren, Published as part of Huang, Hao & Chen, Chang-Chin, 2009, Notes on the morphology, taxonomy, and natural history of the genus Platycerus Geoffroy from China, with the description of a new species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae), pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 2087 on pages 31-32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274809

Key to males of Chinese species and subspecies of Platycerus All species of Platycerus are strongly sexual dimorphic and males can be easily distinguished from females, thus males and females are included into the separate keys. In males of all known species, the metatarsi are longer than metatibia, the head is wider than half of the elytra, the mandible is longer than half of the head, and each mandible bears two basal molae behind the incisor teeth. Whereas in females of all known species, the metatarsi are markedly shorter than metatibia, the head is half as wide as elytra, the mandible is shorter than half of the head, and each mandible bears no mola at base. Moreover, the females of Platycerus species usually have the anterior margin of the head less concave, antennomere 7 less lamellate, antenna shorter with antennomeres 7-10 occupying a smaller proportion in length, body stouter and thicker, and terminal spines on protibia markedly longer than in males. No work has been done on the phylogeny of Platycerus. Therefore, the order of branching in the following key is not in accordance with natural groups. The authors preferentially use the external diagnostic characters than to use the genital characters in the key. In the following key, Platycerus kitawakii and Platycerus turnai are placed in distant couplets; however the authors believe these two species might be very close in phylogeny as they share some peculiar characters in the keel of the penis and the endophallus. 1 All femora more or less with some part shiney red or shiney brown........................................................................... 3 - All femora entirely black.............................................................................................................. 2 (Platycerus hiurai) 2 Dorsal color less green. Anterior angle of pronotum less protruded. Transverse wrinkles on elytra broadly distributed.......................................................................................................................................... Platycerus hiurai hiurai - Dorsal color more green. Anterior angle of pronotum more protruded. Transverse wrinkles on elytra narrowly distributed............................................................................................................................... Platycerus hiurai tanikadoi 3 Metasternum entirely bright reddish brown.................................................................................................................. 4 - Metasternum black or blue, at most with a small part bright brown............................................................................ 7 4 All tibiae darker, black or blackish brown on dorsal surface. Left mandible with at least four blunt incisor teeth; the gap between apex and incisor teeth smaller; the distance between incisor teeth and mola longer. Paramere not remarkably bulged on lateral surface near base. Lateral keel of penis obsolete at lateral half.................................... 5 - All tibiae brighter and red on dorsal surface. Left mandible with three blunt incisor teeth; the gap between apex and incisor teeth greater; the distance between incisor teeth and mola shorter. Paramere remarkably bulged on lateral surface near base. Lateral keel of penis broader at lateral half......................................................... Platycerus feminatus 5 Dorsal surface with a brown tinge. Mandible with a smaller concave area on dorsal surface. Pronotum with anterior part of lateral margins more convergent................................................................................ Platycerus cupreimicans - Dorsal surface without a brown tinge. Mandible with a larger concave area on dorsal surface. Pronotum with anterior part of lateral margins less convergent................................................................................. 6 (Platycerus dundai) 6 Elytra relatively longer. Dorsal surface bluish green............................................................ Platycerus dundai dundai - Elytra relatively shorter. Dorsal surface yellowish green................................................ Platycerus dundai miyatakei 7 Posterior angle of pronotum angled............................................................................................................................. 8 - Posterior angle of pronotum rounded......................................................................................................................... 16 8 Mandible with a gap between apex and incisor teeth, and with a conjoined inner margin of incisor teeth.............. 10 - Mandible without a gap between apex and incisor teeth, and each with a single incisor tooth................................... 9 9 Dorsal color brown. Middle and hind legs with tarsi as long as tibia. Abdominal sternites bright reddish brown. Distance between incisor teeth and mola of mandible shorter. Keel of penis narrower at basal half. Flagellum not bifurcate at base. Lateral inflations alongside flagellum on endophallus elongated and protruded basad as free branches........................................................................................................................................................... Platycerus yingqii - Dorsal color green. Middle and hind legs with tarsi markedly longer than tibia. Abdominal sternites dark black. Distance between incisor teeth and mola of mandible longer. Keel of penis broader at basal half. Flagellum bifurcate at base. Lateral inflations alongside flagellum on endophallus broad and not protruded as free branches............................................................................................................................................................................... Platycerus rugosus 10 Conjoined inner margin of incisor teeth on left mandible more or less with a cleft in middle. Basal piece of male genitalia with dorsal sclerites peaked at tip. Penis narrower in ventral view. Paramere slightly bulged at base.............................................................................................................................................................. 11 (Platycerus tabanai) - Conjoined inner margin of incisor teeth on left mandible smooth and evenly curved. Basal piece with dorsal sclerites broadly rounded at tip. Penis wider in ventral view. Paramere strongly bulged at base.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 (Platycerus hongwonpyoi) 11 Dorsal color more blue. Anterior angle of pronotum a little blunt........................... Platycerus tabanai baotianmanus - Dorsal color less blue. Anterior angle of pronotum sharper....................................................................................... 12 12 Conjoined inner margin of incisor teeth of both mandibles dentate. Eye smaller............. Platycerus tabanai tabanai - Conjoined inner margin of incisor teeth of both mandibles smooth except for a shallow cleft on left mandible. Eye larger..................................................................................................................... Platycerus tabanai taibaishanensis 13 Dorsal color basically blue........................................................................................................................................ 14 - Dorsal color basically green....................................................................................................................................... 15 14 Protibia more or less brown............................................................................... Platycerus hongwonpyoi mongolicus - Protibia entirely black................................. Platycerus hongwonpyoi hongwonpyoi, Platycerus hongwonpyoi merkli 15 Transverse wrinkles on elytra deeper, denser and broadly distributed........................................................................... Platycerus hongwonpyoi qinlingensis, Platycerus hongwonpyoi dabashanensis, Platycerus hongwonpyoi funiuensis, Platycerus hongwonpyoi shennongjianus - Transverse wrinkles on elytra shallower, sparser and narrowly distributed... Platycerus hongwonpyoi tianmushanus 16 Lateral margin of mandible convex, straight, or slightly concave. Metasternum entirely dark............................... 17 - Lateral margin of mandible conspicuously concave. Metasternum with posterior part shiney brown.................................................................................................................................................................................... Platycerus ladyae 17 Keel situated at distal end of sclerotized penis........................................................................................................... 18 - Keel situated at central part of sclerotized penis, or obsolete as a ridge along lateral margin, but never at distal end of penis........................................................................................................................................................................... 19 18 Mandible with a large concave area on dorsal surface, lateral margin straight or slightly concave, apex sharp, with at least six incisor teeth. Sclerotized part of penis not wider than paramere.................................... Platycerus kitawakii - Mandible without concave area on dorsal surface, lateral margin slightly convex, apex blunt, with no more than five incisor teeth. Sclerotized part of penis wider than paramere............................................................. Platycerus turnai 19 Distance between incisor teeth and molae longer than or subequal to the conjoined inner margin of molae. Keel of penis broader near middle than at all other parts, somewhat even in width throughout or reduced as a lateral ridge....................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 - Distance between incisor teeth and molae shorter than the conjoined inner margin of molae. Keel of penis broader at basal part and narrower at distal part.......................................................................................................................... 24 20 Incisor teeth at least six in number, with the conjoined inner margin much longer than half the length of the whole mandible........................................................................................................................................ Platycerus businskyi - Incisor teeth at most five in number, with the conjoined inner margin not longer than half the length of the whole mandible..................................................................................................................................................................... 21 21 Dorsal color coppery brown........................................................................................................ Platycerus nagahatai - Dorsal color basically green....................................................................................................................................... 22 22 Dorsal color more blue. Transverse wrinkles on elytra broadly distributed................................. Platycerus consimilis - Dorsal color less blue. Transverse wrinkles on elytra narrowly distributed............................................................... 23 23 Endophallus with three pairs of inflations alongside and behind flagellum....................................... Platycerus yeren - Endophallus different or unknown at present................... Platycerus bashanicus, Platycerus consimilis phagophilus 24 Anterior angle of pronotum more protruded into an acute angle. Endophallus with lateral inflations not protruded as free branches and with flagellum shorter............................................................................................. Platycerus tangi - Anterior angle of pronotum less protruded and blunt at tip. Endophallus with lateral inflations protruded as free branches and with flagellum longer............................................................................................................................ 25 25 Transverse wrinkles on elytra shallower and narrowly distributed. Mandibles evenly curved on outer lateral margin...................................................................................................................................................... Platycerus tieguanzi - Transverse wrinkles on elytra deeper and broadly distributed. Mandibles angled on outer lateral margin................................................................................................................................................................. Platycerus cyanidraconis

Key to males of Chinese species and subspecies of Platycerus All species of Platycerus are strongly sexual dimorphic and males can be easily distinguished from females, thus males and females are included into the separate keys. In males of all known species, the metatarsi are longer than metatibia, the head is wider than half of the elytra, the mandible is longer than half of the head, and each mandible bears two basal molae behind the incisor teeth. Whereas in females of all known species, the metatarsi are markedly shorter than metatibia, the head is half as wide as elytra, the mandible is shorter than half of the head, and each mandible bears no mola at base. Moreover, the females of Platycerus species usually have the anterior margin of the head less concave, antennomere 7 less lamellate, antenna shorter with antennomeres 7-10 occupying a smaller proportion in length, body stouter and thicker, and terminal spines on protibia markedly longer than in males. No work has been done on the phylogeny of Platycerus. Therefore, the order of branching in the following key is not in accordance with natural groups. The authors preferentially use the external diagnostic characters than to use the genital characters in the key. In the following key, Platycerus kitawakii and Platycerus turnai are placed in distant couplets; however the authors believe these two species might be very close in phylogeny as they share some peculiar characters in the keel of the penis and the endophallus. 1 All femora more or less with some part shiney red or shiney brown........................................................................... 3 - All femora entirely black.............................................................................................................. 2 (Platycerus hiurai) 2 Dorsal color less green. Anterior angle of pronotum less protruded. Transverse wrinkles on elytra broadly distributed.......................................................................................................................................... Platycerus hiurai hiurai - Dorsal color more green. Anterior angle of pronotum more protruded. Transverse wrinkles on elytra narrowly distributed............................................................................................................................... Platycerus hiurai tanikadoi 3 Metasternum entirely bright reddish brown.................................................................................................................. 4 - Metasternum black or blue, at most with a small part bright brown............................................................................ 7 4 All tibiae darker, black or blackish brown on dorsal surface. Left mandible with at least four blunt incisor teeth; the gap between apex and incisor teeth smaller; the distance between incisor teeth and mola longer. Paramere not remarkably bulged on lateral surface near base. Lateral keel of penis obsolete at lateral half.................................... 5 - All tibiae brighter and red on dorsal surface. Left mandible with three blunt incisor teeth; the gap between apex and incisor teeth greater; the distance between incisor teeth and mola shorter. Paramere remarkably bulged on lateral surface near base. Lateral keel of penis broader at lateral half......................................................... Platycerus feminatus 5 Dorsal surface with a brown tinge. Mandible with a smaller concave area on dorsal surface. Pronotum with anterior part of lateral margins more convergent................................................................................ Platycerus cupreimicans - Dorsal surface without a brown tinge. Mandible with a larger concave area on dorsal surface. Pronotum with anterior part of lateral margins less convergent................................................................................. 6 (Platycerus dundai) 6 Elytra relatively longer. Dorsal surface bluish green............................................................ Platycerus dundai dundai - Elytra relatively shorter. Dorsal surface yellowish green................................................ Platycerus dundai miyatakei 7 Posterior angle of pronotum angled............................................................................................................................. 8 - Posterior angle of pronotum rounded......................................................................................................................... 16 8 Mandible with a gap between apex and incisor teeth, and with a conjoined inner margin of incisor teeth.............. 10 - Mandible without a gap between apex and incisor teeth, and each with a single incisor tooth................................... 9 9 Dorsal color brown. Middle and hind legs with tarsi as long as tibia. Abdominal sternites bright reddish brown. Distance between incisor teeth and mola of mandible shorter. Keel of penis narrower at basal half. Flagellum not bifurcate at base. Lateral inflations alongside flagellum on endophallus elongated and protruded basad as free branches........................................................................................................................................................... Platycerus yingqii - Dorsal color green. Middle and hind legs with tarsi markedly longer than tibia. Abdominal sternites dark black. Distance between incisor teeth and mola of mandible longer. Keel of penis broader at basal half. Flagellum bifurcate at base. Lateral inflations alongside flagellum on endophallus broad and not protruded as free branches............................................................................................................................................................................... Platycerus rugosus 10 Conjoined inner margin of incisor teeth on left mandible more or less with a cleft in middle. Basal piece of male genitalia with dorsal sclerites peaked at tip. Penis narrower in ventral view. Paramere slightly bulged at base.............................................................................................................................................................. 11 (Platycerus tabanai) - Conjoined inner margin of incisor teeth on left mandible smooth and evenly curved. Basal piece with dorsal sclerites broadly rounded at tip. Penis wider in ventral view. Paramere strongly bulged at base.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 (Platycerus hongwonpyoi) 11 Dorsal color more blue. Anterior angle of pronotum a little blunt........................... Platycerus tabanai baotianmanus - Dorsal color less blue. Anterior angle of pronotum sharper....................................................................................... 12 12 Conjoined inner margin of incisor teeth of both mandibles dentate. Eye smaller............. Platycerus tabanai tabanai - Conjoined inner margin of incisor teeth of both mandibles smooth except for a shallow cleft on left mandible. Eye larger..................................................................................................................... Platycerus tabanai taibaishanensis 13 Dorsal color basically blue........................................................................................................................................ 14 - Dorsal color basically green....................................................................................................................................... 15 14 Protibia more or less brown............................................................................... Platycerus hongwonpyoi mongolicus - Protibia entirely black................................. Platycerus hongwonpyoi hongwonpyoi, Platycerus hongwonpyoi merkli 15 Transverse wrinkles on elytra deeper, denser and broadly distributed........................................................................... Platycerus hongwonpyoi qinlingensis, Platycerus hongwonpyoi dabashanensis, Platycerus hongwonpyoi funiuensis, Platycerus hongwonpyoi shennongjianus - Transverse wrinkles on elytra shallower, sparser and narrowly distributed... Platycerus hongwonpyoi tianmushanus 16 Lateral margin of mandible convex, straight, or slightly concave. Metasternum entirely dark............................... 17 - Lateral margin of mandible conspicuously concave. Metasternum with posterior part shiney brown.................................................................................................................................................................................... Platycerus ladyae 17 Keel situated at distal end of sclerotized penis........................................................................................................... 18 - Keel situated at central part of sclerotized penis, or obsolete as a ridge along lateral margin, but never at distal end of penis........................................................................................................................................................................... 19 18 Mandible with a large concave area on dorsal surface, lateral margin straight or slightly concave, apex sharp, with at least six incisor teeth. Sclerotized part of penis not wider than paramere.................................... Platycerus kitawakii - Mandible without concave area on dorsal surface, lateral margin slightly convex, apex blunt, with no more than five incisor teeth. Sclerotized part of penis wider than paramere............................................................. Platycerus turnai 19 Distance between incisor teeth and molae longer than or subequal to the conjoined inner margin of molae. Keel of penis broader near middle than at all other parts, somewhat even in width throughout or reduced as a lateral ridge....................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 - Distance between incisor teeth and molae shorter than the conjoined inner margin of molae. Keel of penis broader at basal part and narrower at distal part.......................................................................................................................... 24 20 Incisor teeth at least six in number, with the conjoined inner margin much longer than half the length of the whole mandible........................................................................................................................................ Platycerus businskyi - Incisor teeth at most five in number, with the conjoined inner margin not longer than half the length of the whole mandible..................................................................................................................................................................... 21 21 Dorsal color coppery brown........................................................................................................ Platycerus nagahatai - Dorsal color basically green....................................................................................................................................... 22 22 Dorsal color more blue. Transverse wrinkles on elytra broadly distributed................................. Platycerus consimilis - Dorsal color less blue. Transverse wrinkles on elytra narrowly distributed............................................................... 23 23 Endophallus with three pairs of inflations alongside and behind flagellum....................................... Platycerus yeren - Endophallus different or unknown at present................... Platycerus bashanicus, Platycerus consimilis phagophilus 24 Anterior angle of pronotum more protruded into an acute angle. Endophallus with lateral inflations not protruded as free branches and with flagellum shorter............................................................................................. Platycerus tangi - Anterior angle of pronotum less protruded and blunt at tip. Endophallus with lateral inflations protruded as free branches and with flagellum longer............................................................................................................................ 25 25 Transverse wrinkles on elytra shallower and narrowly distributed. Mandibles evenly curved on outer lateral margin...................................................................................................................................................... Platycerus tieguanzi - Transverse wrinkles on elytra deeper and broadly distributed. Mandibles angled on outer lateral margin................................................................................................................................................................. Platycerus cyanidraconis, Published as part of Huang, Hao & Chen, Chang-Chin, 2009, Notes on the morphology, taxonomy, and natural history of the genus Platycerus Geoffroy from China, with the description of a new species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae), pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 2087 on pages 29-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274809

Checklist of Platycerus of the world Platycerus Geoffroy, 1762 = Systenocerus Weise, 1883 = Systenus Sharp & Muir, 1912 Type species: Scarabaeus caraboides Linnaeus, 1758 North American species 1: 1. Platycerus depressus LeConte, 1850 ���northeastern USA & Canada = Platycerus piceus Kirby, 1837 (unavailable name) 2 2. Platycerus marginalis Casey, 1897 ���western North America = Platycerus cribripennis Van Dyke, 1928 (synonym) 3. Platycerus oregonensis Westwood, 1844 ���western North America = Platycerus coerulescens LeConte, 1869 (synonym) = Platycerus chalybaeus Casey, 1897 (synonym) 4. Platycerus virescens (Fabricius, 1775) (Lucanus)���eastern & central USA, Canada = Lucanus quercus Weber, 1801 (synonym) = Lucanus securidens Say, 1823 (synonym) = Platycerus quercus angustus Casey, 1909 (synonym) = Platycerus quercus iowanus Casey, 1909 (synonym) = Platycerus peregrinus Casey, 1909 (synonym) European and western Asian species 3: 5. Platycerus caprea (De Geer, 1774) (Lucanus)���Europe 6. Platycerus caraboides (Linnaeus, 1758) (Scarabaeus) ��� Europe, Syria, Iran, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia = Platycerus azureus Dalla Torre, 1879 (synonym) = Platycerus caerulosus Didier & Seguy, 1953 (possible synonym) 4 = Carabus coerulescens Uddman, 1753 (synonym) = Platycerus chalybaeus MacLeay, 1819 (synonym) 5 = Platycerus chlorizans Dalla Torre, 1879 (synonym) 5 = Platycerus coeruleus Dalla Torre, 1879 (synonym) 5 = Platycerus cribratus Mulsant & Rey, 1863 (synonym) = Platycerus diabolus Dalla Torre, 1879 (synonym) 6 = Platycerus nigripes MacLeay, 1819 (synonym) 6 = Platycerus pseudocaprea Paulus, 1970 (synonym) 7 = Lucanus rufipes Herbst, 1790 (synonym) = Platycerus trivialis Dalla Torre, 1879 (synonym) = Platycerus virescens Mulsant, 1842 (synonym) = Platycerus viridiaeneus Mulsant, 1842 (synonym) = Platycerus viridicollis Depoli, 1917 (synonym) = Platycerus viridis Dalla Torre, 1879 (synonym) 7. Platycerus primigenius Weise, 1960 ��� Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran 8. Platycerus senguni Schweiger, 1966 ��� Turkey 9. Platycerus spinifer Schaufuss, 1862 ��� France, Portugal, Spain 10. Platycerus caucasicus Parry, 1864 ���Caucasus, Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan 11. Platycerus delagrangei Fairmaire, 1892 ��� Turkey, Syria 12. Platycerus perplexus Gusakov, 2003 ��� Azerbaijan, NE Georgia, Russia 13. Platycerus vicinus Gusakov, 2003 ��� Georgia, N Armenia Japanese species: 14. Platycerus acuticollis acuticollis Kurosawa, 1969 ��� Japan 15. Platycerus acuticollis takakuwai Fujita, 1987 ��� Japan 8 Platycerus acuticollis akitai Fujita, 1987 ��� Japan 8 Platycerus acuticollis namedai Fujita, 1987 ��� Japan 8 16. Platycerus delicatulus delicatulus Lewis, 1883 ��� Japan Platycerus delicatulus unzendakensis Fujita & Ichikawa, 1982 ��� Japan 17. Platycerus kawadai Fujita & Ichikawa, 1982 ��� Japan 18. Platycerus sugitai Okuda & Fujita, 1987 ��� Japan 19. Platycerus urushiyamai Imura, 2007 ��� Japan 20. Platycerus akitaorum Imura, 2007 ��� Japan 21. Platycerus sue Imura, 2007 ��� Japan Chinese species (Fig. 158): 22. Platycerus hongwonpyoi hongwonpyoi Imura & Choe, 1989 ��� South Korea = Platycerus hongwonpyoi merkli Imura & Choe, 1989 (synonym?)��� North Korea Platycerus hongwonpyoi mongolicus Imura & Bartolozzi, 2006 ���Inner Mongolia (Ao-han-qi) Platycerus hongwonpyoi qinlingensis Imura, 1993 ���Shaanxi (Qinling) = Platycerus hongwonpyoi dabashanensis Okuda, 1997 (synonym?)���Chongqing (Dabashan) = Platycerus hongwonpyoi funiuensis Imura, 2006 (synonym?)���Henan (Funiushan) = Platycerus hongwonpyoi shennongjianus Imura, 2008 (synonym?)���Hubei (Shennongjia) Platycerus hongwonpyoi tianmushanus Imura & Wan, 2006 ���Zhejiang (Tianmushan) 23. Platycerus tabanai tabanai Okuda & Tanikado, 1994 ���Shaanxi (Qinling) = Platycerus tabanai taibaishanensis Okuda, 2003 (synonym?)���Shaanxi (Qinling) Platycerus tabanai baotianmanus Imura, 2006 ���Henan (Funiushan) 24. Platycerus rugosus Okuda, 1997 ���Chongqing (Dabashan), NE Sichuan (Micangshan) 25. Platycerus yingqii Huang & Chen, 2009 ���Shaanxi (Qinling) 26. Platycerus dundai Imura & Bartolozzi, 1994 ���W Sichuan (Luding) = Platycerus benesi Imura & Bartolozzi, 1994 (synonym) 9 Platycerus dundai miyatakei Tanikado & Tabana, 1997 ���S Sichuan (Jinyang) 10 27. Platycerus cupreimicans Imura, 2006: 121 ���Yunnan 28. Platycerus feminatus Tanikado & Tabana, 1997 ���S Sichuan (Daliangshan) 29. Platycerus tieguanzi Imura, 2007 ���C Sichuan (Omeishan) 30. Platycerus tangi Imura, 2008 ���NC Sichuan (Maoxian) 31. Platycerus cyanidraconis Imura, 2008 ���NC Sichuan (Maoxian) 32. Platycerus businskyi Imura, 1996 ���Shaanxi (Qinling) 33. Platycerus bashanicus Imura & Tanikado, 1998 ���Chongqing (Dabashan) 11 34. Platycerus consimilis consimilis Tanikado & Tabana, 1998 ���NC Sichuan (Lixian) Platycerus consimilis phagophilus Imura, 2005 ���NE Sichuan (Micangshan) 35. Platycerus yeren Imura, 2008 ���Hubei (Shennongjia) 36. Platycerus nagahatai Imura, 2008 ���Shaanxi (Qinling) 37. Platycerus ladyae Imura, 2006 ���W Sichuan (Erlangshan) 38. Platycerus hiurai Tanikado & Tabana, 1997 ���S Sichuan (Daliangshan) Platycerus hiurai tanikadoi Imura, 2002 ���C Sichuan (Xilingxueshan) 39. Platycerus kitawakii Imura & Tanikado, 1998 ���Chongqing (Dabashan) 40. Platycerus turnai Imura, 2001 ���Hubei (Shennongjia) Fossil species: 41. Platycerus sepultus Germar, 1837 ���Oligocene, Germany 42. Platycerus zherichini Nikolajev, 1990 ���Oligocene, Russia Notes on the checklist: As there are numerous discrepancies between our checklist and the latest published catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Lobl & Smetana 2006), we provided the following explanations for all of the discrepancies. 1. The synonymic list of American species follows Paulsen (2008). 2. According to Paulsen (2005, 2008), Benesh (1946) erroneously used the name Platycerus piceus Kirby, but that name is not available as it is based on a misidentification of Ceruchus piceus (Weber). 3. The synonymic list of European and western Asian species follows Lobl & Smetana (2006). 4. According to Imura (1994 b, 2006 d), Platycerus caerulosus Didier & Seguy is no different from P. caraboides in male genitalia, and it has not been rediscovered in China or even in adjacent areas. The most likely explanation is that the type series was mislabelled from Hunan (Hong-Jang-Hsien). 5. Platycerus chalybaeus MacLeay, Platycerus chlorizans Dalla Torre, and Platycerus coeruleus Dalla Torre were treated as synonyms of Platycerus caucasicus (Parry) by Maes (2008). 6. Platycerus diabolus Dalla Torre and Platycerus nigripes MacLeay were treated as synonyms of Platycerus delagrangei Fairmaire by Maes (2008). 7. Platycerus pseudocaprea Paulus was treated as a valid species by Maes (2008). 8. According to Imura (2007 b), the following three taxa: Platycerus acuticollis takakuwai Fujita, Platycerus acuticollis akitai Fujita, and Platycerus acuticollis namedai Fujita constitute a species independent from Platycerus acuticollis Kurosawa, but the formal revision has not been published yet. 9. Platycerus benesi Imura & Bartolozzi was recently synonymized with Platycerus dundai Imura & Bartolozzi by Imura (2005 c). This species exhibits great individual variation. 10. Platycerus dundai miyatakei Tanikado & Tabana was originally described as a valid species but was subsequently downgraded by Imura (2005 c) as a subspecies of Platycerus dundai Imura & Bartolozzi 11. Platycerus bashanicus Imura & Tanikado was originally described as a subspecies of Platycerus businskyi Imura, but was subsequently given full species rank by Imura (2006 b)., Published as part of Huang, Hao & Chen, Chang-Chin, 2009, Notes on the morphology, taxonomy, and natural history of the genus Platycerus Geoffroy from China, with the description of a new species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae), pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 2087 on pages 4-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274809, {"references":["Imura, Y. & Choe, K. - R. (1989) A new species and its subspecies of the genus Platycerus from Korea. Korean Journal of Entomology, 19, 19 - 24.","Imura, Y. & Bartolozzi, L. (2006) A new subspecies of Platycerus hongwonpyoi from Nei Mongol Zizhiqu of North China. Elytra, 34, 135 - 137.","Imura, Y. (1993) On the genus Platycerus of China and Korea - discovery of a new subspecies of Platycerus hongwonpyoi from the Qinling Moutains in Shaanxi Province, Central China. Gekkan-Mushi, 272, 10 - 13.","Okuda, N. (1997) Description of one new species and one new subspecies of the genus Platycerus from Mt. Dabashan in Northeastern Sichuan Province, Central China. Gekkan-Mushi, 313, 9 - 12.","Imura, Y. (2008) Five new taxa of the genus Platycerus (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) from China. Elytra, 36, 109 - 128.","Imura, Y. & Wan, X. (2006) Occurrence of Platycerus hongwonpyoi on Mt. Tianmu Shan of Zhejiang Province, East China, Elytra, 34, 293 - 298.","Tanikado, M. & Okuda, N. (1994) Two new species of the genera Ceruchus and Platycerus from the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province, Central China. Gekkan-Mushi, 278, 4 - 9.","Imura, Y. & Bartolozzi, L. (1994) Descriptions of two new species of Platycerus from Central Sichuan, Central China. Elytra, 22, 139 - 143.","Tanikado, M. & Tabana, M. (1997) Notes on the lucanid genus Platycerus in mainland China - description of two new species of the genus from the Daliang Mountains in southern Sichuan. Gekkan-Mushi, 316, 2 - 8.","Imura, Y. (1996) Discovery of a new Platycerus from the Qinling mountains in Shaanxi Province, Central China. Nature & Insects 31 (4), 42 - 43.","Imura, Y. & Tanikado, M. (1998) Two new Platycerus from the Dabashan Mountains in Central China. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 4, 93 - 96.","Imura, Y. (2002) Record of Platycerus businskyi from the Dashennongjia Massif in western Hubei. Elytra, 30, 38.","Imura, Y. (2001) A new Platycerus discovered from Shennongjia of western Hubei, China. Gekkan-Mushi, 362, 26 - 29.","Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (2006) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 3. Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Published by Apollo Books, 690 pp.","Paulsen, M. J. (2005) Annotated Checklist of the New World Lucanidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea), Version 1. Available from: http: // www. museum. unl. edu / research / entomology / Guide / Scarabaeoidea / Lucanidae / Lucanidae- Catalog / LucanidaeC. htm (accessed: October 2008).","Benesh, B. (1946) A systematic revision of the Holarctic genus Platycerus Geoffroy (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 63, 139 - 203.","Imura, Y. (1994 b) Taxonomic position of Platycerus caerulosus (Coleoptera, Lucanidae). Gekkan-Mushi, 280, 2 - 5.","Imura, Y. (2006 d) The genus Platycerus of China. Gekkan-Mushi, 426, 23 - 32.","Maes, J. - M. (2008) Lucanidae of the world catalogue by genera: Platycerus. Available from: http: // www. bio-nica. info / Lucanidae / PLATYCERUS. htm (accessed: October 2008).","Imura, Y. (2007 b) Endophallic structure of the genus Platycerus (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) of Japan, with description of two new species. Elytra, 35, 471 - 489.","Imura, Y. (2005 c) On the genus Platycerus of Mt. Gongga Shan and Mt. Erlang Shan in west-central Sichuan, Southwest China. Elytra, 33, 501 - 512.","Imura, Y. (2006 b) The male of Platycerus businskyi, with additional records of two other congeners from the Qinling Mountains of Central China. Elytra, 34, 127 - 134."]}

Platycerus oregonensis Westwood, 1844: 106. Fig. 5. USA: CA: Alameda, Contra Costa, El Dorado, Humboldt, Kern, Marin, Mariposa, Mendocino, Monterey, Napa, Nevada, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Sierra, Sonoma, Trinity, Tuolumne. Also OR; WA. Canada: BC., Published as part of Paulsen, M. J. & Caterino, Michael, 2009, The Platycerus (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) of California, with the recognition of Platycerus cribripennis Van Dyke as a valid species, pp. 89-94 in ZooKeys 8 (8) on page 94, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.8.118, http://zenodo.org/record/576445

Platycerus Geoffroy, 1762: 62. Holarctic. Platycerus cribripennis Van Dyke, 1928: 107. Figs 1-3. USA: CA: Kern, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara., Published as part of Paulsen, M. J. & Caterino, Michael, 2009, The Platycerus (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) of California, with the recognition of Platycerus cribripennis Van Dyke as a valid species, pp. 89-94 in ZooKeys 8 (8) on page 93, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.8.118, http://zenodo.org/record/576445, {"references":["Van Dyke EC (1928) Notes and descriptions of new species of Lucanidae and Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) from western North America. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 4: 105 - 113."]}

Platycerus cribripennis Van Dyke, 1928: 107; New Status. Original combination: Platycerus depressus cribripennis Van Dyke, 1928: 107. Holotype male (CASC), labeled: a) ���Tassajara. Cal. / Monterey Co. / V- 25 1920 / L. S. Slevin���; b) ���on alder / log, chop���d / it up but / none in.���; c) blue paper, ���L.S. Slevin / Collection���; d) bordered white label with red highlighted ��� Holotype ��� at left margin and ���[male symbol] / Platycerus / depressus / cribripennis / Van Dyke���; e) ��� California Academy / of Sciences / Type / No. ���/ [handprinted] ���2533���; f) ��� Platycerus cribripennis / Van Dyke, 1928 / det. MJ Paulsen 2008. Description, male (n=7) . Length: 12.7-14.7 mm. Width at humerus: 4.1-4.6 mm. Color: Black (Fig. 3). Head: Surface strongly alutaceous (microgranulate), irregularly punctate; puncture size variable from moderate to coarse; coarse punctures near eyes larger and more dense than in P. oregonensis or P. marginalis. Male majors with mandibles longer than head, upcurved, not evenly rounded externally; strong lateral tooth present on exterior near base; apex acute dorsally and ventrally blade-like with reduced dentition (multidentate in P. marginalis) and with dorsal subapical tooth small, obtuse. Male minors not seen. Antennal club with 4 tomentose antennomeres, basal antennomere of club (7 th antennomere) nearly as long as antennomeres 8-10. Antennomere 6 also slightly produced internally. Pronotum: Surface strongly alutaceous, punctate; punctures irregularly spaced, moderate in size. Elytra: Surface alutaceous but more strongly shining than pronotum, densely punctate; punctures irregular (striae obscured, only sutural stria weakly evident); surface around punctures appearing raised, subrugose. Male Genitalia: (Fig. 2). Basal part of median lobe rounded, distal portion produced into two lobes. Male internal sac permanently partially everted, unsclerotized; flagellum present, sclerotized (not membranous). Description, female (n=1) . Length: 13.6 mm. Width at humerus: 4.8 mm. Differs from male as follows: Head: Surface with punctation dense, punctures larger. Mandibles shorter than head, not upcurved, lacking external tooth, instead tridentate with acute apex, dorsal, and ventral teeth. Antennal club with 4 antennomeres, basal antennomere glabrous and much shorter than remaining antennomeres. Female Genitalia: not examined. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other Nearctic Platycerus by the following combination of characters: Th e black coloration and strongly alutaceous and/ or opaque dorsal surface is distinctive; the densely punctate elytra with obsolete discal striae and subrugose surface between punctures will immediately distinguish this species. The oblique, external tooth at the base of the male mandibles is unique among Nearctic Platycerus. Additionally, the male mandibles have a blade-like apex, whereas the apex is multidentate in P. marginalis, P. depressus, and P. virescens (Fabricius) and simply dentate in P. oregonensis. Th e antennal club of male P. cribripennis has the basal club antennomere not reduced and nearly as long as the three distal antennomeres; in males of P. oregonensis and P. virescens the basal club antennomere is reduced. Distribution (Fig. 1). Platycerus cribripennis is known only from California���s coastal mountains. Benesh���s assertion that other specimens were present from Yosemite and Oregon is certainly an error based on his failure to examine Van Dyke���s type. Specimens examined (8). CALIFORNIA: KERN (1): Bear Trap Canyon, Tejon Ranch (DCCC). MONTEREY (3): Jolon (FMNH); Tassajara Road, 1 mi S of China Camp (CASC, EMEC). SAN LUIS OBISPO (1): Morro Bay (EMEC). SANTA BAR- BARA (3): Cold Spring Canyon, Los Padres National Forest (SBMN, California Beetle Project database numbers CBP0048052, CBP0049001, and CBP0049002). Remarks. Platycerus cribripennis is one of the most infrequently collected species of stag beetles in North America, being known from only a few specimens from five localities. Th ere may be a need to examine the species��� geographically limited distribution in greater detail to ascertain whether or not it warrants conservation status. Th is is especially true where the known distribution intersects planned or on-going development., Published as part of Paulsen, M. J. & Caterino, Michael, 2009, The Platycerus (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) of California, with the recognition of Platycerus cribripennis Van Dyke as a valid species, pp. 89-94 in ZooKeys 8 (8) on pages 91-93, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.8.118, http://zenodo.org/record/576445, {"references":["Van Dyke EC (1928) Notes and descriptions of new species of Lucanidae and Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) from western North America. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 4: 105 - 113.","Paulsen MJ, Hawks DC (2008) Platyceroidini, a new tribe of North American stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae). Insecta Mundi 0058: 1 - 2."]}