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Bagauda Bergroth, 1903 Bagauda Bergroth, 1903: 12 (original description), Distant (1903: 208) (redescription, fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma), McAtee & Malloch (1926: 138) (diagnosis, new species), Wygodzinsky (1966: 94) (monograph), Maldonado (1990: 98) (catalogue), Rédei & Tsai (2010: 16) (nomenclature), Chandra et al. (2017: 121) (diagnosis, review of Indian species)., Published as part of Joshi, Nikhil U., Boyane, Swapnil S. & Ghate, Hemant V., 2022, Redescription of Bagauda avidus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) with notes on other species of the genus in India, pp. 361-372 in Zootaxa 5188 (4) on page 362, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7095575, {"references":["Bergroth, E. (1903) Novum genus Ploeariinarum. - Revue d'Entomologie, 22, 12 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9748","Distant, W. L. (1903) The Fauna of British India, Rhynchota. Vol 2. Part I. Heteroptera. Taylor and Francis, London, 242 pp.","McAtee, W. L. & Malloch, J. R. (1926) Philippine and Malayan Ploiariinae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Philippine Journal of Science, 30, 117 - 152.","Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614.","Maldonado, J. Capriles (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World (Insecta: Heteroptera). (Special edition of the Caribbean Journal of Science.) University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, x + 694 pp.","Redei, D. & Tsai, J. F. (2010) A survey of the emesine assassin bugs of the tribes Collartidini, Leistarchini, Emesini, and Metapterini of Taiwan (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 57 (1), 11 - 36.","Chandra, K., Mukherjee, P., Kushwaha S., Hassan, M. E. & Biswas, B. (2017) A review of the genus Bagauda Bergroth, 1903 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 12 (1), 120 - 126."]}

Bagauda avidus Bergroth, 1903 Bagauda avidus Bergroth, 1903: 13 (original description), Wygodzinsky (1966: 97) (figure, type material, distribution), Maldonado (1990: 98) (catalogue), Chandra et al. (2017: 122) (diagnosis, photos, in key)., Published as part of Joshi, Nikhil U., Boyane, Swapnil S. & Ghate, Hemant V., 2022, Redescription of Bagauda avidus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) with notes on other species of the genus in India, pp. 361-372 in Zootaxa 5188 (4) on page 362, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7095575, {"references":["Bergroth, E. (1903) Novum genus Ploeariinarum. - Revue d'Entomologie, 22, 12 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9748","Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614.","Maldonado, J. Capriles (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World (Insecta: Heteroptera). (Special edition of the Caribbean Journal of Science.) University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, x + 694 pp.","Chandra, K., Mukherjee, P., Kushwaha S., Hassan, M. E. & Biswas, B. (2017) A review of the genus Bagauda Bergroth, 1903 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 12 (1), 120 - 126."]}

Pelossus Thomson, 1864 For the list of all species of Pelossus and the various synonyms of the genus Pelossus, see Titan Database by Tavakilian & Chevillotte (2018)., Published as part of Majumder, Amitava, Ghate, Hemant V. & Chandra, Kailash, 2022, First report of the genus Pelossus Thomson, 1864 (Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae Pelossini) from India with description of a new species, pp. 593-599 in Zootaxa 5105 (4) on page 594, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5105.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/6333917, {"references":["Thomson, J. (1864) Systema Cerambycidarum ou expose de tous les genres compris dans la famille des Cerambycides et familles limitrophes. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege, 19, 1 - 540. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82379","Tavakilian, G. & Chevillotte, H. (2018) Titan: base de donnees Titan sur les Cerambycides ou Longicornes. Online. Updated Version of 22 October 2021 Available from: http: // titan. gbif. fr / (accessed 30 November 2021)"]}

Pelossus indicus sp. nov (Figs. 1���2) Type material: HOLOTYPE: ♂, ��� India: Chhattisgarh / Kabirdham / Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary / Sakri River / 22 �� 05���40.9��� N and 81 �� 09���52.1��� E, Alt. 427m / 30. ix. 2013 / A. Raha & Party Coll. // HOLOTYPE / Pelossus indicus sp. nov. / des. Majumder, Ghate, Chandra 2021��� (red label) (ZSI). TWO PARATYPES (white locality label, pink label: ��� PARATYPE / other data ditto as holotype) Description. Measurements (in mm): Holotype, ♂: body length 11 (from vertex to tip of elytra), width 3 (at the base of elytra); elytra length 7; pronotum length 3, width 2; antenna length 20. Small, elongate beetle; body colour dark brown to blackish brown at places (head, pronotum and femora) with fine golden or grey pubescence all over the body. Head: Sub vertical; frons small, sub squarish, depressed in middle, little raised at apex, warty, impressed with median, shining longitudinal sulcus covered with greyish golden pubescence; clypeus small, brownish, separated from the frons with a depressed triangular impression; mandibles moderately robust; vertex warty, covered with greyish golden pubescence (Fig. 1 D); antennal supports distinctly raised with their tips slightly angulated, with prominent median smooth sulcus in between; eyes very large, coarsely facetted, slightly emarginated, occupying major portion of head laterally (Fig. 1 J). Antennae long, almost twice the length of the body, brownish black throughout, with greyish pubescence; segment I (scape) strongly thickened, less pubescent and warty, warts sharp at apex, II gradually thickened in apical region, densely pubescent, nearly half of segment I, III segment almost double in length of I but little shorter than IV, remaining segments nearly equal in length, segments VII onwards thinner (Figs. 1 A - C). Thorax: Prothorax broader than head, slightly longer than broad, brownish black with golden pubescence, pubescence more on disc less on lateral margins; pronotal surface rough, granulated, disc depressed, lateral margin very finely curved with some indistinct, blunt tubercles. Width of prothorax distinctly less than width at humeral angles of elytra (Figs. 1 A, E). Elytra elongate, about two and half times the width at humerus, gradually narrowing towards apex; apex of each elytron individually rounded, densely pubescent; each elytron finely punctured, with very small punctures throughout and few large punctures in basal region, punctures sparse in apical region; overall punctures often obscured by pubescence; basal region of elytra around scutellum slightly elevated; scutellum small, transverse and V shaped, black; one moderately prominent longitudinal ridge or costa, on each side of suture, starting from just behind humerus but falling short of apex; humeral angles rounded (Fig. 1 F). Thorax ventrally dark brown to black, glossy due to sparse pubescence; procoxal cavities open, prosternal process very narrow, visible part small, triangular, with broad tip, depressed in middle; mesocoxal cavities open to epimera, mesosternal process triangular, its apical part with shallow channel in middle; metasternum broad, with median sulcus in posterior two third region (Fig. 1 G). Legs of moderate length, distinctly compressed, hind femora not extending to apex of abdomen. All femora strongly clavate, all tibia slender, subequal to femora in length, with usual apical spine; tarsus with first tarsal segment much longer, nearly double in length than that of remaining segments united; claws divaricate (Fig. 1 B). Male genitalia: Median lobe longer than tegmen; apical portion of median lobe much smaller than median struts; apex of median lobe very blunt, rounded. Ring portion of tegmen ���V-shaped. Paramere lobes of medium length, with broad, rounded tip, very close to each other, almost overlapping, with sparse setae; endophallus long, with pair of laminar sclerites seen in the other species of this genus (Fig.2). Etymology: The species name indicus is derived from the country of occurrence: India. Distribution: India; so far known only from type locality: Chhattisgarh; female unknown Differential diagnosis and discussion: The genus Pelossus Thomson, 1864 was founded on Corethrogaster ruber Thomson, 1858. The original description of the genus is brief and is in French. The characters of our specimen matched with the original description of the genus as well with some recently described species under Pelossus, as discussed below. These males collected from Chhattisgarh are different from the other known Asian species of the genus in having darker and slender body and with the elytra narrowed towards apex. Therefore, these males are described as a new species under the genus Pelossus and are compared with the other similar species. Five species of Pelossus are known from Asia, as listed in introduction. The new species Pelossus indicus is significantly different from all these five species in possessing dark brown to blackish brown body colour, as the other species are of lighter colouration; besides colouration, P. indicus sp. nov. also differs from the other Asian species in the shape of prothorax, elytral characters and the structure of the male genitalia. P. unicolor (Gressitt, 1951) [type locality W. Lichuan Dist., Hupeh province, China], which is recorded from China and Vietnam, is a smaller species (female holotype, 8 mm length, 2 mm breadth), with body colour reddish brown [as per the original description by Gressitt 1951] and the elytra are without any carinae or costae, so in both these characters it differs from P. indicus sp. nov. Additionally, considering the structure of male genitalia of P. unicolor that was subsequently described and illustrated by Yokoi et al. (2016), based on a Vietnamese specimen, it appears that the lobes of parameres in P. unicolor are of uniform breadth from base to apex while those are club like in P. indicus sp. nov. The species P. kalimantanus Yokoi, Makihara & Noerdjito, 2016 (type locality East Kalimantan, Indonesia) is different in having ochraceous body colour and elytra with dark blackish apical region but these characters are absent in P. indicus sp. nov.; in addition the male genitalia in P. kalimantanus are also different, especially because the lobes of parameres are divergent in this species while those are very close to each other in P. indicus sp. nov.. The species P. wakabayashii Yokoi, Makihara & Noerdjito, 2016 (type locality Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia), differs from P. indicus sp. nov. in possessing testaceous body colour (as against blackish brown in P. indicus sp. nov.) and in having pronotum more rounded at sides; besides the male genitalia in P. wakabayashi are also very different with sinuate median struts and divergent lobes of parameres while the median struts in P. indicus sp. nov. are not sinuous and paramere lobes are very close, not divergent. The species P. maruyamai Niisato, 2017 (type locality Langkawi Is., West Malaysia) is similar in appearance but smaller (8.6 mm) and light brown than P. indicus sp. nov. (11 mm, blackish brown); further in P. maruyamai the elytral costae are indistinct while in P. indicus sp. nov. the costae are distinct; in addition, the median struts are also distinctly different in both the species. In the recently described species, Pelossus philippinensis Vives, 2018 (type locality N. Luzon, Abra Province, Philippines), the body colour is brown, prothorax is evenly rounded at sides, the elytra are parallel sided for most of their length and only narrowed in apical region, possess two costae per elytron, median struts are sinuate, the lobes of the parameres are gently rounded and possess sparse setae (Vives, 2018) whereas in P. indicus sp. nov. body colour is blackish brown, the prothorax is nearly parallel sided and not evenly rounded, the elytra are narrowed slightly beyond middle and there is a single costa per elytron, the median struts are not sinuate, shape of the tegmen is very different and the lobes of parameres are more broadly rounded. In addition, P. philippinensis appears robust and is a slightly longer species (length 12 mm) as opposed to slender and smaller P. indicus sp. nov. (length 11 mm). There are many species of Pelossus in the African Region but, as pointed out by Yokoi et al. (2016), the Asian species differ from all those in possessing mesocoxal cavities open, at least narrowly, to epimera. Hence it is not necessary to compare Pelossus indicus sp. nov. with the African species; however, it may be pointed out here that Pelossus costatus (Adlbauer 2012) [described as Lygrus costatus Adlbauer, 2012; length 8.5 to 11 mm, type locality Zambia] appears quite similar in colouration and general structure but here the antennal scape is smooth, as against very rough, and elytra are more parallel sided than those of P. indicus sp. nov. Similarly, P. becki Adlbauer, 2015 (type locality Aethiopia) is also a dark brown species but is also very large at 15 mm (length) while P. similis Adlbauer, 2015 (type locality Zambia) is a smaller (length 7���8 mm), yellow brown species and so both are significantly different from P. indicus sp. nov. (see Adlbauer 2015)., Published as part of Majumder, Amitava, Ghate, Hemant V. & Chandra, Kailash, 2022, First report of the genus Pelossus Thomson, 1864 (Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae Pelossini) from India with description of a new species, pp. 593-599 in Zootaxa 5105 (4) on pages 594-598, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5105.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/6333917, {"references":["Thomson, J. (1864) Systema Cerambycidarum ou expose de tous les genres compris dans la famille des Cerambycides et familles limitrophes. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege, 19, 1 - 540. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82379","Thomson, J. (1858) Voyage au Gabon. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes et des Arachnides recueillis pendant un voyage fait au Gabon en 1856 et en 1857 par M. Henry C. Deyrolle sous les auspices de MM. Le Comte de Mniszech et James Thomson precede de l'histoire du voyage. Archives Entomologiques, Paris, 472 pp.","Gressitt, J. L. G. (1951) Longicorn beetles of China. In: Longicornia. Eitudes et notes sur les longicornes, publieies sous la direction de P. Lepesme. Vol. 2. Paul Lechevalie, Paris, pp. 1 - 667, 22 pls.","Yokoi, Y., Makihara, H. & Noerdjito, W. A. (2016) Notes on the Genera Examnes and Pelossus (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Elytra, Tokyo, New Series, 6 (2), 229 - 246.","Niisato, T. (2017) A New Pelossus Thomson (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) from Island of Langkawi, West Malaysia. Elytra, Tokyo, New Series, 7 (1), 95 - 200.","Vives, E. (2018) Descripcion de una nueva especie del genero Pelossus Thomson (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), procedente del Norte de Filipinas (Cerambicidos nuevos o interesantes de Filipinas. Pars XVI). Faunitaxys, 6 (6), 1 - 3.","Adlbauer, K. (2012) Neue Cerambyciden aus der Athiopischen Region, eine neue Synonymie und Angabeben zur Biologie. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Les Cahiers Magellanes, New Series, No. 9, 18 - 33.","Adlbauer, K. (2015) Neue Spezies und Subspezies afrikanischer Cerambyciden (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Les Cahiers Magellanes, New Series, 19, 1 - 12."]}

Pelossus indicus sp. nov (Figs. 1–2) Type material: HOLOTYPE: ♂, ‘ India: Chhattisgarh / Kabirdham / Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary / Sakri River / 22 ° 05’40.9” N and 81 ° 09’52.1” E, Alt. 427m / 30. ix. 2013 / A. Raha & Party Coll. // HOLOTYPE / Pelossus indicus sp. nov. / des. Majumder, Ghate, Chandra 2021’ (red label) (ZSI). TWO PARATYPES (white locality label, pink label: “ PARATYPE / other data ditto as holotype) Description. Measurements (in mm): Holotype, ♂: body length 11 (from vertex to tip of elytra), width 3 (at the base of elytra); elytra length 7; pronotum length 3, width 2; antenna length 20. Small, elongate beetle; body colour dark brown to blackish brown at places (head, pronotum and femora) with fine golden or grey pubescence all over the body. Head: Sub vertical; frons small, sub squarish, depressed in middle, little raised at apex, warty, impressed with median, shining longitudinal sulcus covered with greyish golden pubescence; clypeus small, brownish, separated from the frons with a depressed triangular impression; mandibles moderately robust; vertex warty, covered with greyish golden pubescence (Fig. 1 D); antennal supports distinctly raised with their tips slightly angulated, with prominent median smooth sulcus in between; eyes very large, coarsely facetted, slightly emarginated, occupying major portion of head laterally (Fig. 1 J). Antennae long, almost twice the length of the body, brownish black throughout, with greyish pubescence; segment I (scape) strongly thickened, less pubescent and warty, warts sharp at apex, II gradually thickened in apical region, densely pubescent, nearly half of segment I, III segment almost double in length of I but little shorter than IV, remaining segments nearly equal in length, segments VII onwards thinner (Figs. 1 A - C). Thorax: Prothorax broader than head, slightly longer than broad, brownish black with golden pubescence, pubescence more on disc less on lateral margins; pronotal surface rough, granulated, disc depressed, lateral margin very finely curved with some indistinct, blunt tubercles. Width of prothorax distinctly less than width at humeral angles of elytra (Figs. 1 A, E). Elytra elongate, about two and half times the width at humerus, gradually narrowing towards apex; apex of each elytron individually rounded, densely pubescent; each elytron finely punctured, with very small punctures throughout and few large punctures in basal region, punctures sparse in apical region; overall punctures often obscured by pubescence; basal region of elytra around scutellum slightly elevated; scutellum small, transverse and V shaped, black; one moderately prominent longitudinal ridge or costa, on each side of suture, starting from just behind humerus but falling short of apex; humeral angles rounded (Fig. 1 F). Thorax ventrally dark brown to black, glossy due to sparse pubescence; procoxal cavities open, prosternal process very narrow, visible part small, triangular, with broad tip, depressed in middle; mesocoxal cavities open to epimera, mesosternal process triangular, its apical part with shallow channel in middle; metasternum broad, with median sulcus in posterior two third region (Fig. 1 G). Legs of moderate length, distinctly compressed, hind femora not extending to apex of abdomen. All femora strongly clavate, all tibia slender, subequal to femora in length, with usual apical spine; tarsus with first tarsal segment much longer, nearly double in length than that of remaining segments united; claws divaricate (Fig. 1 B). Male genitalia: Median lobe longer than tegmen; apical portion of median lobe much smaller than median struts; apex of median lobe very blunt, rounded. Ring portion of tegmen ‘V-shaped. Paramere lobes of medium length, with broad, rounded tip, very close to each other, almost overlapping, with sparse setae; endophallus long, with pair of laminar sclerites seen in the other species of this genus (Fig.2). Etymology: The species name indicus is derived from the country of occurrence: India. Distribution: India; so far known only from type locality: Chhattisgarh; female unknown Differential diagnosis and discussion: The genus Pelossus Thomson, 1864 was founded on Corethrogaster ruber Thomson, 1858. The original description of the genus is brief and is in French. The characters of our specimen matched with the original description of the genus as well with some recently described species under Pelossus, as discussed below. These males collected from Chhattisgarh are different from the other known Asian species of the genus in having darker and slender body and with the elytra narrowed towards apex. Therefore, these males are described as a new species under the genus Pelossus and are compared with the other similar species. Five species of Pelossus are known from Asia, as listed in introduction. The new species Pelossus indicus is significantly different from all these five species in possessing dark brown to blackish brown body colour, as the other species are of lighter colouration; besides colouration, P. indicus sp. nov. also differs from the other Asian species in the shape of prothorax, elytral characters and the structure of the male genitalia. P. unicolor (Gressitt, 1951) [type locality W. Lichuan Dist., Hupeh province, China], which is recorded from China and Vietnam, is a smaller species (female holotype, 8 mm length, 2 mm breadth), with body colour reddish brown [as per the original description by Gressitt 1951] and the elytra are without any carinae or costae, so in both these characters it differs from P. indicus sp. nov. Additionally, considering the structure of male genitalia of P. unicolor that was subsequently described and illustrated by Yokoi et al. (2016), based on a Vietnamese specimen, it appears that the lobes of parameres in P. unicolor are of uniform breadth from base to apex while those are club like in P. indicus sp. nov. The species P. kalimantanus Yokoi, Makihara & Noerdjito, 2016 (type locality East Kalimantan, Indonesia) is different in having ochraceous body colour and elytra with dark blackish apical region but these characters are absent in P. indicus sp. nov.; in addition the male genitalia in P. kalimantanus are also different, especially because the lobes of parameres are divergent in this species while those are very close to each other in P. indicus sp. nov.. The species P. wakabayashii Yokoi, Makihara & Noerdjito, 2016 (type locality Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia), differs from P. indicus sp. nov. in possessing testaceous body colour (as against blackish brown in P. indicus sp. nov.) and in having pronotum more rounded at sides; besides the male genitalia in P. wakabayashi are also very different with sinuate median struts and divergent lobes of parameres while the median struts in P. indicus sp. nov. are not sinuous and paramere lobes are very close, not divergent. The species P. maruyamai Niisato, 2017 (type locality Langkawi Is., West Malaysia) is similar in appearance but smaller (8.6 mm) and light brown than P. indicus sp. nov. (11 mm, blackish brown); further in P. maruyamai the elytral costae are indistinct while in P. indicus sp. nov. the costae are distinct; in addition, the median struts are also distinctly different in both the species. In the recently described species, Pelossus philippinensis Vives, 2018 (type locality N. Luzon, Abra Province, Philippines), the body colour is brown, prothorax is evenly rounded at sides, the elytra are parallel sided for most of their length and only narrowed in apical region, possess two costae per elytron, median struts are sinuate, the lobes of the parameres are gently rounded and possess sparse setae (Vives, 2018) whereas in P. indicus sp. nov. body colour is blackish brown, the prothorax is nearly parallel sided and not evenly rounded, the elytra are narrowed slightly beyond middle and there is a single costa per elytron, the median struts are not sinuate, shape of the tegmen is very different and the lobes of parameres are more broadly rounded. In addition, P. philippinensis appears robust and is a slightly longer species (length 12 mm) as opposed to slender and smaller P. indicus sp. nov. (length 11 mm). There are many species of Pelossus in the African Region but, as pointed out by Yokoi et al. (2016), the Asian species differ from all those in possessing mesocoxal cavities open, at least narrowly, to epimera. Hence it is not necessary to compare Pelossus indicus sp. nov. with the African species; however, it may be pointed out here that Pelossus costatus (Adlbauer 2012) [described as Lygrus costatus Adlbauer, 2012; length 8.5 to 11 mm, type locality Zambia] appears quite similar in colouration and general structure but here the antennal scape is smooth, as against very rough, and elytra are more parallel sided than those of P. indicus sp. nov. Similarly, P. becki Adlbauer, 2015 (type locality Aethiopia) is also a dark brown species but is also very large at 15 mm (length) while P. similis Adlbauer, 2015 (type locality Zambia) is a smaller (length 7–8 mm), yellow brown species and so both are significantly different from P. indicus sp. nov. (see Adlbauer 2015).

Eugubinus annulatus (Villiers, 1948) (Figs. 29–31) Falsogardena annulata Villiers, 1948: 435. Holotype: ♂, Gabon, Lower Ogowe, Ngomo; MNHN. Eugubinus annulatus: Wygodzinsky (1966: 243) (new combination, distribution). Remarks. This species was described from a single male (holotype) which is preserved in MNHN and illustrated here (Figs. 29–31). Villiers (1957, 1982) recorded the species from Cape Verde Islands and Ghana., Published as part of Ghate, Hemant V., Boyane, Swapnil S. & Webb, Michael D., 2021, Description of the adult of the thread-legged assassin bug Eugubinus araneus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from India, with comments on other congeneric species, pp. 291-304 in Zootaxa 4990 (2) on page 298, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5026466, {"references":["Villiers, A. (1948) Hemipteres Reduviides de l'Afrique Noire. Faune de l'Empire Francais IX. Office de la Recherche Scientifique Coloniale, Paris, 488 pp.","Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614.","Villiers, A. (1957) Hemipteres Reduviides Emesinae recoltes aux iles du Cap Vert par le Dr. H. Lindberg. Commentationes Biologicae, 16 (13): 1 - 2.","Villiers, A. (1982) Hemipteres Reduviidae Africains localisations et descriptions. II. Emesinae. Revue Franc ¸ aise d'Entomologie, Nouvelle Serie, 4 (1), 27 - 39."]}

Eugubinus papuensis (Wygodzinsky, 1966) (Fig. 27) Eugubinus papuensis Wygodzinsky, 1966: 245–246. Holotype: ♂, Papua New Guinea, Kokoda; BMNH. Type material examined. Holotype: ♂, “Papua: Kokoda 1200 ft,. v.1933, L.E. Cheesman ”, “ Holotype [red circular label]”, “ Eugubinus papuensis Wygod. ”, “in cobweb”, “NHMUK 013587483” (BMNH). Remarks. This species was described from a male holotype and an additional male lacking head. An image of the holotype is presented (Fig. 27)., Published as part of Ghate, Hemant V., Boyane, Swapnil S. & Webb, Michael D., 2021, Description of the adult of the thread-legged assassin bug Eugubinus araneus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from India, with comments on other congeneric species, pp. 291-304 in Zootaxa 4990 (2) on page 299, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5026466, {"references":["Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614."]}

Eugubinus canalanus (Distant, 1914) (Fig. 28) Gardena canalana Distant, 1914: 385. Syntypes: New Caledonia, Canala; BMNH. Eugubinus canalanus: Wygodzinsky (1966: 243) (diagnostic characters, figures, records). Type material examined. Syntype: ♂, “ New Caledonia: Mt Kanala, 3.11. 11, 700 m ”, “ Gardena canalana Distant 1914 ” [blue circular label], “ Eugubinus canalanus (Distant) ”, “NHMUK 013587482” (BMNH). Remarks. This species was described from an unspecified number of specimens with the following data “Canala, New Caledonia ”. The range of body length given (“15 to 24 mill.”) indicates that the description was based on more than one individuals, but only one specimen (a male) was found in BMNH. Wygodzinsky (1966) listed a non-type male from Noumea, deposited in the American Museum of Natural History. This is a rather unusual species of Eugubinus because of its large body (the body length of other species of Eugubinus is 13–15 mm), longer basal portion of fore femur without spines (unique within Eugubinus) and aptery (all other species are known from macropterous morphs only). The single male syntype of this species is illustrated (Fig. 28)., Published as part of Ghate, Hemant V., Boyane, Swapnil S. & Webb, Michael D., 2021, Description of the adult of the thread-legged assassin bug Eugubinus araneus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from India, with comments on other congeneric species, pp. 291-304 in Zootaxa 4990 (2) on page 299, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5026466, {"references":["Distant, W. L. (1914) Rhynchota from New Caledonia and the surrounding islands. In: Sarasin, F. & Roux, J. (Eds.), Nova Caledonia. Forschungen in Neu-Caledonien und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. Recherches scientifiques en Nouvelle-Caledonie et aux Iles Loyalty. A. Zoologie. Vol. I, L & IV. C. W. Kreidels, Wiesbaden, pp. 367 - 390, pls. XI - XII.","Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614."]}

Key to the species of Eugubinus (modified after Wygodzinsky, 1966) 1 Body length more than 20 mm; apterous; basal fourth of fore femur devoid of spines (Fig. 28).............. E. canalanus - Body length 17 mm or less; winged; spines of fore femur beginning almost at base of segment....................... 2 2 Body length 17 mm; fore femur dark, with one broad, subapical, white annulus removed from apex by its own length; pronotum dorsally with a pair of anteriorly converging whitish bands............................................. E. leleupi - Body length less than 17 mm; colour not as above........................................................... 3 3 Body length 16 mm; colour piceous; fore coxae reddish; abdomen strongly enlarged apically............. E. strangulatus - Body length less than 16 mm; body colour and shape of abdomen not as above.................................... 4 4 Head piceous with a posterior pale yellowish median line and a wide pale fascia laterally between eyes and base of antennae; fore femora dark, dorsally with two submedian whitish spots; third segment of rostrum whitish (Figs. 29–31)...................................................................................................... E. annulatus - Colour not as above................................................................................... 5 5 Anterior and posterior lobe of pronotum equal or subequal in length............................................ 6 - Anterior lobe of pronotum distinctly shorter than posterior lobe................................................ 8 6 Head and pronotum fuscous with central pale longitudinal lines; apices of posterior femora black (Fig. 25: adult syntype; Fig. 26: nymph)................................................................................. E. reticolus - Head and pronotum uniformly piceous; apices of posterior femora whitish....................................... 7 7 Posterior femora with entire apical region greyish white (Fig. 24)..................................... E. intrudans - Posterior femora with large subapical white annulus, extreme apex black (Fig. 32: holotype, mid and hind legs mutilated).............................................................................................. E. forsteri 8 Visible first and second segment of labium strongly incrassate and strongly bent between first and second segment (Fig. 6); eyes large, touching ventral margin of head in lateral view (Fig. 5).......................................... E. araneus - Visible first and second segment of labium very slightly incrassate and not strongly bent; eyes not touching ventral margin of head in lateral view (Fig. 27).................................................................. E. papuensis, Published as part of Ghate, Hemant V., Boyane, Swapnil S. & Webb, Michael D., 2021, Description of the adult of the thread-legged assassin bug Eugubinus araneus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from India, with comments on other congeneric species, pp. 291-304 in Zootaxa 4990 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5026466, {"references":["Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614."]}

Eugubinus reticolus Distant, 1915 (Figs. 25–26) Eugubinus reticolus Distant, 1915: 8. Syntype (s): India, Calcutta [= Kolkata], salt lakes below Chingrighatta; BMNH. Type material examined. India: Syntype ♀, "Salt Lakes below Chingrighatta, Calcutta. 29.x. 14 F. H. Gravely ", " Eugubinus reticolus Dist. ", " Syntype [blue circular label]", "From webs of Cyrtophora cicatrosa (Stol.) ", "Distant Coll. 1911-383", "NHMUK 013588108" (BMNH) (Fig. 25). Remarks. This species was described from an unspecified number of specimens from "Calcutta; salt lakes below Chingrighatta" in India, from webs of Cyrtophora cicatrosa. A badly mutilated female syntype (lacking head and prothorax) and one topotypical nymph (Fig. 26) are located in BMNH. The dark apex of the hind femur is seen in both the adult female and the nymph, supporting recognition of the specimens as conspecific. Gravely (1921) recorded the species from Berkuda Island, Chilka Lake, Odisha. An adult and a nymph of E. reticolus were recently imaged in Tamil Nadu (Agarwal 2020a)., Published as part of Ghate, Hemant V., Boyane, Swapnil S. & Webb, Michael D., 2021, Description of the adult of the thread-legged assassin bug Eugubinus araneus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from India, with comments on other congeneric species, pp. 291-304 in Zootaxa 4990 (2) on page 299, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.2.5, {"references":["Distant, W. L. (1915) Some interesting Rhynchota from British India. Entomologist, 48, 8 - 9.","Gravely, F. H. (1921) The spiders and scorpions of Barkuda Island. Records of the Indian Museum, 22, 399 - 421. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1478","Agarwal, A. (2020 a) Eugubinus reticolus. Photographs to be found on iNaturalist [Online database]. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 38632742 and https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 38632743 (last accessed: 26.5.2021)"]}

Eugubinus araneus Distant, 1903 (Figs. 1–3, 5–23) Eugubinus araneus Distant, 1903a: 253. Syntype (s): India, Uran (near Mumbai); BMNH. Eugubinus araneus: Distant (1903b: 206) (redescription, illustration), Wygodzinsky (1953: 218) (in key), Wygodzinsky (1966: 243), Maldonado (1990: 84) (catalogue). Ambrose (2006: 2396) (checklist). Description of adult male and female (based on 3 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀): Slender insect of moderate length (from tip of head to tip of abdomen 12.5–13.5 mm). Colouration: Body colour mostly piceous with pale or ochraceous markings on head, pronotum and abdomen, along with pale annuli on fore leg, antennae, mid and hind legs (Fig. 5). Head with a pair of shining, oblique lines forming ‘V’ in front of transverse sulcus (Fig. 9) and an indistinct pale area immediately behind each eye laterally (Fig. 6). First antennal segment with seven pale annuli which are shorter than dark areas separating them; second segment with five pale annuli, including very small basal one; third segment with a single small basal annulation. Head uniformly piceous ventrally, with a pair of oval, very shiny areas, one on each side, behind eyes (Fig. 10). Anterior lobe of pronotum dark brown to piceous; posterior lobe pale brown with median and lateral oblique ochraceous lines; prosternum uniformly piceous (Figs. 6, 12, 13). Fore legs with coxae uniformly dark, femora with an apical small pale area and two submedian obscure pale brownish patches (clearer in wet specimens), long posteroventral spines white with dark tips; tibia with two incomplete subbasal pale annuli; tarsus almost entirely brown (Fig. 11). Mid and hind coxae and trochanters dark brown with some pale areas. Mid and hind femora with numerous pale annuli, in between areas with dark annuli or brownish mottling, hind femora white at tip while mid femora brown at apex but with subapical white ring. Tibiae with many pale annuli that are longer than dark brown interspaces but without mottling; tarsi pale in basal part and dark distally (Fig. 5). Forewings very pale brown with dark brown veins (Figs. 15, 16). Hind wings translucent with dark veins.Abdomen dorsally dark brown, ventrally with median spots on each segment (occasionally joined by indistinct line of similar colour, or with additional pair of spots on either side of median line, or median line might occasionally be very distinct and broad); connexivum with pale patches in segments three to six; spiracles all white and slightly elevated; seventh abdominal segment dorsally with a median ochraceous line and ochraceous outer angles. Pygophore dark brown. Parameres with indistinct dorsal pale line and pale subapical area, remaining part and extreme tip dark (Figs. 14, 17). Structure: Head oval, considerably narrowed behind eye to small neck, slightly convex dorsally; eyes large, globular, reaching dorsal and ventral margin of head in lateral view; prominent transverse sulcus present between eyes, its posterior margin not reaching hind border of eye; anteocular slightly longer than postocular; antenniferous tubercles situated dorsally at about midway between eye and apex; antennae long, first segment longest (ca. 5 mm), longer than head and pronotum together (ca. 4 mm), second segment shorter, third shortest, fourth slightly longer than third; labium robust, strongly bent between first and second visible segments, first and second visible segments strongly incrassate (Fig. 6). Thorax with pronotum covering mesonotum; posterior lobe of pronotum about 1.4 times longer than anterior lobe; anterior lobe narrower than posterior lobe, broadest at anterior angles and narrowed behind but not pedunculate; posterior lobe set at an angle, sloping towards anterior lobe, broadest at humeral angles, with a pair of strong, oblique carinae enclosing mid-dorsal, elevated area in between (Fig. 6) and with median very short carina not reaching posterior margin; posterior margin emarginate, humeral angles subprominent (Fig. 12). Scutellum very small. Prosternum with median, indistinct longitudinal carina; mesosternum and metasternum short, latter with short median carina in distal one third (Fig. 13). Abdomen narrow, almost parallel-sided except in seventh segment (which has lateral dilation) (Fig. 14), dorsally more or less flat, ventrally slightly convex; connexivum narrow. Male pygophore dorsally flat, ventrally very convex, and laterally slightly compressed (Figs. 17–19, respectively), with prominent median, superoposterior spine. Parameres short, curved around median spine, pointed apically (Fig. 20). Phallus symmetrical, articulatory apparatus about as long as phallosoma. Phallosoma weakly sclerotized, without projections; endosoma covered with many fine spinules (Figs. 21, 22). Female seventh tergite with prominent lateral projections; genital segments oblique or subvertical, less sclerotized. Nymph (5th instar). Colouration of 5th instar nymph is almost exactly as described and illustrated by Distant (1903b) and seen in the two syntypes deposited in BMNH (Fig. 23) hence it is not repeated here. Photographs in dorsal and lateral profile, showing colouration, are provided (Figs. 3, 7, 8). A single nymph (found dead in web) was collected and preserved, another live one was left undisturbed to observe feeding and movement. Measurements of the preserved nymph are given here. Measurements (in mm): (Adults 2 ♂♂ / 2 ♀♀): Total body length 12.5/13.5; total length of head 1.00/1.05, length of anteocular part 0.30/0.30, of postocular part 0.27/0.30; eye diameter 0.37/0.30.Antenna: length of segment I 5.20/5.20, of segment II 4.00/4.10, of segment III 0.50/0.50, of segment IV 2.11/2.13. Length of labium 1.50/,1.55 of first visible segment 0.50/0.50, of second visible segment 0.50/0.45, of third visible segment 0.50/0.60. Length of pronotum 2.70/2.80 (anterior lobe 1.20/1.50, posterior lobe 1.20/1.60); Length of fore coxa 1.87/2.00, of fore femur 3.50/3.37, of fore tibia 2.50/2.50, of fore tarsus with claw 0.37/0.37; length of mid coxa 0.33/0.50, of mid femur 7.75/7.80, of mid tibia 9.00/10.00, of mid tarsus with claw 0.37/0.37; length of hind coxa 0.37/0.50, of hind femur 10.0/10.6, of hind tibia 14.5/14.5, of hind tarsus with claw 0.37/0.37. Length of forewing 6.50/6.80. Nymph (single specimen): total body length 9.00; total length of head 0.70, Antenna: length of segment I 3.25, of segment II 2.75, of segment III 0.60, of segment IV 2.30. Labium: length of first visible segment 0.50, of second visible segment 0.30, of third visible segment 0.50. Length of pronotum 1.13. Length of fore coxa 1.25, of fore femur 2.13, of fore tibia 1.38, of fore tarsus with claw 0.50; length of mid coxa 0.35, of mid femur 5.00, of mid tibia 5.50, of mid tarsus with claw 0.25; length of hind coxa 0.43, of hind femur 5.50, of hind tibia, of hind tarsus with claw 0.25. Type material examined. India: syntype nymph, “Uran nr. Bombay E.H. Aitken 1900.16”, “ Eugubinus araneus Dist. ”, “Living in nest of spider Theridium ”, “NHMUK 0103586728” (Fig. 23); syntype nymph, same data except lacking the spider web data label, “NHMUK 0103586729”; both specimens deposited in BMNH. Additional specimens examined. India: Daund, Pune, trapped in spider web, 4.xi.2017, leg. P. Pansare (1 ♂ 1 ♀); Lonavala, Pune, 17.xi.2017, leg. B. Sarode (1 live ♂, 1 live nymph, 1 ♀ trapped in web); Aundh Road, xii.2017, leg. B. Sarode (one mutilated ♂ trapped in web); all preserved specimens deposited in MCASCP. Remarks. Distant (1903a) described Eugubinus araneus from an unspecified number of specimens with the following data: “Uran, near Bombay (Aitken, Brit. Mus.). Found living in nest of spider (Theridium sp.)”. Note: Gravely (1915) commented that it is unlikely to be a web of Theridiid and the spider must be Cyrtophora cicatrosa (Stoliczka, 1969) (Araneidae). Two specimens (nymphs) bearing this locality and collector data are present in the BMNH, including one with the spider web data. The syntypes compare fairly well with a nymph collected recently in Lonavala, Pune, India; the latter is therefore regarded to represent E. araneus, as is its associated adult., Published as part of Ghate, Hemant V., Boyane, Swapnil S. & Webb, Michael D., 2021, Description of the adult of the thread-legged assassin bug Eugubinus araneus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from India, with comments on other congeneric species, pp. 291-304 in Zootaxa 4990 (2) on pages 293-298, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5026466, {"references":["Distant, W. L. (1903 a) Rhynchotal notes. - XVIII. Heteroptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 12 (68), 248 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930308678849","Distant, W. L. (1903 b) Rhynchota. Vol. II. (Heteroptera). Part 1. In: Blanford, W. T. (Ed.), The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. [i] - iv, 1 - 242.","Wygodzinsky, P. (1953) On a new species of Eugubinus Distant, 1903 with notes on the genus (Emesinae, Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Dominion Museum Records in Entomology, 1 (10), 213 - 218.","Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614.","Maldonado Capriles, J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the world. Caribbean Journal of Science, Special Edition. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, 694 pp.","Ambrose, D. P. (2006) A checklist of Indian assassin bugs (Insecta: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) with taxonomic status, distribution and diagnostic morphological characteristics. Zoos' Print Journal, 21 (9), 2388 - 2406. https: // doi. org / 10.11609 / JoTT. ZPJ. 871.2388 - 406","Gravely, F. H. (1915) Notes on the habits of Indian insects, myriapods and arachnids. Records of the Indian Museum, 11, 483 - 539."]}

Eugubinus forsteri Wygodzinsky, 1953 (Fig. 32) Eugubinus forsteri Wygodzinsky, 1953: 214. Holotype: ♀, New Caledonia, Noumea; MNZ. Eugubinus forsteri: Wygodzinsky (1966: 245) (diagnostic characters, distribution). Remarks. This species was described from a single female (holotype) which is preserved in ‘Dominion Museum’, now in Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Image of the pinned anterior part of the holotype is provided in Fig. 32, the remaining broken part is preserved in alcohol., Published as part of Ghate, Hemant V., Boyane, Swapnil S. & Webb, Michael D., 2021, Description of the adult of the thread-legged assassin bug Eugubinus araneus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from India, with comments on other congeneric species, pp. 291-304 in Zootaxa 4990 (2) on page 298, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5026466, {"references":["Wygodzinsky, P. (1953) On a new species of Eugubinus Distant, 1903 with notes on the genus (Emesinae, Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Dominion Museum Records in Entomology, 1 (10), 213 - 218.","Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614."]}

Miccolamia (Miccolamia) arunachalensis Sreedevi & Ghate sp. nov. (Figs. 1���4) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3B1579C7-D2BC-4100-B105-F74E2C0AB1D4 Material examined: HOLOTYPE ♀, ��� INDIA: Arunachal Pradesh, Pasighat, CAU campus, 152 m MSL, 28 o 4���N 95 o 20���E, 11. xi. 2014, MV Lamp, leg. Umesh Kumar /ICAR-NBAIR-CER 1���. Description. Female (n = 1). Body length from vertex to elytral apex 4.05 mm, humeral width 1.03 mm. General body coloration with a mixture of reddish brown and black; body surface dorsally shining, ventrally partly dull under head and thorax, abdomen shining. Body covered with sparse setae, which can be short or long, gray, yellow, brown or black, and erect or recumbent. Head red brown, sparsely covered with erect setae; area between antennal tubercles interspersed with short black setae and long brown setae; clypeus with recumbent gray and brown long setae; ventral side of head red brown, frons brown, clypeus dark brown. Head deflexed, slightly narrower than pronotum (Fig.1), frons convex, integument between eyes finely punctate; vertex smooth, glabrous, median longitudinal sulcus distinct; eyes entire, coarsely facetted, reniform with lower eye lobe larger, about 1.40 times as long as gena and connected to upper lobe by four rows of ommatidia (Figs. 3 ��� 4); space between antennal tubercles slightly concave. Antennae red-brown, underside fringed with relatively dense, brown, and long setae; antennomeres III���XI dark brown in distal half. Antennae slightly surpassing elytral apex, about 1.06 times as long as body; scape clavate, antennomeres II ��� X cylindrical, antennomere XI spindle-shaped; antennomere III longest. Ratio of length of antennomeres: 0.83: 0.36: 1.00: 0.89: 0.66: 0.60: 0.57: 0.55: 0.51: 0.49: 0.55. Thorax. Pronotum red-brown, sparsely covered with long brown, erect setae, lower lateral sides with scattered short setae, interspersed with few long, brown setae; ante-apical and ante-basal area red-brown; disc, edges of lateral tubercles, anterior and posterior margins dark brown; prosternum red brown, meso- and metaventrites dark brown; prosternum and mesoventrite moderately covered with recumbent yellow setae, metaventrite sparsely covered with short gray setae (Fig. 2). Pronotum subquadrate, distinctly longer than wide, narrower than humeral width, constricted in front and behind lateral tubercles and with disc distinctly elevated; lateral pronotal tubercles prominent, triangular, with broad base. Prosternum smooth, prosternal process short, reaching middle of procoxae. Scutellum red-brown, small and triangular. Elytra red-brown in basal third, distal two third black, subbasal elytral tubercles black; elytral disc sparsely covered with long, black, sub-erect setae, denser in apical region, interspersed with yellow setae; lateral side of elytral disc, at its posterior half, with a few thick, gray setae, most of them visible in lateral view (Fig. 3); remaining integument smooth and glossy. Elytra 0.70 times as long as body, 2.53 times as long as pronotum and 2.19 times as long as humeral width; humeral prominence rounded; elytral disc flat at its basal third, distinctly convex at its middle, and sloping towards apex from its apical third (Fig. 3); behind scutellum, adorned with well-developed subbasal, triangular tubercle on either side of sutural margin, sparsely punctate, with a row of punctures next to sutural margin; apex rounded; elytra broader at its base, slightly constricted post-basally, widest premedially, and narrowed apically. Legs red brown, swollen part of femora dark brown to blackish on outer face; tibiae dark brown at base; basal narrow area of femora with elongate, white setae, sparsely interspersed with short gray setae; tibiae and tarsi more densely setose with a few long and short white and yellow setae. All legs with strongly clavate femora, fore tibiae weakly curved distally; mid and hind tibiae deeply excised distally, densely fringed with white setae in apical onethird of their outer edge (Figs. 2 ��� 3). Tarsal segments subequal in length; claws divaricate and appendiculate. Abdomen with ventrites I���IV black, ventrite V black on basal two third and red-brown on apical third; ventrites I���V scattered with short setae laterally on each side, interspersed with a few long, thick, gray setae; posterior margin of ventrite V densely covered with short, white setae (Figs. 3 ��� 4). Ventrite I the longest, ventrites II���IV short, ventrite V subequal to combined length of ventrites II���IV; apex of ventrite V broadly rounded (Fig. 2). Differential diagnosis and discussion: By the bicolored elytra, Miccolamia arunachalensis sp. nov. resembles two other Indian species, M. (M.) relucens Holzschuh, 2003 (type locality Nepal), and M. (M.) rugosula Holzschuh, 2003 (type locality Darjeeling, West Bengal) but differs from those two by the absence of transverse, white pubescent band on each side of elytra. Miccolamia arunachalensis sp. nov. also differs from M. (M.) relucens by the presence of distinct, triangular subbasal tubercles on each side of the elytral disc (these being rather flat in M. relucens) and the scape stouter (scape comparatively slender and elongate in M. relucens). Miccolamia arunachalensis sp. nov. differs from M. rugosula by the frons and pronotum smooth (frons and pronotum roughly wrinkled, with punctate frons in M. rugosula), the subbasal tubercle sparsely setose (subbasal tubercle densely covered with black hairs in M. rugosula), and the elytra with sparsely distributed coarse punctures (elytra with many coarse punctures in M. rugosula). Miccolamia (M.) ferruginea Hiremath, 2019 (type locality Vellayani, Kerala), a third and recently described species from India, differs from the new species by possessing elytral characters such as weakly developed subbasal tubercles, six rows of punctures on elytral disc, two weakly developed carinae and unicolorous surface (in M. arunachalensis sp. nov. the subbasal tubercles are prominent, the elytra are bicolorous, and the elytral disc lacks the fine carinae and six rows of punctures). Thus, based on the above discussed characters, M. arunachalensis sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from the other three species so far known from India. There are some other Miccolamia s. str. species with bicolored elytra, which are described from the adjacent countries and therefore likely to be present in India. These can also be differentiated from the new species, M. arunachalensis sp. nov., as discussed below. Miccolamia arunachalensis sp. nov. is also similar to M. (M.) bicristata Pesarini & Sabbadini, 1997 (type locality China) in having bicolored elytra, and a very convex pronotum forming a dorsal hump (Pesarini & Sabbadini 1997) but M. arunachalensis sp. nov. does not have transverse silvery-white band of pubescence at the base of pronotum or near the middle of elytra (both characters present in M. bicristata); in addition, the elytra are narrower in apical region in M arunachalensis sp. nov. Miccolamia savioi Gressitt, 1940 (type locality China) is another similar species with bicolored elytra, with somewhat similar coarse and fine punctures and with long setae on elytra, but the presence of the following characters in it allow separation of both species: transverse band of long white pubescence at the base of pronotum and near the middle of elytra (separating the red and black areas); uniformly pale reddish antennae; and a slightly shorter prothorax with comparatively shallow constriction in front of lateral spiny tubercle. Additionally, five species, all described by Holzschuh (2010) and with bicolored elytra, have short or broad transverse band of white pubescence on elytra, a character that separates all these species from M. arunachalensis sp. nov.. These species include M. (M.) scintillans (type locality Thailand), M. (M.) horridula (type locality Thailand), M. (M.) tonsilis (type locality China), M. (M.) coenosa (type locality China) and M. (M.) scortina (type locality Laos). Of these, M. scintillans has very evenly rounded elytra in apical third while in M. arunachalensis sp. nov. it is much narrowed in apical third; M. horridula has different elytral coloration, body with longer hairs, as the name of the species suggests, and has different shape of prothorax with rather short lateral tubercle (such hairs are very sparse and not as long and pronotal lateral tubercles are prominent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov.); M. tonsilis has very small lateral pronotal tubercles and five rows of strong punctures on elytra in basal half while both these characters are absent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov.; M. coenosa is entirely different species from M. arunachalensis sp. nov. due to the presence of characters such as: a black body, lateral margins of pronotum subparallel without prominent constrictions, with a very small lateral pronotal tubercles and five rows of punctures in basal half of elytra (the transverse constrictions as well as the lateral tubercles of pronotum are distinct, while distinct rows of punctures are absent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov.). Miccolamia scortina is a larger species (> 6mm) with four rows of moderate punctures on elytra (such rows are absent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov.) and has lateral margins of pronotum strongly rounded and provided with a thin spine like tubercle which is placed slightly behind middle and more evenly rounded elytra in apical region, while, in M. arunachalensis sp. nov., the lateral margins of pronotum are not similarly rounded but are provided with distinct conical tubercle on each side and elytra are distinctly narrowed apically. Excellent dorsal views (habitus) of all these species, provided with the original descriptions by Holzschuh (2010), further afford clear distinction of all these species from each other and the new species described here. There are a few more species presently under the subgenus Miccolamia which, although significantly different from the new species described here, deserve mention. Miccolamia (M.) castaneoverrucosa Hayashi, 1974 (type locality Taiwan) is different by characters such as: uniformly red-brown body, shorter prothorax with short lateral tubercle and elytra with many prominent, rounded tubercles, all these characters are absent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov. As mentioned in the original description given by Gressitt (1951), M. (M.) albosetosa Gressitt, 1951 (type locality Taiwan) is entirely pitchy brown with a thin cover of short, pale pubescence, with suberect white hairs on lateral side of body and brown hairs all over dorsally, besides, the pronotal lateral tubercles are very short and elytra have fine punctures arranged in one or two incomplete rows on disc (all these characters are absent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov.). Breuning (1975) also briefly redescribed M. (M.) binodosa Pic, 1935 (type locality China) and M. (M.) dracuncula Gressitt, 1942 (type locality China), both of them have two tubercles on the disc of the pronotum, a character which is absent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov. Breuning (1947) described M. tuberculipennis Breuning, 1947 and later (Breuning, 1975) placed it under the subgenus Isomiccolamia; currently it is treated under subgenus Miccolamia in Titan Database (Tavakilian & Chevillotte 2020) as well as in the catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (L��bl & Smetana 2010). Besides the different coloration, M. tuberculipennis has many small tubercles on elytra, as the specific name suggests, while in M. arunachalensis sp. nov. elytra are smooth except for subbasal tubercles. Miccolamia (M.) cleroides, the type species of the subgenus (type locality Japan), has seven rows of punctures [the original description by Bates (1884) just states elytra ���punctate-striate���] and a broad black transverse band on elytra, as stated by Hasegawa & N. Ohbayashi (2001); both these characters are absent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov.. The original drawing made by Bates (1884) and the photographs provided by Hasegawa & N. Ohbayashi (2001) confirms that M. arunachalensis sp. nov. is an altogether different species M. cleroides. Thus, apart from the color of the integument (especially the absence of transverse white band on elytra), M. arunachalensis sp. nov. has many distinguishing characters from all the other species of the subgenus, with either bicolored or unicolorous elytra. The study of the original descriptions or photographs of the various species described above suggests that the original description of the subgenus Miccolamia needs to be modified after factual comparison of the various recent species that have been described after the initial definition of this subgenus. It is necessary as the characters such as antennal length in comparison with body length, presence of fine or coarse punctures on elytra, presence of one or more fine carinae or rows of punctures on elytra are variable and may be good characters to distinguish species. Finally, the occurrence of another species of the subgenus Miccolamia in the northeast India adds a fourth species to the Indian fauna. Since many insect species described from the neighboring countries regularly occur in India, a thorough comparison with the other species was essential and hence it is attempted here. We feel that an exhaustive survey in other nearby unexplored regions of northeast India may uncover more species of Miccolamia, either known or new. Etymology. The species name is derived from the type locality, Arunachal Pradesh (India). Distribution: Presently known only from the type locality (Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh, India). Known distribution of Miccolamia: Russia, China, Japan, Taiwan, India (S. India, E India, northeast India), Nepal, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam (Roguet 2020) Distribution of other Indian species of Miccolamia: M. (M.) relucens Holzschuh, 2003 ��� Uttarakhand: Nainital, Bhimtal; Dehra Dun, Kempty (Holzschuh, 2003) M. (M.) rugosula Holzschuh, 2003 ���West Bengal: Darjeeling, Kalimpong; Sikkim, Nalok, elsewhere, Nepal (Holzschuh, 2003). M. (M.) ferruginea Hiremath, 2019 ��� Kerala: Thiruvananthapuram, Vellayani; Idukki, Pampadumpara; Mallapuram, Tirurangadi; Karnataka: Uttara Kannada (Hiremath, 2019), Published as part of Sreedevi, Kolla, Agossadou, Anette Houefa, Kumar, Umesh & Ghate, Hemant V., 2020, A new species of Miccolamia Bates, 1884 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) from northeast India, with comments on related species, pp. 295-300 in Zootaxa 4868 (2) on pages 296-299, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4868.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4417722, {"references":["Holzschuh, C. (2003) Neue Bockkafer aus dem Himalaya (Insecta: Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). In: Hartmann, M. & Baumbach, H. (Eds.), Biodiversitat und Naturausstattung im Himalaya. Verein der Freunde und Forderer des Naturkundemuseums Erfurt, e. V, 2003, pp. 305 - 316.","Hiremath, S. R. (2019) A new species of Miccolamia Bates, 1884 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from South India. Zootaxa, 4560 (1), 141 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4560.1.7","Holzschuh, C. (2010) Beschreibung von 66 neuen Bockkafern und zwei neuen Gattungenaus der orientalischen Region, vorwiegend aus Borneo, China, Laos und Thailand (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey, 32, 137 - 225.","Gressitt, J. L. (1951) Longicorn Beetles of China. In: Lepesme, P. (Ed.), Longicornia, etudes et notes sur les longicornes. Vol. 2. Paul Lechevalier, Paris, pp. 1 - 667, 22 pls","Breuning, S. (1975) Revision de la Tribu des Rhodopinini Gress. de la region Asiato-Australienne (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Premiere partie. Edition Sciences Nat, Paris, 70 pp.","Gressitt, J. L. (1942) New longicorn beetles from China IX (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Lingnan Natural History Survey and Museum, Special Publication No. 3, 1 - 8, 1 pl.","Breuning, S. (1947) Nouvelles formes de Longicornes du Musee de Stockholm. Arkiv for Zoologi, 39 (6), 1 - 68.","Tavakilian, G. & Chevillotte, H. (2020) Titan database about Longhorns or Timber-Beetles (Cerambycidae), updated May 2020. Available from: http: // titan. gbif. fr / accueil _ uk. html (accessed 5 June 2020)","Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (2010) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 924 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004260917","Bates, H. W. (1884) Longicorn beetles of Japan. Additions, chiefly from the later collections of Mr. George Lewis; and notes on the synonymy, distribution, and habits on the previously known species. The Journal of the Linnean Society of London Zoology, 18, 205 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1884. tb 02047. x","Roguet, J. - P. (2020) Lamiinae. Available from: https: // lamiinae. org / catalog. html (accessed 2 September 2020)"]}

Miccolamia (Miccolamia) arunachalensis Sreedevi & Ghate sp. nov. (Figs. 1–4) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3B1579C7-D2BC-4100-B105-F74E2C0AB1D4 Material examined: HOLOTYPE ♀, “ INDIA: Arunachal Pradesh, Pasighat, CAU campus, 152 m MSL, 28 o 4’N 95 o 20’E, 11. xi. 2014, MV Lamp, leg. Umesh Kumar /ICAR-NBAIR-CER 1”. Description. Female (n = 1). Body length from vertex to elytral apex 4.05 mm, humeral width 1.03 mm. General body coloration with a mixture of reddish brown and black; body surface dorsally shining, ventrally partly dull under head and thorax, abdomen shining. Body covered with sparse setae, which can be short or long, gray, yellow, brown or black, and erect or recumbent. Head red brown, sparsely covered with erect setae; area between antennal tubercles interspersed with short black setae and long brown setae; clypeus with recumbent gray and brown long setae; ventral side of head red brown, frons brown, clypeus dark brown. Head deflexed, slightly narrower than pronotum (Fig.1), frons convex, integument between eyes finely punctate; vertex smooth, glabrous, median longitudinal sulcus distinct; eyes entire, coarsely facetted, reniform with lower eye lobe larger, about 1.40 times as long as gena and connected to upper lobe by four rows of ommatidia (Figs. 3 – 4); space between antennal tubercles slightly concave. Antennae red-brown, underside fringed with relatively dense, brown, and long setae; antennomeres III–XI dark brown in distal half. Antennae slightly surpassing elytral apex, about 1.06 times as long as body; scape clavate, antennomeres II – X cylindrical, antennomere XI spindle-shaped; antennomere III longest. Ratio of length of antennomeres: 0.83: 0.36: 1.00: 0.89: 0.66: 0.60: 0.57: 0.55: 0.51: 0.49: 0.55. Thorax. Pronotum red-brown, sparsely covered with long brown, erect setae, lower lateral sides with scattered short setae, interspersed with few long, brown setae; ante-apical and ante-basal area red-brown; disc, edges of lateral tubercles, anterior and posterior margins dark brown; prosternum red brown, meso- and metaventrites dark brown; prosternum and mesoventrite moderately covered with recumbent yellow setae, metaventrite sparsely covered with short gray setae (Fig. 2). Pronotum subquadrate, distinctly longer than wide, narrower than humeral width, constricted in front and behind lateral tubercles and with disc distinctly elevated; lateral pronotal tubercles prominent, triangular, with broad base. Prosternum smooth, prosternal process short, reaching middle of procoxae. Scutellum red-brown, small and triangular. Elytra red-brown in basal third, distal two third black, subbasal elytral tubercles black; elytral disc sparsely covered with long, black, sub-erect setae, denser in apical region, interspersed with yellow setae; lateral side of elytral disc, at its posterior half, with a few thick, gray setae, most of them visible in lateral view (Fig. 3); remaining integument smooth and glossy. Elytra 0.70 times as long as body, 2.53 times as long as pronotum and 2.19 times as long as humeral width; humeral prominence rounded; elytral disc flat at its basal third, distinctly convex at its middle, and sloping towards apex from its apical third (Fig. 3); behind scutellum, adorned with well-developed subbasal, triangular tubercle on either side of sutural margin, sparsely punctate, with a row of punctures next to sutural margin; apex rounded; elytra broader at its base, slightly constricted post-basally, widest premedially, and narrowed apically. Legs red brown, swollen part of femora dark brown to blackish on outer face; tibiae dark brown at base; basal narrow area of femora with elongate, white setae, sparsely interspersed with short gray setae; tibiae and tarsi more densely setose with a few long and short white and yellow setae. All legs with strongly clavate femora, fore tibiae weakly curved distally; mid and hind tibiae deeply excised distally, densely fringed with white setae in apical onethird of their outer edge (Figs. 2 – 3). Tarsal segments subequal in length; claws divaricate and appendiculate. Abdomen with ventrites I–IV black, ventrite V black on basal two third and red-brown on apical third; ventrites I–V scattered with short setae laterally on each side, interspersed with a few long, thick, gray setae; posterior margin of ventrite V densely covered with short, white setae (Figs. 3 – 4). Ventrite I the longest, ventrites II–IV short, ventrite V subequal to combined length of ventrites II–IV; apex of ventrite V broadly rounded (Fig. 2). Differential diagnosis and discussion: By the bicolored elytra, Miccolamia arunachalensis sp. nov. resembles two other Indian species, M. (M.) relucens Holzschuh, 2003 (type locality Nepal), and M. (M.) rugosula Holzschuh, 2003 (type locality Darjeeling, West Bengal) but differs from those two by the absence of transverse, white pubescent band on each side of elytra. Miccolamia arunachalensis sp. nov. also differs from M. (M.) relucens by the presence of distinct, triangular subbasal tubercles on each side of the elytral disc (these being rather flat in M. relucens) and the scape stouter (scape comparatively slender and elongate in M. relucens). Miccolamia arunachalensis sp. nov. differs from M. rugosula by the frons and pronotum smooth (frons and pronotum roughly wrinkled, with punctate frons in M. rugosula), the subbasal tubercle sparsely setose (subbasal tubercle densely covered with black hairs in M. rugosula), and the elytra with sparsely distributed coarse punctures (elytra with many coarse punctures in M. rugosula). Miccolamia (M.) ferruginea Hiremath, 2019 (type locality Vellayani, Kerala), a third and recently described species from India, differs from the new species by possessing elytral characters such as weakly developed subbasal tubercles, six rows of punctures on elytral disc, two weakly developed carinae and unicolorous surface (in M. arunachalensis sp. nov. the subbasal tubercles are prominent, the elytra are bicolorous, and the elytral disc lacks the fine carinae and six rows of punctures). Thus, based on the above discussed characters, M. arunachalensis sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from the other three species so far known from India. There are some other Miccolamia s. str. species with bicolored elytra, which are described from the adjacent countries and therefore likely to be present in India. These can also be differentiated from the new species, M. arunachalensis sp. nov., as discussed below. Miccolamia arunachalensis sp. nov. is also similar to M. (M.) bicristata Pesarini & Sabbadini, 1997 (type locality China) in having bicolored elytra, and a very convex pronotum forming a dorsal hump (Pesarini & Sabbadini 1997) but M. arunachalensis sp. nov. does not have transverse silvery-white band of pubescence at the base of pronotum or near the middle of elytra (both characters present in M. bicristata); in addition, the elytra are narrower in apical region in M arunachalensis sp. nov. Miccolamia savioi Gressitt, 1940 (type locality China) is another similar species with bicolored elytra, with somewhat similar coarse and fine punctures and with long setae on elytra, but the presence of the following characters in it allow separation of both species: transverse band of long white pubescence at the base of pronotum and near the middle of elytra (separating the red and black areas); uniformly pale reddish antennae; and a slightly shorter prothorax with comparatively shallow constriction in front of lateral spiny tubercle. Additionally, five species, all described by Holzschuh (2010) and with bicolored elytra, have short or broad transverse band of white pubescence on elytra, a character that separates all these species from M. arunachalensis sp. nov.. These species include M. (M.) scintillans (type locality Thailand), M. (M.) horridula (type locality Thailand), M. (M.) tonsilis (type locality China), M. (M.) coenosa (type locality China) and M. (M.) scortina (type locality Laos). Of these, M. scintillans has very evenly rounded elytra in apical third while in M. arunachalensis sp. nov. it is much narrowed in apical third; M. horridula has different elytral coloration, body with longer hairs, as the name of the species suggests, and has different shape of prothorax with rather short lateral tubercle (such hairs are very sparse and not as long and pronotal lateral tubercles are prominent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov.); M. tonsilis has very small lateral pronotal tubercles and five rows of strong punctures on elytra in basal half while both these characters are absent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov.; M. coenosa is entirely different species from M. arunachalensis sp. nov. due to the presence of characters such as: a black body, lateral margins of pronotum subparallel without prominent constrictions, with a very small lateral pronotal tubercles and five rows of punctures in basal half of elytra (the transverse constrictions as well as the lateral tubercles of pronotum are distinct, while distinct rows of punctures are absent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov.). Miccolamia scortina is a larger species (> 6mm) with four rows of moderate punctures on elytra (such rows are absent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov.) and has lateral margins of pronotum strongly rounded and provided with a thin spine like tubercle which is placed slightly behind middle and more evenly rounded elytra in apical region, while, in M. arunachalensis sp. nov., the lateral margins of pronotum are not similarly rounded but are provided with distinct conical tubercle on each side and elytra are distinctly narrowed apically. Excellent dorsal views (habitus) of all these species, provided with the original descriptions by Holzschuh (2010), further afford clear distinction of all these species from each other and the new species described here. There are a few more species presently under the subgenus Miccolamia which, although significantly different from the new species described here, deserve mention. Miccolamia (M.) castaneoverrucosa Hayashi, 1974 (type locality Taiwan) is different by characters such as: uniformly red-brown body, shorter prothorax with short lateral tubercle and elytra with many prominent, rounded tubercles, all these characters are absent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov. As mentioned in the original description given by Gressitt (1951), M. (M.) albosetosa Gressitt, 1951 (type locality Taiwan) is entirely pitchy brown with a thin cover of short, pale pubescence, with suberect white hairs on lateral side of body and brown hairs all over dorsally, besides, the pronotal lateral tubercles are very short and elytra have fine punctures arranged in one or two incomplete rows on disc (all these characters are absent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov.). Breuning (1975) also briefly redescribed M. (M.) binodosa Pic, 1935 (type locality China) and M. (M.) dracuncula Gressitt, 1942 (type locality China), both of them have two tubercles on the disc of the pronotum, a character which is absent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov. Breuning (1947) described M. tuberculipennis Breuning, 1947 and later (Breuning, 1975) placed it under the subgenus Isomiccolamia; currently it is treated under subgenus Miccolamia in Titan Database (Tavakilian & Chevillotte 2020) as well as in the catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Löbl & Smetana 2010). Besides the different coloration, M. tuberculipennis has many small tubercles on elytra, as the specific name suggests, while in M. arunachalensis sp. nov. elytra are smooth except for subbasal tubercles. Miccolamia (M.) cleroides, the type species of the subgenus (type locality Japan), has seven rows of punctures [the original description by Bates (1884) just states elytra ‘punctate-striate’] and a broad black transverse band on elytra, as stated by Hasegawa & N. Ohbayashi (2001); both these characters are absent in M. arunachalensis sp. nov.. The original drawing made by Bates (1884) and the photographs provided by Hasegawa & N. Ohbayashi (2001) confirms that M. arunachalensis sp. nov. is an altogether different species M. cleroides. Thus, apart from the color of the integument (especially the absence of transverse white band on elytra), M. arunachalensis sp. nov. has many distinguishing characters from all the other species of the subgenus, with either bicolored or unicolorous elytra. The study of the original descriptions or photographs of the various species described above suggests that the original description of the subgenus Miccolamia needs to be modified after factual comparison of the various recent species that have been described after the initial definition of this subgenus. It is necessary as the characters such as antennal length in comparison with body length, presence of fine or coarse punctures on elytra, presence of one or more fine carinae or rows of punctures on elytra are variable and may be good characters to distinguish species. Finally, the occurrence of another species of the subgenus Miccolamia in the northeast India adds a fourth species to the Indian fauna. Since many insect species described from the neighboring countries regularly occur in India, a thorough comparison with the other species was essential and hence it is attempted here. We feel that an exhaustive survey in other nearby unexplored regions of northeast India may uncover more species of Miccolamia, either known or new. Etymology. The species name is derived from the type locality, Arunachal Pradesh (India). Distribution: Presently known only from the type locality (Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh, India). Known distribution of Miccolamia: Russia, China, Japan, Taiwan, India (S. India, E India, northeast India), Nepal, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam (Roguet 2020) Distribution of other Indian species of Miccolamia: M. (M.) relucens Holzschuh, 2003 — Uttarakhand: Nainital, Bhimtal; Dehra Dun, Kempty (Holzschuh, 2003) M. (M.) rugosula Holzschuh, 2003 —West Bengal: Darjeeling, Kalimpong; Sikkim, Nalok, elsewhere, Nepal (Holzschuh, 2003). M. (M.) ferruginea Hiremath, 2019 — Kerala: Thiruvananthapuram, Vellayani; Idukki, Pampadumpara; Mallapuram, Tirurangadi; Karnataka: Uttara Kannada (Hiremath, 2019)

Coelostoma (s. str.) lyratum sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6E05380A-D3AA-410E-A974-D1CED984068A Fig. 6 A–K Differential diagnosis The species is easily recognized based on its aedeagus which resembles those of C. bhutanicum and C. stultum in its apically situated gonopore and parallel-sided median lobe. In contrast to both latter species, the outer margin of the parameres in strongly bisinuate in C. lyratum sp. nov. (in contrast to a nearly continuously arcuate outer margin in C. bhutanicum and C. stultum) and the abdominal apex is simple, without emargination and stout setae. Etymology The species name refers to the lyriform shape of the aedeagus; adjective. Type material Holotype INDIA • ♂; “ Maharashtra, ca. 15 km of Savantvadi; 15º55ʹN 75º53ʹE ” [15º55ʹ3.72ʺ N, 73º48ʹ56.67ʺ E]; ca 40 m a.s.l.; 22 May 2006; Z. Kejval leg.; riverside; NMPC. Paratypes INDIA • Maharashtra • 3 specs; same collection data as for holotype; NMPC • 2 specs; same collection data as for holotype; BMNH • 1 spec.; same collection data as for holotype; SMNS • 1 spec.; same collection data as for holotype; ZSI • 2 specs; same collection data as for holotype; NCBS-BL018–019 • 2 specs; same collection data as for holotype; UASB 01923068–69. Description FORM AND COLOUR. Body length 4.2–4.7 mm (holotype 4.5 mm), body width 2.7–3.1 mm (holotype 3.0 mm). Body narrowly oval in dorsal view, moderately convex in lateral view. Head black, reddish brown near clypeus and anterior to eyes; pronotum and elytra uniformly dark brown to black with slightly paler margins, ventral surface blackish brown, legs reddish brown. Mouthparts and antennae pale brown, antennal club brown. HEAD. Dorsal punctation dense, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; trichobothria present; surface between punctures smooth.Anterior margin of clypeus arcuate, indistinctly emarginated medially. Eyes large, interocular distance ca 4.0 × the width of one eye in dorsal view; eye emarginate anteriorly. Labrum moderately sclerotized, largely exposed anterior of clypeus. Antenna with 9 antennomeres, club loosely segmented. Second maxillary palpomere moderately broad. PROTHORAX. Pronotum bisinuate anteriorly, anterolateral corners obtuse; posterior margin moderately bisinuate, posterolateral corners rectangular.Anterior and lateral margins with distinct bead not extending to posterior margin. Pronotal punctation denser and finer than on head, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; surface between punctures smooth. Prosternum straight on anterior margin, weakly carinate mesally. MESOTHORAX. Elytral punctation dense and moderately coarse, consisting of punctures without transverse ridges. Series of impressed punctures absent. Sutural stria impressed, present in apical two thirds. Mesoventral plate as long as wide, arrowhead-shaped, bluntly pointed anteriorly, posteriorly widely attached to metaventrite. METATHORAX. Metaventrite raised medially, median part sparsely pubescent except posterior third and anterior part, which are bare; lateral portions pubescent. Anterior metaventral process narrowly projecting between mesocoxae; posterior process bifid. Wings well-developed (macropterous). LEGS. Profemur with dense pubescence except in apical fifth; mesofemur and metafemur with very sparsely arranged short setae only. ABDOMEN. All ventrites densely pubescent. First ventrite without carina. Posterior margin of last ventrite entire, without stout spines mesally. AEDEAGUS (Fig. 6 J–K). 0.84 mm long. Median lobe of nearly the same width throughout; apex roundly cut off; gonopore situated at apex, widely semicircular. Parameres slightly longer than median lobe; heavily tri-sinuate on outer margin; apex acute at inner margin, rounded laterally. Phallobase small, slightly wider than long. Biology Unknown. The labels of the type specimens indicate that they were found at the riverside. Distribution Known from the type locality in southern Maharashtra.

Coelostoma (s. str.) lyratum sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6E05380A-D3AA-410E-A974-D1CED984068A Fig. 6 A–K Differential diagnosis The species is easily recognized based on its aedeagus which resembles those of C. bhutanicum and C. stultum in its apically situated gonopore and parallel-sided median lobe. In contrast to both latter species, the outer margin of the parameres in strongly bisinuate in C. lyratum sp. nov. (in contrast to a nearly continuously arcuate outer margin in C. bhutanicum and C. stultum) and the abdominal apex is simple, without emargination and stout setae. Etymology The species name refers to the lyriform shape of the aedeagus; adjective. Type material Holotype INDIA • ♂; “ Maharashtra, ca. 15 km of Savantvadi; 15º55ʹN 75º53ʹE ” [15º55ʹ3.72ʺ N, 73º48ʹ56.67ʺ E]; ca 40 m a.s.l.; 22 May 2006; Z. Kejval leg.; riverside; NMPC. Paratypes INDIA • Maharashtra • 3 specs; same collection data as for holotype; NMPC • 2 specs; same collection data as for holotype; BMNH • 1 spec.; same collection data as for holotype; SMNS • 1 spec.; same collection data as for holotype; ZSI • 2 specs; same collection data as for holotype; NCBS-BL018–019 • 2 specs; same collection data as for holotype; UASB 01923068–69. Description FORM AND COLOUR. Body length 4.2–4.7 mm (holotype 4.5 mm), body width 2.7–3.1 mm (holotype 3.0 mm). Body narrowly oval in dorsal view, moderately convex in lateral view. Head black, reddish brown near clypeus and anterior to eyes; pronotum and elytra uniformly dark brown to black with slightly paler margins, ventral surface blackish brown, legs reddish brown. Mouthparts and antennae pale brown, antennal club brown. HEAD. Dorsal punctation dense, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; trichobothria present; surface between punctures smooth.Anterior margin of clypeus arcuate, indistinctly emarginated medially. Eyes large, interocular distance ca 4.0 × the width of one eye in dorsal view; eye emarginate anteriorly. Labrum moderately sclerotized, largely exposed anterior of clypeus. Antenna with 9 antennomeres, club loosely segmented. Second maxillary palpomere moderately broad. PROTHORAX. Pronotum bisinuate anteriorly, anterolateral corners obtuse; posterior margin moderately bisinuate, posterolateral corners rectangular.Anterior and lateral margins with distinct bead not extending to posterior margin. Pronotal punctation denser and finer than on head, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; surface between punctures smooth. Prosternum straight on anterior margin, weakly carinate mesally. MESOTHORAX. Elytral punctation dense and moderately coarse, consisting of punctures without transverse ridges. Series of impressed punctures absent. Sutural stria impressed, present in apical two thirds. Mesoventral plate as long as wide, arrowhead-shaped, bluntly pointed anteriorly, posteriorly widely attached to metaventrite. METATHORAX. Metaventrite raised medially, median part sparsely pubescent except posterior third and anterior part, which are bare; lateral portions pubescent. Anterior metaventral process narrowly projecting between mesocoxae; posterior process bifid. Wings well-developed (macropterous). LEGS. Profemur with dense pubescence except in apical fifth; mesofemur and metafemur with very sparsely arranged short setae only. ABDOMEN. All ventrites densely pubescent. First ventrite without carina. Posterior margin of last ventrite entire, without stout spines mesally. AEDEAGUS (Fig. 6 J–K). 0.84 mm long. Median lobe of nearly the same width throughout; apex roundly cut off; gonopore situated at apex, widely semicircular. Parameres slightly longer than median lobe; heavily tri-sinuate on outer margin; apex acute at inner margin, rounded laterally. Phallobase small, slightly wider than long. Biology Unknown. The labels of the type specimens indicate that they were found at the riverside. Distribution Known from the type locality in southern Maharashtra., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & Fikáček, Martin, 2020, Review of Coelostoma of the Indian subcontinent (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Part 1: Coelostoma s. str. and Holocoelostoma, pp. 1-32 in European Journal of Taxonomy 690 on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.690, http://zenodo.org/record/3961787

Coelostoma (s. str.) fallaciosum Orchymont, 1936 Fig. 4 A–K Coelostoma fallaciosum Orchymont, 1936: 19. Coelostoma (s. str.) fallaciosum – Hansen 1999: 244 (assigned to Coelostoma s. str.). — Hebauer 2002: 28 (faunistics); 2006: 8 (faunistics). Differential diagnosis Among Indian Coelostoma without pubescent mesofemora, C. fallaciosum may be recognized by its relatively large body size (resembling that of C. stultum and C. bhutanicum), simple abdominal apex without emargination or stout setae (with emargination and stout setae in both latter species) and with a typical aedeagus with subapical gonopore and strongly asymmetrical apex of the paramere. In the morphology of male genitalia it also resembles C. aeneolum; see under that species for diagnosis. Material examined Holotype INDONESIA • ♂; “ Br North Borneo, Mt. Marapok, Dent Province ”; [1º01ʹ15.25ʺ N, 114º33ʹ17.46ʺ E]; [694 m a.s.l.]; “ Collector G. leg.”; IRSNB. Other material INDIA • 2 ♂♂; “ Uttar Pradesh, Fatepur Sikri ” [Fatehpur Sikri]; [27º05ʹ41.97ʺ N, 77º40ʹ4.89ʺ E]; [174 m a.s.l.]; 21 Oct. 1997; J. Štastný leg.; NMPC. NEPAL • 1 spec.; Annapurna, Pokhara, W of Phewa river + lake; [28º15ʹ50.88ʺ N, 83º58ʹ18.66ʺ E]; 800–850 m a.s.l.; 14–15 Oct. 2003; J. Schmidt leg.; NMPC. Published records NEPAL: Bheri Prov., Nepalgunj, 28º02ʹ59ʺ N 81º36ʹ56ʺ E (Hebauer 2002); Annapurna Prov., Pokhara, W of Phewa river and lake (Hebauer 2006). Redescription FORM AND COLOUR. Body length 5.6–6.4 mm (holotype 5.7 mm), body width 3.0– 3.6 mm (holotype 3.3 mm). Body oval in dorsal view, moderately convex in lateral view. Head black, pronotum and elytra dark brown to black with slightly paler margins; ventral surface uniformly dark brown, abdomen with pale spot at sides of each ventrite; appendages paler distally; mouthparts and antennal club brown. HEAD. Dorsal punctation moderately dense, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; surface between punctures smooth; few trichobothria present. Anterior margin of clypeus arcuate. Eyes large, interocular distance ca 4 × the width of one eye in dorsal view; eye emarginate anteriorly. Labrum moderately sclerotized, largely exposed anterior of clypeus, dark brown dorsally, sinuate on anterior margin. Antenna with 9 antennomeres, club loosely segmented. Second maxillary palpomere moderately broad. PROTHORAX. Pronotum bisinuate anteriorly, anterolateral corners obtuse; posterior margin almost straight, posterolateral corners rounded. Anterior and lateral margins with distinct bead not extending to posterior margin. Pronotal punctation moderately dense, slightly coarser than on head, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; surface between punctures smooth. Prosternum straight on anterior margin, weakly carinate mesally, anterior portion of carina not raised. MESOTHORAX. Elytral punctation moderately dense and coarse, similar to that on pronotum, consisting of punctures without transverse ridges. Series of punctures absent. Sutural stria weakly impressed, present in apical two thirds. Mesoventral plate 1.1× as long as wide, arrowhead-shaped, bluntly pointed anteriorly, posteriorly widely attached to metaventrite. METATHORAX. Metaventrite raised medially, median elevation bare, remaining median surface with sparse regular setae; lateral portions densely pubescent. Anterior metaventral process narrowly projecting between mesocoxae; posterior process bifid. Wings well-developed (macropterous). LEGS. Profemur with dense pubescence except in apical fifth; mesofemur and metafemur with sparsely arranged short setae only. ABDOMEN. All ventrites densely pubescent. First ventrite without carina. Posterior margin of last ventrite entire, without stout spines mesally. AEDEAGUS (Fig. 4 J–K). 1.0 mm long. Median lobe triangular, broad at base, tapering towards apex, bluntly rounded at apex; gonopore situated near apex, widely rounded. Parameres slightly longer than median lobe; pointed at apex, sinuate on outer margin. Phallobase small, slightly longer than wide. Biology Aquatic species, in Japan and Taiwan reported to inhabit shallow, well-vegetated pools (Liu et al. 2020; Nakajima et al. 2020). The biology of the specimens from the Indian subcontinent is unknown; all examined specimens were collected at light. Distribution A widespread species, so far recorded from Nepal (Hebauer 2002, 2006), northern India (this paper), Vietnam (Hansen 1999), southern China (Jia et al. 2014), Taiwan (Jia et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2020), Japan (Ishigaki and Iriomote Isl.; Hayashi 2008; Nakajima et al. 2020), Singapore (Hendrich et al. 2004), Borneo (Orchymont 1936) and Sumatra (Hansen 1999). First report for India., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & Fikáček, Martin, 2020, Review of Coelostoma of the Indian subcontinent (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Part 1: Coelostoma s. str. and Holocoelostoma, pp. 1-32 in European Journal of Taxonomy 690 on pages 9-12, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.690, http://zenodo.org/record/3961787, {"references":["Hansen M. 1999. World Catalogue of Insects 2: Hydrophiloidea (s. str.) (Coleoptera). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark.","Hebauer F. 2002. Hydrophilidae of North India and Southern Himalaya (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Acta Coleopterologica 18 (1): 3 - 72.","Hebauer F. 2006. Description of a new Coelostoma from China (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae, Sphaeridiinae). Acta Coleopterologica 22 (1): 3 - 4.","Liu H. - C., Hu F. - S. & Fikacek M. 2020. Review of the genus Coelostoma of Taiwan with description of a new species (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 60 (1): 155 - 162.","Nakajima J., Hayashi M., Ishida K., Kitano T. & Hiroyuki Y. 2020. Aquatic Coleoptera and Hemiptera of Japan. Bun-ichi Sogo Shuppan, Tokyo.","Jia F. - L., Aston P. & Fikacek M. 2014. Review of the Chinese species of the genus Coelostoma Brulle, 1835 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae). Zootaxa 3887 (3): 354 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3887.3.4","Hayashi M. 2008. Distributional records and ecological notes on aquatic Coleoptera of Shimane Prefecture, Part II. Bulletin of Hoshizaki Green Foundation 11: 93 - 102.","Hendrich L., Balke M. & Yang C. M. 2004. Aquatic Coleoptera of Singapore - Species richness, ecology and conservation. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (1): 97 - 141."]}

Coelostoma (s. str.) vividum Orchymont, 1936 Fig. 8 A���K Coelostoma vividum Orchymont, 1936: 28. Coelostoma (s. str.) vividum ��� Jia et al. 2017: 118 (faunistics). Differential diagnosis Coelostoma vividum is easy to recognize due to its small body size and the aedeagus with the apically strongly narrowed median lobe. Material examined Paratype INDONESIA ��� 1 ♂; ���Bengealis��� [Bengkalis]; [1��25��38.96�� N, 101��36��45.94�� E]; [40 m a.s.l.]; 1885; Maindron leg.; IRSNB. Other material INDIA ��� Assam ��� 1 ♂, 2 specs; ��� Kohora (= Kaziranga village), Green Reed Hotel; 27��35.93N 93��26E ��� [26��35��21.81�� N, 93��24��44.07�� E]; [1000 m a.s.l.]; 16���18 Apr. 2008; Fik��ček, Podskalsk�� and ����pek leg.; at light; NMPC. ��� Meghalaya ��� 1 ♂, 6 specs; W Garo Hills, Bagmara; 25��11.5 N, 90��38.5 E; ca 100 m a.s.l.; 15���21 May 1996; Jendek and ��au��a leg.; NHMW. BANGLADESH ��� 1 ♂; Dinajpur; [25��37��40.48�� N, 88��37��59.43�� E]; [41 m a.s.l.]; Oct. 1969; Barbe leg.; NMPC. Published records PAKISTAN: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Madyan (Jia et al. 2017). NEPAL: Mahakali distr., Kanchanpur Mahendranagar (Jia et al. 2017). INDIA: West Bengal: ���Bengal�� (Orchymont 1936), Kolkata (Orchymont 1936). Description FORM AND COLOUR. Body length 3.4���4.1 mm, body width 2.1���2.3 mm. Body oval in dorsal view, moderately convex in lateral view. Head black; pronotum and elytra uniformly black to dark brown with slightly paler margins; ventral surface uniformly dark brown. Tarsi pale brown. Mouthparts and antennae yellowish, antennal club brown. HEAD. Dorsal punctation dense, consisting of coarse simple punctures, a few punctures with associated ridges in posterior-most region; trichobothria present; surface between punctures smooth. Anterior margin of clypeus gently arcuate. Eyes large, interocular distance ca 4.0�� the width of one eye in dorsal view; eye emarginate anteriorly. Labrum moderately sclerotized, largely exposed anterior of clypeus, pale brown in coloration. Antenna with 9 antennomeres, club loosely segmented. Second maxillary palpomere moderately broad. PROTHORAX. Pronotum bisinuate anteriorly, anterolateral corners obtuse; posterior margin moderately bisinuate, posterolateral corners rectangular. Lateral margin with very indistinct sculpture; anterior and lateral margins with distinct bead not extending to posterior margin. Pronotal punctation sparser and finer than on head, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; surface between punctures smooth. Prosternum straight on anterior margin, carinate mesally, anterior portion of carina raised, producing tooth-like process seen in lateral view. MESOTHORAX. Elytral punctation dense and moderately coarse, consisting of punctures without transverse ridges. Series of punctures absent. Sutural stria impressed, present in apical half. Mesoventral plate 1.1�� as long as wide, arrowhead-shaped, bluntly pointed anteriorly, posteriorly widely attached to metaventrite. METATHORAX. Metaventrite raised medially, surface glabrous with sparse regular setae; lateral portions densely pubescent. Anterior metaventral process narrowly projecting between mesocoxae; posterior process bifid. Wings well-developed (macropterous). LEGS. Profemur with dense pubescence except in apical fifth; mesofemur with sparsely arranged stout setae only; metafemur with sparse pubescence. ABDOMEN. All ventrites densely pubescent. First ventrite without carina. Posterior margin of last ventrite entire, without stout spines mesally. AEDEAGUS (Fig. 8 J���K). 0.6 mm long. Median lobe triangular, broad at base, tapering towards narrowly spatulate apex; gonopore situated basally, widely semicircular. Parameres slightly longer than median lobe; broad, weakly pointed at apex, inner margin with setae. Phallobase small, slightly wider than long. Biology Unknown. Published specimens were all collected at light. Distribution Widespread species, so far recorded from northern Pakistan (Jia et al. 2017), Nepal (Jia et al. 2017), India (Orchymont 1936; this paper), Bangladesh (this paper), Cambodia (Jia et al. 2017), southern China (Jia et al. 2017) and Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Borneo; Orchymont 1936)., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & Fik����ek, Martin, 2020, Review of Coelostoma of the Indian subcontinent (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Part 1: Coelostoma s. str. and Holocoelostoma, pp. 1-32 in European Journal of Taxonomy 690 on pages 19-21, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.690, http://zenodo.org/record/3961787, {"references":["Jia F. - L., Lin R. - C., Chan E., Skale A. & Fikacek M. 2017. Two new species of Coelostoma Brulle, 1835 from China and additional faunistic records of the genus from the Oriental Region (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae: Coelostomatini). Zootaxa 4232 (1): 113 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4232.1.8"]}

Coelostoma (s. str.) nostocinum sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B069E8DC-6096-4292-B70D-93D6C5CB7337 Fig. 5 A–K Differential diagnosis Coelostoma nostocinum sp. nov. is characterized by smaller body size, by which it especially resembles C. vividum. Its male genitalia with the triangular median lobe easily distinguish it from all species except C. fallaciosum and C. aeneolum. The species may be distinguished from C. fallaciosum by its much shorter median lobe (compared to parameres) with straight lateral margins (concave in C. fallaciosum) and wider apex, and by the more or less symmetrically pointed apex of the paramere (strongly asymmetrical in C. fallaciosum). Coelostoma nostocinum sp. nov. is very similar to C. aeneolum, but may be distinguished from it by its (1) smaller body size (3.5–4.5 mm, compared to 4.6 mm in C. aeneolum), (2) larger aedeagus (0.7 mm, compared to 0.4 mm in C. aeneolum), (3) relatively longer apodemes of the median lobe (longer than half of the length of the apical triangular part of the median lobe, compared to much shorter than half the length in C. aeneolum) and (4) paramere distinctly concave on outer margin subapically and pointed apically (compared to evenly arcuate on whole outer margin and more less rounded apically in C. aeneolum). Etymology The species name refers to the finding of the holotype of this species in association with Nostoc Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault (see Biology). Material examined Holotype INDIA • ♂; “ GOA province, 30 km S of MARGAO (Madgaon), Palolem env., INDIA 2002 exped; 15º00.47ʹN 74º01.56ʹE ” [15º00ʹ38.37ʺ N, 74º01ʹ23.76ʺ E]; 0–20 m a.s.l.; 12–14 Aug. 2002; P. Šípek and M. Fikáček leg; found in Nostoc -like algae; NMPC. Paratypes INDIA – Goa • 11 specs; same collection data as for holotype; NMPC • 2 specs; same collection data as for holotype; BMNH • 1 spec; same collection data as for holotype; UASB 01923074 • 1 spec; same collection data as for holotype; ZSI • 3 specs; “ 30 km S of Margao, Palolem env.; 15º00.47ʹ N, 74º01.56ʹ E ” [15º00ʹ38.37ʺ N, 74º01ʹ23.76ʺ E]; 0–20 m a.s.l.; 12–14 Aug. 2002; M. Fikáček and P. Šípek leg.; NMPC. – Maharashtra • 1 ♂, 33 specs; “ 4 km W of Lonavala, Bushi dam env.” [Bhushi dam]; [18º45ʹ22.31ʺ N, 73º24ʹ32.95ʺ E]; 500 m a.s.l.; 24–28 Oct. 2005; J. Bezděk leg.; at light; NMPC • 3 specs; same collection data as for preceding; SMNS • 1 ♂, 1 spec.; “ 4 km S of Lonavala, Bushi dam env.” [Bhushi dam]; [18º43ʹ24.35ʺ N, 73º23ʹ49.43ʺ E]; 500 m a.s.l.; 12–15 Oct. 2005; J. Bezděk leg.; NMPC • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; NCBS BL020 • 2 ♂♂, 3 specs; Lonavala, 80 km E of Bombay; [18º45ʹ21.96ʺ N, 73º24ʹ32.40ʺ E]; [630 m a.s.l.]; 13 Sep. 1991; R. Schuh leg.; NHMW. – Karnataka • 1 spec.; Udipi distr., E of Bhatkal, Kollur; [13º51ʹ48.71ʺ N, 74º48ʹ37.46ʺ E]; [80 m a.s.l.]; 26–29 May 2006; Z. Kejval leg.; UASB 01923075. – Kerala • 6 specs; Cardamon Hills, 50 km NW of Pathanamhitta, Pambaiyar River; 9º25ʹ N, 77º05ʹ E; 300 m a.s.l.; 6–9 May1994; Z. Kejval leg.; at light; NHMW • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; NMPC. Description FORM AND COLOUR. Body length 3.3–4.5 mm (3.8 mm in holotype), body width 2.2–2.5 mm (2.4 mm in holotype). Body oval in dorsal view, moderately convex in lateral view. Head black, dark brown clypeus; pronotum and elytra uniformly dark brown to black; ventral surface pale to dark brown. Femora and tarsi yellowish brown, tibia dark reddish brown, tarsi pale brown. Mouth parts and antennae yellowish, antennal club brown. HEAD. Dorsal punctation dense, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; trichobothria present; surface between punctures smooth. Anterior margin of clypeus non-arcuate. Eyes large, interocular distance ca 4.0 × the width of one eye in dorsal view; eye emarginate anteriorly. Labrum moderately sclerotized, largely exposed anterior of clypeus. Antenna with 9 antennomeres, club loosely segmented. Second maxillary palpomere markedly wide. PROTHORAX. Pronotum bisinuate anteriorly, anterolateral corners obtuse; posterior margin moderately bisinuate, posterolateral corners rectangular. Anterior and lateral margins with distinct bead not extending to posterior margin. Pronotal punctation finer than on head, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; surface between punctures smooth. Prosternum nearly straight on anterior margin, gently carinate mesally. MESOTHORAX. Elytral punctation dense and moderately coarse, consisting of punctures without transverse ridges. Weakly developed series of impressed punctures present along suture and laterally. Sutural stria well impressed, present in apical half, extends beyond middle; lateral elytral margins with sculpture. Mesoventral plate as long as wide, arrowhead-shaped, bluntly pointed anteriorly, posteriorly widely attached to metaventrite. METATHORAX. Metaventrite raised medially, completely glabrous on median elevation, lateral portions pubescent. Anterior metaventral process narrowly projecting between mesocoxae; posterior process bifid. Wings well-developed (macropterous). LEGS. Profemur with dense pubescence except in apical fifth; mesofemur and metafemur with sparsely arranged short setae only. ABDOMEN. All ventrites densely pubescent. First ventrite without carina. Posterior margin of last ventrite entire, without stout spines mesally. AEDEAGUS (Fig. 5 J–K). 0.7 mm long. Median lobe broad at base, slightly tapering towards widely rounded apex; gonopore situated at apex, widely semicircular. Parameres longer than median lobe; weakly arcuate on outer margin, narrowed in apical fourth; apex bluntly pointed; inner margin of parameres with long setae. Phallobase small, slightly wider than long. Variation Specimens from Maharashtra are slightly smaller than those from more southern areas. The aedeagus varies slightly in the shape of the parameres, the apical part of which is slightly wider in the specimens from Kerala; in all other aspects these specimens agree with those from Goa and hence we consider them conspecific. Remarks Coelostoma nostocinum sp. nov. and C. aeneolum are very similar in all characters including the morphology of the male genitalia, and both species seem to have very similar (and overlapping) distribution ranges. We were hence working with the hypothesis that they may be conspecific for some time, with the observed variation in body size and aedeagus morphology being an intraspecific variation. The examination of all available material, however, indicates that this is not the case, and that we really have two distinct morphotypes without intermediate characters: the species with larger body and smaller aedeagus with more or less rounded apices of parameres (C. aeneolum) and the smaller species with larger aedeagus with narrower and apically pointed paramere (C. nostocinum sp. nov.). Based on the material examined, both morphotypes are constant in the characters listed in the differential diagnosis across the distribution range (i.e., from Maharashtra to Kerala in both). For these reasons, we are treating them as separate species, with the smaller species described here as C. nostocinum sp. nov. Biology The specimens from Goa were collected under ‘ballsʼ of Nostoc blue-green algae growing on wet sandy places on rock cliffs at the sea coast. Specimens from Maharashtra were collected at light. Distribution Only known from the western coast of India and adjacent parts of the Western Ghats Mts, from Maharashtra to Kerala., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & Fikáček, Martin, 2020, Review of Coelostoma of the Indian subcontinent (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Part 1: Coelostoma s. str. and Holocoelostoma, pp. 1-32 in European Journal of Taxonomy 690 on pages 12-14, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.690, http://zenodo.org/record/3961787

Coelostoma (s. str.) nostocinum sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B069E8DC-6096-4292-B70D-93D6C5CB7337 Fig. 5 A–K Differential diagnosis Coelostoma nostocinum sp. nov. is characterized by smaller body size, by which it especially resembles C. vividum. Its male genitalia with the triangular median lobe easily distinguish it from all species except C. fallaciosum and C. aeneolum. The species may be distinguished from C. fallaciosum by its much shorter median lobe (compared to parameres) with straight lateral margins (concave in C. fallaciosum) and wider apex, and by the more or less symmetrically pointed apex of the paramere (strongly asymmetrical in C. fallaciosum). Coelostoma nostocinum sp. nov. is very similar to C. aeneolum, but may be distinguished from it by its (1) smaller body size (3.5–4.5 mm, compared to 4.6 mm in C. aeneolum), (2) larger aedeagus (0.7 mm, compared to 0.4 mm in C. aeneolum), (3) relatively longer apodemes of the median lobe (longer than half of the length of the apical triangular part of the median lobe, compared to much shorter than half the length in C. aeneolum) and (4) paramere distinctly concave on outer margin subapically and pointed apically (compared to evenly arcuate on whole outer margin and more less rounded apically in C. aeneolum). Etymology The species name refers to the finding of the holotype of this species in association with Nostoc Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault (see Biology). Material examined Holotype INDIA • ♂; “ GOA province, 30 km S of MARGAO (Madgaon), Palolem env., INDIA 2002 exped; 15º00.47ʹN 74º01.56ʹE ” [15º00ʹ38.37ʺ N, 74º01ʹ23.76ʺ E]; 0–20 m a.s.l.; 12–14 Aug. 2002; P. Šípek and M. Fikáček leg; found in Nostoc -like algae; NMPC. Paratypes INDIA – Goa • 11 specs; same collection data as for holotype; NMPC • 2 specs; same collection data as for holotype; BMNH • 1 spec; same collection data as for holotype; UASB 01923074 • 1 spec; same collection data as for holotype; ZSI • 3 specs; “ 30 km S of Margao, Palolem env.; 15º00.47ʹ N, 74º01.56ʹ E ” [15º00ʹ38.37ʺ N, 74º01ʹ23.76ʺ E]; 0–20 m a.s.l.; 12–14 Aug. 2002; M. Fikáček and P. Šípek leg.; NMPC. – Maharashtra • 1 ♂, 33 specs; “ 4 km W of Lonavala, Bushi dam env.” [Bhushi dam]; [18º45ʹ22.31ʺ N, 73º24ʹ32.95ʺ E]; 500 m a.s.l.; 24–28 Oct. 2005; J. Bezděk leg.; at light; NMPC • 3 specs; same collection data as for preceding; SMNS • 1 ♂, 1 spec.; “ 4 km S of Lonavala, Bushi dam env.” [Bhushi dam]; [18º43ʹ24.35ʺ N, 73º23ʹ49.43ʺ E]; 500 m a.s.l.; 12–15 Oct. 2005; J. Bezděk leg.; NMPC • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; NCBS BL020 • 2 ♂♂, 3 specs; Lonavala, 80 km E of Bombay; [18º45ʹ21.96ʺ N, 73º24ʹ32.40ʺ E]; [630 m a.s.l.]; 13 Sep. 1991; R. Schuh leg.; NHMW. – Karnataka • 1 spec.; Udipi distr., E of Bhatkal, Kollur; [13º51ʹ48.71ʺ N, 74º48ʹ37.46ʺ E]; [80 m a.s.l.]; 26–29 May 2006; Z. Kejval leg.; UASB 01923075. – Kerala • 6 specs; Cardamon Hills, 50 km NW of Pathanamhitta, Pambaiyar River; 9º25ʹ N, 77º05ʹ E; 300 m a.s.l.; 6–9 May1994; Z. Kejval leg.; at light; NHMW • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; NMPC. Description FORM AND COLOUR. Body length 3.3–4.5 mm (3.8 mm in holotype), body width 2.2–2.5 mm (2.4 mm in holotype). Body oval in dorsal view, moderately convex in lateral view. Head black, dark brown clypeus; pronotum and elytra uniformly dark brown to black; ventral surface pale to dark brown. Femora and tarsi yellowish brown, tibia dark reddish brown, tarsi pale brown. Mouth parts and antennae yellowish, antennal club brown. HEAD. Dorsal punctation dense, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; trichobothria present; surface between punctures smooth. Anterior margin of clypeus non-arcuate. Eyes large, interocular distance ca 4.0 × the width of one eye in dorsal view; eye emarginate anteriorly. Labrum moderately sclerotized, largely exposed anterior of clypeus. Antenna with 9 antennomeres, club loosely segmented. Second maxillary palpomere markedly wide. PROTHORAX. Pronotum bisinuate anteriorly, anterolateral corners obtuse; posterior margin moderately bisinuate, posterolateral corners rectangular. Anterior and lateral margins with distinct bead not extending to posterior margin. Pronotal punctation finer than on head, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; surface between punctures smooth. Prosternum nearly straight on anterior margin, gently carinate mesally. MESOTHORAX. Elytral punctation dense and moderately coarse, consisting of punctures without transverse ridges. Weakly developed series of impressed punctures present along suture and laterally. Sutural stria well impressed, present in apical half, extends beyond middle; lateral elytral margins with sculpture. Mesoventral plate as long as wide, arrowhead-shaped, bluntly pointed anteriorly, posteriorly widely attached to metaventrite. METATHORAX. Metaventrite raised medially, completely glabrous on median elevation, lateral portions pubescent. Anterior metaventral process narrowly projecting between mesocoxae; posterior process bifid. Wings well-developed (macropterous). LEGS. Profemur with dense pubescence except in apical fifth; mesofemur and metafemur with sparsely arranged short setae only. ABDOMEN. All ventrites densely pubescent. First ventrite without carina. Posterior margin of last ventrite entire, without stout spines mesally. AEDEAGUS (Fig. 5 J–K). 0.7 mm long. Median lobe broad at base, slightly tapering towards widely rounded apex; gonopore situated at apex, widely semicircular. Parameres longer than median lobe; weakly arcuate on outer margin, narrowed in apical fourth; apex bluntly pointed; inner margin of parameres with long setae. Phallobase small, slightly wider than long. Variation Specimens from Maharashtra are slightly smaller than those from more southern areas. The aedeagus varies slightly in the shape of the parameres, the apical part of which is slightly wider in the specimens from Kerala; in all other aspects these specimens agree with those from Goa and hence we consider them conspecific. Remarks Coelostoma nostocinum sp. nov. and C. aeneolum are very similar in all characters including the morphology of the male genitalia, and both species seem to have very similar (and overlapping) distribution ranges. We were hence working with the hypothesis that they may be conspecific for some time, with the observed variation in body size and aedeagus morphology being an intraspecific variation. The examination of all available material, however, indicates that this is not the case, and that we really have two distinct morphotypes without intermediate characters: the species with larger body and smaller aedeagus with more or less rounded apices of parameres (C. aeneolum) and the smaller species with larger aedeagus with narrower and apically pointed paramere (C. nostocinum sp. nov.). Based on the material examined, both morphotypes are constant in the characters listed in the differential diagnosis across the distribution range (i.e., from Maharashtra to Kerala in both). For these reasons, we are treating them as separate species, with the smaller species described here as C. nostocinum sp. nov. Biology The specimens from Goa were collected under ‘ballsʼ of Nostoc blue-green algae growing on wet sandy places on rock cliffs at the sea coast. Specimens from Maharashtra were collected at light. Distribution Only known from the western coast of India and adjacent parts of the Western Ghats Mts, from Maharashtra to Kerala.

Coelostoma (Holocoelostoma) bhutanicum Jayaswal, 1972 Fig. 9 A–K Coelostoma sulcata Pu, 1963: 77, possible synonym [needs confirmation, see comments below]. Coelostoma (Holocoelostoma) bhutanicum Jayaswal, 1972: 409. Coelostoma (Holocoelostoma) bhutanicum – Hebauer 2002: 28 (faunistics). Differential diagnosis Coelostoma bhutanicum is easy to recognize from most other Coelostoma species by the apical gonopore and widely parallel-sided median lobe; in these characters it resembles only C. stultum and C. lyratum sp. nov. From C. lyratum sp. nov. it differs by the evenly arcuate outer face of the paramere and by the abdominal apex bearing a shallow emargination armed with stout setae. In both these characters it agrees with C. stultum, from which it is only recognizable by an examination of the male genitalia: the aedeagus of C. bhutanicum is more sclerotized and seemingly more ‘robustʼ than that of C. stultum when examined quickly. The main difference is in the form of the median lobe, which has strongly sclerotized lateral margins in C. bhutanicum. This causes the median lobe to be of nearly the same width from base to apical fifth, from which it abruptly narrows (in contrast, the median lobe is narrowing from base to ca midlength and is of more or less the same width in the apical half in C. stultum). The more sclerotized margins in C. bhutanicum also affect the 3D form of the median lobe, which is distinctly spoon-like (best seen when the aedeagus is slightly rotated when examined). Material examined Type material Holotype not examined. [Types are deposited in the Zoological Survey in Kolkata but were not studied.] Other material NEPAL • 1 ♂; Bagmati, Sindhupalchok, Jarayetar-Dubhachaur; [28º1ʹ45.43ʺ N, 85º20ʹ43.88ʺ E]; 800– 1600 m a.s.l.; 2 Jun. 1989; F. Hebauer determined as C. stultum; M. Brancucci leg.; NMPC. INDIA – Rajastan [Rajasthan] • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Alwar district, 30 km N of Dausa, Gola-ka-bas village; 27º05ʹ31ʺ N, 76º18ʹ47ʺ E; 359 m a.s.l.; 24–28 Mar. 2004; P. Šípek and L. Šejnohová leg.; NMPC. – Meghalaya • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; W Garo Hills, Balphakram NP; [25º29ʹ58.61ʺ N, 90º18ʹ57.16ʺ E]; 300–500 m a.s.l.; 22–27 May 1996; Jendek and Šauša leg.; NHMW • 1 ♂; W Garo Hills, Bagmara; 25º11.5ʹ N, 90º26.5ʹ E; ca 100 m a.s.l.; 19–21 May 1996; Jendek and Šauša leg.; NHMW. – Kerala • 1 ♂; Cardamon Hills, 50 km NW of Pathanamhitta, Pambaiyar River; 9º25ʹ N, 77º05ʹ E; 300 m a.s.l.; 5–9 May 1994; Z. Kejval leg.; NHMW. Published records BHUTAN: Ganga lakha (Jayaswal 1972). INDIA: Uttarakhand: Nainital (Jayaswal 1972). Records published from Nepal by Hebauer (2002) need confirmation, as our examination of a few specimens identified by F. Hebauer revealed that he often confused C. bhutanicum with C. stultum. Redescription FORM AND COLOUR. Body length 4.7–5.8 mm, body width 2.8–3.5 mm. Body widely oval in dorsal view, moderately convex in lateral view. Head black; pronotum and elytra uniformly dark brown to black with slightly paler margins; ventral surface uniformly reddish brown. Tarsi pale brown. Mouthparts and antennae yellowish brown, antennal club brown. HEAD. Dorsal punctation dense, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; trichobothria present; surface between punctures smooth. Anterior margin of clypeus arcuate. Eyes large, interocular distance ca 2.8× the width of one eye in dorsal view; eye emarginate anteriorly. Labrum moderately sclerotized, largely exposed anterior of clypeus. Antenna with 9 antennomeres, club loosely segmented. Second maxillary palpomere moderately broad. PROTHORAX. Pronotum bisinuate anteriorly, anterolateral corners obtuse; posterior margin moderately bisinuate, posterolateral corners rectangular. Anterior and lateral margins with distinct bead not extending to posterior margin. Pronotal punctation slightly finer than on head, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; surface between punctures smooth. Prosternum straight on anterior margin, weakly elevated mesally, anterior portion of carina not very elevated. MESOTHORAX. Elytral punctation dense and moderately coarse, consisting of punctures without transverse ridges. Series of impressed punctures absent. Sutural stria weakly impressed, present in apical half. Mesoventral plate as long as wide, arrowhead-shaped, bluntly pointed anteriorly, posteriorly widely attached to metaventrite. METATHORAX. Metaventrite raised medially, posterior third and anterior of median elevation bare, lateral portions pubescent. Anterior metaventral process narrowly projecting between mesocoxae; posterior process bifid. Wings well-developed (macropterous). LEGS. Profemur with dense pubescence except in apical fifth; mesofemur with sparsely arranged stout setae only; metafemur with very sparse pubescence. ABDOMEN. All ventrites densely pubescent. First ventrite without carina. Posterior margin of last ventrite emarginate, with stout spines mesally. AEDEAGUS (Fig. 9 J–K). 1.0– 1.1 mm long. Median lobe nearly parallel-sided, not widened basally, slightly narrowing in apical fifth; gonopore totally apical, widely oval in shape. Parameres longer than median lobe; apex rectangular at inner margin, not projecting inwards, rounded laterally. Phallobase small, wider than long. Variation The apical part of the median lobe is less narrowed in specimens from Taiwan (see Liu et al., 2020), but otherwise the aedeagus morphology seems very constant across the range in this species. Identity of C. bhutanicum and synonymies The identity of this species was long unclear, and many taxonomists considered it as a possible synonym of C. stultum, although this opinion was never published because of the inaccessibility of the types. The comparison of the aedeagus of the specimens from northern India examined here with the drawing by Jayaswal (1972) leaves little doubt that both refer to the same species: Jayaswalʼs (1972) drawing (Fig. 9L) shows the typical shape of the median lobe having the same width along the whole length except for the apical fifth. The slightly wider form illustrated on Jayaswalʼs (1972) drawing is likely caused by the fact that the genitalia were slide-mounted. Jia et al. (2014) illustrated the male genitalia of two specimens identified as C. stultum from China (from Guangdong and Xizang), which both clearly show the strongly sclerotized lateral margins of the median lobe and the shape of the median lobe corresponding to those in C. bhutanicum. This indicates that (1) Jia et al. (2014) mixed the two species, and C. bhutanicum clearly occurs in China, and (2) the status of C. sulcatum Pu, 1963 as a synonym of C. stultum proposed by Jia et al. (2014) is incorrect. Coelostoma sulcatum was described from specimens from Yunnan, Xishuanbanna (type locality) and Jindong, and the illustration by Pu (1963) shows the typical form of the median lobe present in C. bhutanicum (Fig. 9M). We hence suspect that C. sulcatum Pu, 1963 and C. bhutanicum Jayaswal, 1972 may refer to the same species. Martin Fikáček examined the types of C. sulcatum (the holotype from Xishunagbanna and a paratype from Jindong) briefly during his visit to Beijing in 2010 and took photographs of the holotype, with the abdominal apex showing a slightly protruding aedeagus (Fig. 9 N–O), and of the completely dissected aedeagus of the paratype (Fig. 9P). The aedeagus of the paratype shows the median lobe with clearly sclerotized lateral margins, but it is rather narrow and not abruptly narrowing at the apex as it is typical for C. bhutanicum; this may be because the aedeagus is slightly deformed by dehydration. The apex of the aedeagus of the holotype shows the typical shape of the parameres present in both C. bhutanicum and C. stultum but absent from the illustration by Pu (1963) and also clearly shows the narrowing apex of the median lobe, further indicating that the shape of the median lobe of the paratype may be a deformation. The dissection of the holotype, remounting the aedeagus of the paratype or the examination of fresh material from Xishuanbanna would be necessary to understand the identity of C. sulcatum correctly and to confirm its synonymy with C. bhutanicum, which we are hypothesizing here. This synonymy would affect the nomenclature, since C. sulcatum would become a valid name and C. bhutanicum its junior synonym. However, we refrain from proposing the formal synonymy until the identity of C. sulcatum can be completely clarified, in order to prevent even more confusion about the species concepts within the subgenus Holocoelostoma. Biology Aquatic species; in Taiwan, the specimens were collected at the sides of ponds (among plant roots) and of running water (under stones and in mud) (Liu et al. 2020). The specimens examined by us were likely collected at light. Distribution Due to the confusion of this species with C. stultum, the distribution of C. bhutanicum requires more study. The occurrence is so far confirmed in Bhutan, Nepal and northern India (Jayaswal 1972, this paper), in China (based on photographs provided by Jia et al. 2014), in Taiwan (Liu et al. 2020) and Japan (Watanabe & Minoshima 2020)., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & Fikáček, Martin, 2020, Review of Coelostoma of the Indian subcontinent (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Part 1: Coelostoma s. str. and Holocoelostoma, pp. 1-32 in European Journal of Taxonomy 690 on pages 21-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.690, http://zenodo.org/record/3961787, {"references":["Jayaswal K. P. 1972. On the two new species of the hydrophiloid beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 189: 409 - 412.","Pu C. 1963. Results of the zoologico-botanical expedition to southwest China, 1955 - 1957 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica 12: 77 - 82.","Hebauer F. 2002. Hydrophilidae of North India and Southern Himalaya (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Acta Coleopterologica 18 (1): 3 - 72.","Liu H. - C., Hu F. - S. & Fikacek M. 2020. Review of the genus Coelostoma of Taiwan with description of a new species (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 60 (1): 155 - 162.","Jia F. - L., Aston P. & Fikacek M. 2014. Review of the Chinese species of the genus Coelostoma Brulle, 1835 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae). Zootaxa 3887 (3): 354 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3887.3.4","Watanabe K. & Minoshima Y. N. 2020. First record of Coelostoma bhutanicum Jayaswal, 1972 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from Japan. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology 26 (1): 151 - 152."]}

Coelostoma (s. str.) vitalisi Orchymont, 1923 Fig. 7 A–K Coelostoma vitalisi Orchymont, 1923a: 418. Coelostoma (s. str.) vitalisi – Orchymont 1925: 269 (faunistics); 1928: 57 (catalogue); 1936: 27 (faunistics). — Jia et al. 2017: 118 (faunistics). Differential diagnosis Coelostoma vitalisi is easy to recognize based on its aedeagus, with a very wide median lobe with a very large subapical gonopore. Thanks to the unique genital morphology, it cannot be confused with any other species of the genus. Material examined Holotype Not examined. Other material INDIA • 1 ♂; “ Assam, Kohora (= Kaziranga village), Green Reed Hotel; 27º35.93N, 93º26E ” [26º35ʹ21.81ʺ N, 93º24ʹ44.07ʺ E]; [1000 m a.s.l.]; 16–18 Apr. 2008; Fikáček, Podskalská and Šípek leg.; at light; NMPC. Published records NEPAL: Narayani Sauraha, bank of Rapti River (Hebauer 2002; Jia et al. 2017); Seti distr., Bajhang, on the way from Chainpur to Sagu Bagar (Jia et al. 2017); valley of Rapti river, Jhawani (Jia et al. 2017); Narayani Prov., Sauraha SW Royal Chitwan Nat. Park (Hebauer 2002); Kathmandu, Baneshwar (Hebauer 2002). INDIA: Uttarakhand: Dehradun (Orchymont 1936). Chhattisgarh: ‘Barwayʼ [= Barway mission, Chainpur env., see Fikáček et al. 2012] (Orchymont 1925, 1936). Bihar: Pusa (Orchymont 1923b). Jharkhand: Mandar (Orchymont 1925). Kerala: ‘Calicut ' [= Kozhikode] (Orchymont 1936). SRI LANKA: without specified locality (Orchymont 1928, 1936) [specimens reported by Orchymont (1925) as C. vitalisi from India: West Bengal (‘Bengalʼ and ‘Calcuttaʼ) were found to belong to C. vividum by Orchymont (1936)]. Description FORM AND COLOUR. Body length 4.0– 4.9 mm, body width 2.5–2.9 mm. Body oval in dorsal view, moderately convex in lateral view. Head black; pronotum and elytra uniformly black to dark brown with slightly paler margins; ventral surface uniformly dark brown. Tarsi pale brown. Mouthparts and antennae yellowish, antennal club brown. HEAD. Dorsal punctation dense, consisting of simple punctures, few punctures at posterior-most portion with associated ridges; trichobothria present; surface between punctures smooth. Anterior margin of clypeus gently arcuate. Eyes large, interocular distance ca 4.3× the width of one eye in dorsal view; eye emarginate anteriorly. Labrum moderately sclerotized, largely exposed anterior of clypeus, sinuate on anterior margin, brown. Antenna with 9 antennomeres, club loosely segmented. Second maxillary palpomere moderately broad. PROTHORAX. Pronotum bisinuate anteriorly, anterolateral corners obtuse; posterior margin moderately bisinuate, posterolateral corners rectangular. Lateral margin with very indistinct sculpture; anterior and lateral margins with distinct bead not extending to posterior margin. Pronotal punctation similar to that on head, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; surface between punctures smooth. Prosternum straight on anterior margin, very weakly carinate mesally, anterior portion raised, producing tooth-like process seen in lateral view. MESOTHORAX. Elytral punctation dense and moderately coarse, similar to that on pronotum, consisting of punctures without transverse ridges. Series of punctures absent. Sutural stria impressed, present in apical half. Mesoventral plate 1.1 × as long as wide, arrowhead-shaped, bluntly pointed anteriorly, posteriorly widely attached to metaventrite. METATHORAX. Metaventrite raised medially, posterior third and anterior portion of median elevation bare, remaining median surface with sparse regular setae; lateral portions densely pubescent. Anterior metaventral process narrowly projecting between mesocoxae; posterior process bifid. Wings welldeveloped (macropterous). LEGS. Profemur with dense pubescence except in apical fifth; mesofemur with sparsely arranged stout setae only, metafemur with sparse pubescence. ABDOMEN. All ventrites densely pubescent. First ventrite without carina. Posterior margin of last ventrite entire, without stout spines mesally. AEDEAGUS (Fig. 7 J–K). 0.75–0.85 mm long. Median lobe triangular, broad at middle, tapering towards apex; gonopore situated at apex, widely semicircular. Parameres longer than median lobe; rounded or obtusely pointed at apex. Phallobase small, slightly wider than long. Biology Aquatic species, Nakajima et al. (2020) reported it from shallow wetlands in lowland to hilly areas. Most specimens available in the collections were collected at light. Distribution Widespread species, known from Nepal (Jia et al. 2017), India (Orchymont 1925, 1936; this paper), Sri Lanka (Orchymont 1936), Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam (Jia et al. 2017), Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Sumatra; Orchymont 1923a, 1925), Malaysia (Sabah; Orchymont 1925), Singapore (Orchymont 1925; Jia et al. 2014), southern China (Jia et al. 2014), Taiwan (Liu et al. 2020) and Japan (Minoshima 2017; Nakajima et al. 2020)., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & Fikáček, Martin, 2020, Review of Coelostoma of the Indian subcontinent (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Part 1: Coelostoma s. str. and Holocoelostoma, pp. 1-32 in European Journal of Taxonomy 690 on pages 17-19, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.690, http://zenodo.org/record/3961787, {"references":["Jia F. - L., Lin R. - C., Chan E., Skale A. & Fikacek M. 2017. Two new species of Coelostoma Brulle, 1835 from China and additional faunistic records of the genus from the Oriental Region (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae: Coelostomatini). Zootaxa 4232 (1): 113 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4232.1.8","Hebauer F. 2002. Hydrophilidae of North India and Southern Himalaya (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Acta Coleopterologica 18 (1): 3 - 72.","Fikacek M., Jia F. - L. & Prokin A. 2012. Review of the Asian species of the genus Pachysternum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae). Zootaxa 3219: 1 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3219.1.1","Nakajima J., Hayashi M., Ishida K., Kitano T. & Hiroyuki Y. 2020. Aquatic Coleoptera and Hemiptera of Japan. Bun-ichi Sogo Shuppan, Tokyo.","Jia F. - L., Aston P. & Fikacek M. 2014. Review of the Chinese species of the genus Coelostoma Brulle, 1835 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae). Zootaxa 3887 (3): 354 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3887.3.4","Liu H. - C., Hu F. - S. & Fikacek M. 2020. Review of the genus Coelostoma of Taiwan with description of a new species (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 60 (1): 155 - 162."]}

Coelostoma (Holocoelostoma) stultum (Walker, 1858) Fig. 10 A���M Hydrobius stultus Walker, 1858: 209. Coelostoma stultum ��� Zaitzev 1908: 404 (catalogue). ��� Knisch 1924: 113 (catalogue). Coelostoma (Holocoelostoma) stultum ��� Orchymont 1923b: 2 (faunistics); 1928: 56 (catalogue); 1936: 17 (faunistics). ��� Mouchamps 1958: 3 (transfer to Holocoelostoma). ��� Sat�� 1979: 49 (faunistics). ��� Hebauer 2000: 6 (faunistics); 2002: 31 (faunistics); 2006: 8 (faunistics). ��� Darilmaz & Ahmed 2015: 10 (faunistics). ��� Jia et al. 2017: 118 (faunistics). Differential diagnosis Large species, easy to recognize from all other Coelostoma species except C. bhutanicum by the combination of the widely parallel-sided median lobe with apical gonopore and emarginate abdominal apex with stout setae. From C. bhutanicum it may be only recognized by the morphology of the median lobe of the aedeagus, which is wide basally, gradually narrowing to ca midlength and more less of the same width in apical half. In contrast to C. bhutanicum, C. stultum does not have strongly sclerotized lateral margins of the median lobe and the median lobe is not spoon-like in form. Material examined Lectotype (here designated) SRI LANKA ��� ♀; ���Ceylon���; [7��52��23.80�� N, 80��46��18.52�� E]; [243 m a.s.l.]; BMNH. Other material INDIA ��� Uttar Pradesh ��� 2 ♂♂; Fatapur Sikri [Fatehpur Sikri]; [27��5��41.97�� N, 77��40��4.89�� E]; [174 m a.s.l.]; 31 Oct. 1997; J. ��ťastn�� leg.; NMPC. ��� Rajasthan ��� 1 ♂, 28 specs; Bharatpur, Keoladeo National Park and around; 27��12.42�� N, 77��30.48�� E; 220 m a.s.l.; 31 Aug.���5 Sep. 2002; M. Fik��ček and P. ����pek leg.; NMPC ��� 3 specs; same collection data as for preceding; NCBS-BL022���024 ��� 3 specs; same collection data as for preceding; UASB 01923080���82 ��� 2 specs; same collection data as for preceding; ZSI ��� 1 ♂, 3 specs; Bharatpur; [27��12��54.67�� N, 77��30��10.80�� E]; [180 m a.s.l.]; 11 Aug. 1989; A. Riedel leg; NHMW. ��� Goa ��� 1 ♂; ��� 30 km S of Margao (= Madgaon), Palolem env.; 15��00.47�� N, 74��01.58�� E ��� [15��0��38.37�� N, 74��1��23.76�� E]; 0���20 m; 12���14 Aug. 2002; P. ����pek and M. Fik��ček leg.; NMPC. ��� Assam ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; ��� Kohora (Kaziranga village) at Green Reed hotel; 26��35�� N, 93��26�� E ��� [26��35��21.81�� N, 93��24��44.07�� E]; ��� 160 m ��� [1000 m a.s.l.]; 16���18 Apr. 2008; Fik��ček, Podskalsk�� and ����pek leg.; at light; NMPC. ��� Meghalaya ��� 1 ♂; W Garo Hills, Balphakram NP; 25��11�� N, 90��51�� E; 300���500 m a.s.l.; 22���27 May 1996; Jendek and ��au��a leg.; NHMW ��� 1 ♂; W Garo Hills, Bagmara; 25��11.5�� N, 90��38.5�� E; ca 100 m a.s.l.; 18���21 May 1996; Jendek and ��au��a leg.; NHMW. SRI LANKA ��� 1 ♂; Colombo; [6��55��40.52�� N, 79��51��39.79�� E]; [13 m a.s.l.]; BMNH. Published records All published records of C. stultum from the Indian subcontinent need re-examination, as they very likely include misidentified C. bhutanicum. Description FORM AND COLOUR. Body length 3.8���5.2 mm, body width 2.6���3.3 mm. Body oval in dorsal view, moderately convex in lateral view. Head black; pronotum and elytra uniformly dark brown; ventral surface uniformly reddish brown. Tarsi pale brown. Mouthparts and antennae yellowish brown, antennal club brown. HEAD. Dorsal punctation dense, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; trichobothria present; surface between punctures smooth. Anterior margin of clypeus arcuate. Eyes large, interocular distance ca 3.3�� the width of one eye in dorsal view; eye emarginate anteriorly. Labrum moderately sclerotized, largely exposed anterior of clypeus. Antenna with 9 antennomeres, club loosely segmented. Second maxillary palpomere moderately broad. PROTHORAX. Pronotum bisinuate anteriorly, anterolateral corners obtuse; posterior margin moderately bisinuate, posterolateral corners rectangular.Anterior and lateral margins with distinct bead not extending to posterior margin. Pronotal punctation sparser and finer than on head, consisting of simple punctures without associated ridges; surface between punctures smooth. Prosternum slightly projecting mesally on anterior margin, carinate mesally, anterior portion of carina very weakly elevated. MESOTHORAX. Elytral punctation dense and moderately coarse, consisting of punctures without transverse ridges. Series of impressed punctures present along suture and laterally. Sutural stria weakly impressed, present in apical half. Mesoventral plate as long as wide, arrowhead-shaped, bluntly pointed anteriorly, posteriorly widely attached to metaventrite. METATHORAX. Metaventrite raised medially, posterior third and anterior of median elevation bare, lateral portions pubescent. Anterior metaventral process narrowly projecting between mesocoxae; posterior process bifid. Wings well-developed (macropterous). LEGS. Profemur with dense pubescence except in apical fifth; mesofemur with sparsely arranged stout setae only; metafemur with very sparse pubescence. ABDOMEN. All ventrites densely pubescent. First ventrite without carina. Posterior margin of last ventrite emarginate, with stout spines mesally. AEDEAGUS (Fig. 10 K���M). 0.8���1.0 mm long. Median lobe broad at base, slightly tapering towards apex; gonopore situated at apex but still directed dorsally, widely oval in shape. Parameres slightly longer than median lobe; apex rectangular at inner margin, not projecting inwards, rounded laterally. Phallobase small, wider than long. Variation The form of the median lobe differs slightly between the examined specimens from India and Sri Lanka and those from Taiwan and Japan (see Liu et al. 2020), but in all cases the median lobe is widest at the base and narrowed ca at mid-length. Additional studies are needed to understand whether this variation may represent a geographic variability of the species. Lectotype designation On the request to loan the type specimens from the Walker collection at BMNH, we received two specimens, both considered as syntypes. Both are females, but each of them belongs to a different species: the specimen labelled as cotype belongs to the subgenus Holocoelostoma based on the emarginated abdominal apex and mesofemora lacking dense pubescence; it agrees externally in all details with a male specimen from Colombo, the genitalia of which are illustrated on Fig. 10M. The second specimen, labelled as type, has an emarginate abdominal apex and densely pubescent mesofemora, and hence belongs to the subgenus Lachnocoelostoma. To fix the current concept of C. stultum and of Holocoelostoma (of which C. stultum is the type species), we are therefore designating the first specimen as the lectotype. Biology Aquatic species; in Japan and Taiwan it inhabits vegetation-rich places with muddy bottoms, typically ponds, rice fields and river sides (Liu et al. 2020; Nakajima et al. 2020). Distribution Coelostoma stultum is reported as a very widespread species, extending from the Arabian Peninsula (Fik��ček et al. 2010) to Japan (Hayashi 2008) and New Guinea (Hebauer 2001) (see Hansen 1999 for a summary), also recorded from the Mascarene Islands and Madagascar (Hebauer 2006). This distribution is, however, surely partly based on misidentified specimens of C. bhutanicum, and needs revision. Based on the material examined for this study and published illustrations of male genitalia, we may confirm the species to occur in the following countries at present: United Arab Emirates (Fik��ček et al. 2010), India (this paper), Sr�� Lanka (Walker 1858, this paper), Taiwan (Liu et al. 2020) and Japan (Hayashi 2008)., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & Fik����ek, Martin, 2020, Review of Coelostoma of the Indian subcontinent (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Part 1: Coelostoma s. str. and Holocoelostoma, pp. 1-32 in European Journal of Taxonomy 690 on pages 25-28, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.690, http://zenodo.org/record/3961787, {"references":["Walker F. 1858. Characters of some apparently undescribed Ceylon insects. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 2: 202 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935808697009","Zaitzev F. A. 1908. Catalogue des Coleopteres aquatiques des familles Dryopidae, Georyssidae, Cyathoceridae, Heteroceridae et Hydrophilidae. Horae Societatis entomologicae rossicae 38: 283 - 420.","Knisch, A. 1924. Hydrophilidae. In: Junk W. & Schenkling S. (eds) Coleopterorum Catalogus. Vol. 14. part 79. W. Junk, Berlin.","Mouchamps R. 1958. Notes sur quelques Coelostoma (Brulle) (Coleopteres Hydrophilidae) principalement africains (12 me note). Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique 34 (41): 1 - 36.","Sato M. 1979. Ergebnisse der Bhutan-Expedition 1972 und Indien-Nepal-Expeditionen 1975 - 1977 des Naturhistorischen Museums in Basel. Coleoptera: Fam. Georissidae, Hydraenidae, Hydrophilidae und Ptilodactylidae. Entomologica Basiliensia 4: 43 - 67.","Hebauer F. 2000. Results of the Lund University Ceylon Expedition 1962. Hydrophilidae, with an updated Sri Lanka check list (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Acta Coleopterologica 16 (2): 3 - 13.","Darilmaz M. C. & Ahmed Z. 2015. Aquatic Coleoptera from Pakistan: faunistic and zoogeographical contribution (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Dytiscidae: Hydrophilidae). Journal of Natural History 50 (3): 149 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1059515","Jia F. - L., Lin R. - C., Chan E., Skale A. & Fikacek M. 2017. Two new species of Coelostoma Brulle, 1835 from China and additional faunistic records of the genus from the Oriental Region (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae: Coelostomatini). Zootaxa 4232 (1): 113 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4232.1.8","Liu H. - C., Hu F. - S. & Fikacek M. 2020. Review of the genus Coelostoma of Taiwan with description of a new species (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 60 (1): 155 - 162.","Nakajima J., Hayashi M., Ishida K., Kitano T. & Hiroyuki Y. 2020. Aquatic Coleoptera and Hemiptera of Japan. Bun-ichi Sogo Shuppan, Tokyo.","Fikacek M., Gentili E. & Short A. E. Z. 2010. Order Coleoptera, family Hydrophilidae. In: Harten A. van (ed.) Arthropod Fauna of the UAE 3: 135 - 165. Dar Al Ummah, Abu Dhabi.","Hayashi M. 2008. Distributional records and ecological notes on aquatic Coleoptera of Shimane Prefecture, Part II. Bulletin of Hoshizaki Green Foundation 11: 93 - 102.","Hebauer F. 2001. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Hydrophilidae von Neuguinea. Ergebnisse der zoologischen Forschungsreisen von M. Balke and L. Hendrich nach West Neuguinea (Irian Jaya) in den Jahren 1990 - 1998 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Acta Coelopterogica 17 (1): 3 - 72.","Hansen M. 1999. World Catalogue of Insects 2: Hydrophiloidea (s. str.) (Coleoptera). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark.","Hebauer F. 2006. Description of a new Coelostoma from China (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae, Sphaeridiinae). Acta Coleopterologica 22 (1): 3 - 4."]}

Genus Ploiaria Scopoli, 1786 Ploiaria Scopoli, 1786: 60���63. Type species: Ploiaria domestica Scopoli, 1786, by monotypy., Published as part of Boyane, Swapnil S. & Ghate, Hemant V., 2020, Redescription of Ploiaria mellea (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) and its first report from India, pp. 595-600 in Zootaxa 4729 (4) on page 596, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.11, http://zenodo.org/record/3754816

Ploiaria mellea McAtee & Malloch, 1926 (Figs. 1���15) Ploiaria (Luteva) mellea McAtee & Malloch, 1926: 143 (original description), 139���140 (in key). Ploiaria mellea: Wygodzinsky (1966: 195) (listed, keyed), Maldonado Capriles (1990: 108) (catalogue). Material studied: India, Pune, Daund, leg. Pansare 8.xi.2017 (1 ♂); Pune, Aundh Rd., leg. Sarode, 23.xi.2017 (1 ♂); Pune, Daund, leg. Pansare, 13.xi.2017 (2 ♀♀). A living female was spotted and photographed in Lonavala by Sarode (12.xi.2017) but could not be collected. Redescription Coloration. Overall body colour brown. Antenna, mid and hind legs pale brown. Forelegs with a pattern of dark brown patches or incomplete annuli on overall basic ochraceous background (Figs. 1, 3). Head brown, laterally ochraceous in front and behind eye; with Y-shaped, dark brown mark dorsally in front of transverse sulcus; dark brown streaks in front of eye bordering median ochraceous line. Eye dark brown (Fig. 4). First visible labial segment ochraceous basally, dark brown in distal two third, second visible segment ochraceous, third visible segment dark brown (Figs. 3, 7). Antennae with first segment long, pale brown, with subapical dark brown and apical ochraceous annulus; second segment similar; third segment dark brown with pale apex; fourth segment dark brown except apical one fourth which is pale. Pronotum brownish dorsally, with some dark brown areas laterally; mesonotum with three longitudinal dark reddish brown bands; scutellum brown (Fig. 5); thoracic sterna dark brown (Fig. 6). Abdomen dorsally dark brown, more or less uniformly brown ventrally but apical two segments darker. Forecoxa completely brown; femur ochraceous, ventrally brown in two third of its length, with subapical, incomplete brown annulus; foretibia brown with median ochraceous annulus; foretarsus ochraceous in basal one third, dark brown in middle part and again ochraceous apically (Figs. 1, 7, 8); mid- and hindcoxae pale; mid- and hindfemora pale brown with subapical dark brown annulus flanked on either side by ochraceous annulus; mid- and hindtibiae pale brown all over except subbasal and apical dark brown annuli; mid- and hindtarsi dark brown (Fig. 1). Forewings pale brown, with brownish longitudinal stripes, some veins dark brown (Fig. 9). Vestiture. Entire body, except wings, covered with pale brown, adpressed short setae, relatively sparse on antennae and abdominal segments as compared to other parts of body; pronotum and mesonotum with a few erect short setae; mesonotum with a pattern of apparent longitudinal bands created by setae (sparse setae revealing dark body beneath) (Fig. 5); all spiniform setae on forefemur dark brown with pale tip. Structure. Slender, macropterous. Head elongate, narrowed behind eyes, oval, dorsally somewhat flat, ventrally slightly convex. Eyes large, reaching dorsal and ventral margin of head as seen from lateral side, interocular distance distinctly more than width of eye as seen dorsally; transverse sulcus very slightly curved but not reaching posterior margin of eye. Labium straight, reaching base of forecoxae, with none of its segments incrassate (Figs. 3, 7). Pronotum with anterior lobe about 7.5 times longer than posterior lobe, not covering mesonotum, lobes indistinctly separated; prosternum depressed; mesonotum slightly convex dorsally (Fig. 5). Pro- and mesosternum finely rugulose; metasternum carinate medially (Fig. 6). Forecoxa elongate, slender, shorter than forefemur, without spines, more or less parallel-sided; forefemur slightly thicker than forecoxa, laterally compressed, with two series of spiniform setae ventrally; posteroventral series beginning very close at base while anteroventral series formed by a continuous row of setae starting nearly at one third from base and curved, with an additional single seta close to base of femur, hence treated as an interrupted series. Posteroventral series with long spiniform setae, anteroventral series with relatively short setae, some setae of posteroventral series very closely placed at base; combined length of protibia and -tarsus distinctly shorter than profemur (Figs. 7, 8); tibia with few short and long, distally directed spines; tarsus three segmented with some long adpressed spines ventrally. Mid- and hindlegs long and slender, hind femora passing tip of abdomen. Forewings not reaching apex of abdomen, narrow (Fig. 9). Abdomen parallel-sided, slender in both sexes; eighth sternite and tergite well developed and fully visible in male; pygophore about one eighth length of abdomen, laterally slightly compressed, without any process, moderately sclerotized dorsally (Fig. 10) and well sclerotized laterally (Fig. 12); parameres bent and overlapping at tip, as seen in situ from ventral side (Fig. 11); phallus long, symmetrical, extending backward into eighth segment as seen in ventral and lateral view of pygophore (Figs. 11, 12); articulatory apparatus well developed, occupying more than half length of phallus; phallotheca membranous, endosoma with two rows of elongate processes that are broad at base and narrowed apically (Figs. 13, 14). Parameres small, curved, swollen before middle, setose distally, its apex sharp (Fig. 15). Measurements (in mm). ♂♂ (n = 2, one partly mutilated): total body length 11.0/11.2; total length of head 0.88/1.0, length of anteocular part 0.35/0.37, of postocular part 0.30/0.25; eye diameter 0.25/0.30. Antenna: length of first segment?/8.0, of second segment?/6.75, of third segment?/1.80, of fourth segment?/1.87. Length of labium 0.85/0.93, of first visible segment 0.20/0.25, of second visible segment 0.30/0.31, of third visible segment 0.35/0.37. Length of pronotum 1.37/1.25, of mesonotum 1.0/1.0, Length of forecoxa 1.87/1.75, of forefemur 2.50/2.37, of foretibia?/1.12, of foretarsus with claw?/0.62; of midcoxa?/0.37, of midfemur?/7.0, of midtibia?/9.5, of midtarsus with claw?/0.40; of hindcoxa?/0.37, of hindfemur?/10.0, of hindtibia?/14.0, of hindtarsus with claw?/0.43. Length of forewing?/6.20. Based on a single ♂: pygophore length 0.75, width in dorsal view 0.45; length of phallus in repose 1.00, everted phallus 1.70. Paramere length 0.25. ♀♀ (n = 2): total body length 11.5/10.5. Total length of head 1.00/0.87, length of anteocular part 0.37/0.35, of postocular part 0.37/0.30, eye diameter 0.25/0.25. Antenna: length of first segment 7.55/7.40, of second segment 5.50/5.20, of third segment 2.0/1.70, of fourth segment 2.90/1.82. Labium: length 0.85/0.85, of first visible segment 0.22/0.20, of second visible segment 0.32/0.30, of third visible segment 0.33/35. Length of pronotum 1.45/1.35, of mesonotum 1.0/1.0. Length of forecoxa 1.87/1.62, of forefemur 2.37/2.30, of foretibia 1.25/1.07, of foretarsus 0.70/0.67; of midcoxa 0.37/0.25, of midfemur 6.75/6.0, of midtibia 8.75/8.75, of midtarsus with claw 0.37/0.40; of hindcoxa 0.37/0.30, hindfemur 10.0/8.5, hindtibia 13.0/11.75, hindtarsus with claw 0.42/0.42. Forewing 6.50/6.30., Published as part of Boyane, Swapnil S. & Ghate, Hemant V., 2020, Redescription of Ploiaria mellea (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) and its first report from India, pp. 595-600 in Zootaxa 4729 (4) on pages 596-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.11, http://zenodo.org/record/3754816, {"references":["McAtee, W. L. & Malloch, J. R. (1926) Philippine and Malayan Ploiariinae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Philippine Journal of Science, 30, 117 - 152.","Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614."]}

Myiophanes (Myiophanes) wygodzinskyi sp. nov. (Figs. 1���20) Type material. Holotype: female, Ravana Cave, Ravana Ella, Sri Lanka, 16.iv.2016, leg. Suresh P. Benjamin; will be deposited at Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., United States. Diagnosis. Myiophanes wygodzinskyi sp. nov. is the largest species of Myiophanes (body length 28 mm, all other known congeners are under 23 mm). Besides of the large size it is characterized by the distinctly marked abdominal tergites, the forewings lacking emargination on inner margin near apex, and the presence of a prominent tubercle at the base of the median carina on the hind lobe of the pronotum. Description. Habitus. Elongate and narrow insect, body sub-shining; mid and hind legs extremely long, thread-like; entire body pilose. Coloration. Overall stramineous or pale ochraceous at places, with contrasting dark markings (Figs. 1���2); head dark brown except base, tip of antennal tubercles and clypeus; interocular sulcus slightly paler; labium dark brown, first and second visible segments apically pale; antennomere I brown except pale base, antennomere II darker, antennomere III light brown, antennomere IV almost colorless. Fore lobe of pronotum pale with a broad transverse annulus around its middle, hind lobe mostly dark brown except its extreme anterior portion which is invaded by a pair of obliquely traingular pale areas together forming a W- shaped mark (Fig. 3); scutellum dark brown; ventral side of prothorax pale except middle portion of fore lobe contiguous with above mentioned dark band of pronotum; mesosternum and metasternum dark brown to black; mid and hind coxae dark brown to black except apex (Fig. 10); with a small, pale, transverse patch between mesocoxae. Forelegs: coxa with two dark brown annuli (basal and subapical, each 1.5���2 mm wide); femur with three dark annuli (one near base, one around middle, one subapically, each 1.5���2.5 mm wide, basal widest); tibia with basal one-fifth very pale, middle part pale brown, followed by an ochraceous annulus subapically, apex dark brown; tarsus pale, claws dark brown (Figs. 8, 11). Mid and hind femora pale brown along most of their length except creamy white apex about 2 mm wide, and a subapical dark brown annulus about 2.5 mm wide. Mid and hind tibiae pale brown except of a pale basal annulus of about 3 mm width followed by a dark subbasal annulus of about 2 mm width; tarsi pale brown; claws blackish (Figs. 1, 2). Abdomen dorsally with five dark brown transverse bands of irregular shape, at some places with anterior and posterior fingerlike brown emanating projections on tergites; fourth and fifth transverse dark bands on tergites interrupted, fourth appearing as three broad vertical bands, fifth as fourth but widths of bands even narrower, medians of these bands form an uninterrupted line from fourth segment up to tip; connexivum with matching dark and pale areas (Fig. 17). Female genital segments as shown in Figs. 18���20, entirely dark brown ventro-medially but ochraceous laterally. First dorsal abdominal band about 1.25 mm long, second about 1.75 mm, third about 1.5 mm, fourth 2.0 mm including finger-like processes, fifth about 1.75 mm including finger-like processes; abdominal bands complete ventrally, situated in posterior halves of sternites in some places (Fig. 2). Forewings translucent pale brown, veins slightly darker, with identical patches of brown blotches in middle part of both wings (Fig. 9); hind wings short, translucent and colorless, veins pale brown. Vestiture. Entire body covered with sparse, long and curled hairs of different colors ��� cream, pale or dark brown. Entire head covered with long, colorless and dark brown setae; first antennal segment with long, black, sparse setae, second, third and fourth with short and dense setae. Pronotum with colorless and dark brown sparse hairs in respective areas; meso and metathorax laterally and ventrally with sparse hairs; scutellum with very few hairs; abdomen with long and short hairs; hairs relatively dense on mid and hind legs than on other parts; microchaetae present on mid and hind legs also long. Meso- and metasterna finely granulate and setose; two oblique, shining longitudinal broad bands on mesosternum without setae; inner side of these with two similar rounded marks at base. Structure. Head elongate oval; eyes large, globose; anteocular region slightly longer than postocular; clypeus prominent, projecting in front of antenniferous tubercles; interocular sulcus transverse, not passing posterior margin of eye. Base of anteocular part with a distinct pit medially near sulcus. Both anteocular and postocular areas slightly convex above; head more or less flat ventrally, slightly medially sulcate. Labium reaching base of fore coxae, first visible segment stout, first and second subequal in length, third longest (Figs. 4���6). Thorax. Prosternum with a strongly ridged stridulatory area between fore coxae. Width of prothorax at anterior angles slightly broader than maximum width of head in dorsal view, gradually narrowed posteriorly, almost parallel-sided in its middle region, then slightly expanding in hind lobe; hind lobe with distinct median carina ending in prominent mid-dorsal tubercle at posterior margin (Fig. 7); humeral angles laterally blunt and slightly produced backward, posterior margin concave (Figs. 3, 7). Fore coxa moderately long, only slightly dilated at base, otherwise of uniform breadth. Fore femur long, as broad as coxa, provided with at least three types of spiniform processes arranged in two series: posteroventral series starting very close to base (first process being 0.5 mm from tip of trochanter); anteroventral series starting slightly distally, first spine being 1.8 mm from tip of trochanter; all spiniform processes with broad base and sharp black pointed process distally; with at least ten long processes in posteroventral series and seven to eight similar processes in anteroventral series; apical 2 mm part of fore femur with very minute spiniform processes (Fig. 13). Fore tibia more slender than both coxa and femur, also slightly curved; tibia and tarsus together slightly shorter than femur. Tibia with single row of small, stiff spiniform processes on ventral surface (Figs. 12, 14). Fore tarsus three-segmented, segments subequal in length; outer claw with six comb-like, small spines close to base (Fig. 15). Mid and hind legs very long and slender, without any spiniform processes; both mid and hind femora extending beyond tip of abdomen (Figs. 1���2) and pilose (Fig. 16). Forewings broad, extending beyond abdominal tip by about 2 mm, with venation as shown in Fig. 9. Abdomen slender, parallel-sided. Intersegmental boundaries indistinct dorsally, visible at places and marked by dark band ventrally. Eighth tergite transverse, small, ninth not sclerotized (Fig. 18). Seventh sternite moderately large, slightly emarginate posteriorly, not entirely covering gonocoxites; syngonapophysis visible (Fig. 19). Lateral view of female terminalia as in Fig. 20. Measurements (in mm). Total length (from apex of head tip of forewing) 28.0. Head length 2.5, eye diameter from lateral side 0.5; anteocular region 1.7, postocular 1.0; with of head at eye 1.5, interocular distance 0.8, width at level of antenniferous tubercles 0.8, width immediately posteriad of eye 1; width of narrowest region of neck 0.5; length of antennal segments I 17.0, II 18.0, III 1.1, IV 2.1; length of visible labial segments I 1.0, II 1.0, III 1.2; length of pronotum 6.4, width at anterior angles in dorsal view 1.6, width at constriction 0.5, width at humeral angles 2.5, length of fore lobe 3.9, of hind lobe 2.5. Lengths of fore leg: coxa 6.0, femur 11.0, tibia 9.0, tarsus 1.1; lengths of mid leg: femur 22.0, tibia 36.5, tarsus 1.0; lengths of hind leg: femur 28.0, tibia 44.0, tarsus 1.0; length of abdomen along meson ventrally 16.0. Etymology. The species is named in the honor of the late Pedro Wygodzinsky, a taxonomist renowned, among others, for his voluminous contribution to Emesinae. Differential diagnosis and discussion Based on the shape of pronotum, forewing venation and size of seventh sternite in female, Wygodzinsky (1966) defined three subgenera within Myiophanes. The present new species belongs to the nominotypical subgenus Myiophanes s. str. because the pronotum has a very large, dark colored triangular area on the hind lobe (in the subgenera Paramyiophanes and Perimyiophanes the pronotum is uniformly testaceous or provided with a whitish stripe on the median portion of the hind lobe). Myiophanes (M.) greeni, the only other species of this genus and subgenus occurring in Sri Lanka, differs from M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov. in its markedly smaller size (body length about 19 mm, as opposed to 28 mm in the new species) and the coloration of its pronotum, forewing and abdomen; M. (M.) greeni has been illustrated in detail by Kulkarni & Ghate (2016, figs. 1, 3, 4). In some respects M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov. is similar in coloration to two species described by R��dei (2005), especially M. (M.) zebrina R��dei, 2005, from Bangalore, which also has a broad triangular dark mark on the hind lobe of pronotum, but M. zebrina is a significantly smaller species (body length only 19.8 mm), similarly to M. (M.) incompta R��dei, 2005 (body length 17.5 mm), described from a single female collected in Pakistan. All three species, namely M. greeni, M. zebrina and M. incompta, appear to have different forewing coloration than that of M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov.; and in M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov. the pale triangular markings on the hind lobe of the pronotum are narrower and shorter than in all of the other species mentioned above. Myiophanes (M.) tipulina Reuter, 1881 (illustrated by Wygodzinsky 1966: fig. 80A) is entirely different in its coloration, the size and shape of its pronotum, as well as being smaller. In M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov. the pronotum is nearly 2.6 times longer than its maximum width at the humeral angles and its fore lobe is 1.5 times as long as median length of its hind lobe, therefore the fore lobe of the pronotum of the new species is much longer than most other species of this genus (see R��dei 2005). Another relatively large-bodied species (total length 21 mm) is M. (M.) kempi China, 1924, described from Siju Caves in Assam (China in Kemp 1924), but apart from its size and coloration (especially that of the abdomen), the head of this species is as long as fore lobe of pronotum, whereas it is much shorter in M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov. Myiophanes (M.) fluitaria McAtee & Malloch, 1926 (body length: 23 mm) and M. (M.) annulifera McAtee & Malloch, 1926 (body length: 15 mm), both described from the Malay Peninsula, have a markedly differently coloured forewing that is deeply emarginate apically (McAtee & Malloch 1926: figs. 34���35). Finally, M. (M.) blotei Wygodzinsky, 1966, from Sumatra (body length: 17.5 mm length) differs in size and coloration from M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov. The presence of a median carina terminating in a distinct tubercle at base of hind lobe of pronotum is apparently a unique character of M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov. not documented in any other species of Myiophanes before., Published as part of Ghate, Hemant V., Kulkarni, Siddharth & Benjamin, Suresh P., 2018, Giant assassin in the cave: a new species of the genus Myiophanes from Sri Lanka (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae), pp. 237-244 in Zootaxa 4524 (2) on pages 238-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4524.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/2610506, {"references":["Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614.","Kulkarni, S. & Ghate, H. (2016) First record of the thread-legged assassin bug Myiophanes greeni Distant, 1903 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) from India. Biodiversity Data Journal, 4, e 7949. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 4. e 7949","Redei, D. (2005) New and little-known thread-legged assassin bugs from Central and South Asia (Heteroptera, Reduviidae: Emesinae). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 66, 23 - 33.","Kemp, S. (1924) The fauna of Siju Cave, Garo Hills, Assam (with description of a new species of reduviid by W. E. China). Records of the Indian Museum, 26, 93 - 97.","McAtee, W. L. & Malloch, J. R. (1926) Philippine and Malayan Ploiariinae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Philippine Journal of Science, 30 (1), 117 - 152, 5 pls."]}

Myiophanes (Myiophanes) wygodzinskyi sp. nov. (Figs. 1–20) Type material. Holotype: female, Ravana Cave, Ravana Ella, Sri Lanka, 16.iv.2016, leg. Suresh P. Benjamin; will be deposited at Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., United States. Diagnosis. Myiophanes wygodzinskyi sp. nov. is the largest species of Myiophanes (body length 28 mm, all other known congeners are under 23 mm). Besides of the large size it is characterized by the distinctly marked abdominal tergites, the forewings lacking emargination on inner margin near apex, and the presence of a prominent tubercle at the base of the median carina on the hind lobe of the pronotum. Description. Habitus. Elongate and narrow insect, body sub-shining; mid and hind legs extremely long, thread-like; entire body pilose. Coloration. Overall stramineous or pale ochraceous at places, with contrasting dark markings (Figs. 1–2); head dark brown except base, tip of antennal tubercles and clypeus; interocular sulcus slightly paler; labium dark brown, first and second visible segments apically pale; antennomere I brown except pale base, antennomere II darker, antennomere III light brown, antennomere IV almost colorless. Fore lobe of pronotum pale with a broad transverse annulus around its middle, hind lobe mostly dark brown except its extreme anterior portion which is invaded by a pair of obliquely traingular pale areas together forming a W- shaped mark (Fig. 3); scutellum dark brown; ventral side of prothorax pale except middle portion of fore lobe contiguous with above mentioned dark band of pronotum; mesosternum and metasternum dark brown to black; mid and hind coxae dark brown to black except apex (Fig. 10); with a small, pale, transverse patch between mesocoxae. Forelegs: coxa with two dark brown annuli (basal and subapical, each 1.5–2 mm wide); femur with three dark annuli (one near base, one around middle, one subapically, each 1.5–2.5 mm wide, basal widest); tibia with basal one-fifth very pale, middle part pale brown, followed by an ochraceous annulus subapically, apex dark brown; tarsus pale, claws dark brown (Figs. 8, 11). Mid and hind femora pale brown along most of their length except creamy white apex about 2 mm wide, and a subapical dark brown annulus about 2.5 mm wide. Mid and hind tibiae pale brown except of a pale basal annulus of about 3 mm width followed by a dark subbasal annulus of about 2 mm width; tarsi pale brown; claws blackish (Figs. 1, 2). Abdomen dorsally with five dark brown transverse bands of irregular shape, at some places with anterior and posterior fingerlike brown emanating projections on tergites; fourth and fifth transverse dark bands on tergites interrupted, fourth appearing as three broad vertical bands, fifth as fourth but widths of bands even narrower, medians of these bands form an uninterrupted line from fourth segment up to tip; connexivum with matching dark and pale areas (Fig. 17). Female genital segments as shown in Figs. 18–20, entirely dark brown ventro-medially but ochraceous laterally. First dorsal abdominal band about 1.25 mm long, second about 1.75 mm, third about 1.5 mm, fourth 2.0 mm including finger-like processes, fifth about 1.75 mm including finger-like processes; abdominal bands complete ventrally, situated in posterior halves of sternites in some places (Fig. 2). Forewings translucent pale brown, veins slightly darker, with identical patches of brown blotches in middle part of both wings (Fig. 9); hind wings short, translucent and colorless, veins pale brown. Vestiture. Entire body covered with sparse, long and curled hairs of different colors – cream, pale or dark brown. Entire head covered with long, colorless and dark brown setae; first antennal segment with long, black, sparse setae, second, third and fourth with short and dense setae. Pronotum with colorless and dark brown sparse hairs in respective areas; meso and metathorax laterally and ventrally with sparse hairs; scutellum with very few hairs; abdomen with long and short hairs; hairs relatively dense on mid and hind legs than on other parts; microchaetae present on mid and hind legs also long. Meso- and metasterna finely granulate and setose; two oblique, shining longitudinal broad bands on mesosternum without setae; inner side of these with two similar rounded marks at base. Structure. Head elongate oval; eyes large, globose; anteocular region slightly longer than postocular; clypeus prominent, projecting in front of antenniferous tubercles; interocular sulcus transverse, not passing posterior margin of eye. Base of anteocular part with a distinct pit medially near sulcus. Both anteocular and postocular areas slightly convex above; head more or less flat ventrally, slightly medially sulcate. Labium reaching base of fore coxae, first visible segment stout, first and second subequal in length, third longest (Figs. 4–6). Thorax. Prosternum with a strongly ridged stridulatory area between fore coxae. Width of prothorax at anterior angles slightly broader than maximum width of head in dorsal view, gradually narrowed posteriorly, almost parallel-sided in its middle region, then slightly expanding in hind lobe; hind lobe with distinct median carina ending in prominent mid-dorsal tubercle at posterior margin (Fig. 7); humeral angles laterally blunt and slightly produced backward, posterior margin concave (Figs. 3, 7). Fore coxa moderately long, only slightly dilated at base, otherwise of uniform breadth. Fore femur long, as broad as coxa, provided with at least three types of spiniform processes arranged in two series: posteroventral series starting very close to base (first process being 0.5 mm from tip of trochanter); anteroventral series starting slightly distally, first spine being 1.8 mm from tip of trochanter; all spiniform processes with broad base and sharp black pointed process distally; with at least ten long processes in posteroventral series and seven to eight similar processes in anteroventral series; apical 2 mm part of fore femur with very minute spiniform processes (Fig. 13). Fore tibia more slender than both coxa and femur, also slightly curved; tibia and tarsus together slightly shorter than femur. Tibia with single row of small, stiff spiniform processes on ventral surface (Figs. 12, 14). Fore tarsus three-segmented, segments subequal in length; outer claw with six comb-like, small spines close to base (Fig. 15). Mid and hind legs very long and slender, without any spiniform processes; both mid and hind femora extending beyond tip of abdomen (Figs. 1–2) and pilose (Fig. 16). Forewings broad, extending beyond abdominal tip by about 2 mm, with venation as shown in Fig. 9. Abdomen slender, parallel-sided. Intersegmental boundaries indistinct dorsally, visible at places and marked by dark band ventrally. Eighth tergite transverse, small, ninth not sclerotized (Fig. 18). Seventh sternite moderately large, slightly emarginate posteriorly, not entirely covering gonocoxites; syngonapophysis visible (Fig. 19). Lateral view of female terminalia as in Fig. 20. Measurements (in mm). Total length (from apex of head tip of forewing) 28.0. Head length 2.5, eye diameter from lateral side 0.5; anteocular region 1.7, postocular 1.0; with of head at eye 1.5, interocular distance 0.8, width at level of antenniferous tubercles 0.8, width immediately posteriad of eye 1; width of narrowest region of neck 0.5; length of antennal segments I 17.0, II 18.0, III 1.1, IV 2.1; length of visible labial segments I 1.0, II 1.0, III 1.2; length of pronotum 6.4, width at anterior angles in dorsal view 1.6, width at constriction 0.5, width at humeral angles 2.5, length of fore lobe 3.9, of hind lobe 2.5. Lengths of fore leg: coxa 6.0, femur 11.0, tibia 9.0, tarsus 1.1; lengths of mid leg: femur 22.0, tibia 36.5, tarsus 1.0; lengths of hind leg: femur 28.0, tibia 44.0, tarsus 1.0; length of abdomen along meson ventrally 16.0. Etymology. The species is named in the honor of the late Pedro Wygodzinsky, a taxonomist renowned, among others, for his voluminous contribution to Emesinae. Differential diagnosis and discussion Based on the shape of pronotum, forewing venation and size of seventh sternite in female, Wygodzinsky (1966) defined three subgenera within Myiophanes. The present new species belongs to the nominotypical subgenus Myiophanes s. str. because the pronotum has a very large, dark colored triangular area on the hind lobe (in the subgenera Paramyiophanes and Perimyiophanes the pronotum is uniformly testaceous or provided with a whitish stripe on the median portion of the hind lobe). Myiophanes (M.) greeni, the only other species of this genus and subgenus occurring in Sri Lanka, differs from M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov. in its markedly smaller size (body length about 19 mm, as opposed to 28 mm in the new species) and the coloration of its pronotum, forewing and abdomen; M. (M.) greeni has been illustrated in detail by Kulkarni & Ghate (2016, figs. 1, 3, 4). In some respects M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov. is similar in coloration to two species described by Rédei (2005), especially M. (M.) zebrina Rédei, 2005, from Bangalore, which also has a broad triangular dark mark on the hind lobe of pronotum, but M. zebrina is a significantly smaller species (body length only 19.8 mm), similarly to M. (M.) incompta Rédei, 2005 (body length 17.5 mm), described from a single female collected in Pakistan. All three species, namely M. greeni, M. zebrina and M. incompta, appear to have different forewing coloration than that of M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov.; and in M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov. the pale triangular markings on the hind lobe of the pronotum are narrower and shorter than in all of the other species mentioned above. Myiophanes (M.) tipulina Reuter, 1881 (illustrated by Wygodzinsky 1966: fig. 80A) is entirely different in its coloration, the size and shape of its pronotum, as well as being smaller. In M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov. the pronotum is nearly 2.6 times longer than its maximum width at the humeral angles and its fore lobe is 1.5 times as long as median length of its hind lobe, therefore the fore lobe of the pronotum of the new species is much longer than most other species of this genus (see Rédei 2005). Another relatively large-bodied species (total length 21 mm) is M. (M.) kempi China, 1924, described from Siju Caves in Assam (China in Kemp 1924), but apart from its size and coloration (especially that of the abdomen), the head of this species is as long as fore lobe of pronotum, whereas it is much shorter in M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov. Myiophanes (M.) fluitaria McAtee & Malloch, 1926 (body length: 23 mm) and M. (M.) annulifera McAtee & Malloch, 1926 (body length: 15 mm), both described from the Malay Peninsula, have a markedly differently coloured forewing that is deeply emarginate apically (McAtee & Malloch 1926: figs. 34–35). Finally, M. (M.) blotei Wygodzinsky, 1966, from Sumatra (body length: 17.5 mm length) differs in size and coloration from M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov. The presence of a median carina terminating in a distinct tubercle at base of hind lobe of pronotum is apparently a unique character of M. wygodzinskyi sp. nov. not documented in any other species of Myiophanes before.

Myiophanes Reuter, 1881 Myiophanes Reuter, 1881: 337. Type species by monotypy: Myiophanes tipulina Reuter, 1881. Myiophanes: Distant (1903: 204) (diagnosis), Wygodzinsky (1966: 270, 271, 274) (diagnosis, keys for the subgenera and included species, distribution), Maldonado Capriles (1990: 88���90) (catalogue), R��dei (2005: 24) (list and distribution of subgenus Myiophanes and description of two new Indomalayan species)., Published as part of Ghate, Hemant V., Kulkarni, Siddharth & Benjamin, Suresh P., 2018, Giant assassin in the cave: a new species of the genus Myiophanes from Sri Lanka (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae), pp. 237-244 in Zootaxa 4524 (2) on page 238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4524.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/2610506, {"references":["Distant, W. L. (1903) Rhynchota. Vol. II. (Heteroptera). In: Blanford, W. T. (Ed.), The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma [part]. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. i-xvii, 1 - 242.","Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614.","Maldonado Capriles, J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the world (Insecta: Heteroptera). Caribbean Journal of Science, Puerto Rico, Special Edition, 1 - 694.","Redei, D. (2005) New and little-known thread-legged assassin bugs from Central and South Asia (Heteroptera, Reduviidae: Emesinae). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 66, 23 - 33."]}

Copelatus tenebrosus R��gimbart, 1880 Copelatus tenebrosus R��gimbart, 1880: 210. Copelatus pusillus Sharp, 1882: 580; synonymy by R��gimbart (1899: 296). Copelatus hisamatsui Sat��, 1961: 8; synonymy by Sat�� (1983: 36). Copelatus ceylonicus Vazirani, 1969: 402; new synonymy. Copelatus assamensis Vazirani, 1970: 316; new synonymy. Type localities. Copelatus assamensis: " India: Assam: Umrau near Shilong". C. ceylonicus: " Ceylon, Colombo". Type material. Copelatus assamensis: Holotype ♂, deposited in Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India (not studied). Copelatus ceylonicus: Holotype ♀, deposited in Colombo National Museum, Sri Lanka (not studied). Additional material studied. Bhutan: 1♂ 1♀, Mongar [district], Thrumshingla [Phrumsengla] NP, 20.��� 27.vi.2010, local collector (NMPC). India: 1♀, Assam, Chabua, vi.1943, D.E. Hardy leg. (GWCW); 1♀, Assam, Kaziranga, 75 m, 7.���9.v.1976, Wittmer & Baroni U. leg. (GWCW); 5 specimens, Assam, Bhalukpong, 27��02���N, 92��35���E, 150 m, 26.v.���3.vi.2006, L. Dembick�� leg. (LHCM); 1♀, same data, but P. Pachol��tko leg. (LHCM); 2♂ 4♀, Kohora (= Kaziranga vill.) at green Reed hotel, 25��35���N, 93��26���E, 160 m, 16.���19.iv.2008, M. Fik��ček, H. Podskalsk�� & P. ����pek leg. (NMPC); 3 specimens, Assam-Arunachal border, Bhalukpong, 27��00.8���N, 92��39.1���E, 150 m, 1.���8.v.2012, L. Dembick�� leg. (NMPC, ZMFK); 1♂, Darjeeling, Sonapur, Mahahandra river, 9.��� 15.xi.1984, B. Bhakta leg. (NHMB). Nepal: 1♀, Chitwan Roy. NP, Sauraha vill., 27.35N, 84.30E, 166 m, at light, 21.���27.vii.2000, J. Schneider leg. (NMPC); 1♀, same data, but D. Kr��l leg. (NMPC). Sri Lanka: 1♀, Sinharaya, 4.���7.xii.1979, V. Mahler Jensen lgt., Copelatus tenebrosus R��g., det. T.G. Vazirani 1981 (ZMUC); 1♂, Hanwella, 20.xii.1979, V. Mahler Jensen lgt., Copelatus ceylonicus Vaz., det. T.G. Vazirani 1981 (ZMUC); 2♂, Inginiyagala, 14.xii.1979, V. Mahler Jensen lgt. [as C. ceylonicus] (ZMUC); 20 specimens, Colombo env., 8.xi.1980, M.A. J��ch leg. (NHMW, GWCW); 1♂, Galle, Unawatuna, 30.xi.2002, M. Janal��k leg. (NMPC). Comments on classification. Vazirani (1969) described C. ceylonicus based on a single female collected in 'pond in Museum' in Colombo city. The author mentioned its similarity to C. tenebrosus and differentiated the new species by the more subparallel habitus, rufo-ferruginous coloration and by the elytral striae terminating apically at the same level. We had no possibility to see the holotype, but have studied three males identified as C. ceylonicus by Vazirani and deposited in ZMUC (Holmen & Vazirani 1990). They are all teneral, which explains their more subparallel habitus and rufo-ferruginous coloration. Otherwise, they agree well with typical specimens of C. tenebrosus from Sri Lanka and other countries across its area of distribution; the length of the dorsal elytral striae is variable even within specimens in one population and it is not usable for species delimitation. Copelatus assamensis was described based on a single male specimen. It was compared with C. andamanicus (= C. oblitus) and C. malaisei Guignot, 1954, but actually it was keyed with C. tenebrosus and C. ceylonicus with only one difference mentioned: dorsal elytral striae equally abridged apically (i.e. terminated at the same level). As mentioned above, the length of the elytral striae is variable, and moreover the same character was also mentioned in description of C. ceylonicus. We had no possibility to study the holotype, however all characters mentioned in the original description, especially the testaceous surface of the pronotum and the elytra, body size 4.9 mm and sketchy drawing of median lobe fits with extensive material of C. tenebrosus from Assam and neighbouring areas in our hands. Therefore, we have no doubts about its identity and establish the following new synonymies: Copelatus tenebrosus R��gimbart, 1880 = Copelatus ceylonicus Vazirani, 1969 syn. nov. = Copelatus assamensis Vazirani, 1970 syn. nov. Distribution. Copelatus tenebrosus is one of the most widespread Copelatus species. It occurs in the entire Oriental region, in southern China and Japan in the Palaearctic region, and also reaches Australia. Here, we present the first country records from Bhutan and Nepal., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & H��jek, Ji����, 2018, Copelatus Erichson, 1832 from Maharashtra, India, with description of three new species and notes on other taxa of the genus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae), pp. 235-260 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on pages 257-259, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1458548, {"references":["Regimbart, M. (1880) The new Dytiscidae and Gyrinidae collected during the recent scientific Sumatra-expedition. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 2, 209 - 216.","Sharp, D. (1882) On aquatic carnivorous Coleoptera or Dytiscidae. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, Series 2, 2, 179 - 1003, pls. 7 - 18.","Regimbart, M. (1899) Revision des Dytiscidae de la region Indo- Sino-Malaise. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 68, 186 - 367.","Sato, M. (1961) Aquatic Coleoptera from Amami-Oshima of the Ryukyu Islands (II). Akitu, 10, 7 - 10.","Sato, M. (1983) Distribution of the genus Copelatus in Japan (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). In: Sato, M. (Ed.), Special Issue Concerning the Aquatic Coleoptera Presented at the Workshop of the XUI International Congress of Entomology in Kyoto, Japan in 1980. Nagoya, 1983, pp. 35 - 41.","Vazirani, T. G. (1969) Two new species and notes on other species of aquatic Coleoptera from Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica, 31, 399 - 403.","Vazirani, T. G. (1970) Contributions to the study of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera). VII. A revision of Indian Colymbetinae (Dytiscidae). Oriental Insects, 4, 303 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1970.10433967","Holmen, M. & Vazirani, T. G. (1990) Notes on the genera Neptosternus Sharp and Copelatus Erichson from Sri Lanka and India with the description of new species (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 60, 19 - 32."]}

Copelatus schereri Wewalka, 1981 (Figs 12, 29���30) Copelatus schereri Wewalka, 1981: 65. Type locality. " Indien: Mysore [Karnataka]: Shimoga ". Type material. Holotype ♂ (ZSMG), labelled: South India / Mysore State / Shimoga 1936 / P. S. Nathan [printed] // R. Mouchamps det [printed]/ Copelatus / indicus shp [hw] // HOLOTYPUS / Copelatus ♂ / schereri n sp. / Wewalka 80 [hw]. Additional material examined. India: Maharashtra: 1♂, Satara distr., Sadawaghapur, 17��26.2���N, 73��55.7���E, 1093 m, 31.viii.2013, S.D. Sheth lgt. (HVGC). Diagnosis. Medium sized (TL: 5.0��� 5.4 mm), oblong oval species. Species variable in elytral coloration: elytra of holotype largely yellow with blackish subbasal transverse band extending somewhat posteriad between striae 4��� 6, black sutural area between suture and stria 2, and with narrow blackish stripes along elytral striae; elytra of recently collected Maharashtra specimen with only vaguely delimited infuscation on disc of elytra (Fig. 12). Elytral striae well impressed: all striae starting at elytral base; striae 2, 3 and 5 shorter than striae 1 and 4���not reaching apex of elytra; stria 6 shortest, ending approximately in apical fifth of elytral length; submarginal stria long, starting at about elytral midlength and terminates in approximately apical fifth of elytral length. Median lobe in lateral aspect sickle-shaped; broad in basal half, narrow, almost regularly curved in apical half, with shallow emargination on ventral side before apex; apex beak-shaped; median lobe after midlength with two distinct 'teeth' on ventral side���broad rectangular lower one, and narrower acute upper one (Fig. 29). Parameres rather broad, 'D'- shaped, with distinct serration on inner margin in apical half; apex short and broad (Fig. 30). Collecting circumstances. The species was found in a temporary water body (Fig. 38) with rock and mud as substrate, algal vegetation, pH 7.85, temperature 32.5 0C and salinity 29.7 ppm. Distribution. A species previously known only from the type locality in Karnataka, India. Here, we add the first record from Maharashtra (Satara District) extending the range of species northward (Fig. 45)., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & H��jek, Ji����, 2018, Copelatus Erichson, 1832 from Maharashtra, India, with description of three new species and notes on other taxa of the genus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae), pp. 235-260 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on pages 248-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1458548, {"references":["Wewalka, G. (1981) Drei neue Arten der Gattung Copelatus aus Indien (Dytiscidae, Col.). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 55, 65 - 70."]}

Copelatus neelumae Vazirani, 1973 (Figs 9���11, 27���28) Copelatus neelumae Vazirani, 1973: 224. Type locality. India: " Tamilnadu: Ottokovil, Tiruchirapally District ". Type material. Copelatus neelumae: Holotype ♂, deposited in Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India (not studied). Additional material examined. India: Maharashtra: 1♂, 4 km S Lonavala, Bhushi dam env., 500 m, 24.��� 28.ix.2005, J. Bezděk lgt.; 1♂, 40 km W of Pune, Mulshi env., 7.���11.x.2005, J. Bezděk lgt.; 1♀, Pune Distr., Mulshi at Mulshi Lake, 7.���8.x.2005, L. Borowiec lgt. (all NMPC). Goa: 1♂, NW of Panaji, Baga Beach, 26.���28.v.2000, D. Hauck lgt. (NMPC). Karnataka: 1♂, Udipi Distr., E of Bhatkal, Kollur, 26.���29.v.2006, Z. Kejval lgt. (NMPC). Diagnosis. Medium sized (TL: 5.1���5.6 mm), oblong oval species. Species highly variable in elytral coloration: elytra of type specimens largely yellow with only blackish, oval sutural spot extending to elytral stria 3, but not reaching base or apex of elytra (Vazirani 1973); specimens from Karnataka similarly coloured, but with dark spot extended to elytral base and apex as narrow dark band along suture (Fig. 9); specimens from Goa and Maharashtra darker, with yellow coloration confined to elytral base, interval between striae 3���4 and laterally from stria 5, and elytral apex (Figs 10���11). Elytral striae well impressed: stria 1 starting subbasally, striae 2, 3 and 5 shorter than striae 1 and 4���not reaching apex of elytra; stria 6 shortest, ending approximately in apical fifth of elytral length; submarginal stria long, starting at about elytral midlength and terminates in approximately apical fifth of elytral length. Female with few short strioles in middle third of elytra between striae 4���6 (Fig. 11). Median lobe sickleshaped in lateral view, almost uniformly broad throughout, with broad, obtusely pointed apex (Fig. 27). Parameres moderately broad, 'C'-shaped; apex short and broad; apical lobes long, club-shaped (Fig. 28). Comments on classification. The species was described from the holotype only, and remained enigmatic for a long time. Although Holmen & Vazirani (1990) keyed the species and published the first record of C. neelumae from Sri Lanka, and Rocchi (2001) mentioned the species from Nepal, none of these authors provided additional diagnostic characters and thus all researchers were referred to rather sketchy illustrations of elytral coloration and median lobe (Fig. 27a). We have based our interpretation of the species on a specimen from Karnataka in which dorsal coloration is similar to the figured holotype and also the shape of the median lobe more or less agrees with the original illustration. Subsequently, we also assigned darker specimens from Goa and Maharashtra, based on the same shape of the median lobe, to C. neelumae. On the other hand, we had the possibility to study specimens from Sri Lanka (deposited in ZMUC), identified as C. neelumae by T.G. Vazirani, and published by Holmen & Vazirani (1990: 27). However, the male genitalia (although the tip of the median lobe is broken) of specimens from Sri Lanka do not agree with the figure in the original description. We believe that this material belongs to another species, known to us across the Indian subcontinent, and similar to the widely distributed Afrotropical C. pulchellus (Klug, 1834). Collecting circumstances. Unknown. Distribution. Southern India (Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) (Fig. 45). The records from Sri Lanka and Nepal need to be verified., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & H��jek, Ji����, 2018, Copelatus Erichson, 1832 from Maharashtra, India, with description of three new species and notes on other taxa of the genus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae), pp. 235-260 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on page 248, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1458548, {"references":["Vazirani, T. G. (1973) Contribution to the study of aquatic beetles. 14. Copelatus neelumae sp. nov. (Dytiscidae) from India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 70 (1972), 224 - 226.","Holmen, M. & Vazirani, T. G. (1990) Notes on the genera Neptosternus Sharp and Copelatus Erichson from Sri Lanka and India with the description of new species (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 60, 19 - 32.","Rocchi, S. (2001) Dytiscidae raccolti in India durante due missioni entomologiche (1995, 1997) organizzate dal Museo Zoologico \" La Specola \" dell'Universita di Firenze (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Atti del Museo di Storia Naturale della Maremma, 19, 63 - 75."]}

Copelatus oblitus Sharp, 1882 Copelatus oblitus Sharp, 1882: 582. Copelatus andamanicus R��gimbart, 1899: 302; synonymy by Hendrich et al. (2004: 118). Copelatus sociennus ryukyuensis Sat��, 1961: 8; synonymy by Hendrich et al. (2004: 118). Copelatus subfasciatus Zimmermann, 1919: 76; synonymy by Hendrich et al. (2004: 118). Copelatus tokaraensis Nakane, 1963: 25; synonymy by Hendrich et al. (2004: 118). Copelatus karnatakus Holmen & Vazirani, 1990: 27; new synonymy. Type localities. Copelatus oblitus: " Singapore ". C. karnatakus: " India, Karnataka, Mudigere Area". Type material. Copelatus oblitus: Holotype ♂ (BMNH), labelled: " Type [p, round label with red frame] // Singapore / 695 [hw] // Sharp Coll. / 1905-313. [p] // Type 695 DS. / Copelatus / oblitus n.sp. / Singapore [hw]". Copelatus karnatakus: Holotype ♂ (ZMUC), labelled: "S.India: Karnataka / Mudigere area, c. 900 m / 2��� 1o. xi.1977 / Zool.Mus.Copenhagen Exp. [p] // Holo- / type [p, round label with red margin] // Copelatus / karnatakus / sp. n. [hw] / det. T.G. Vazirani, 198 [p] 2 [hw] / m. Holmen [hw] // zmuc00020126 [p]". Additional material studied. India: 1♂, Uttarakhand, Kumaon district, Haldwani, H.G. Champion (BMNH). Comments on classification. Holmen & Vazirani (1990) diagnosed C. karnatakus as a member of the C. irinus species group with characteristic shape of median lobe with characteristic dorsal (ventral in current concept) projection. Apparently, they were not aware of the widespread C. oblitus. The direct comparison of the two holotypes undoubtedly proved that they are identical. Therefore, we establish the following synonymy: Copelatus oblitus Sharp, 1882 = C. karnatakus Holmen & Vazirani, 1990 syn. nov. Distribution. Widely distributed species ranging in the Oriental region from India to Sulawesi, and also reaching southern China and Japan in the Palaearctic region. First record from Indian state of Uttarakhand., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & H��jek, Ji����, 2018, Copelatus Erichson, 1832 from Maharashtra, India, with description of three new species and notes on other taxa of the genus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae), pp. 235-260 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on page 255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1458548, {"references":["Sharp, D. (1882) On aquatic carnivorous Coleoptera or Dytiscidae. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, Series 2, 2, 179 - 1003, pls. 7 - 18.","Regimbart, M. (1899) Revision des Dytiscidae de la region Indo- Sino-Malaise. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 68, 186 - 367.","Hendrich, L., Balke, M. & Yang, C. M. (2004) Aquatic Coleoptera of Singapore: Species richness, ecology and conservation. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 52 (1), 97 - 145.","Sato, M. (1961) Aquatic Coleoptera from Amami-Oshima of the Ryukyu Islands (II). Akitu, 10, 7 - 10.","Zimmermann, A. (1919) H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute: Haliplidae et Dytiscidae (Col.). Entomologische Mitteilungen, 8, 75 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 27264","Nakane, T. (1963) New or little-known Coleoptera from Japan and its adjacent regions. XVIII. Fragmenta Coleopterologica, 6, 23 - 26.","Holmen, M. & Vazirani, T. G. (1990) Notes on the genera Neptosternus Sharp and Copelatus Erichson from Sri Lanka and India with the description of new species (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 60, 19 - 32."]}

Copelatus mysorensis Vazirani, 1970 (Figs 15���16, 33���34) Copelatus mysorensis Vazirani, 1970: 319. Type locality. " India: Mysore [Karnataka]: Shimoga ". Type material. Copelatus mysorensis: Holotype ♂, deposited in Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France (not studied). Additional material examined. India: Maharashtra: 1♀, 120 km NE of Mumbai, Igatpuri env., 19��42.3���N, 73��33.1���E, 600 m, 1.���12.viii.2002, M. Fik��ček & P. ����pek lgt. (NMPC); 1♂, 70 km SSW Pune, Mahabaleshwar, 1400 m, 30.ix.���2.x.2005, J. Bezděk lgt. (NMPC); 1♂, 1♀, same data, but F. & L. Kantner lgt. (SMNS); 1♂, 70 km S of Pune, Wai env., 2.���7.x.2005, J. Bezděk lgt. (NMPC); 1♀, 40 km W of Pune, Mulshi env., 7.���11. x.2 0 0 5, J. Bezděk lgt. (NMPC); 2 ♂, 1♀, 15 km E of Mahabaleshwar, E of Panchgani, table land, 17��55���N, 73��49���E, 1280 m, 3.���6.vi.2006, V. Ryj��ček lgt. (NMPC); 4♂, 3♀, Satara distr., Panchagani [Table land], 17��55.8���N, 73��48.4���E, 1320 m, 30.viii.2013, S.D. Sheth lgt. (HVGC); 1♂, 1♀, Satara distr., Medha-Panchagani road, 17��52.1���N, 73��50.5���E 777 m, 30.viii.2013, S.D. Sheth lgt. (HVGC); 2♀, Satara distr., Kaas area, 17��43.6���N, 73��49.5���E, 1237 m, 16.vii.2014, S.D. Sheth lgt. (HVGC); 1♀, Pune distr., Shirota, 18��49.1���N, 73��25.5���E, 645 m, 6.ix.2013, N. Modak & S. Padhye lgt. (HVGC); 1♀, Pune distr., Panshet, 18��22.9���N, 73��37.3���E, 588 m, 7.vi.2014, S.D. Sheth lgt. (HVGC). Diagnosis. Medium sized (TL: 4.9���5.6 mm), oblong oval species. Elytra brownish-black with yellowish base laterally from stria 2, longitudinal band between striae 3���4, sides laterally from stria 5, and yellowish apical fifth of elytra (Fig. 15). Elytral striae well impressed: stria 1 starting subbasally; striae 2, 3 and 5 shorter than striae 1 and 4���not reaching apex of elytra; stria 6 shortest, ending approximately in apical fifth of elytral length. Female with short strioles in middle third of elytra between striae 4���6 (Fig. 16). Median lobe sickle-shaped in lateral view; broad in basal two thirds, almost straight and narrowing to pointed apex in apical fourth (Fig. 33). Parameres moderately broad, 'C'-shaped; apex short and broad; apical lobes long, club-shaped (Fig. 34). Collecting circumstances. The species was found in temporary pools on high level lateritic plateaus (Fig. 35��� 37), as well as in a remnant pool of a rivulet with algal vegetation. Distribution. A species distributed in south-western India. Ghosh & Nilsson (2012) listed the species from Gujarat, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. We add records from Maharashtra (Nashik, Pune and Satara districts) in the altitudinal range 70���1,320 m a.s.l., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & H��jek, Ji����, 2018, Copelatus Erichson, 1832 from Maharashtra, India, with description of three new species and notes on other taxa of the genus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae), pp. 235-260 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on pages 250-251, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1458548, {"references":["Vazirani, T. G. (1970) Contributions to the study of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera). VII. A revision of Indian Colymbetinae (Dytiscidae). Oriental Insects, 4, 303 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1970.10433967","Ghosh, S. K. & Nilsson, A. N. (2012) Catalogue of the diving beetles of India and adjacent countries (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Skorvnopparn Supplement, 3, 1 - 77."]}

Key to Copelatus species of Maharashtra 1. Body elongate oval; elytra with more than six dorsal striae..................................................... 2 - Body broadly oval; elytra with six dorsal striae.............................................................. 4 2. Elytra with 11���12 dorsal striae (C. nigrolineatus group)....................................................... 3 - Elytra with 9 dorsal striae (C. consors group). Base of pronotum distinctly wider than width of elytra; elytra completely striolate (Fig. 4)................................................................... Copelatus maushomi sp. nov. 3. Bigger species (TL: 5.3���6.9 mm), elytra ochre unicolorous; elytral striae well impressed complete (Figs 1���2). Median lobe in lateral aspect broad in basal three fourths, then narrowing to pointed apex; almost evenly curved except at base (Fig. 17)................................................................................ Copelatus deccanensis sp. nov. - Smaller species (TL: 4.0��� 4.5 mm), elytra bicolorous with broad pale transverse basal band; elytral striae shallowly impressed, absent from apical fourth of elytral length (Fig. 3). Median lobe in lateral aspect broad from base to apex, broader in apical half, apex abruptly pointed; not evenly curved (Fig. 19)............................ C. schuhi Hendrich & Balke, 1998 4. Elytra with submarginal stria (C. irinus group).............................................................. 5 - Elytra without submarginal stria (C. duodecimstriatus group)................................................... 8 5. Median lobe in lateral view with two distinct 'teeth' on ventral side (Figs 23, 29).................................... 6 - Median lobe simply sickle-shaped, without any 'teeth' on ventral side (Figs 25, 27).................................. 7 6. Median lobe in apical third almost straight on dorsal side with distinctly dorsally bent apex (Fig. 23); parameres smooth on inner side (Fig. 24)............................................................... Copelatus bezdeki sp. nov. - Median lobe in apical third almost regularly sinuous with shallow emargination before apex on ventral side (Fig. 29); parameres with distinct serration on inner side (Fig. 30).................................. C. schereri Wewalka, 1981 7. Slender species with dorsal coloration uniformly dark except for lateral margin (Figs 7���8). Elytral stria 1 starts at base. Median lobe in apical third gradually narrowing to pointed apex (Fig. 25)............................... C. indicus Sharp, 1882 - Broader species with variable, but distinct yellow-black elytral coloration (Figs 9���11). Elytral stria 1 starts subbasally. Median lobe in apical third broad with dorsally bent obtusely pointed apex (Fig. 27).................. C. neelumae Vazirani, 1973 8. Smaller species (TL: 3.7���4.2 mm). Median lobe almost evenly curved throughout, except basal fourth; apex narrowly pointed (Fig. 31).................................................................. C. cryptarchoides R��gimbart, 1899 - Bigger species (TL: 4.9���5.6 mm). Median lobe broad in basal two thirds, almost straight and narrowing to pointed apex in apical fourth (Fig. 33).............................................................. C. mysorensis Vazirani, 1970, Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & H��jek, Ji����, 2018, Copelatus Erichson, 1832 from Maharashtra, India, with description of three new species and notes on other taxa of the genus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae), pp. 235-260 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on pages 251-252, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1458548, {"references":["Hendrich, L. & Balke, M. (1998) Zwei neue Schwimmkafer der Gattung Copelatus Erichson 1832 aus Indien (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 108 (9), 356 - 362.","Wewalka, G. (1981) Drei neue Arten der Gattung Copelatus aus Indien (Dytiscidae, Col.). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 55, 65 - 70.","Sharp, D. (1882) On aquatic carnivorous Coleoptera or Dytiscidae. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, Series 2, 2, 179 - 1003, pls. 7 - 18.","Vazirani, T. G. (1973) Contribution to the study of aquatic beetles. 14. Copelatus neelumae sp. nov. (Dytiscidae) from India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 70 (1972), 224 - 226.","Regimbart, M. (1899) Revision des Dytiscidae de la region Indo- Sino-Malaise. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 68, 186 - 367.","Vazirani, T. G. (1970) Contributions to the study of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera). VII. A revision of Indian Colymbetinae (Dytiscidae). Oriental Insects, 4, 303 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1970.10433967"]}

Copelatus maushomi s p. nov. (Figs 4, 21–22) Type locality. India, Maharashtra, 120 km NE of Mumbai, Igatpuri environment, 19°42.3′N, 73°33.1′E, 600 m a.s.l. Type material. Holotype ♂ (NMPC), labelled: "INDIA occ. centr. / MAHARASHTRA prov. / 120 km NE of MUMBAI / IGATPURI env., 600m [printed] // INDIA 2002 Expedition / 19°42.17′N, 73°33.06′E / 1. – 12. VIII. 2002 / P.Šípek & M.Fikáček leg. [printed] // HOLOTYPE / COPELATUS / maushomi sp. nov. / S. Sheth et al. det. 2016 [red label, printed]" (NMPC). Paratypes: 4♂, 1♀ same data as holotype (LHCM, NMPC, ZSMG). Each paratype is provided with the respective red printed label. Description of male holotype. Habitus (Fig. 4) elongate oblong oval, nearly parallel sided; outline not continuous as pronotal posterior corners protrude; broadest in basal third of pronotum; very slightly convex. Dorsal surface matt due to dense striolation. Coloration. Dorsally almost uniformly testaceous; head slightly darker than pronotum and elytra, infuscate posterior to eyes; pronotum indistinctly infuscate on disc; elytra laterally and apically somewhat paler; appendages testaceous. Ventral part testaceous to brownish. Head. Moderately broad, ca. 0.6× width of pronotum, almost semicircular. Labrum medially emarginate. Anterior margin of clypeus slightly concave. Antennae with antennomeres slender, club-shaped, antennomere I longest. Eyes emarginate anterolaterally, small, eye width only ca. 0.1× width of head. Reticulation consisting of well impressed polygonal meshes; meshes slightly larger in anterior region. Rather long, longitudinal or oblique strioles present between eyes and on vertex. Punctation double; several large setigerous punctures present in fronto-clypeal depressions, frontal depressions at level of anterior margin of eyes, and in depressions along inner margin of eyes; very fine and sparsely distributed punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation, punctures denser posteriorly. Pronotum. Transverse, broadest in basal third. Anterior angles acute, posterior angles rectangular. Sides largely and evenly curved, with lateral beading very thin and indistinct. Anterior margin straight, posterior margin sinuate. Surface reticulation consisting of polygonal meshes, similar to that of head, but slightly less impressed. Disc of pronotum completely longitudinally striolate; strioles mostly long, well impressed, rarely confluent; few short, shallow strioles present between long strioles. Punctation double; row of coarse setigerous punctures present along anterior margin, basal margin (except medially), and laterally close to sides; fine punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation. Scutellar shield broadly triangular. Elytra. Elytral striation consisting of nine complete shallow discal striae; striae almost imperceptible due to dense striolation of elytra. Strioles very long, rarely confluent. Surface reticulation consisting of fine, shallowly impressed isodiametric polygonal meshes. Punctation consisting of setigerous punctures only, few punctures present along elytral striae, but predominantly apically and along lateral margin of elytra; fine punctures, due to dense striolation not perceptible. Legs. Protibia modified, angled near base, distinctly broadened anteriorly, club shaped. Pro- and mesotarsomeres 1–3 distinctly broadened, with four rows of adhesive setae on their ventral side. Ventral side. Prosternum sinuate anteriorly, obtusely keeled medially. Prosternal process shortly lanceolate, in cross-section convex, apex rounded; distinctly bordered laterally; reticulation or punctation absent. Metaventrite with microsculpture consisting of polygonal meshes; punctation imperceptible. Lateral parts of metaventrite ('metasternal wings') tongue-shaped, slender. Metacoxal lines well impressed, incomplete—absent in anterior fourth. Metacoxal plates covered with deep, longitudinal or oblique strioles; reticulation consisting of elongate, longitudinal polygonal meshes. Punctation on metacoxae absent. Metacoxal processes rounded and incised at posterior margin. Abdominal ventrites I–II with longitudinal strioles; ventrites III–IV with oblique strioles laterally, absent medially. Abdominal reticulation consisting of elongate polygonal meshes, longitudinal on ventrites I–II, oblique on ventrite III and transverse on ventrites IV–VI. Punctation consisting of fine punctures medially, and larger and deeper punctures laterally. Male genitalia. Median lobe in lateral aspect almost evenly curved; narrowing from base to pointed apex; broadest in middle (Fig. 21). A fold present till subapical region. Parameres more or less 'D'-shaped, slightly sinuate on outer margin, apex very narrow and long; apical lobe club-shaped (Fig. 22). Female. Females do not differ in external morphology from male except for nearly straight, apically less broadened protibia, and slender pro- and mesotarsi without adhesive setae. Variability. All specimens of the type series are rather uniform and vary only in extent of infuscation of head and pronotum. Measurements (N=5). TL: 4.6–5.0 mm (holotype: 4.8 mm); Tl-h: 4.2–4.5 mm (holotype: 4.4 mm); MW: 2.0– 2.1 mm (holotype: 2.0 mm). Differential diagnosis. Based on the presence of nine dorsal striae on the elytra, the new species can be tentatively classified within the Copelatus consors species group sensu Guignot (1961). This group so far contains eighteen species: 11 in the Afrotropical and seven in the Nearctic region (Nilsson & Hájek 2018). Copelatus maushomi sp. nov. does not seem to be related to any species of the C. consors group. With small eyes, pronotum distinctly broader than elytra, and elytra with dense striolation, the new species has very unique appearance within all known Copelatus species. The shape of the male median lobe suggests that the species may be related to Indian species of the C. nigrolineatus group— C. deccanensis sp. nov. and C. schuhi. Etymology. The species is named after the 'maushom'—a local name for the monsoon, indicating that the specimens were collected at the beginning of the monsoon season. The name is a noun in the genitive case. Collecting circumstances. The specimens were collected in small deep pools in a stony stream below a table mountain (Fig. 44). The place was visited at the beginning of the monsoon. Sudden large amount of water could have brought the specimens to the normal stream from less accessible habitat, e.g. wet gravels on the stream bottom or other interstitial water habitats (M. Fikáček, pers. comm. 2017). Distribution. The species is so far known only from the type locality (Fig. 45).

Copelatus sociennus J. Balfour-Browne, 1952 (Figs 49���51) Copelatus sociennus J. Balfour-Browne in Guignot, 1952: 26. Copelatus bangalorensis Vazirani, 1970: 311; new synonymy. Type localities. Copelatus bangalorensis: " India: Bangalore". C. sociennus: " China: (Hongkong)". Type material. Copelatus bangalorensis: Holotype ♂, deposited in Mus��um national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France (not found; A. Mantilleri, pers. comm.). Copelatus sociennus: Holotype ♂ (BMNH), labelled: "833 [hw, round label] // Hong Kong / [on reverse:] 48 / 60 [hw] // Copelatus / discoideus Shp [hw] // Copelatus / japonicus / ♂ Sharp. / det.J.Balfour-Browne [hw, blue ink] // Copelatus ♂ / chinensis R��g. [hw] / J.Balfour-Browne det. [p] / Det. from Descr. [p] ii.1946 [hw] // HOLOTYPE ♂ / COPELATUS / sociennus / J.Balfour-Browne, 1952 / labelled by J. H��jek 2016 [p, red label]". Paratypes: 1♂ (BMNH), labelled: "Bowring / China [hw] // 457 / 17/8/49 [hw, round label] // Copelatus / japonicus / ♂ Sharp. / det.J.Balfour-Browne [hw, blue ink] // Copelatus ♂ / chinensis R��g. [hw] / J.Balfour-Browne det. [p] / Det.from Descr. [p] ii.1946 [hw]"; 1♂ (BMNH), labelled: "Bowring / China [hw] // 457 / 7/8/53 [hw, round label] / / Copelatus /? chinensis R��g. [hw] / J.Balfour-Browne det. [p]"; 1♀ (BMNH), labelled: "Bowring / China [hw] // 457 / 9/6/52 [hw, round label]". All paratypes provided with additional label "PARATYPE ♂ [♀, respectively] / COPELATUS / sociennus / J.Balfour-Browne, 1952 / labelled by J. H��jek 2016 [p, red label]". Additional material studied. India: 1♂ 1♀, Uttar Pradesh [currently Uttarakhand], Rhishikesh, 23.x.1997, J. ��ťastn�� leg. (JSCL); 1♂, Uttaranchal [Uttarakhand], 30 km W of Mussoorie, Dakpathar vill., Yamuna river, 790 m, 4.viii.2003, Z. Kejval & M. Tr��zna leg. (NMPC); 1♀, Karnataka, Western Ghats Mts., Chikmagalur, 31.v.2006, V. Ryj��ček lgt. (NMPC). Nepal: 2♂ 2♀, Bagmati Prov., Nagarjun forest, 27.45N, 85.17E, 1387 m, at light, D. Kr��l leg. (NMPC); 1♂, same data, but J. Farkač leg. (NHMB). Comments on classification. Vazirani (1970) diagnosed Copelatus bangalorensis based on the unique dorsal (ventral in the current concept) projection of the median lobe. Indeed, the shape of the median lobe of the species is very characteristic within all Oriental Copelatus. However, the author was apparently not aware of C. sociennus described from Hong Kong, the median lobe of which has exactly the same dorsal protuberance and ventral projection. Although we were not able to study the holotype of C. bangalorensis, the comparison of its description, especially the elytral coloration, and drawing of the median lobe (Fig. 50), with the type material of C. sociennus (Fig. 51) and additional material from the region leaves no doubt that the two taxa are conspecific. Therefore, we establish the following synonymy: Copelatus sociennus J. Balfour-Browne, 1952 = Copelatus bangalorensis Vazirani, 1970 syn. nov. Distribution. A species occurring in the Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka, southern China, and also reaching continental Southeast Asia. Here, we present the first record from the Indian state of Uttarakhand., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & H��jek, Ji����, 2018, Copelatus Erichson, 1832 from Maharashtra, India, with description of three new species and notes on other taxa of the genus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae), pp. 235-260 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on pages 255-257, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1458548, {"references":["Guignot, F. (1952) Description de dytiscides inedits de la collection Regimbart. Revue Francaise d'Entomologie, 19, 17 - 31.","Vazirani, T. G. (1970) Contributions to the study of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera). VII. A revision of Indian Colymbetinae (Dytiscidae). Oriental Insects, 4, 303 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1970.10433967"]}

Copelatus freudei Guignot, 1955 (Figs 46���48) Copelatus freudei Guignot, 1955: 72. Copelatus gibsoni Vazirani, 1974: 19; new synonymy. Copelatus gibsoni Vazirani, 1975: 345; preoccupied by Copelatus gibsoni Vazirani, 1974: 19; new synonymy. Copelatus spangleri Vazirani, 1974: 19; new synonymy. Copelatus spangleri Vazirani, 1975: 344; preoccupied by Copelatus spangleri Vazirani, 1974: 19; new synonymy. Type localities. Copelatus freudei: "Bengale: Chapra"; C. gibsoni: "New Delhi ". C. spangleri: "New Delhi ". Type material. Copelatus freudei: Holotype ♂ (ZSMG), labelled: "Chapra [p] // Mackenzie [p] // TYPE [p, red label with black margin] // F. Guignot det., 19 [p] 54 [hw] / Copelatus / Freudei Guign. / Type ♂ [hw Guignot]". Copelatus gibsoni: Holotype ♂ (USNM), labelled: " INDIA / NewDelhi [p] // 3-XI-1967 / KEGibson / light trap [p] // HOLOTYPE [p, underlined red] // TypeNo [p] / 72328 [hw] / U S N M [p] [red label] // Copelatus / gibsoni / sp.nov. [hw Vazirani] / T.G. Vazirani Det. [p]". Copelatus spangleri: Holotype ♂ (USNM), labelled: " INDIA / NewDelhi [p] // 6-VII-1967 / KEGibson / light trap [p] // HOLOTYPE [p, underlined red] // TypeNo [p] / 72327 [hw] / U S N M [p] [red label] // Copelatus / spangleri / sp.nov. [hw Vazirani] / T.G. Vazirani Det. [p]". Additional material studied. India: 1♀, Delhi, 30.viii.1980, J. Seifert leg. (NMPC); 1♂ 1♀, Rajasthan, Bharatpur, Keoladeo NP, 29.x.1997, J. ��ťastn�� leg. (JSCL); 12 specimens, Rajasthan, Bharatpur, Keoladeo NP and around, 27��12.4���N, 77��30.5���E, 220 m, 31.viii.���5.ix.2002, M. Fik��ček & P. ����pek leg. (NMPC); 1♂ 1♀, Uttaranchal [Uttarakhand], 30 km W of Mussoorie, Dakpathar vill., Yamuna river, 790 m, 4.viii.2003, Z. Kejval & M. Tr��zna leg. (NMPC); 1♂ 2♀, Uttar Pradesh, Faizabad, 2.ix.1980, J. Seifert leg. (NMPC); 2♂, Uttar Pradesh, Agra, 28.ix.1997, P. Pucholt leg. (NMPC). Nepal: 1♂, Prov. Bheri, Nepalgunj, Hotel Batika, LF [Lichtfang, = light trap], 28��02.6���N, 81��36.6���E, 11.���12.vii.2001, A. Weigel leg. (LHCM). Comments on classification. Vazirani (1974, 1975) described both C. gibsoni and C. spangleri from the same light trap collecting in New Delhi. Both species were described twice (based on the same material), in two different publications. Vazirani only compared the two species to each other and to C. andamanicus (= C. oblitus). Although the author was aware of the existence of C. freudei (see Vazirani 1970), he was not able to see its holotype and only studied specimens from Sri Lanka, tentatively assigned to that species. We have compared the holotypes of all three taxa: C. spangleri agrees in all details with the holotype of C. freudei. The holotype of C. gibsoni is a soft, not fully matured specimen���which explains its paler coloration; in addition to that, the soft median lobe was deformed (flattened) when mounted into a slide; however, after careful examination, the shape of the median lobe is assumed to be the same in C. gibsoni and C. spangleri (i.e. also in C. freudei), including internal structures, see Figs 47���48. Minor differences between C. gibsoni and C. spangleri in elytral striation, as mentioned in the original description, undoubtedly represent intraspecific variability. Therefore, we establish the following synonymy: Copelatus freudei Guignot, 1955 = C. gibsoni Vazirani, 1974 syn. nov., = C. gibsoni Vazirani, 1975 syn. nov., = C. spangleri Vazirani, 1974 syn. nov., = C. spangleri Vazirani, 1974 syn. nov. Distribution. Copelatus freudei was described based on two specimens: male holotype from Bengal and female allotype from Sri Lanka. Subsequently, Wewalka (1975) added records from Bhutan and Bihar, Rocchi (1976) published the species from Bangladesh, and Rocchi (1986) added localities from Sri Lanka. Holmen & Vazirani (1990) also mentioned the species from the Maldives, Rocchi (2001) recorded the species under the name C. spangleri from Assam, and finally Darilmaz & Ahmed (2016) published the first record from Pakistan. We confirm the occurrence of C. freudei in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent and add the first country record from Nepal, and Indian state records from Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & H��jek, Ji����, 2018, Copelatus Erichson, 1832 from Maharashtra, India, with description of three new species and notes on other taxa of the genus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae), pp. 235-260 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on pages 252-254, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1458548, {"references":["Guignot, F. (1955) Dytiscides inedits de la collection Zimmermann (Col. Dytiscidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 123 (1954), 67 - 73.","Vazirani, T. G. (1974) Two new species of Dytiscidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) from India. Indian Museum Bulletin, 7 (1), 16 - 20. [1972]","Vazirani, T. G. (1975) Two new species of Copelatus Erichson, (Insecta: Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) from India. In: Tiwari, K. K. & Srivastava, C. B. (Eds.), Dr. B. S. Chauhan commemoration volume. Zoological Society of India, Vani Vihar, Orissa, pp. 341 - 347.","Vazirani, T. G. (1970) Contributions to the study of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera). VII. A revision of Indian Colymbetinae (Dytiscidae). Oriental Insects, 4, 303 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1970.10433967","Wewalka, G. (1975) Ergebnisse der Bhutan-Expedition 1972 des Naturhistorischen Museums in Basel. Coleoptera: Fam. Dytiscidae, unter Berucksichtigung einiger Arten aus benachbarten Gebieten. Entomologica Basiliensia, 1, 151 - 165.","Rocchi, S. (1976) Ditiscidi del Bengla-desh con descrizione di Copelatus brivioi n. sp. (Coleoptera Dytiscidae). Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 108, 177 - 180.","Rocchi, S. (1986) Ditiscidi di Birmania, Thailandia e Sri Lanka, con descrizione di due nuove specie (Coleoptera) (XVI Nota sui coleotteri idroadefagi). Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 118, 31 - 34.","Holmen, M. & Vazirani, T. G. (1990) Notes on the genera Neptosternus Sharp and Copelatus Erichson from Sri Lanka and India with the description of new species (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 60, 19 - 32.","Rocchi, S. (2001) Dytiscidae raccolti in India durante due missioni entomologiche (1995, 1997) organizzate dal Museo Zoologico \" La Specola \" dell'Universita di Firenze (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Atti del Museo di Storia Naturale della Maremma, 19, 63 - 75.","Darilmaz, M. & Ahmed, Z. (2016) Aquatic Coleoptera from Pakistan: faunistic and zoogeographical contribution (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Dytiscidae: Hydrophilidae). Journal of Natural History, 50, 149 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1059515"]}

Copelatus deccanensis sp. nov. (Figs 1���2, 17���18) Type locality. India, Maharashtra, Pune district, ca. 4 km SSW of Lonavala village, Bhushi dam, 18��43.2-4���N, 73��23.7-24.0���E, ca. 640 m a.s.l. Type material. Holotype ♂ (NMPC), labelled: "INDIA W, 24.���28.ix.2005, / Maharashtra st., 4 km S of / Lonavala, Bhushi dam env., / 500 m, J.Bezděk leg. [printed] // HOLOTYPE / COPELATUS / deccanensis sp. nov. / S. Sheth et al. det. 2016 [red label, printed]". Paratypes: 14♂, 13♀, same label data as holotype (BMNH, JSCL, NHMW, NMPC, UWPC, ZSMG); 10♂, 10♀, labelled: "INDIA occ. Maharashtra st. / Bhushi Dam env. 24���28.ix. / 4 km S of Lonavala 2005 / leg.F.&L.Kantner 500 m [printed]" (NMPC, SMNS); 1♂, 1♀, labelled: "INDIA W, 7.���11.x.2005 / Maharashtra state, / 40 km W of Pune, / Mulshi env. / J. Bezděk leg. [printed]" (NMPC); 1♂, 2♀, labelled: "INDIA, Maharashtra / Pune Distr., Mulshi at / Mulshi Lake, 7���8 X 2005 / at light, leg. L. Borowiec [printed]" (NMPC); 3♀, labelled: "INDIA occ., 7���11.x.2005 / Maharashtra state / MULSHI env.F.Kantner leg. / 40 km W of Pune [printed]" (SMNS); 1♀, labelled: "India / Maharashtra st., / Tamhini, Kalubai Mandir / 18��27���38.95���N, 73��24���41.89���E, 570m / 27.VIII.2013 / coll. S. D. Sheth [printed]" (HVGC); 4♂, 7♀, labelled: "India / Maharashtra st., / Tamhini, 18��26���41.50���N, 73��25���39.72���E, 625m / 29.X.2014 / coll. S. D. Sheth [printed]" (HVGC); 2♂, 1♀, labelled: "INDIA, Maharashtra / TAMHINI / 18��23���54.6���N 73��23���47.3���E / 29.x.2014 [printed]" (HVGC); 1♂, 1♀, labelled: "India / Maharashtra st., / Tamhini, Dongerwadi stream / 18��27���38.95���N, 73��24���41.89���E, 570m / 1.X.2015 / coll. S. D. Sheth [printed]" (HVGC); 7♂, 6♀, labelled: "India / Maharashtra st., / Harishchandragad fort / 19��23���26.37���N, 73��46���15.09���E, 1213m / 20.X.2013 / S.D. Sheth leg. [printed]" (HVGC, NMPC); 4♂, 5♀, labelled: "India / Maharashtra st., / Alanggad fort / 19��34���59.88���N, 73��39���39.26���E, 1175m / 9.I.2014 / coll. N. Modak [printed]" (HVGC); 2♂, 2♀, labelled: "India / Maharashtra st., / Madangad fort / 19��35���23.48���N, 73��38���57.63���E, 1151m / 10.I.2014 / coll. N. Modak [printed]" (HVGC); Each paratype provided with the respective red printed label. Description of male holotype. Habitus (Fig. 1) elongate oblong oval, nearly parallel sided with continuous outline, broadest in 1/3 of elytral length, slightly convex. Dorsal surface shiny. Coloration. Head rufous, darker (almost blackish) around eyes and medially between eyes, lighter on clypeus, labrum and medially on vertex. Pronotum rufous, infuscate on disc, lighter laterally. Elytra testaceous, somewhat darker in striae; numerous dark punctures present along basal and apical parts of elytral striae 1���5, and along sides of elytra. Ventral part rufous; abdomen dark. Appendages testaceous. Head. Moderately broad, ca. 0.7�� width of pronotum, transversely elliptical. Labrum emarginate medially. Anterior margin of clypeus slightly concave. Antennae with antennomeres slender, club-shaped, antennomere I longest. Eyes emarginate anterolaterally. Reticulation consisting of fine, well impressed isodiametric polygonal meshes. Numerous short, deep and isolated strioles present between eyes. Punctation double; several large setigerous punctures present in fronto-clypeal depressions, frontal depressions at level of anterior margin of eyes, and in depressions along inner margin of eyes; very fine and sparsely distributed punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation. Pronotum. Transverse, broadest at posterior angles. Anterior angles acute, posterior angles rectangular. Sides slightly and evenly curved, with lateral beading very thin and indistinct. Anterior margin straight, posterior margin nearly straight with only indistinct sinuation medially. Reticulation similar to that of head, but slightly less impressed. Disc of pronotum with numerous deep irregular strioles of variable length. Punctation double; row of coarse setigerous punctures presents along anterior margin, basal margin (except medially), and laterally close to sides; fine punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation, denser than on head. Scutellar shield broadly triangular. Elytra. Elytral striation consisting of twelve discal striae: stria 1 shorter, ending at ca. 4/5 of elytral length; stria 2 longest; striae 7, 9 and 12 shorter apically, ending at ca. 3/4���4/5 of elytral length; stria 11 shortest, beginning more posteriorly than other striae and present only in basal third of elytral length. Surface reticulation consisting of fine, shallowly impressed isodiametric polygonal meshes. Punctation double; few large setigerous punctures present along elytral striae, but predominantly along lateral margin of elytra; very fine, sparsely distributed punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation, similar to those on pronotum. Legs. Protibia modified, angled near base, distinctly broadened anteriorly, club shaped. Pro- and mesotarsomeres 1���3 distinctly broadened, ventrally with adhesive setae. Ventral side. Prosternum sinuate anteriorly, obtusely keeled medially. Prosternal process shortly lanceolate, in cross-section convex, apex obtuse; process distinctly bordered laterally; reticulation almost effaced except some superficial meshes apically. Metaventrite with microsculpture consisting of polygonal meshes; numerous short, oblique, deep strioles present laterally but absent medially; lateral parts of metaventrite ('metasternal wings') tongue-shaped, slender. Metacoxal lines well impressed, nearly complete���absent only close to metaventrite. Metacoxal plates covered with long, deep longitudinal strioles; reticulation consisting of extremely elongate, longitudinal polygonal meshes. Metacoxal processes rounded and incised at posterior margin. Abdominal ventrites I���II with longitudinal strioles; ventrites III���IV with oblique strioles laterally. Tuft of setae present antero-medially on ventrites III���V; ventrite VI with setigerous punctures laterally on either side. Abdominal reticulation consisting of elongate polygonal meshes, longitudinal on ventrites I���II, oblique on ventrite III and transverse on ventrites IV��� VI. Punctation consisting of fine, sparsely distributed punctures. Male genitalia. Median lobe in lateral aspect broad in basal 3/4, then narrowing to pointed apex; almost evenly curved except at base (Fig. 17). A fold present till subapical region. Parameres 'D'-shaped, apex very narrow and long; apical lobe long (Fig. 18). Female. Females do not differ in external morphology from male except for nearly straight, apically less broadened protibia, and slender pro- and mesotarsi without adhesive setae. Additionally, we have studied two females with elytral stria 11 absent, thus they have only eleven striae on each elytron. Variability. The specimens of the type series vary in coloration, especially infuscation of head and pronotum (from rufous to nearly black) and elytra (from testaceous to reddish brown). A form with longitudinal striolation on elytra occurs in both males and females of this species (Fig. 2): strioles long, often confluent, distinctly less impressed than striae; present between all striae, but missing in apical fourth of elytral length. Striolate form differs from the typical specimens also in strioles on the pronotum, which are usually longer and denser than those in nonstriolate form. Measurements (N = 31). TL: 5.3���6.9 mm (holotype: 6.1 mm); Tl-h: 4.8���6.4 mm (holotype: 4.9 mm); MW: 2.0���3.0 mm (holotype: 2.7 mm). Differential diagnosis. Based on the presence of 11���12 dorsal elytral striae and absent submarginal stria, the new species can be classified within the Copelatus nigrolineatus species group sensu Gu��orguiev (1968). This group so far contains only five species (Nilsson & H��jek 2018): C. flavicans Guignot, 1952 and C. luctuosus Guignot, 1939 occurring in the Neotropical region, C. nigrolineatus Sharp, 1882 from Australia, C. zimmermanni Gschwendtner, 1934 distributed in China and Japan, and C. schuhi Hendrich & Balke, 1998 known so far only from Maharashtra (India). The new species differs from C. schuhi by its large size, 5.3���6.9 mm (body length ranges between 4.0��� 4.5 in C. schuhi); elytral striae extending apically (elytral striae are missing the in apical third in C. schuhi); pale basal transverse elytral band absent (broad and distinct pale band present in C. schuhi); and the different shape of the median lobe, which is in lateral view, broad in the basal 3/4, then narrowing to a pointed apex (Fig. 17), and almost evenly curved except at the base (median lobe of C. schuhi is unevenly curved in lateral view, its outer margin is slightly sinuate; subapically broad; abruptly pointed at apex, see Fig. 19). Etymology. The new species is named after the Deccan plateau, a large volcanic basalt plateau in southern India, which covers most of the territory of Maharashtra state. Mani (1974) referred to Maharashtra as the 'Deccan Lavas Country'. The specific epithet is an adjective in the nominative case. Collecting circumstances. This species appears to inhabit isolated, clean water bodies. The specimens were collected in a side pool of a stream (Fig. 40), an ephemeral puddle with decaying leaves (Fig. 41) and muddy substrate, in remnant pools with pebbles as substrate formed in drying streams (Fig. 39); also in nearly permanent man-made tanks and small puddles (Fig. 42) on basaltic rocks. The physicochemical parameters of water bodies range as follows: pH: 6.2 to 9.0, temperature 18 to 25 0C and salinity 23 to 115 ppm. Distribution. The species was found in Pune, Nashik, Ahemadnagar districts of Maharashtra (Fig. 45). Collected within an altitude range of 500���1,215 m a.s.l., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & H��jek, Ji����, 2018, Copelatus Erichson, 1832 from Maharashtra, India, with description of three new species and notes on other taxa of the genus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae), pp. 235-260 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on pages 237-243, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1458548, {"references":["Gueorguiev, V. B. (1968) Essai de classification des coleopteres Dytiscidae. I. Tribus Copelatini (Colymbetinae). Izvestija na Zoologicheskija Institut s Musei, Sofia, 28, 5 - 45.","Nilsson, A. N. & Hajek, J. (2018) A world catalogue of the family Dytiscidae, or the diving beetles (Coleoptera, Adephaga). Uersion 1. I. 2018. Distributed as a PDF file via Internet. Available from: http: // www. waterbeetles. eu (accessed 10 May 2018)","Guignot, F. (1952) Description de dytiscides inedits de la collection Regimbart. Revue Francaise d'Entomologie, 19, 17 - 31.","Sharp, D. (1882) On aquatic carnivorous Coleoptera or Dytiscidae. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, Series 2, 2, 179 - 1003, pls. 7 - 18.","Hendrich, L. & Balke, M. (1998) Zwei neue Schwimmkafer der Gattung Copelatus Erichson 1832 aus Indien (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 108 (9), 356 - 362.","Mani, M. S. (1974) Ecology and biogeography in India. W. Junk, The Hague, 647 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 010 - 2331 - 3"]}

Key to Copelatus species of Maharashtra 1. Body elongate oval; elytra with more than six dorsal striae..................................................... 2 - Body broadly oval; elytra with six dorsal striae.............................................................. 4 2. Elytra with 11–12 dorsal striae (C. nigrolineatus group)....................................................... 3 - Elytra with 9 dorsal striae (C. consors group). Base of pronotum distinctly wider than width of elytra; elytra completely striolate (Fig. 4)................................................................... Copelatus maushomi sp. nov. 3. Bigger species (TL: 5.3–6.9 mm), elytra ochre unicolorous; elytral striae well impressed complete (Figs 1–2). Median lobe in lateral aspect broad in basal three fourths, then narrowing to pointed apex; almost evenly curved except at base (Fig. 17)................................................................................ Copelatus deccanensis sp. nov. - Smaller species (TL: 4.0– 4.5 mm), elytra bicolorous with broad pale transverse basal band; elytral striae shallowly impressed, absent from apical fourth of elytral length (Fig. 3). Median lobe in lateral aspect broad from base to apex, broader in apical half, apex abruptly pointed; not evenly curved (Fig. 19)............................ C. schuhi Hendrich & Balke, 1998 4. Elytra with submarginal stria (C. irinus group).............................................................. 5 - Elytra without submarginal stria (C. duodecimstriatus group)................................................... 8 5. Median lobe in lateral view with two distinct 'teeth' on ventral side (Figs 23, 29).................................... 6 - Median lobe simply sickle-shaped, without any 'teeth' on ventral side (Figs 25, 27).................................. 7 6. Median lobe in apical third almost straight on dorsal side with distinctly dorsally bent apex (Fig. 23); parameres smooth on inner side (Fig. 24)............................................................... Copelatus bezdeki sp. nov. - Median lobe in apical third almost regularly sinuous with shallow emargination before apex on ventral side (Fig. 29); parameres with distinct serration on inner side (Fig. 30).................................. C. schereri Wewalka, 1981 7. Slender species with dorsal coloration uniformly dark except for lateral margin (Figs 7–8). Elytral stria 1 starts at base. Median lobe in apical third gradually narrowing to pointed apex (Fig. 25)............................... C. indicus Sharp, 1882 - Broader species with variable, but distinct yellow-black elytral coloration (Figs 9–11). Elytral stria 1 starts subbasally. Median lobe in apical third broad with dorsally bent obtusely pointed apex (Fig. 27).................. C. neelumae Vazirani, 1973 8. Smaller species (TL: 3.7–4.2 mm). Median lobe almost evenly curved throughout, except basal fourth; apex narrowly pointed (Fig. 31).................................................................. C. cryptarchoides Régimbart, 1899 - Bigger species (TL: 4.9–5.6 mm). Median lobe broad in basal two thirds, almost straight and narrowing to pointed apex in apical fourth (Fig. 33).............................................................. C. mysorensis Vazirani, 1970

Copelatus cryptarchoides R��gimbart, 1899 (Figs 13���14, 31���32) Copelatus cryptarchoides R��gimbart, 1899: 293. Copelatus nilgiricus J. Balfour-Browne, 1939: 74; synonymy by Vazirani (1970: 318). Type locality. Copelatus cryptarchoides: " Inde: Kanara " (Coastal Karnataka); C. nilgiricus: " India: Nilgiri Hills" (Tamil Nadu). Type material. Copelatus cryptarchoides: Lectotype ♂, designated by Vazirani (1970: 318), deposited in Mus��um national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France (not studied); C. nilgiricus: Holotype ♂, deposited in BMNH (not studied). Additional material examined. India: Maharashtra: 1♂, 1♀, 4 km S Lonavala, Bhushi dam env., 500 m, 24.��� 28.ix.2005, J. Bezděk lgt. (NMPC); 3 specimens, same data, but F. & L. Kantner lgt. (SMNS); 2 specimens, same data, but 12.���15.x.2005, F. & L. Kantner lgt. (SMNS); 1♂, 1♀, Tamhini, 18��35.2���N, 73��18.2���E, 70 m, 27.viii.2013, S.D. Sheth lgt. (HVGC); 1♀, Tamhini, 18��26.7���N, 73��25.7���E, 625 m, 29.x.2014, S.D. Sheth lgt. (HVGC); 1♀, Satara distr., Kaas area, 17��43.4���N, 73��49.5���E, 1237 m, 16.vii.2014, S.D. Sheth lgt. (HVGC). Diagnosis. Small (TL: 3.7���4.2 mm), oblong oval species. Elytra yellowish-brown with blackish median square spot extending laterally to stria 3 and along suture to elytral base and apex, blackish longitudinal band between striae 4���5, indistinct infuscation subbasally between striae 5���6, and with narrow dark stripes along elytral striae (Fig. 13). Elytral striae well impressed: stria 1 starting subbasally; striae 2, 3 and 5 shorter than striae 1 and 4���not reaching apex of elytra; stria 6 shortest, ending approximately in apical fifth of elytral length. Females dimorphic, with or without striolation (Fig. 14). Median lobe sickle-shaped in lateral view, almost evenly curved except for basal fourth; apex narrowly pointed (Fig. 31). Parameres moderately broad, 'C'-shaped; apex short and broad; apical lobes long, club-shaped (Fig. 32). Collecting circumstances. The species was collected in ephemeral water bodies (Fig. 43). Distribution. Widely distributed in south-western India. Ghosh & Nilsson (2012) listed the species from Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. We add records from Maharashtra (Nashik, Pune, Ratnagiri and Satara districts) in the altitudinal range 70���1,237 m a.s.l. (Fig. 45)., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & H��jek, Ji����, 2018, Copelatus Erichson, 1832 from Maharashtra, India, with description of three new species and notes on other taxa of the genus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae), pp. 235-260 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on page 250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1458548, {"references":["Regimbart, M. (1899) Revision des Dytiscidae de la region Indo- Sino-Malaise. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 68, 186 - 367.","Balfour-Browne, J. (1939) On Copelatus Er. and Leiopterus Steph. (Col. Dytiscidae) with descriptions of new species. The Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 88, 57 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1939. tb 00250. x","Vazirani, T. G. (1970) Contributions to the study of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera). VII. A revision of Indian Colymbetinae (Dytiscidae). Oriental Insects, 4, 303 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1970.10433967","Ghosh, S. K. & Nilsson, A. N. (2012) Catalogue of the diving beetles of India and adjacent countries (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Skorvnopparn Supplement, 3, 1 - 77."]}

Copelatus indicus Sharp, 1882 (Figs 7���8, 25���26) Copelatus indicus Sharp, 1882: 582. Type locality. "India". Type material. Copelatus indicus: Lectotype ♂ (BMNH), designated by Vazirani (1970: 312), labelled: "Type [p, round label with red frame // India / 696 [hw] // Sharp coll. / 1905-313. [p] // Type 696 / Copelatus indicus n.sp. / India [hw]" Paralectotypes: 1♂, "Co- / type [p, round label with yellow frame] // India 696 [hw] // Sharp coll. / 1905-313. [p] // Copelatus / indicus / ♂ Sharp. / Co-type [hw]"; 1♀, "Co- / type [p, round label with yellow frame] // 696 [hw] // India [p, underlined yellow] // Sharp coll. / 1905-313. [p] // Copelatus / indicus / Sharp. / ♀ Co-type [hw]"; 1♀, "Co- / type [p, round label with yellow frame] // India bor. / 696 [hw] // Sharp coll. / 1905-313. [p] // Copelatus / indicus / Sharp. / ♀ Co-type [hw]". Notes. Median lobe of the lectotype lost. Additional material examined. India: Maharashtra: 2♂, 4 km S Lonavala, Bhushi dam env., 500 m, 24.��� 28.ix.2005, J. Bezděk lgt. (NMPC); 1♂, 70 km S of Pune, Wai env., 2.���7.x.2005, J. Bezděk lgt. (NMPC); 1♀, 15 km E of Mahabaleshwar, E of Panchgani, table land, 17��55���N, 73��49���E, 1280 m, 3.���6.vi.2006, V. Ryj��ček lgt. (NMPC); 1♂, 1♀, Satara distr., Kaas area, 17��43.4���N, 73��49.5���E, 1237 m, 16.vii.2014, S. D. Sheth lgt. (HVGC). Diagnosis. Medium sized (TL: 4.8���5.4 mm), oblong oval species. Dorsal surface black, pronotal sides, elytra laterally from dorsal stria 4, and apex of elytra yellow (Fig. 7). All six dorsal striae on elytra complete, well impressed; submarginal stria rather long, starting at about elytral midlength and terminates in approximately apical fifth of elytral length. Females with numerous short strioles covering basal two thirds of elytral length, except for base and lateral margin (Fig. 8). Median lobe sickle-shaped in lateral view, in apical fourth gradually narrowing to obtusely pointed apex (Fig. 25). Parameres 'D'-shaped; apex short and broad; apical lobes long, club-shaped (Fig. 26). Collecting circumstances. The species was found in a shallow, ephemeral water body. Distribution. India; Ghosh & Nilsson (2012) listed the species from Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Jharkhand, Manipur, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh. We add records from Maharashtra (Satara District) (Fig. 45)., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & H��jek, Ji����, 2018, Copelatus Erichson, 1832 from Maharashtra, India, with description of three new species and notes on other taxa of the genus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae), pp. 235-260 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on page 247, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1458548, {"references":["Sharp, D. (1882) On aquatic carnivorous Coleoptera or Dytiscidae. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, Series 2, 2, 179 - 1003, pls. 7 - 18.","Vazirani, T. G. (1970) Contributions to the study of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera). VII. A revision of Indian Colymbetinae (Dytiscidae). Oriental Insects, 4, 303 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1970.10433967","Ghosh, S. K. & Nilsson, A. N. (2012) Catalogue of the diving beetles of India and adjacent countries (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Skorvnopparn Supplement, 3, 1 - 77."]}

Copelatus bezdeki sp. nov. (Figs 5���6, 23���24) Type locality. India, Maharashtra, Pune district, ca. 4 km SSW of Lonavala village, Bhushi dam, 18��43.2-4���N, 73��23.7-24.0���E, ca. 640 m a.s.l. Type material. Holotype ♂ (NMPC), labelled: "INDIA W, 24.���28.ix.2005, / Maharashtra state, 4 km S of / Lonavala, Bushi dam env., / 500 m, J. Bezděk leg. [printed] // HOLOTYPE / COPELATUS / bezdeki sp. nov. / S. Sheth et al. det. 2016 [red label, printed]". Paratypes: 3♂, 8♀ same data as holotype (NMPC); 3♂, labelled: "INDIA, Maharashtra / Pune Distr., Lonavla / Bhushi Dam, 26 IX 0 5 / at light, leg. L. Borowiec [printed] // INDIA Expedition 2005 / Dept. of Biodiversity / and Evol. Taxonomy / Wroclaw University [printed]" (NMPC, UWPC); 35♂, 25♀, labelled: "INDIA W, 7.���11.x.2005 / Maharashtra state, / 40 km W of Pune, / Mulshi env. / J. Bezděk leg. [printed]" (BMNH, JSCL, NHMW, NMPC, ZSMG); 8♂, 3♀, labelled: "INDIA occ., 7���11.x.2005 / Maharashtra state / MULSHI env.F.Kantner leg. / 40 W of Pune [printed]" (SMNS); 16♂, 9♀, labelled: "INDIA, Maharashtra / Pune Distr., Mulshi at / Mulshi Lake, 7��� 8 X 0 5 / at light, leg. L. Borowiec [printed] // INDIA Expedition 2005 / Dept. of Biodiversity / and Evol. Taxonomy / Wroclaw University [printed]" (UWPC); 1♂, labelled: " INDIA W, 2��� 7.x.2005, / Maharashtra state, / 70 km S of Pune, / Wai env., J. Bezd��k leg. [printed]" (NMPC); 1♂, 1♀, labelled: " India / Maharashtra st., / Rohida fort 18��6���10.00���N, 73��49���16.00���E 1087m / 16.XI.2014 / coll. S. D. Sheth [printed]" (HVGC). Each paratype is provided with the respective red printed label. Description of male holotype. Habitus (Fig. 5) oblong oval with continuous outline, broadest in 1/3 of elytral length, slightly convex. Dorsal surface shiny. Coloration. Head rufous; lighter on clypeus and anterior to eyes; blackish medially on vertex and posterior to eyes. Pronotum rufous; infuscate on disc; paler laterally. Elytra testaceous with sutural large dark (blackish) spot extending laterally up to stria II in middle third of elytral length; small dark spot present subbasally between striae II���IV, indistinct infuscation subbasally also between striae V���VI; elytra darker along striae. Ventral part dark brown. Appendages testaceous. Head. Moderately broad, ca. 0.6�� width of pronotum, transversely elliptical. Labrum emarginate medially. Anterior margin of clypeus slightly concave. Antennae with antennomeres slender, club-shaped, antennomere I longest. Eyes emarginate anterolaterally. Reticulation consisting of well impressed polygonal meshes; strioles absent on head. Punctation double; several large setigerous punctures present in fronto-clypeal depressions, frontal depressions at level of anterior margin of eyes, and in depressions along inner margin of eyes; very fine and sparsely distributed punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation. Pronotum. Transverse, broadest in posterior angles. Anterior angles acute, posterior angles rectangular. Sides evenly curved, with lateral beading very thin and indistinct. Anterior margin straight, posterior margin nearly straight with only indistinct sinuation medially. Reticulation similar to that of head, but slightly less impressed. Indistinct median longitudinal impression present on disc. Punctation double; row of coarse setigerous punctures presents along anterior margin, basal margin (except medially), and laterally close to sides; fine punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation, denser than on head, coarser and denser towards sides. Scutellar shield broadly triangular. Elytra. Elytral striation consisting of six dorsal striae and one submarginal stria: stria 1 beginning more posteriorly than other striae, running all length to apex; striae 2, 3 and 5 terminate shortly before apex; stria 6 ending in posterior fourth of elytral length; submarginal stria starts at elytral midlength and terminating shortly before apex, similarly to dorsal striae 2, 3, 5. Surface reticulation consisting of fine, shallowly impressed isodiametric polygonal meshes, similar to those on head and pronotum. Punctation double; few large setigerous punctures present along elytral striae and along lateral margin of elytra; very fine, sparsely distributed punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation, similarly to those on pronotum. Legs. Protibia modified, angled near base, distinctly broadened anteriorly ��� club shaped. Pro- and mesotarsomeres 1���3 distinctly broadened, with adhesive setae on their ventral side. Longer spur on metatibia sinuate in posterior third. Ventral side. Prosternum sinuate anteriorly, obtusely keeled medially. Prosternal process shortly lanceolate, in cross-section convex, apex obtuse; process distinctly bordered laterally; reticulation absent; surface sparsely punctured. Metaventrite with microsculpture consisting of polygonal meshes; lateral parts of metaventrite ('metasternal wings') tongue-shaped, slender, with irregular strioles. Metacoxal lines well impressed, incompleteabsent in basal 1/5. Metacoxal plates covered with long, deep longitudinal strioles; reticulation consisting of elongate, oblique polygonal meshes; sparsely punctured. Metacoxal processes rounded and incised at posterior margin. Abdominal ventrites I���II with longitudinal strioles; ventrites III���IV with oblique strioles laterally, absent medially; ventrite V with transverse strioles laterally. Abdominal reticulation consisting of elongate polygonal meshes, longitudinal on ventrites I���II, oblique on ventrite III and transverse on ventrites IV���VI. All ventrites sparsely and finely punctured. Male genitalia. Median lobe in lateral aspect broad in basal 2/3, then obtusely angled, apical third narrow, sinuous ventrally, almost straight dorsally until distinctly dorsally bent pointed apex; in 2/3 of its length with two distinct 'teeth' on ventral side���broad rectangular lower one, and narrower acute upper one (Fig. 23). Parameres more or less 'D'-shaped; apex short and broad; apical lobe long, club-shaped (Fig. 24). Female. Females do not differ in external morphology from male except for nearly straight, apically less broadened protibia, slender pro- and mesotarsi without adhesive setae, and straight longer spur of metatibia. Short irregular strioles present in middle third of elytra laterally from striae 3���4 (Fig. 6). Variability. The specimens of type series vary in coloration, especially infuscation of head, pronotum and elytra. In one extreme, dark area on elytra is reduced to single narrow oval spot along suture; in the other extreme, the blackish sutural spot is extended laterally and connected with subbasal spot, usually confluent to subbasal dark transverse band. Females vary in extent of elytral striolation. Measurements (N=19). TL: 5.3���6.4 mm (holotype: 5.5 mm); Tl-h: 4.8���5.9 mm (holotype: 5.1 mm); MW: 2.7���3.3 mm (holotype: 3.0 mm). Differential diagnosis. Based on the presence of six dorsal striae and a submarginal elytral stria, the new species can be classified within Copelatus irinus group sensu Guignot (1961). This largely heterogeneous group contains 106 species altogether, occurring in all zoogeographical regions (Nilsson & H��jek 2018). The characteristic shape of the median lobe with two 'teeth' on the ventral side (Fig. 23) places the new species close to Copelatus brivioi Rocchi, 1976 from Bangladesh, C. schereri Wewalka, 1981, from southern India, and Malayan C. latipes Sharp, 1882. Although Copelatus bezdeki sp. nov. differs from C. brivioi and C. latipes by the extended yellow coloration of elytra, and from the latter species also by the complete elytral stria 1 (stria 1 present only in apical fourth of elytra in C. latipes), certain identification of the new species is only possible based on the shape of male genitalia: in C. bezdeki sp. nov., the apical third of median lobe is almost straight on the dorsal side with the apex distinctly dorsally bent, while the apical third is almost regularly sinuous throughout in all other species mentioned above. Etymology. The new species is dedicated to Jan Bezděk (Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic), a specialist on Chrysomelidae, who collected part of the type material. The name is a noun in the genitive case. Collecting circumstances. The species was found in temporary water bodies with algal growth, and rock and mud substrate. The physicochemical parameters of the water body were as follows: pH 8, temperature 30 0C and salinity 522 ppm. Distribution. The species was found only in Pune district of Maharashtra, within the altitudinal range 500��� 1,087 m a.s.l. (Fig. 45)., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & H��jek, Ji����, 2018, Copelatus Erichson, 1832 from Maharashtra, India, with description of three new species and notes on other taxa of the genus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae), pp. 235-260 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on pages 245-247, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1458548, {"references":["Guignot, F. (1961) Revision des hydrocanthares d'Afrique (Coleoptera Dityscoidea [sic!]). Troisieme partie. Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge, Serie 8 vo (Sciences Zoologiques), 90, 659 - 995.","Nilsson, A. N. & Hajek, J. (2018) A world catalogue of the family Dytiscidae, or the diving beetles (Coleoptera, Adephaga). Uersion 1. I. 2018. Distributed as a PDF file via Internet. Available from: http: // www. waterbeetles. eu (accessed 10 May 2018)","Rocchi, S. (1976) Ditiscidi del Bengla-desh con descrizione di Copelatus brivioi n. sp. (Coleoptera Dytiscidae). Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 108, 177 - 180.","Wewalka, G. (1981) Drei neue Arten der Gattung Copelatus aus Indien (Dytiscidae, Col.). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 55, 65 - 70.","Sharp, D. (1882) On aquatic carnivorous Coleoptera or Dytiscidae. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, Series 2, 2, 179 - 1003, pls. 7 - 18."]}

Copelatus deccanensis sp. nov. (Figs 1–2, 17–18) Type locality. India, Maharashtra, Pune district, ca. 4 km SSW of Lonavala village, Bhushi dam, 18°43.2-4′N, 73°23.7-24.0′E, ca. 640 m a.s.l. Type material. Holotype ♂ (NMPC), labelled: "INDIA W, 24.–28.ix.2005, / Maharashtra st., 4 km S of / Lonavala, Bhushi dam env., / 500 m, J.Bezděk leg. [printed] // HOLOTYPE / COPELATUS / deccanensis sp. nov. / S. Sheth et al. det. 2016 [red label, printed]". Paratypes: 14♂, 13♀, same label data as holotype (BMNH, JSCL, NHMW, NMPC, UWPC, ZSMG); 10♂, 10♀, labelled: "INDIA occ. Maharashtra st. / Bhushi Dam env. 24–28.ix. / 4 km S of Lonavala 2005 / leg.F.&L.Kantner 500 m [printed]" (NMPC, SMNS); 1♂, 1♀, labelled: "INDIA W, 7.–11.x.2005 / Maharashtra state, / 40 km W of Pune, / Mulshi env. / J. Bezděk leg. [printed]" (NMPC); 1♂, 2♀, labelled: "INDIA, Maharashtra / Pune Distr., Mulshi at / Mulshi Lake, 7–8 X 2005 / at light, leg. L. Borowiec [printed]" (NMPC); 3♀, labelled: "INDIA occ., 7–11.x.2005 / Maharashtra state / MULSHI env.F.Kantner leg. / 40 km W of Pune [printed]" (SMNS); 1♀, labelled: "India / Maharashtra st., / Tamhini, Kalubai Mandir / 18°27′38.95″N, 73°24′41.89″E, 570m / 27.VIII.2013 / coll. S. D. Sheth [printed]" (HVGC); 4♂, 7♀, labelled: "India / Maharashtra st., / Tamhini, 18°26′41.50″N, 73°25′39.72″E, 625m / 29.X.2014 / coll. S. D. Sheth [printed]" (HVGC); 2♂, 1♀, labelled: "INDIA, Maharashtra / TAMHINI / 18°23′54.6″N 73°23′47.3″E / 29.x.2014 [printed]" (HVGC); 1♂, 1♀, labelled: "India / Maharashtra st., / Tamhini, Dongerwadi stream / 18°27′38.95″N, 73°24′41.89″E, 570m / 1.X.2015 / coll. S. D. Sheth [printed]" (HVGC); 7♂, 6♀, labelled: "India / Maharashtra st., / Harishchandragad fort / 19°23′26.37″N, 73°46′15.09″E, 1213m / 20.X.2013 / S.D. Sheth leg. [printed]" (HVGC, NMPC); 4♂, 5♀, labelled: "India / Maharashtra st., / Alanggad fort / 19°34′59.88″N, 73°39′39.26″E, 1175m / 9.I.2014 / coll. N. Modak [printed]" (HVGC); 2♂, 2♀, labelled: "India / Maharashtra st., / Madangad fort / 19°35′23.48″N, 73°38′57.63″E, 1151m / 10.I.2014 / coll. N. Modak [printed]" (HVGC); Each paratype provided with the respective red printed label. Description of male holotype. Habitus (Fig. 1) elongate oblong oval, nearly parallel sided with continuous outline, broadest in 1/3 of elytral length, slightly convex. Dorsal surface shiny. Coloration. Head rufous, darker (almost blackish) around eyes and medially between eyes, lighter on clypeus, labrum and medially on vertex. Pronotum rufous, infuscate on disc, lighter laterally. Elytra testaceous, somewhat darker in striae; numerous dark punctures present along basal and apical parts of elytral striae 1–5, and along sides of elytra. Ventral part rufous; abdomen dark. Appendages testaceous. Head. Moderately broad, ca. 0.7× width of pronotum, transversely elliptical. Labrum emarginate medially. Anterior margin of clypeus slightly concave. Antennae with antennomeres slender, club-shaped, antennomere I longest. Eyes emarginate anterolaterally. Reticulation consisting of fine, well impressed isodiametric polygonal meshes. Numerous short, deep and isolated strioles present between eyes. Punctation double; several large setigerous punctures present in fronto-clypeal depressions, frontal depressions at level of anterior margin of eyes, and in depressions along inner margin of eyes; very fine and sparsely distributed punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation. Pronotum. Transverse, broadest at posterior angles. Anterior angles acute, posterior angles rectangular. Sides slightly and evenly curved, with lateral beading very thin and indistinct. Anterior margin straight, posterior margin nearly straight with only indistinct sinuation medially. Reticulation similar to that of head, but slightly less impressed. Disc of pronotum with numerous deep irregular strioles of variable length. Punctation double; row of coarse setigerous punctures presents along anterior margin, basal margin (except medially), and laterally close to sides; fine punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation, denser than on head. Scutellar shield broadly triangular. Elytra. Elytral striation consisting of twelve discal striae: stria 1 shorter, ending at ca. 4/5 of elytral length; stria 2 longest; striae 7, 9 and 12 shorter apically, ending at ca. 3/4–4/5 of elytral length; stria 11 shortest, beginning more posteriorly than other striae and present only in basal third of elytral length. Surface reticulation consisting of fine, shallowly impressed isodiametric polygonal meshes. Punctation double; few large setigerous punctures present along elytral striae, but predominantly along lateral margin of elytra; very fine, sparsely distributed punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation, similar to those on pronotum. Legs. Protibia modified, angled near base, distinctly broadened anteriorly, club shaped. Pro- and mesotarsomeres 1–3 distinctly broadened, ventrally with adhesive setae. Ventral side. Prosternum sinuate anteriorly, obtusely keeled medially. Prosternal process shortly lanceolate, in cross-section convex, apex obtuse; process distinctly bordered laterally; reticulation almost effaced except some superficial meshes apically. Metaventrite with microsculpture consisting of polygonal meshes; numerous short, oblique, deep strioles present laterally but absent medially; lateral parts of metaventrite ('metasternal wings') tongue-shaped, slender. Metacoxal lines well impressed, nearly complete—absent only close to metaventrite. Metacoxal plates covered with long, deep longitudinal strioles; reticulation consisting of extremely elongate, longitudinal polygonal meshes. Metacoxal processes rounded and incised at posterior margin. Abdominal ventrites I–II with longitudinal strioles; ventrites III–IV with oblique strioles laterally. Tuft of setae present antero-medially on ventrites III–V; ventrite VI with setigerous punctures laterally on either side. Abdominal reticulation consisting of elongate polygonal meshes, longitudinal on ventrites I–II, oblique on ventrite III and transverse on ventrites IV– VI. Punctation consisting of fine, sparsely distributed punctures. Male genitalia. Median lobe in lateral aspect broad in basal 3/4, then narrowing to pointed apex; almost evenly curved except at base (Fig. 17). A fold present till subapical region. Parameres 'D'-shaped, apex very narrow and long; apical lobe long (Fig. 18). Female. Females do not differ in external morphology from male except for nearly straight, apically less broadened protibia, and slender pro- and mesotarsi without adhesive setae. Additionally, we have studied two females with elytral stria 11 absent, thus they have only eleven striae on each elytron. Variability. The specimens of the type series vary in coloration, especially infuscation of head and pronotum (from rufous to nearly black) and elytra (from testaceous to reddish brown). A form with longitudinal striolation on elytra occurs in both males and females of this species (Fig. 2): strioles long, often confluent, distinctly less impressed than striae; present between all striae, but missing in apical fourth of elytral length. Striolate form differs from the typical specimens also in strioles on the pronotum, which are usually longer and denser than those in nonstriolate form. Measurements (N = 31). TL: 5.3–6.9 mm (holotype: 6.1 mm); Tl-h: 4.8–6.4 mm (holotype: 4.9 mm); MW: 2.0–3.0 mm (holotype: 2.7 mm). Differential diagnosis. Based on the presence of 11–12 dorsal elytral striae and absent submarginal stria, the new species can be classified within the Copelatus nigrolineatus species group sensu Guéorguiev (1968). This group so far contains only five species (Nilsson & Hájek 2018): C. flavicans Guignot, 1952 and C. luctuosus Guignot, 1939 occurring in the Neotropical region, C. nigrolineatus Sharp, 1882 from Australia, C. zimmermanni Gschwendtner, 1934 distributed in China and Japan, and C. schuhi Hendrich & Balke, 1998 known so far only from Maharashtra (India). The new species differs from C. schuhi by its large size, 5.3–6.9 mm (body length ranges between 4.0– 4.5 in C. schuhi); elytral striae extending apically (elytral striae are missing the in apical third in C. schuhi); pale basal transverse elytral band absent (broad and distinct pale band present in C. schuhi); and the different shape of the median lobe, which is in lateral view, broad in the basal 3/4, then narrowing to a pointed apex (Fig. 17), and almost evenly curved except at the base (median lobe of C. schuhi is unevenly curved in lateral view, its outer margin is slightly sinuate; subapically broad; abruptly pointed at apex, see Fig. 19). Etymology. The new species is named after the Deccan plateau, a large volcanic basalt plateau in southern India, which covers most of the territory of Maharashtra state. Mani (1974) referred to Maharashtra as the 'Deccan Lavas Country'. The specific epithet is an adjective in the nominative case. Collecting circumstances. This species appears to inhabit isolated, clean water bodies. The specimens were collected in a side pool of a stream (Fig. 40), an ephemeral puddle with decaying leaves (Fig. 41) and muddy substrate, in remnant pools with pebbles as substrate formed in drying streams (Fig. 39); also in nearly permanent man-made tanks and small puddles (Fig. 42) on basaltic rocks. The physicochemical parameters of water bodies range as follows: pH: 6.2 to 9.0, temperature 18 to 25 0C and salinity 23 to 115 ppm. Distribution. The species was found in Pune, Nashik, Ahemadnagar districts of Maharashtra (Fig. 45). Collected within an altitude range of 500–1,215 m a.s.l.

Copelatus schuhi Hendrich & Balke, 1998 (Figs 3, 19���20) Copelatus schuhi Hendrich & Balke, 1998: 360. Type locality. "Westindien, Maharashtra, Lonavla". Type material. Holotype ♂, deposited in NHMW (not studied). Additional material examined. India: Maharashtra: 6 specimens, 4 km S Lonavala, Bhushi dam env., 500 m, 24.���28.ix.2005, J. Bezděk lgt. (NMPC); 4 specimens, same data, but: F. & L. Kantner lgt. (NMPC, SMNS); 2 specimens, same data, but: 25.ix.2005, at light, L. Borowiec lgt. (NMPC); 2 specimens, Tamhini, 18��35.2���N, 73��18.2���E, 70m, 27.viii.2013, S.D. Sheth lgt. (HVGC); 3 specimens, Devi Hasol, 16��44.4���N, 73��25.9���E, 164 m, 1.ix.2015, at light, M.R. Kulkarni & S.V. Paripatyadar lgt. (HVGC). Diagnosis. Medium sized (TL: 4.0��� 4.5 mm), elongate oblong oval species. Elytra with broad transverse testaceous basal band, which does not reach suture (Fig. 3). Head and pronotum with numerous longitudinal strioles. Elytra with 1 2���13 superficially impressed dorsal longitudinal striae, ending between two thirds and three fourths of elytral length; although 12 dorsal striae being reported in holotype (Hendrich & Balke 1998), in most specimens, an additional short stria presented in basal third of elytra, laterally from stria 12. Median lobe unevenly curved in lateral view; outer margin slightly sinuate, subapically broad, abruptly pointed at apex (Fig. 19). Parameres 'D'-shaped, apex very narrow and long; apical lobes long (Fig. 20). Collecting circumstances. Copelatus schuhi was found in an ephemeral water body, less than 10 cm in depth, with no vegetation (Fig. 43); it is also occasionally attracted to light. Distribution. The species is known so far from only three localities in Maharashtra (Fig. 45)., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & H��jek, Ji����, 2018, Copelatus Erichson, 1832 from Maharashtra, India, with description of three new species and notes on other taxa of the genus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae), pp. 235-260 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on pages 243-244, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1458548, {"references":["Hendrich, L. & Balke, M. (1998) Zwei neue Schwimmkafer der Gattung Copelatus Erichson 1832 aus Indien (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 108 (9), 356 - 362."]}

Copelatus maushomi s p. nov. (Figs 4, 21���22) Type locality. India, Maharashtra, 120 km NE of Mumbai, Igatpuri environment, 19��42.3���N, 73��33.1���E, 600 m a.s.l. Type material. Holotype ♂ (NMPC), labelled: "INDIA occ. centr. / MAHARASHTRA prov. / 120 km NE of MUMBAI / IGATPURI env., 600m [printed] // INDIA 2002 Expedition / 19��42.17���N, 73��33.06���E / 1. ��� 12. VIII. 2002 / P.����pek & M.Fik��ček leg. [printed] // HOLOTYPE / COPELATUS / maushomi sp. nov. / S. Sheth et al. det. 2016 [red label, printed]" (NMPC). Paratypes: 4♂, 1♀ same data as holotype (LHCM, NMPC, ZSMG). Each paratype is provided with the respective red printed label. Description of male holotype. Habitus (Fig. 4) elongate oblong oval, nearly parallel sided; outline not continuous as pronotal posterior corners protrude; broadest in basal third of pronotum; very slightly convex. Dorsal surface matt due to dense striolation. Coloration. Dorsally almost uniformly testaceous; head slightly darker than pronotum and elytra, infuscate posterior to eyes; pronotum indistinctly infuscate on disc; elytra laterally and apically somewhat paler; appendages testaceous. Ventral part testaceous to brownish. Head. Moderately broad, ca. 0.6�� width of pronotum, almost semicircular. Labrum medially emarginate. Anterior margin of clypeus slightly concave. Antennae with antennomeres slender, club-shaped, antennomere I longest. Eyes emarginate anterolaterally, small, eye width only ca. 0.1�� width of head. Reticulation consisting of well impressed polygonal meshes; meshes slightly larger in anterior region. Rather long, longitudinal or oblique strioles present between eyes and on vertex. Punctation double; several large setigerous punctures present in fronto-clypeal depressions, frontal depressions at level of anterior margin of eyes, and in depressions along inner margin of eyes; very fine and sparsely distributed punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation, punctures denser posteriorly. Pronotum. Transverse, broadest in basal third. Anterior angles acute, posterior angles rectangular. Sides largely and evenly curved, with lateral beading very thin and indistinct. Anterior margin straight, posterior margin sinuate. Surface reticulation consisting of polygonal meshes, similar to that of head, but slightly less impressed. Disc of pronotum completely longitudinally striolate; strioles mostly long, well impressed, rarely confluent; few short, shallow strioles present between long strioles. Punctation double; row of coarse setigerous punctures present along anterior margin, basal margin (except medially), and laterally close to sides; fine punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation. Scutellar shield broadly triangular. Elytra. Elytral striation consisting of nine complete shallow discal striae; striae almost imperceptible due to dense striolation of elytra. Strioles very long, rarely confluent. Surface reticulation consisting of fine, shallowly impressed isodiametric polygonal meshes. Punctation consisting of setigerous punctures only, few punctures present along elytral striae, but predominantly apically and along lateral margin of elytra; fine punctures, due to dense striolation not perceptible. Legs. Protibia modified, angled near base, distinctly broadened anteriorly, club shaped. Pro- and mesotarsomeres 1���3 distinctly broadened, with four rows of adhesive setae on their ventral side. Ventral side. Prosternum sinuate anteriorly, obtusely keeled medially. Prosternal process shortly lanceolate, in cross-section convex, apex rounded; distinctly bordered laterally; reticulation or punctation absent. Metaventrite with microsculpture consisting of polygonal meshes; punctation imperceptible. Lateral parts of metaventrite ('metasternal wings') tongue-shaped, slender. Metacoxal lines well impressed, incomplete���absent in anterior fourth. Metacoxal plates covered with deep, longitudinal or oblique strioles; reticulation consisting of elongate, longitudinal polygonal meshes. Punctation on metacoxae absent. Metacoxal processes rounded and incised at posterior margin. Abdominal ventrites I���II with longitudinal strioles; ventrites III���IV with oblique strioles laterally, absent medially. Abdominal reticulation consisting of elongate polygonal meshes, longitudinal on ventrites I���II, oblique on ventrite III and transverse on ventrites IV���VI. Punctation consisting of fine punctures medially, and larger and deeper punctures laterally. Male genitalia. Median lobe in lateral aspect almost evenly curved; narrowing from base to pointed apex; broadest in middle (Fig. 21). A fold present till subapical region. Parameres more or less 'D'-shaped, slightly sinuate on outer margin, apex very narrow and long; apical lobe club-shaped (Fig. 22). Female. Females do not differ in external morphology from male except for nearly straight, apically less broadened protibia, and slender pro- and mesotarsi without adhesive setae. Variability. All specimens of the type series are rather uniform and vary only in extent of infuscation of head and pronotum. Measurements (N=5). TL: 4.6���5.0 mm (holotype: 4.8 mm); Tl-h: 4.2���4.5 mm (holotype: 4.4 mm); MW: 2.0��� 2.1 mm (holotype: 2.0 mm). Differential diagnosis. Based on the presence of nine dorsal striae on the elytra, the new species can be tentatively classified within the Copelatus consors species group sensu Guignot (1961). This group so far contains eighteen species: 11 in the Afrotropical and seven in the Nearctic region (Nilsson & H��jek 2018). Copelatus maushomi sp. nov. does not seem to be related to any species of the C. consors group. With small eyes, pronotum distinctly broader than elytra, and elytra with dense striolation, the new species has very unique appearance within all known Copelatus species. The shape of the male median lobe suggests that the species may be related to Indian species of the C. nigrolineatus group��� C. deccanensis sp. nov. and C. schuhi. Etymology. The species is named after the 'maushom'���a local name for the monsoon, indicating that the specimens were collected at the beginning of the monsoon season. The name is a noun in the genitive case. Collecting circumstances. The specimens were collected in small deep pools in a stony stream below a table mountain (Fig. 44). The place was visited at the beginning of the monsoon. Sudden large amount of water could have brought the specimens to the normal stream from less accessible habitat, e.g. wet gravels on the stream bottom or other interstitial water habitats (M. Fik��ček, pers. comm. 2017). Distribution. The species is so far known only from the type locality (Fig. 45)., Published as part of Sheth, Sayali D., Ghate, Hemant V. & H��jek, Ji����, 2018, Copelatus Erichson, 1832 from Maharashtra, India, with description of three new species and notes on other taxa of the genus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae), pp. 235-260 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on pages 244-245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1458548, {"references":["Guignot, F. (1961) Revision des hydrocanthares d'Afrique (Coleoptera Dityscoidea [sic!]). Troisieme partie. Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge, Serie 8 vo (Sciences Zoologiques), 90, 659 - 995.","Nilsson, A. N. & Hajek, J. (2018) A world catalogue of the family Dytiscidae, or the diving beetles (Coleoptera, Adephaga). Uersion 1. I. 2018. Distributed as a PDF file via Internet. Available from: http: // www. waterbeetles. eu (accessed 10 May 2018)"]}

Copelatus bezdeki sp. nov. (Figs 5–6, 23–24) Type locality. India, Maharashtra, Pune district, ca. 4 km SSW of Lonavala village, Bhushi dam, 18°43.2-4′N, 73°23.7-24.0′E, ca. 640 m a.s.l. Type material. Holotype ♂ (NMPC), labelled: "INDIA W, 24.–28.ix.2005, / Maharashtra state, 4 km S of / Lonavala, Bushi dam env., / 500 m, J. Bezděk leg. [printed] // HOLOTYPE / COPELATUS / bezdeki sp. nov. / S. Sheth et al. det. 2016 [red label, printed]". Paratypes: 3♂, 8♀ same data as holotype (NMPC); 3♂, labelled: "INDIA, Maharashtra / Pune Distr., Lonavla / Bhushi Dam, 26 IX 0 5 / at light, leg. L. Borowiec [printed] // INDIA Expedition 2005 / Dept. of Biodiversity / and Evol. Taxonomy / Wroclaw University [printed]" (NMPC, UWPC); 35♂, 25♀, labelled: "INDIA W, 7.–11.x.2005 / Maharashtra state, / 40 km W of Pune, / Mulshi env. / J. Bezděk leg. [printed]" (BMNH, JSCL, NHMW, NMPC, ZSMG); 8♂, 3♀, labelled: "INDIA occ., 7–11.x.2005 / Maharashtra state / MULSHI env.F.Kantner leg. / 40 W of Pune [printed]" (SMNS); 16♂, 9♀, labelled: "INDIA, Maharashtra / Pune Distr., Mulshi at / Mulshi Lake, 7– 8 X 0 5 / at light, leg. L. Borowiec [printed] // INDIA Expedition 2005 / Dept. of Biodiversity / and Evol. Taxonomy / Wroclaw University [printed]" (UWPC); 1♂, labelled: " INDIA W, 2– 7.x.2005, / Maharashtra state, / 70 km S of Pune, / Wai env., J. Bezdĕk leg. [printed]" (NMPC); 1♂, 1♀, labelled: " India / Maharashtra st., / Rohida fort 18°6′10.00″N, 73°49′16.00″E 1087m / 16.XI.2014 / coll. S. D. Sheth [printed]" (HVGC). Each paratype is provided with the respective red printed label. Description of male holotype. Habitus (Fig. 5) oblong oval with continuous outline, broadest in 1/3 of elytral length, slightly convex. Dorsal surface shiny. Coloration. Head rufous; lighter on clypeus and anterior to eyes; blackish medially on vertex and posterior to eyes. Pronotum rufous; infuscate on disc; paler laterally. Elytra testaceous with sutural large dark (blackish) spot extending laterally up to stria II in middle third of elytral length; small dark spot present subbasally between striae II–IV, indistinct infuscation subbasally also between striae V–VI; elytra darker along striae. Ventral part dark brown. Appendages testaceous. Head. Moderately broad, ca. 0.6× width of pronotum, transversely elliptical. Labrum emarginate medially. Anterior margin of clypeus slightly concave. Antennae with antennomeres slender, club-shaped, antennomere I longest. Eyes emarginate anterolaterally. Reticulation consisting of well impressed polygonal meshes; strioles absent on head. Punctation double; several large setigerous punctures present in fronto-clypeal depressions, frontal depressions at level of anterior margin of eyes, and in depressions along inner margin of eyes; very fine and sparsely distributed punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation. Pronotum. Transverse, broadest in posterior angles. Anterior angles acute, posterior angles rectangular. Sides evenly curved, with lateral beading very thin and indistinct. Anterior margin straight, posterior margin nearly straight with only indistinct sinuation medially. Reticulation similar to that of head, but slightly less impressed. Indistinct median longitudinal impression present on disc. Punctation double; row of coarse setigerous punctures presents along anterior margin, basal margin (except medially), and laterally close to sides; fine punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation, denser than on head, coarser and denser towards sides. Scutellar shield broadly triangular. Elytra. Elytral striation consisting of six dorsal striae and one submarginal stria: stria 1 beginning more posteriorly than other striae, running all length to apex; striae 2, 3 and 5 terminate shortly before apex; stria 6 ending in posterior fourth of elytral length; submarginal stria starts at elytral midlength and terminating shortly before apex, similarly to dorsal striae 2, 3, 5. Surface reticulation consisting of fine, shallowly impressed isodiametric polygonal meshes, similar to those on head and pronotum. Punctation double; few large setigerous punctures present along elytral striae and along lateral margin of elytra; very fine, sparsely distributed punctures placed among meshes of microreticulation, similarly to those on pronotum. Legs. Protibia modified, angled near base, distinctly broadened anteriorly – club shaped. Pro- and mesotarsomeres 1–3 distinctly broadened, with adhesive setae on their ventral side. Longer spur on metatibia sinuate in posterior third. Ventral side. Prosternum sinuate anteriorly, obtusely keeled medially. Prosternal process shortly lanceolate, in cross-section convex, apex obtuse; process distinctly bordered laterally; reticulation absent; surface sparsely punctured. Metaventrite with microsculpture consisting of polygonal meshes; lateral parts of metaventrite ('metasternal wings') tongue-shaped, slender, with irregular strioles. Metacoxal lines well impressed, incompleteabsent in basal 1/5. Metacoxal plates covered with long, deep longitudinal strioles; reticulation consisting of elongate, oblique polygonal meshes; sparsely punctured. Metacoxal processes rounded and incised at posterior margin. Abdominal ventrites I–II with longitudinal strioles; ventrites III–IV with oblique strioles laterally, absent medially; ventrite V with transverse strioles laterally. Abdominal reticulation consisting of elongate polygonal meshes, longitudinal on ventrites I–II, oblique on ventrite III and transverse on ventrites IV–VI. All ventrites sparsely and finely punctured. Male genitalia. Median lobe in lateral aspect broad in basal 2/3, then obtusely angled, apical third narrow, sinuous ventrally, almost straight dorsally until distinctly dorsally bent pointed apex; in 2/3 of its length with two distinct 'teeth' on ventral side—broad rectangular lower one, and narrower acute upper one (Fig. 23). Parameres more or less 'D'-shaped; apex short and broad; apical lobe long, club-shaped (Fig. 24). Female. Females do not differ in external morphology from male except for nearly straight, apically less broadened protibia, slender pro- and mesotarsi without adhesive setae, and straight longer spur of metatibia. Short irregular strioles present in middle third of elytra laterally from striae 3–4 (Fig. 6). Variability. The specimens of type series vary in coloration, especially infuscation of head, pronotum and elytra. In one extreme, dark area on elytra is reduced to single narrow oval spot along suture; in the other extreme, the blackish sutural spot is extended laterally and connected with subbasal spot, usually confluent to subbasal dark transverse band. Females vary in extent of elytral striolation. Measurements (N=19). TL: 5.3–6.4 mm (holotype: 5.5 mm); Tl-h: 4.8–5.9 mm (holotype: 5.1 mm); MW: 2.7–3.3 mm (holotype: 3.0 mm). Differential diagnosis. Based on the presence of six dorsal striae and a submarginal elytral stria, the new species can be classified within Copelatus irinus group sensu Guignot (1961). This largely heterogeneous group contains 106 species altogether, occurring in all zoogeographical regions (Nilsson & Hájek 2018). The characteristic shape of the median lobe with two 'teeth' on the ventral side (Fig. 23) places the new species close to Copelatus brivioi Rocchi, 1976 from Bangladesh, C. schereri Wewalka, 1981, from southern India, and Malayan C. latipes Sharp, 1882. Although Copelatus bezdeki sp. nov. differs from C. brivioi and C. latipes by the extended yellow coloration of elytra, and from the latter species also by the complete elytral stria 1 (stria 1 present only in apical fourth of elytra in C. latipes), certain identification of the new species is only possible based on the shape of male genitalia: in C. bezdeki sp. nov., the apical third of median lobe is almost straight on the dorsal side with the apex distinctly dorsally bent, while the apical third is almost regularly sinuous throughout in all other species mentioned above. Etymology. The new species is dedicated to Jan Bezděk (Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic), a specialist on Chrysomelidae, who collected part of the type material. The name is a noun in the genitive case. Collecting circumstances. The species was found in temporary water bodies with algal growth, and rock and mud substrate. The physicochemical parameters of the water body were as follows: pH 8, temperature 30 0C and salinity 522 ppm. Distribution. The species was found only in Pune district of Maharashtra, within the altitudinal range 500– 1,087 m a.s.l. (Fig. 45).

Ploiaria anak Distant, 1909 Ploearia anak Distant, 1909: 505. Syntype (s): India, Lucknow; BMNH (examined). Ploearia anak: Distant (1910: 180, Fig. 99) (redescription, figure). Ploiaria anak: Wygodzinsky (1966: 165, 168) (in key, records, distribution), Maldonado Capriles (1995: 109) (catalogue), Ambrose (2006: 2396, supplement 5) (checklist), R��dei (2008: 15) (in key). Type material examined. Lectotype (here designated): male, [India, Uttar Pradesh:], ���Aitken / Lucknow���, ��� Ploearia / anak / Type Dist.���, ���Distant Coll. / B.M.1911-383���, ���Type��� [disc with red margin] (Fig. 24). Paralectotype: female, with similar locality and collection label (Fig. 25). Both specimens are deposited in BMNH. Additional specimens examined. India: Pune District, Daund, vi.2016, leg. P. Pansare (1 female, Modern College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Shivajinagar, Pune); same but viii.2016 (1 female, same depository); one male and one female from the same locality but xii.2016, found trapped in spider web (1 male and 1 female, same depository). Redescription. Female. Colouration: Ground colour of body pale ochraceous, with a pattern of pale brown to dark brown longitudinal bands or patches on head, thorax, legs and abdomen dorsally and laterally. Ventral colouration mostly pale on head and thorax. Fore legs ochraceous, with brown patches on coxa and femur, not extending to ventral side; tarsus pale except extreme apex; spiniform processes of anteroventral row on fore femur completely black including their bases, those of posteroventral row pale with only a narrow black ring at base, set on a pale brown base; mid and hind legs uniformly brownish except femoro-tibial articulations which are pale, femora darker than corresponding tibiae, tarsi very pale. Abdomen dorsally and ventrally partly reddish, with brown patches on tergites; connexivum pale with some brown patches; longitudinal brownish bands present ventrally beyond middle. Anteocular part of head with a pair of dark lateral bands with black tubercles, median area with colourless fine granules, eyes dark black. Antennae dark brown, base and apex of segment I pale, segment II darker except pale apex, segments III and IV pale. Postocular part of head with a median ochraceous band and lateral brownish areas with dark tubercles. Head beneath pale, smooth and shining. Labium with second visible segment laterally brown, third visible segment pale brown. Pronotum with a broad, median, ochraceous band, lateral area pale brown with dark brown granules at few places; with a pair of ochraceous spots laterally on each side near anterior margin; prosternum pale cream with a few brown specks laterally and in front of fore coxae. Meso- and metanota with thin, median ochraceous line and one broad line of similar colour on either side, rest area dark brown. Mesosternum pale cream; metasternum (and some part just anterior to mid coxae) pale brown, with median carina. Structure: Head (Figs. 5���6, 8) elongate oval, both anteocular and postocular parts distinctly tumescent dorsally, rounded laterally, granulate. Antenniferous tubercles situated dorsally; clypeus and mandibular plates sloping anteriad and projecting beyond antenniferous tubercles, clypeus slightly more prominent than mandibular plates. Clypeus and mandibular plates finely granular, granules on disc of anteocular area small and colourless, those on lateral area coarser and darker. Transverse interocular sulcus prominent, eyes large. Posteriormost part of head forming a short, almost parallel-sided neck. Antennae thin and long, first and second joints subequal in length, third and fourth considerably shorter. Ventral surface of head smooth and shining. Labium with first two visible segments moderately swollen, third visible segment narrowed, slightly curved, sharp at tip (Fig. 8), extending up to base of fore coxae, resting on prosternal groove which has fine transverse stria. Thorax (Figs. 5���6, 9���10): Pronotum broad anteriorly, gradually narrowed posteriorly, posterior fourth almost parallel-sided, median area very finely, lateral part more coarsely granulate. Anterior margin straight behind head, anterior corner slightly elevated and rounded. Mesonotum narrowed anteriorly, gradually dilated posteriorly, dorsomedian part finely granulate, with a fine median sulcus which is distinct in posterior third of segment. Dorsolateral part demarcated by a distinct carina or raised margin along its entire length, area laterad to this carina with large granules. Metanotum subquadrate with fine median longitudinal sulcus, finely granulate dorsomedially, lateral area with larger granules (Figs. 9���10). Pro- and mesosterna medially almost smooth, shining, with very scattered fine granules; metasternum medially finely granulate and with a distinct carina between mid and hind coxae; mid and hind coxae oblong, shining and smooth. Prothoracic acetabula directed forward; hind coxae closer to each other than mid coxae. Legs: Fore legs (Figs. 6���7, 11) robust. Fore coxae moderately long, shorter than fore femur, unarmed; fore trochanter thick, armed with a long process (4���5 times as long as its width at base) provided with a small apical spine and also with a very small spine on its inner face. Fore femur slightly broader in proximal half than distally, longer than coxae, with an anteroventral and a posteroventral row of spiniform processes; posteroventral row with about 6 longer, elevated and several minute, wart-like processes, each with a short apical spine (Fig. 11). Fore tibia shorter than fore femur, more or less straight, its apical portion slightly dilated and bent, with few small setae and fine tubercles in proximal half and short spiniform processes in distal half, apex with a tuft of stiff setae ventrally; tarsus three-segmented, segment I longest, segment III shortest. Abdomen (Figs. 5, 12���15) with basal fifth narrow and parallel-sided, beyond which laterally dilated, broadly oval and dorsally convex, and again narrowed towards posterior tip; abdomen six times broader at its widest place than basally. Segment I with lateral angular projection on either side; segment II gradually dilated posteriorly; segments III���V successively broader, again narrowed from segment VI onwards. Entire dorsal surface very finely granulate, ventral surface finely granulate and sculptured; ventral intersegmental sutures indistinct; spiracles very small, situated on ventral laterotergites, surrounded by fine white border (Fig 12, 14). Female terminalia as in Figs. 13���14. Male. Colouration. Colour only slightly different to female, especially ventrally (see Figs 16���17). Structure. Abdomen slightly narrower than in female (Figs. 16���17). Male terminalia. Pygophore 0.8 mm long, slightly elongate oval, moderately sclerotized, ventrally distinctly convex, dorsally flat, with a sharp posterosuperior spine preceded by rounded protuberance; with a pair of small spines, directed vertically towards dorsum, situated laterally mesad to paramere, visible in dorsal (Fig. 18) and lateral views (Fig. 19); anterior (basal) opening oval in dorsal view, outline of phallus visible in lateral view, endosoma visible in ventral view (Fig. 20) in macerated preparatums. Parameres symmetrical, widely separated, small, sock-like (Fig. 23). Phallus (Figs. 21���22) more or less similar to the condition found in Ploiaria huangorum R��dei & Tsai, 2010. Measurements (in mm; male / female). Total length 10.5 / 9.75, length of anteocular region of head 0.50 / 0.60, length of postocular region of head 0.43 / 0.50, width across eyes 0.63 / 0.60, interocular distance 0.35 / 0.30; length of first visible labial segment 0.35 / 0.30, length of second visible labial segment 0.38 / 0.40, length of third visible labial segment 0.38 / 0.40; maximum width of pronotum 0.65 / 0.68, width of pronotum at base of head 0.45 / 0.40, length of pronotum 1.35 / 1.40; length of mesonotum 1.13 / 1.00; length of metanotum 0.63 / 0.90; minimum width of abdomen (at base) 0.25 / 0.25, maximum width of abdomen (at middle) 1.75 / 1.65; fore leg: length of coxa 1.13 / 1.00, length of femur 2.55 / 2.35, length of tibia 1.75 / 1.60, length of tarsus with claw 0.75 / 0.65, length of first tarsal segment 0.28 / 0.31, length of second tarsal segment 0.23 / 0.25, length of third tarsal segment 0.38 / 0.35; mid leg: length of coxa 0.50 / 0.50, length of femur 7.70 / 6.50, length of tibia 10.0 / 8.50, length of tarsus 0.30 / 0.30; hind leg: length of coxa 0.50 / 0.50, length of femur 10.5 / 9.00, length of tibia 13.75 / 13.0, length of tarsus with claw 0.30 / 0.30; length of prosternum 1.50 / 1.50, length of mesosternum 1.10 / 1.20, length of metasternum 0.60 / 0.50; length of first antennal segment 6.75 / 6.00, length of second antennal segment 6.00 / 5.50, length of third antennal segment 0.75 / 0.80, length of fourth antennal segment 1.10 / 1.10. Distribution. Pakistan: Punjab (Wygodzinsky 1966); India: Uttar Pradesh (Distant 1909), Tamil Nadu (Ravichandran 1988, Ambrose 2006), Rajasthan: Mahwah, Gujarat: Godhra (Wygodzinsky 1966), Maharashtra: Pune District (new record). Remarks. P. anak was described from an unspecified number of specimens (syntypes) from ���Lucknow (Aitken)���. A male and a female syntype (Figs. 24, 25) are present in the BMNH, from which the male is selected as lectotype. Photo of an additional non-type male from the environs of Godhra, Gujarat, deposited in the CASC, identified and listed by Wygodzinsky (1966), has been examined as well (Fig. 26). One male studied in detail was found dead, trapped in a spider web, and many parts of the body became detached during cleaning. Subsequently, in November 2017, a fresh live male was collected, and the measurements of male were taken from this individual. Bionomics. Both live females of P. anak were observed moving slowly on the wall where small spiders were also detected. When brought to the laboratory, we observed that the bug could move on a spider web without getting entangled (Fig. 1). Knowing that some emesine bugs feed on spiders (Wygodzinsky 1966, Wignall & Taylor 2010, Soley et al. 2011) and Eugubinus araneus Distant (1904: 207) was reported ���living in nest of spider���, we provided one of the females of P. anak females with a small moth, a small dipteran, a lygaeid and a mirid bug, and a small spider; within a short time the spider was aggressively caught and its content sucked. Two more spiders offered were treated similarly (Fig. 2). This species is apparently a specialist predator of spiders. Nevertheless, we also found one male and one female of P. anak and a specimen of another emesine bug (Stenolemus sp.) dead and trapped in spider web; this indicates that these emesines sometimes get trapped in spider webs (Fig. 3). The female collected in August 2016, with distended abdomen (Figs. 4���5), was found to carry three large, nearly fully developed eggs, each about 1.5 mm long (Fig. 15, one egg removed). This indicates that the breeding season of this species is during July and August and that the female can deposit at least three eggs at a time., Published as part of Pansare, Pratik P., Ghate, Hemant V. & Webb, Mick, 2018, Redescription of the thread-legged assassin bug Ploiaria anak (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) from India, with notes on its biology, pp. 557-566 in Zootaxa 4388 (4) on pages 558-565, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1189146, {"references":["Distant, W. L. (1909) Oriental Rhynchota Heteroptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 3, 491 - 507. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930908692615","Distant, W. L. (1910) The Fauna of British India, Rhynchota. Vol V. Heteroptera Appendix. Taylor and Francis, London, 362 pp.","Wygodzinsky, P. (1966) A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133, 1 - 614.","Ambrose, D. P. (2006) A checklist of Indian assassin bugs (Insects: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) with taxonomic status, distribution and diagnostic morphological characteristics. Zoos' Print Journal, 21 (9), 2388 - 2406. Available from: http: // www. zoosprint. org / ZooPrintJournal / 2006 / September / 2406 sup. pdf (Accessed 5 Mar. 2018)","Redei, D. (2008) A new species of Ploiaria (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) from peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 56 (1), 11 - 15.","Redei, D. & Tsai, J. F. (2010) A survey of the emesine assassin bugs of the tribes Collartidini, Leistarchini, Emesini, and Metapterini of Taiwan (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 57 (1), 11 - 36. Available from: http: // onlinelibrary. wiley. com / doi / 10.1002 / mmnd. 201000002 / pdf (Accessed 5 Mar. 2018)","Ravichandran, G. (1988) Biosystematics and ecophysiology of the non tibiaroliate assassin bugs Heteroptera Reduviidae of Southern India. Unpublished PhD thesis, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 422 pp.","Wignall, A. & Taylor, P. W. (2010) Predatory behavior of an araneophagic assassin bug. Journal of Ethology, 28, 437 - 445. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10164 - 009 - 0202 - 8","Soley, F. J., Jackson, R. R. & Taylor, P. W. (2011) Biology of Stenolemus giraffa (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), a web invading, araneophagic assassin bug from Australia. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 38 (4), 297 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.2011.604092"]}

Genu s Ploiaria Scopoli, 1786 Ploiaria Scopoli, 1786: 60. Type species by monotypy: P. domestica Scopoli, 1786. For full synonymy see Maldonado-Capriles (1990: 108). Remarks There are about 20 species of Ploiaria in the Oriental Region (R��dei 2008), two of which are published records for India, i.e., P. anak Distant, 1909 and P. nuda Ravichandran & Livingstone, 1989.The Indian record of the Afrotropical species P. soudanica Dispons, 1960 (Ambrose 2006) has not been subsequently confirmed and it is likely based on misidentification; a species superficially similar to P. soudanica has been recently collected by us and is currently under examination (see Discussion). Neither P. nuda nor P. soudanica appear in the key of R��dei (2008) where P. anak and three other species are distinguished by a prominent spine on the trochanter. P. anak can be distinguished from these other similar species by its distinctly granulate head (R��dei 2008). The texture of the head was omitted from the description of P. nuda as was the habitus figure given earlier in its unpublished thesis description (Ravichandran 1988). Regarding the specific epithet of the Ploiaria species described by Ravichandran & Livingstone (1989), it appears three times in the text (p. 125), spelled once as nuda and twice as nude; the word probably relates to the absence of a spine on the fore trochanter. Prior to its description, it was referred to as P. nuda in Ravichandran���s (1988) unpublished thesis (suggesting nude was a typographical error in the original description) and subsequently it was listed as P. nuda in Ambrose���s (2006: 2396) checklist but as P. nude in the Web Supplement of the same (Ambrose, 2006: v). This species was omitted from Maldonado Capriles���s (1990) catalogue (although Ploiaria nuda Miller was synonymized as Paraluteva nuda (Miller) on page 208); but it was included as P. nude in Kerzhner���s (1992: 58) corrections to that catalogue. We are unaware of any valid selection of correct original spelling as First Reviser Act either under Art. 24.2.3 or 24.2.4. of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). The decision on which spelling to use is made more complicated as another P. nuda was described by Miller (1950: 191), albeit now placed in a different genus (Paraluveta Villiers). Due to this fact, retaining the spelling nude was considered but as a non-Latin word its use would need to be considered as an arbitrary combination of letters which, being an English word, is hardly applicable. Therefore, acting as the First Reviser under Art. 24.2.3, we consider it prudent to select nuda as the correct original spelling, rather than nude, and being a junior homonym, to replace P. nuda with the new name P. raviaspinosa nom. nov. Etymology: The new specific epithet is the concatenation of ���ravi���, the first part of G. Ravichandran���s surname, meaning ���sun��� in Hindi and ���aspinosa���, Latin adjective meaning ���without a spine��� (to better emphasize the lack of a spine on the fore trochanter)., Published as part of Pansare, Pratik P., Ghate, Hemant V. & Webb, Mick, 2018, Redescription of the thread-legged assassin bug Ploiaria anak (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) from India, with notes on its biology, pp. 557-566 in Zootaxa 4388 (4) on page 558, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1189146, {"references":["Redei, D. (2008) A new species of Ploiaria (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) from peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 56 (1), 11 - 15.","Distant, W. L. (1909) Oriental Rhynchota Heteroptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 3, 491 - 507. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930908692615","Ravichandran, G. & Livingstone, D. (1989) Two new species of Emesinae from western ghats (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae). Journal of Entomological Research, 13 (2), 125 - 127.","Ambrose, D. P. (2006) A checklist of Indian assassin bugs (Insects: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) with taxonomic status, distribution and diagnostic morphological characteristics. Zoos' Print Journal, 21 (9), 2388 - 2406. Available from: http: // www. zoosprint. org / ZooPrintJournal / 2006 / September / 2406 sup. pdf (Accessed 5 Mar. 2018)","Ravichandran, G. (1988) Biosystematics and ecophysiology of the non tibiaroliate assassin bugs Heteroptera Reduviidae of Southern India. Unpublished PhD thesis, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 422 pp.","ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp.","Miller, N. C. E. (1950) New genera and species of Reduviidae (Rhynchota) from Southern Rhodesia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 120: 189 - 264."]}

Rhaphidosoma atkinsoni Bergroth, 1893 (Figs. 4���40) Rhaphidosoma atkinsoni Bergroth, 1903: 63 (original deScription) Rhaphidosoma atkinsoni: DiStant (1904: 330) (diagnoSiS, illuStrationS), HaridaSS (1985: 245) (feeding, ovipoSition), HaridaSS (1988: 49) (ultraStructure of egg), Maldonado CaprileS (1990: 271) (catalogue, diStribution), AmbroSe (2006: 2399) (liSted). Raphidosoma [inadvertent error] atkinsoni: BiSWaS & Mitra (2014: 15) (liSted). Rhaphidosoma atkinsoni: Mukherjee & HaSSan (2016: 593) (diagnoSiS, image). Redescription. Apterous male and female. Body strongly elongate, narrow, in male almost 14 times longer than its maximum width at metacoxae, female slightly broader than male in thoracic region and almost twice as broad in midabdominal region. Body of male subparallel posteriad of prothorax, with only slight dilations at meso- and metathoracic regions. Colouration, integument and vestiture. Dark brown, covered with dense, white, scale-like setae that form complete bands laterally along entire length of body except head. Male with a median dark band covered with only sparse setae, exposing dark brown ground colour of integument; a lateral band of colourless setae and another dark band marginally (Fig. 13). Median dark band with transverse delicate wrinkles and fine tubercles at places; each abdominal tergite also with rounded depression on either side of median dark line which is devoid of white setae. Female more diffuse earth-brown, without distinct lateral bands (Fig. 14). Coloration of setae as well as relative density of setae is different in male and female. Segmental boundaries obscured by setae. Head also densely covered with white setae and many dark brown fine tubercles on its whole surface. A pair of dark lines (which are bare areas with few setae in male and relatively more setae in female) that converge posteriorly to form a ���V��� is present in front of eyes and behind antenniferous tubercles. Antennae dark brown and sparsely covered with white setae, thus appearing spotted. Entire venter more densely covered with white setae, with minor difference in male and female; coxae partly dark brown, underside of head and thorax also with sparse, fine, brown granules. Granules on abdomen sparse, barely visible due to dense setae in male, more clear due to relatively sparse setae in female. A ventromedian, partly dark brown line present along all abdominal sternites. Pygophore with sparse setae hence dark brown, similarly female genital segments darker with very few setae (Figs. 15, 16). Abdominal segments III��� VII each with a round dark brown patch at anterolateral angle, these patches prominent in male. Spiracles on first abdominal segment dorsal, dark brown, remaining spiracles situated on laterosternites but visible from dorsal side as minuscule protuberances on either side, except for second abdominal spiracle which is very minute. Rostrum brown with very sparse setae on first visible segment; second visible segment longest. All legs brown, relatively sparsely covered by scale-like setae; setae on legs also denser in female than in male. Structure. Head. Elongate, with a deep transverse interocular sulcus close to posterior margin of eyes. Area in front of sulcus rather flat, posteriad of sulcus slightly laterally dilated, in lateral view tumescent above anteriorly, narrowed behind and slightly concave posteriorly. Eyes moderate, semiglobular, situated laterally. Antenniferous tubercles prominent, slightly divergent, exposed from above. Clypeus and mandibular plates indistingushable from above due to setae, but clypeus is slightly raised and mandibular plates are slightly oblique. Apex of head without distinct spine (Figs. 17, 18). Antennae long, first segment longest, second slightly shorter than first, third and fourth much shorter than first. Labium long, reaching procoxae, its first visible segment almost as long as preantennal region of head, second visible segment longest (Figs. 19, 20). Ocelli completely lacking, untraceable even with SEM; few setae, especially on midline, are situated on tubercles, and some setae are slightly longer than others (Figs. 21, 22). Thorax. Pronotum tumescent above, with anterior margin concave and posterior margin straight, and with short, median, longitudinal sulcus visible in part; subdivided into a subtrapezoid, anteriorly slightly narrowed anterior lobe and a very short, rim-like, dorsally flat posterior lobe, by a transverse sulcus very close to base. Mesonotum also with a median very shallow longitudinal sulcus, its surface partly granular. Scutellar area slightly raised above at tip; metanotum with median raised area or blunt carina along its length. Metanotum shorter than mesonotum, with posterior margin sinuate and posterolateral corners slightly produced. Granules on pro-, meso- and metanota more prominent laterally (Figs. 23, 24). Prosternum narrow, with deep median sulcus to receive labium. Ventral (pleural) parts of posterior lobe of prothorax encircling coxae posterolaterally and closely approaching but not meeting each other, with a noticeable gap in the midline ventrally. Meso- and metasterna densely clothed with setae, provided with few dark brown granules. Area between mesocoxae slightly elevated, boundary between meso- and metasterna unnoticeable. Mesosternum produced between metacoxae to meet abdominal sternite, their boundaries indistinct. Posterior part of metasternum slightly sulcate (Figs. 25, 26). Legs. All legs long, slender, uniformly coloured. All coxae swollen. Hind legs with longest femora and tibiae. Tarsi with 3 segments and sharp claws. Abdomen. First abdominal tergite short, medially raised, with small anteriorly directed tubercle and with lateral spiracle. Remaining segments long but segmental boundaries indistinct due to setae. Connexivum narrow, spiracles small but distinct. Median part of each tergite shining in male; third and fourth tergites with small mid-dorsal tubercle. Pygophore with sparse setae, eighth segment completely telescoped into seventh segment and not visible ventrally. In male posterior border of tergites III���VI medially slightly elevated as small shining tubercle. In female tergite V with a small medio-dorsal tubercle at posterior border, tergite VI with a pair of small tubercles and tergite VII with a pair of posteriorly directed blunt tubercular projections on either side of midline (Fig. 27); tergite VIII broader than long; tergite IX slightly sloping downward, not fully visible from above, while only extreme apex of tergite X exposed (Figs. 28, 29). Male abdominal tergites with median part slightly wrinkled and covered with broad setae, some of which have a globular base; and with lateral area covered with dense setae (Figs. 30, 31). Male genitalia. Pygophore ventrally convex and sclerotized, its superior tip produced into a dark brown tubercle visible in ventral view (Fig. 32). In lateral view pygophore appears boat-shaped, the tubercle at superior tip appears bidentate (Fig. 33). Pygophore dorsally membranous and its shape resembles a ���slipper��� in dorsal view (Fig. 34). Parameres small, symmetrical, sparsely covered with long setae, almost straight distally (Fig. 35) and projecting out slightly behind in intact pygophore. Phallus oblong oval in lateral view (Fig. 36), endosoma with three sclerotised, spiny areas (Figs. 37, 38). Female terminalia. Boundaries between valvulae and valvifers obscure due to setae. Ninth tergite downwardly sloping, with blunt, black and shining tubercle at each corner (Fig. 39, 40). Measurements in millimetres (average of 2 ♂♂ / average of 2 ♀♀): total length 25.1 / 23.5, length of head anteriad of transverse sulcus 2.2 / 1.9, length of head posteriad of transverse sulcus 2.3 / 2.0, total length of head 4.5 / 3.9, width across eyes 1.0 / 1.0, length of prothorax at midline 1.0 / 1.1, width of prothorax 1.1 / 1.1, length of mesothorax 1.5 / 1.5, width of mesothorax 1.5 / 1.6, length of metathorax 0.8 / 0.8, width of metathorax 1.8 / 1.8, width of abdomen at level of first spiracle seen from above 1.1 / 1.2, length of pro coxa 0.7 / 0.7, length of pro femur 9.7 / 8.5, length of pro tibia 10.7 / 8.9, length of pro tarsus with claw 0.7 / 0.5, length of meso coxa 1.0 / 1.0, length of meso femur 9.25 / 7.8, length of meso tibia 9.1 / 7.85, length of meso tarsus with claw 0.7 / 0.5, length of meta coxa 0.8 / 1.0, length of meta femur 12.7 / 11.2, length of meta tibia 14.85 / 14.1, length of meta tarsus with claw 0.8 / 0.6, length of first segment of antenna 7.7 / 6.7, length of second segment of antenna 3.5 / 2.6, length of third segment of antenna 3.2 / 2.6, length of fourth segment of antenna 3.0 / 2.8, total length of labium 4.3 / 4.3, length of second visible segment of labium 3.3 / 3.2, length of third visible segment of labium 0.44 / 0.44, Published as part of Pansare, Pratik P., Joshi, Nikhil U., Boyane, Swapnil S. & Ghate, Hemant V., 2017, First record of Rhaphidosoma atkinsoni (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) from Maharashtra, India, with redescription and observations on its bionomics, pp. 253-263 in Zootaxa 4303 (2) on pages 254-258, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4303.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/840932, {"references":["Bergroth, E. (1893) DeScription of Some Rhynchota of geographical intereSt. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 29, 61 - 63.","DiStant, W. L. (1904) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota - (Heteroptera) 2. Taylor and FranciS, London, 503 pp.","Maldonado CaprileS, J. (1990) SyStematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World. In: Caribbean Journal of Science. Special Edition. UniverSity of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, pp. 1 - 694.","AmbroSe, D. P. (2006) A checkliSt of Indian aSSaSSin bugS (InSectS: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) With taxonomic StatuS, diStribution and diagnoStic morphological characteriSticS. Zoos' Print Journal, 21 (9), 2388 - 2406. httpS: // doi. org / 10.11609 / JoTT. ZPJ. 871.2388 - 406","BiSWaS, B. & Mitra, B. (2014) CheckliSt of Indian aSSaSSin bugS (InSecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Available from: http: // indiabiodiverSity. org / document / ShoW / 302? poS = (acceSSed 7 March 2017)","Mukherjee, P. & HaSSan, M. E. (2016) Some neW recordS of Reduviidae from Telangana, India (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (2), 591 - 595."]}

Kulkarni, Siddharth, Ghate, Hemant V. (2016): A new cavernicolous assassin bug of the genus Bagauda Bergroth (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) from the Western Ghats, India. Zootaxa 4127 (2): 365-375, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.8