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The Diptera fauna of the Galápagos Archipelago is updated and an annotated checklist is presented. Currently 50 families, 207 genera, and a minimum of 324 species are recorded from the islands. Approximately 107 species are considered to have arrived on the Galápagos Islands through human introductions, an estimated 101 species are considered endemic, 42 species have naturally colonized the islands from mainland Americas, 21 species are either introduced or arrived naturally and 53 species remain unidentified. The following new combination is proposed: Chrysanthrax primitivus (Walker) is moved to Hemipenthes Loew as H. primitivus (Walker) comb. nov. All references to the Galápagos taxonomic literature are included, known island species distributions listed and general remarks on the biology of many species are provided.

Asphondylia gaucha Maia, sp. nov. (Figs. 1-4) Diagnosis: Male hypoproct deeply bilobed; ovipositor with needle part 2.0-2.2 X length 7 th sternite; pupa: antennal horn with apical part 1.5 X length of basal part, upper frontal horn simple, 0.2 X length of antennal horn, lower frontal horn tridentate, 0.1 X length of antennal horn, teeth not aligned, lateral teeth conspicuously above mesal tooth, 8 th abdominal segment with 8-9 dorsal spines in the posterior row. Male: Body: 3.20-4.60 mm long (n = 5). Head (Fig. 1A): globoid, 0.55-0.65 mm long 0.55-0.65 mm wide (n = 5), eye facets hexagonal, closely appressed; antennae: flagellomeres 1 and 2 not fused, scape truncated conical, setose, 0.14 mm long, 0.07 mm wide (n = 3), pedicel globose, setose, 0.07-0.075 mm long, 0.06-0.065 mm wide (n = 3), 1 st- 11 th flagellomeres cylindrical, 12 th conical (Fig. 1B), circumfila longitudinally wavy (Fig. 1C), proportion flagellomere neck-node: 1:10.5; frons with 26-32 (N = 5); mouth parts: labrum long-attenuate, 0.06-0.08 mm long, 0.05-0.06 mm wide (N = 5); hypopharynx of the same shape of labrum, with long lateral setulae, anteriorly directed, 0.22 mm long, 0.05-0.06 mm wide; labella elongate and convex, 0.08-0.10 mm long, 0.03-0.05 mm wide (N = 1), with lateral and mesal setae; palpus 0.21-0.25 mm long (N = 5): 1 st segment globoid, 2 nd and 3 rd segments cylindrical, all segments with setae. Thorax: scutum with two dorsocentral rows of setae, setae more abundant anteriorly, and irregular group of lateral row of setae on each side, scales intermixed; scutellum with scattered setae;anepimeron setose and anepisternum setose;remaining pleural sclerites bare.Legs:first tarsomere of each leg with an apical hook-like projection 0.03 mm long (N = 14) (Fig. 1D), tarsal claws curved beyond midlength, isomorphic, empodium shorter than claws (Fig. 1E); wing: length 2.90-3.20 mm (N = 5) (Fig. 1F). Abdomen (Fig. 2A): 1 st- 7 th tergites sclerotized, rectangular with a posterior row of setae, few lateral setae, mostly covered elsewhere with scales, and basal pair of trichoid sensillae;8 th tergite band-like with basal pair of trichoid sensillae as vestiture; 2 nd- 8 th sternites sclerotized, rectangular,2 nd- 7 th sternites with a posterior row of setae, several setae at midlength and laterally, mostly covered elsewhere with scales, and basal pair of trichoid sensillae; 8 th sternite entirely covered with setae, more abundant posteriorly, mostly covered elsewhere with scales and basal pair of trichoid sensillae. Terminalia (Figs. 2B): gonocoxite short and stout, 0.15-0.18 mm long, 0.10 mm wide (N = 4), gonostylus spherical, 0.06-0.07 mm long, 0.06-0.07 mm wide (N = 4), teeth 0.01 mm long, 0.03 mm wide (N = 2), hypoproct deeply bilobed, lobes conical; cercus rounded at apex; aedeagus conical. Female: Body length: 4.10-4.50 mm (n = 4). Head: 0.60 mm long, 0.60-0.70 mm wide (n = 4), eye facets hexagonal, closely appressed;antennae:scape 0.14-0.16 mm long, 0.07 mm wide (n = 3), pedicel 0.06-0.08 mm long, 0.07-0.08 mm wide (n = 3), 1 st- 11 th flagellomeres cylindrical, 12 th spheroid (Fig. 3A), circumfila comprising two longitudinal bands connected sub basally and apically by two transverse bands (Fig. 3B); 27-30 frontal setae; mouthparts: labrum 0.10-0.11 mm long, 0.06 mm wide (n = 2), hypopharynx 0.16-0.18 mm long, 0.06 mm wide (n = 2), labellum 0.09-0.10 mm long, 0.04 mm wide at midlength (n = 2), palpus 0.27-0.29 mm long (n = 2): 1 st segment globose, 2 nd segment cylindrical, 3 rd segment claviform. Thorax: apical projection of first tarsomere with 0.04 mm long (N = 4) (Fig. 3C); tarsal claws more robust than in male (Fig. 3D); wing length: 4.00- 4.10 mm (N = 3) (Fig. 3E). Abdomen (Fig. 3F): 1 st- 8 th tergites sclerotized, 1 st- 7 th tergites rectangular with a posterior row of setae, few lateral setae, basal pair of trichoid sensillae and mostly covered elsewhere with scales, 8 th tergite with distal margin with lobes 0.16-0.17 mm long (N = 3), 2 nd- 6 th sternites as in male; 7 th sternite 0.57-0.67 mm long, 1.75-1.9 X length sternite 6 (N = 2), setose (except basally), setae more abundant distally, and mostly covered elsewhere with scales; sternite 8 not sclerotized; ovipositor: needle part 1.25-1.35 mm long, 2.0-2.2 X length sternite 7 (n = 2). Other characters as in male. Pupa (Fig. 4A): Color: brownish. Body length: 3.95-4.70 mm (N = 2). Head (Fig. 4B): dorsal plate 0.65 mm long, 0.15 mm wide (n = 1); face with lateral projection; antennal horn triangular, 0.37-0.38 mm long (N = 3), apical part 1.5 X length of basal part, inner margin serrated; apical seta 0.06 mm long, 0.66 X wide of antennal flagellomere (N = 1); upper facial horn simple, triangular, 0.07 mm long (N = 3), as long as width of basal flagellomere; lower facial horn tridentate, 0.03 mm long (N = 3), 0.1 X length of antennal horn, teeth triangular, not aligned, lateral teeth conspicuously above mesal tooth; two pairs of lower facial papillae: one pair setose, the other bare; three pairs of lateral facial papillae: one pair setose, two bare; upper cephalic margin thickened laterally. Thorax: integument wrinkly (Fig. 4C), prothoracic spiracle short, 0.08 mm long, setiform, curved (N = 3). Abdomen (Fig. 4D): segments 2-8 with transverse rows of crescent dorsal spines; posterior row with 16-25 spines in the 2 nd segment, 21-26 in the 3 rd, 21-26 in the 4 th, 21-25 in the 5 th, 20-25 in the 6 th, 14-19 in the 7 th and 8-9 in the 8 th (N = 4)., Published as part of Maia, Valéria Cid, Mendonça, Milton de Souza & Mascarenhas, Bernardo José de Araújo, 2023, Two new species of Asphondylia Loew, 1850 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Asteraceae from Brazil, pp. 1-12 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 63 on page 2, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2023.63.024, http://zenodo.org/record/8135305

Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), type species of Dentifibula Felt, is redescribed with illustrations and compared with its congeners. The genus is differentiated from the generally similar Lestodiplosis Kieffer. As far as presently known, larvae of Dentifibula prey on Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). The nine other species of Dentifibula are diagnosed. Dentifibula ceylanica Felt is removed from synonymy under Dentifibula obtusiloba Felt.

Fazan, Laurence, Dorchin, Netta, Giriens, Sophie, Pasta, Salvatore, Garfì, Giuseppe, Remoundou, Ilektra, Petrakis, Panos V., Kozlowski, Gregor (2023): A new species of Contarinia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from flower galls on the relict tree Zelkova abelicea (Ulmaceae) endemic to Crete (Greece). Zootaxa 5301 (2): 257-268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.6

Contarinia ampelitsiae Dorchin & Fazan, new species Diagnosis. This species is placed in Contarinia for the binodal male flagellomeres, each with a single whorl of circumfila, untoothed tarsal claws, long, retractable and tapered ovipositor with greatly reduced, closely juxtaposed cerci, and 4 pairs of larval terminal papillae, two of which are coniform and recurved. The species has no obvious relatives within Contarinia, given that it forms previously unknown, elaborate stamen galls on Ulmaceae, a plant family from which no Contarinia species are known. No species of Contarinia are known also from the closely related plant family Cannabaceae, formerly included in the Ulmaceae, from which numerous cecidomyiid species of other genera are known (Gagné et al. 2013). Moreover, Contarinia ampelitsiae is univoltine, which excludes the possibility that it develops on other host plants. Adults have no dorsal occipital protuberance, the female antennal flagellomeres have very short necks, male antennal flagellomeres with necks as long as nodes, and larva with longshafted, bilobed spatula. Description. Adult. Head (Fig. 6): Eye facets round, more spacious laterally than medially. Occiput without dorsal protuberance; only slightly raised towards shallow, blunt projection carrying two long apical setae (Fig. 6). Frons with 4–5 long setae on each side. Labellum tapered from wide base, with several subapical setae. Palp four segmented, segments successively longer, palpiger present (Fig. 6). Male antennal flagellomeres (Fig. 7) with necks about same length as nodes, slightly longer in distal than in proximal flagellomeres; circumfilar loops reaching base of next node or slightly longer. Female flagellomeres (Fig. 8) with very short necks, each with two whorls of appressed circumfila connected by one longitudinal band. Thorax: Wing transparent, with long, fine, hair-like setae along posterior margin, R 4+5 slightly bent, reaching C beyond wing apex. C with small break immediately past juncture with R 4+5. Wing length 2.15–2.56 mm in females (n=3), 1.93–2.34 mm in males (n=4). Legs covered by long, narrow scales; tarsal claws (Fig. 9) untoothed, curved along distal half, empodia longer than bend in claw, pulvilli minute. Female abdomen: Tergites 1–7 with anterior pair of sensory setae, posterior row of setae, and a group of 5–6 baso-lateral setae.Tergite 8 smaller than preceding, with few posterior setae. Sternites 2–7 with anterior pair of closely approximated sensory setae, continuous posterior row of setae and numerous evenly distributed setae laterally; pigmentation of sternites broken along thin line just proximal to posterior row of setae; sternite 8 undifferentiated from surrounding tissue. Ovipositor 10.7–12.3 as long as tergite 7 (n=3). Cerci (Figs. 10–11) closely appressed, about 4 times as long as wide, each bearing two strong setae apically and two smaller setae basally, microtrichose along proximal half, bare thereafter. Male abdomen: Tergites 1–6 as in female; tergite 7 with only 2–3 lateral setae and without posterior row of setae; tergite 8 with much smaller sclerotized area, anterior pair of sensory setae the only vestiture. Sternites 2–6 as in female; sternites 7–8 without clear separation between lateral and posterior setae. Terminalia (Figs. 12– 13): Gonocoxites robust, cylindrical, with evenly distributed long setae; gonostyli about same width throughout length, only slightly narrowed towards apical tooth, entirely glabrous and carinate, with evenly distributed setae; cerci separate to base, with several apical setae; hypoproct deeply divided into two cylindrical lobes, strongly microtrichose, each with one long seta apically (Fig. 13); aedeagus longer than hypoproct, narrow, tapered to rounded apex, with two pairs of asetose sensory organs on each side. Larva (third instar) (Fig. 3C): Length 3.17–3.81 mm (n=10), whitish to pale yellow; antenna about 1.5 times as long as wide, cephalic apodemes as long as head capsule (Fig. 14). Spatula (Fig. 15) long shafted, with two wide, laterally rounded, mesally slightly pointed lobes separated by deep depression; broadest at base of lobes. On each side of spatula two triplets of tiny papillae, two in each triplet with barely visible setae. Third thoracic segment and first to eighth abdominal segments each with ventral field of minute spicules arranged in 6–15 transverse rows on mid-anterior section of segment; integument otherwise smooth. Coniform terminal papillae recurved, other three pairs with short, thick setae on slightly elevated bases (Fig. 16). Pupa (based on exuviae): A few degraded exuviae enabled only partial description. Antennal bases form very small and short tapered tips. Cephalic seta long and thin. Etymology. The specific name refers to the local Cretan name for Z. abelicea, namely ampelitsiá (αμπελιτσιά). DNA: The barcoding section of the mitochondrial COI gene sequenced from one male of C. ampelitsiae was deposited in GenBank under accession number OQ107473. Comparison of this sequence to available sequences in GenBank showed highest percentage identity of 91.03–91.73% with numerous unidentified cecidomyiid specimens, with the highest similarity to other Contarinia species being 91.18% to Contarinia caryafloralis from Carya in China (accession MH039840.1, Jiao et al. 2018), and 90.66% to an unidentified Contarinia species from Oxalis in Japan (accession AB597022.1, Uechi et al. 2011). These values indicate that Contarinia species for which relevant sequences are currently available in GenBank are very different from C. ampelitsiae and are unrelated to it. Material examined: Holotype: ♀, Greece, Crete, Katharo plateau, 35.144263 N, 25.573718 E, 28.v.2020, I. Remoundou. Ex stamen galls of Zelkova abelicea. Emerged on 31.iii.2021. On permanent microscope slide in Euparal. Deposited in NHMF (accession GBIFCH01352024). Paratypes: All from Greece, Crete, Katharo plateau, 35.144263 N, 25.573718 E, 28.v.2020, I. Remoundou. 10 larvae (on 5 microscope slides, 6 NHMF: accessions GBIFCH01352028, GBIFCH01352029, GBIFCH01352030, 4 SMNHTAU: accessions 427728, 427729); 2♁, 1♀ (NHMF: accession GBIFCH01352025, GBIFCH01352026, GBIFCH01352027); 2♁ 1♀, (SMNHTAU: accessions 427726, 427727, 416127), emerged between 31.iii.2021 and 02.iv.2021. Other material: 3 pupal exuviae on two microscope slides, Greece, Crete, Katharo plateau, 35.144263 N, 25.573718 E, collected on 28.v.2020 by I. Remoundou; excised from soil on 11.xi.2021 by L. Fazan (SMNHTAU). Comments. The first and only previous known mention, description and drawing of the galls of this insect come from an unsigned and undated note in French inserted in the collection of the Herbarium of the University of Montpellier (MPU) (Supplementary material S1). The note is accompanied by a few flowering shoots of Z. abelicea, with leaves, fruit and galls contained in an envelope. This note is thought to have been written by the French botanist Jules Émile Planchon (1823–1888), and mentions that the galls come from Z. abelicea samples collected by the German botanist Theodor von Heldreich (1822–1902), giving a morphological description of the galls and stating that no insects were found within. No samples collected by von Heldreich are currently included in the herbarium of MPU, but samples collected by him in June 1846 which contain galls are found in the collections of other herbaria, e.g., the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève (G), the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle of Paris (P), the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh (RBGE), and the University of Florence (FI). J. E. Planchon included his observations of the galls in his description of Z. abelicea found in the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of de Candolle (Planchon 1873). Recent studies (Fazan et al. 2023) have shown that the presence of C. ampelitsiae on flowering shoots of Z. abelicea significantly reduces the number of fruits produced per shoot and fruit weight, probably due to shifts in resource allocation. Seed sterility issues are of major concern over parts of the range of Z. abelicea. However, no significant effect of the presence of C. ampelitsiae on the overall seed sterility of the trees has been found., Published as part of Fazan, Laurence, Dorchin, Netta, Giriens, Sophie, Pasta, Salvatore, Garfì, Giuseppe, Remoundou, Ilektra, Petrakis, Panos V. & Kozlowski, Gregor, 2023, A new species of Contarinia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from flower galls on the relict tree Zelkova abelicea (Ulmaceae) endemic to Crete (Greece), pp. 257-268 in Zootaxa 5301 (2) on pages 262-266, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/8030564, {"references":["Gagne, R. J. & Moser, J. C. (2013) The North American gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of hackberries (Cannabaceae: Celtis spp.). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 49, 1 - 103.","Jiao, K. L., Wang, H., Huang, J. H, Han, P. J., Zhang, L. W, Jiao, X., Wo, Z. H., Zhang, J., Wang, Y. H., Bu, W. J. & Kolesik, P. (2018) A new species of Contarinia (Diptera Cecidomyiidae) damaging inflorescence of Carya cathayensis (Juglandaceae) in China. Zootaxa, 4442 (1), 187 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4442.1.12.","Uechi, N., Yukawa, J., Tokuda, M., Ganaha-Kikumura, T. & Taniguchi, M. (2011) New information on host plants and distribution ranges of an invasive gall midge, Contarinia maculipennis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and its congeners in Japan. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 46, 383 - 389. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13355 - 011 - 0050 - 1.","Planchon, J. E. (1873) Ulmaceae. In: de Candolle, A. P. (Ed.), Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Fortin, Masson & Sociorum, Paris, pp. 151 - 210.","Fazan, L., Certini, D., Pasta, S., Remoundou, I., Ghosn, D., Garfi, G. & Kozlowski, G. (2023) Trait variability in diaspores and fruits of Zelkova abelicea (Ulmaceae) across its distribution range. Acta Oecologica, 118, 103896. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actao. 2023.103896"]}

Genus Claspettomyia Grover undetermined species (R.J. Gagné pers. comm.). Distribution. Not determined. Galápagos: San Cristóbal., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667

7. Family Cecidomyiidae In addition to the taxa listed below, there are many additional undetermined species in the tribe Oligotrophini that are not listed here (R.J. Gagné pers. comm.). The specimens examined by Gagné remain unsorted in alcohol vials (CNC)., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667

galapagensis Jaschhof Peromyia galapagensis Jaschhof, 2004: 104. Distribution. Endemic. Galápagos: Santa Cruz. Remarks. This species was collected in humid Scalesia pedunculata forest (Jaschhof 2004)., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Jaschhof, M. (2004) Wood midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Lestremiinae) from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Faunistische Abhandlungen, 25, 99 - 106."]}

sinclairi Jaschhof Insulestremia sinclairi Jaschhof, 2004: 103. Distribution. Native. Neotropical; Galápagos: San Cristóbal. Remarks. This species has been collected in arid zones and dry Scalesia forest (Jaschhof 2004). This formerly endemic genus and species, along with two additional species, have since been described from Brazil (Carmo-Neto et al. 2021)., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Jaschhof, M. (2004) Wood midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Lestremiinae) from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Faunistische Abhandlungen, 25, 99 - 106.","Carmo-Neto, A. M., Lamas, C. J. E. & Urso-Guimar \" es, M. V. (2021) Review of Insulestremia Jaschhof, 2004 (Diptera; Cecidomyiidae; Lestremiinae) with description of two new species from Brazil. Zootaxa, 4966 (3), 367 - 375. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4966.3.8"]}

Genus Contarinia Rondani undetermined species (R.J. Gagné pers. comm.). Distribution. Not determined. Galápagos: Santa Cruz., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667

buscki (Felt) Microcerata buscki Felt, 1915: 198. Anarete buscki: Jaschhof 2004: 100 [review]. Distribution. Native. Nearctic, Neotropical; Galápagos: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz. Remarks. This species was collected mostly by sweeping through mating swarms encountered along trails in the littoral and arid zones in Galápagos (Jaschhof 2004)., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Felt, E. P. (1915). New genera and species of gall midges. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 48 (2072), 195 - 211. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.48 - 2072.195","Jaschhof, M. (2004) Wood midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Lestremiinae) from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Faunistische Abhandlungen, 25, 99 - 106."]}

Genus Porricondyla Rondani undetermined species (R.J. Gagné pers. comm.). Distribution. Not determined. Galápagos: Isabela., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667

Synopeas maximum Awad & Talamas, sp. nov., the first reported parasitoid associated with the soybean gall midge, Resseliella maxima Gagné, is described based on morphological and molecular data. Parasitoids were reared from soybean stems infested by R. maxima in Minnesota. A phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus Synopeas Förster was performed with COI sequences (n=2412) available on the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). Phylogenetic and barcode gap analyses suggest 279 Synopeas species in this dataset, with S. maximum sequences forming a monophyletic clade that is distinct from relatives. The Synopeas maximum clade was close to specimens from Canada and the United States, suggesting it is native to North America. We present a taxonomic treatment of S. maximum to facilitate its identification, including comparison to morphologically similar species. This project provides baseline data for further ecological study of R. maxima parasitism, and its management in soybean.

Porricondylinae, a subfamily of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) with mycophagous larvae, are poorly researched outside Europe. Twelve species were previously named from the entire Afrotropical Region, although 500+ species are likely to occur there. Here a fresh start is made to explore the taxonomic diversity of Afrotropical Porricondylinae using a more methodical approach than was done in the past. This first contribution focuses on several representatives of the tribe Asynaptini that occur in South Africa’s KwaZulu-Natal Province. Asycampta Mamaev & Zaitzev, stat. nov., previously a synonym of Pseudocamptomyia Parnell at the subgeneric level, is instated as a valid genus. The genera Asycampta (Afrotropical), Pseudocamptomyia (Nearctic) and Zadbimyia Jaschhof & Jaschhof (Neotropical) are redefined and hypothesized to form the Pseudocamptomyia group, a monophyletic subset of Asynaptini. Asycampta is shown to contain five species: two from Somalia, the type species A. palpata Mamaev & Zaitzev and A. africana (Mamaev & Zaitzev) comb. nov., and three from South Africa, A. karkloofensis Jaschhof & Jaschhof sp. nov., A. mpofana Jaschhof & Jaschhof sp. nov., and A. umngeni Jaschhof & Jaschhof sp. nov. The genus Camptomyia Kieffer is recorded for the first time from the Afrotropics, with two new species named C. mostovskii Jaschhof & Jaschhof sp. nov. and C. kwazulunatalensis Jaschhof & Jaschhof sp. nov. Our results show that all three large subgroups of Asynaptini, namely Asynapta Loew, Camptomyia, and the Pseudocamptomyia group of genera are Afrotropical. Clinophaena Kieffer, 1913 is recognized as a new junior synonym of Winnertzia Rondani, 1860 (a genus of the subfamily Winnertziinae), and Winnertzia mahensis (Kieffer), originally described in Holoneurus Kieffer and subsequently designated as the type species of Clinophaena, is a new combination.

Genus Camptomyia Kieffer, 1894 With 71 extant species, Camptomyia is the largest genus of the Asynaptini (Gagné & Jaschhof 2021). While the remarkable diversity evident in the male terminalia has been used extensively to distinguish species, it proved too confusing to be applied for establishing a sound subgeneric classification (Jaschhof & Jaschhof 2019). Two new Camptomyia species (described herein) represent new records of the genus from the Afrotropical Region. Male morphology suggests that both are only distantly related to one another and neither appears to be particularly closely affiliated to Camptomyia species occurring in the Palearctic Region. The described Oriental (mostly Indian) species of the genus (Gagné & Jaschhof 2021) are too poorly known for comparison and interpretation., Published as part of Jaschhof, Mathias & Jaschhof, Catrin, 2023, A review of Afrotropical Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with descriptions of five new species of Asynaptini from KwaZulu-Natal Province South Africa, pp. 261-275 in Zootaxa 5244 (3) on page 270, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7656363, {"references":["Gagne, R. J. & Jaschhof, M. (2021) A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World. 5 th Edition. Digital Version 4. Available from https: // www. ars. usda. gov / ARSUserFiles / 80420580 / Gagne _ Jaschhof _ 2021 _ World _ Cat _ 5 th _ Ed. pdf.","Jaschhof, M. & Jaschhof, C. (2019) New and rarely found species of asynaptine Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in northern Europe. Zootaxa, 4604 (2), 281 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4604.2.3"]}

Camptomyia mostovskii Jaschhof & Jaschhof sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 092CCD38-6207-4521-8564-CAB67603F8B4 Figs 21–24 Differential diagnosis. An unusual species of Camptomyia, distinguished by the construction of the parameres. The dorsolateral portions form a pair of ovoid lobes the surfaces of which are clothed in thick microtrichia (Fig. 23, arrow 1), while the ventral portions, which are much less obvious, form a subrectangular, virtually transparent shield (Fig. 21, arrow 2). Parameres similar to those of C. mostovskii sp. nov. were described for Lobopedosis maritima Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2005, the type species of the monotypic genus Lobopedosis Fedotova & Sidorenko from Far East Russia (Fedotova & Sidorenko 2005, fig. 123). While Lobopedosis is currently recognized as a valid genus of Asynaptini (Gagné & Jaschhof 2021), observations here suggest L. maritima to be another unusual species of Camptomyia. This assumption should be considered carefully in future revisions of Palearctic Asynaptini. Male description. Body length 1.7 mm. Head. Eye bridge 7 ommatidia long at vertex. Antenna longer than body, with 17 flagellomeres, all with circumfila; apical flagellomere simple. Neck of fourth flagellomere 1.3 × as long as node (Fig. 24). Palpus 4-segmented, shorter than head height. Thorax. With 2 pronotal setae; 10 anepisternal setae; 8 anepimeral setae. Wing. Longer than body, length/width ratio 2.7. A short, faint portion of vein M 1+2 present at wing margin. Both vein M 4 and apical portion of vein CuA weak, although forming a fork and extending to wing margin. Legs. Foreleg with femur 1.2 × as long as tibia, T 2 not retained; midleg with femur 1.3 × as long as tibia, tibia 0.7 × as long as T 2. Claws moderately bent, 1 large basal tooth. Empodia vestigial. Terminalia. Ninth tergite with deeply incised posterior margin, anterior margin weakly contoured (Fig. 22). Gonocoxal synsclerite strongly narrowed anteriorly; anterior margin narrowly rounded, weakly contoured; ventral emargination broadly U-shaped, basal margin weakly contoured; dorsal apodemes thin, almost as long as the distance separating them (Fig. 21). Gonostylus twice as long as high, almost straight, slightly convex posteriorly, slightly tapered towards apex; basolateral apophysis small; apex with small pectinate tooth (Fig. 21). Phallapodeme consisting of a rodshaped portion basally and an elongate-subtriangular extension apically, both approximately same length (Fig. 23). Parameral apodemes moderate size (Fig. 23). Female unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet renders honor to the dipterist Mike B. Mostovski, who as the former Chief Curator contributed significantly to the development of the Diptera collection of the KwaZulu-Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. All the specimens studied here were collected by him. Type material. Holotype. Male, South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Karkloof Nature Reserve (29°19.1′S: 30°15.5′E), 1325 m elevation, mistbelt forest, 28.ix.–24.xi.2005, Malaise trap, M. Mostovski (NMSA-DIP 212004).

Camptomyia kwazulunatalensis Jaschhof & Jaschhof sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 44C60D01-9804-448D-8BFD-D7CA97AF7311 Figs 16–20 Differential diagnosis. This new Camptomyia differs from its congeners in the structure of the gonostylus, which has a bundle of dense, jumbled spines subapically (Fig. 20, arrow 1), rather than several spines arranged in a line, forming a pectinate tooth at the apex. The phallapodeme length is 2 × that of the parameres and is unusually thick (Fig. 18, arrow 2), apart from constrictions both subapically and subbasally. The parameres, in turn, are peculiar in having their apical portions, i. e., ca one-third of their entire length, turned backward (Fig. 18, arrow 3). The basal portions of the parameres are interconnected. Male description. Body length 2.2 mm. Head. Eye bridge 9 ommatidia long at vertex. Antenna shorter than body, with 20 flagellomeres, all with circumfila; apical flagellomere simple. Neck and node of fourth flagellomere of equal length (Fig. 19). Palpus 4-segmented, shorter than head height. Thorax. Pronotum glabrous; 5 anepisternal setae; 6 anepimeral setae. Wing. As long as body, length/width ratio 2.6. A short, faint portion of vein M 1+2 present at wing margin. Both vein M 4 and apical portion of vein CuA weak, although forming a fork and extending to wing margin. Legs. Foreleg with femur 1.1 × as long as tibia, tibia 0.7 × as long as T 2. Claws moderately bent, 1 large basal tooth. Empodia vestigial. Terminalia. Ninth tergite with narrow, sclerotized ridge inside along median, setae arranged in two lateral clusters, anterior margin weakly contoured (Fig. 17). Gonocoxal synsclerite strongly narrowed anteriorly; anterior margin bluntly pointed; ventral emargination broadly U-shaped basally, with sclerotized margin devoid of vestiture; ventrolateral setae markedly larger than those around the emargination; dorsal apodemes thin, shorter than the distance separating them (Fig. 16). Gonostylus 3 × as long as high, almost straight, slightly convex posteriorly, slightly tapered towards apex; basolateral apophysis small (Fig. 20). Parameral apodemes moderate size (Fig. 18). Female unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet kwazulunatalensis is an adjective derived from the name KwaZulu-Natal, type locality of the species. Type material examined. Holotype. Male, South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Karkloof Nature Reserve (29°19.1′S: 30°15.5′E), 1325 m elevation, mistbelt forest, 28.ix.–24.xi.2005, Malaise trap, M. Mostovski (NMSADIP 212003)., Published as part of Jaschhof, Mathias & Jaschhof, Catrin, 2023, A review of Afrotropical Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with descriptions of five new species of Asynaptini from KwaZulu-Natal Province South Africa, pp. 261-275 in Zootaxa 5244 (3) on pages 270-271, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7656363

Genus Asycampta Mamaev & Zaitzev, 1997 stat. nov. Mamaev & Zaitzev 1997: 11 (as subgenus of Pseudocamptomyia Parnell). Type species, Pseudocamptomyia palpata Mamaev & Zaitzev, 1997, by original designation., Published as part of Jaschhof, Mathias & Jaschhof, Catrin, 2023, A review of Afrotropical Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with descriptions of five new species of Asynaptini from KwaZulu-Natal Province South Africa, pp. 261-275 in Zootaxa 5244 (3) on page 266, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7656363, {"references":["Mamaev, B. M. & Zaitzev, A. I. (1997) New genus and species of free-developing gall midges of the subfamily Porricondylinae from Somalia (Diptera, Cecidomyiinae). Journal of the Ukrainian Entomological Society, 3 (2), 5 - 13."]}

Redefinition of Asycampta within the Pseudocamptomyia group of genera (A) Context. Although not explicitely stated in the publication, Mamaev & Zaitzev’s (1997) decision to associate two new Asynaptini from Somalian material with the then monotypic, Nearctic genus Pseudocamptomyia (type species: Asynapta phosphila Felt), was presumably determined by male terminalia characters. While these authors ascribed one species (africana) to Pseudocamptomyia s. str., the other (palpata) was classified in a new subgenus, Asycampta, distinguished on three characters: the number of palpal segments, the dentition of the tarsal claws, and the outline of vein CuA. Asycampta was defined as having a foreshortened, 2-segmented palpus, toothless claws, and distinct vein CuA, whereas Pseudocamptomyia s. str. was characterized as having a long, 4-segmented palpus, unidentate claws, and indistinct vein CuA. While Mamaev & Zaitzev (1997) failed to clarify the meaning of “distinct” and “indistinct” with respect to vein CuA, the other two characters were useful for separating the two subgenera. The same system ceases to work, however, when additional species are taken into consideration. In Asycampta karkloofensis sp. nov., as described below, the 1-segmented palpus (supposedly indicative of Asycampta) occurs in combination with unidentate claws (supposedly indicative of Pseudocamptomyia). Also, vein CuA of A. karkloofensis sp. nov. extends to the wing margin, which matches the condition found in P. phosphila, but not the situation in P. africana, in which vein CuA is evanescent apically. Likewise, in Asycampta umngeni sp. nov. the presence of a 4-segmented palpus and unidentate claws (both supposedly indicative of Pseudocamptomyia) are associated with a vein CuA that extends to the wing margin and forms a fork with vein M 4 (whereas M 4 is purportedly absent in both Asycampta and Pseudocamptomyia). There are basically two different options to resolve the conflict between the subgeneric definitions proposed by Mamaev & Zaitzev (1997): on the one hand, Asycampta and Pseudocamptomyia are maintained as separate subgenera/genera and then need to be defined more precisely, on the other, both names are considered as synonyms. The situation becomes more complex with the inclusion of Zadbimyia Jaschhof & Jaschhof, a genus described from Costa Rica several years after the publication of Mamaev & Zaitzev’s (1997) paper (Jaschhof & Jaschhof 2014). While Zadbimyia is variable regarding the characters discussed above (Jaschhof & Jaschhof 2014, fig. 2), the basic construction of male terminalia structures is stable (Jaschhof & Jaschhof 2014, fig. 4) and resembles that described here for three new species of Asycampta. This finding challenges the distinctness of Zadbimyia and Pseudocamptomyia (now including Asycampta) as postulated by Jaschhof & Jaschhof (2014). The decision here to maintain all three genera as discrete, rather than to subsume both Asycampta and Zadbimyia under a broad concept of Pseudocamptomyia, is backed by male morphological indicators (see below under B). As a further argument, at least Asycampta and Pseudocamptomyia + Zadbimyia likely have long, independent evolutionary histories that began with the separation of South America and Africa some 130 MYA. The sister group relationship postulated here for Pseudocamptomyia and Zadbimyia cannot be justified by synapomorphies, also because the states of several characters in Pseudocamptomyia are beyond judgement (see below). The morphology of Zadbimyia is, compared with Pseudocamptomyia, in many respects more advanced and largely similar to that of Asycampta. At this point Larimyia Fedotova & Sidorenko must be mentioned, a monotypic genus of Asynaptini occurring in the eastern Palearctic Region, the wing and terminalia of which (Fedotova & Sidorenko 2007, figs 84, 93) are reminiscent of the genera under discussion here. The original description does not, however, provide sufficient detail to permit any conclusions regarding the systematic position of Larimyia. (B) Definitions.The Pseudocamptomyia groupofgenera(synapomorphiesunderlined): Asycampta, Pseudocamptomyia and Zadbimyia form a generic group that differs from other Asynaptini in the following combination of male character states (females and larvae are unknown): the scape has a medial cluster of dense setae; the scutum lacks transparent windows; vein M 1+2 is always and vein M 4 usually absent; the gonostylus lacks a pectinate tooth; the parameres are merged medially to form the tegmen that is closely tied to the apex of the phallapodeme (only two species of Zadbimyia, the affiliation of which is disputable, have separate parameres); the structural complex made of tegmen and phallapodeme is equipped with processes and lobes of varying size, shape and orientation. Asycampta. Flagellomeral necks lack microtrichia; circumfila are irregularly, strongly looped. Both labellum and palpus are atrophied; the palpus, which is markedly shorter than the head height, has one to four setaebearing segments. Basitarsal spines are present. The gonostylar apex is either unmodified, equipped with a bunch of large microtrichia (spines), or reinforced by strong sclerotization and then without microtrichia. The geographical distribution is exclusively Afrotropical. The definition given here differs from that by Mamaev & Zaitzev (1997) for it emphasizes the distinctions separating Asycampta from both Zadbimyia and Pseudocamptomyia. Zadbimyia. Flagellomeral necks are, in most of the species, partly or entirely microtrichose; circumfila are irregularly, strongly looped. Both labellum and palpus are atrophied; the palpus, which is markedly shorter than the head height, has one to four setae-bearing segments. Basitarsal spines are present. The gonostylar apex is variously, densely microtrichose, with conspicuously large microtrichae (spines) being absent. The geographical distribution is exclusively Neotropical. Pseudocamptomyia. Flagellomeral necks lack microtrichia; circumfila are slightly sinuous. The palpus has four setae-bearing segments; its length, as well as the structure of the labella, are unknown, due to the poor condition of available specimens. Basitarsi have a microtrichose apical projection rather than a spine. The gonostylar apex is possibly equipped with one or several small spines, which cannot be decided from existing specimens. The geographical distribution is exclusively Nearctic. (C) Discussion. Besides Asynapta and Camptomyia, the Pseudocamptomyia group of genera represents a further extraordinarily speciose and complex subset of Asynaptini. One of the included genera, Zadbimyia, is remarkable for its regional and local diversity, with 47 species, both named and unnamed, known to be present in Costa Rica, including 35 species known to occur at a single site of cloud forest (Jaschhof & Jaschhof 2014; unpublished data). The fact that the genus has not yet been found outside Costa Rica is certainly due to the shortage of surveys targeting Porricondylinae in the Neotropics. There is every indication that Asycampta plays a similar role in the Afrotropics. The three species described here as new were found co-occurring at a single site, and en passant rather than through targeted search. The same is true for the two species (including A. africana (Mamaev & Zaitzev) comb. nov.) described from Somalia. As a further indication of Asycampta ’s diversity, the five species now known of the genus exhibit great morphological complexity, which is comparable to that found in Zadbimyia. A number of issues regarding the Pseudocamptomyia group remain unresolved for the time being. It remains to be shown, for example, whether Pseudocamptomyia is exclusively Nearctic in distribution and as poor in species as present data suggest; whether Larimyia is a representative and if so the only representative of this genus-group in the Palearctic Region; whether Asycampta expands into the Oriental Region or whether the Pseudocamptomyia group has a different, yet unknown branch in that part of the world. It is obvious that the phylogenetic and biogeographic relations within the Pseudocamptomyia group remain as vague as those within the Asynaptini as a whole (Jaschhof & Jaschhof 2013). The single most important impediment to a better understanding of asynaptine inter-relationships is the shortage of basic taxonomic information regarding nonEuropean faunas. (D) Identification of Asycampta using male morphology. With only five species known at the present, certain nonterminalia characters suffice for their differentiation (Mamaev & Zaitzev 1997). Those characters may, to a large extent, be observed even in specimens stored in ethanol, meaning they are more readily accessible compared to terminalia characters, which require investigation by light microscopy. Considering the expectation that dozens of Asycampta species remain to be discovered and described, the specific diagnoses given below give major weight to terminalia structures, which in speciose genera of Asynaptini are proven to provide the only positive interspecific distinctions (e.g., Jaschhof & Jaschhof 2013, 2014)., Published as part of Jaschhof, Mathias & Jaschhof, Catrin, 2023, A review of Afrotropical Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with descriptions of five new species of Asynaptini from KwaZulu-Natal Province South Africa, pp. 261-275 in Zootaxa 5244 (3) on pages 264-265, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7656363, {"references":["Mamaev, B. M. & Zaitzev, A. I. (1997) New genus and species of free-developing gall midges of the subfamily Porricondylinae from Somalia (Diptera, Cecidomyiinae). Journal of the Ukrainian Entomological Society, 3 (2), 5 - 13.","Jaschhof, M. & Jaschhof, C. (2014) Zadbimyia, a new genus of asynaptine Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with twenty-two new species from the cloud forest of Costa Rica. Zootax a, 3866 (1), 1 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3866.1.1","Fedotova, Z. A. & Sidorenko, V. S. (2007) New taxa of gall midges from tribes Porricondylini, Bryocryptini, Asynaptini and Winnertziini (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Porricondylinae) from the Russian Far East. International Journal of Dipterological Research, 18, 69 - 103.","Jaschhof, M. & Jaschhof, C. (2013) The Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Sweden, with notes on extralimital species. Studia dipterologica Supplement, 20, 1 - 392."]}

Asycampta karkloofensis Jaschhof & Jaschhof sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 25D8F346-14B5-4389-BAD5-A6266A1410DA Figs 1–5 Differential diagnosis. This is the only Asycampta in which the phallapodeme has a conspicuously broadened base (Fig. 4, arrow 1). The tegmen, which is strongly sclerotized, has a pair of large, virtually right-angled processes ventrally (Fig. 4, arrow 2), a pair of small, ventrad directed, horn-shaped processes lateroposteriorly (Fig. 4, arrow 3) and the parameral apodemes of unusually large size (Fig. 4, arrow 4). The gonostylus is peculiar in having a strongly sclerotized, cutting edge-like apex, which is devoid of vestiture (Fig. 2, arrow 5). The tegmen of A. palpata (from Somalia) resembles that of A. karkloofensis sp. nov. in having large, angled processes ventrally (Mamaev & Zaitzev 1997, fig. 3b), although the outline of these processes differs significantly, as does the structure of both the phallapodeme and the gonostylus. The structure of the tegminal apex as described for A. karkloofensis sp. nov. is similarly found in the other species of Asycampta, as well as the genus Zadbimyia (Jaschhof & Jaschhof 2014). Male description. Body length 2.7 mm. Head. Eye bridge 10–11 ommatidia long at vertex. Antenna shorter than body, with 20 flagellomeres, all with circumfila; apical flagellomere subdivided. Neck of fourth flagellomere 0.4 × as long as node (Fig. 3). Labellum with several stiff setae apically. Palpus 1-segmented, with sparse setae. Thorax. Pronotum glabrous; 12 anepisternal setae; 6 anepimeral setae. Wing (Fig. 5). As long as body, length/ width ratio 2.5. Basal longitudinal vein markedly bent. Vein M 4 absent. Vein CuA extending to edge of wing. Legs. Foreleg with femur 1.1 × as long as tibia, T 2 not retained; midleg with femur 1.4 × as long as tibia, tibia 0.7 × as long as T 2. Claws moderately bent, 1 large basal tooth. Empodia vestigial. Terminalia. Ninth tergite (not illustrated) inconspicuous, subtrapezoid, sparsely setose. Gonocoxal synsclerite moderately narrowed anteriorly; anterior margin slightly, broadly rounded, reinforced by strong sclerotization; ventral emargination large, broadly U-shaped, lateral margins strongly sclerotized, basal margin slightly sinuous, with darkly pigmented margin devoid of vestiture; dorsal apodemes short, their lengths equal to distance separating them (Fig. 1). Gonostylus almost 2 × as long as high, slightly bent, moderately convex posteriorly, tapered towards apex, inner surface excavated; basolateral apophysis small; setae near apex clearly smaller than those elsewhere (Fig. 2). Phallapodeme about as long as tegmen, well sclerotized, broadened apically into pointed plate that incorporates the mouths of accessory gland ducts (Fig. 4). Tegminal apex seemingly 2-pointed, with the two points being connected by barely visible, transparent membrane, which results in a tubular or gutter-shaped structure (Fig. 4). Female unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet karkloofensis, an adjective, is derived from Karkloof Nature Reserve, the type locality of the species. Typematerialexamined. Holotype. Male, SouthAfrica, KwaZulu-Natal,KarkloofNatureReserve(29°19.1′S: 30°15.5′E), 1325 m elevation, mistbelt forest, 28.ix.–24.xi.2005, Malaise trap, M. Mostovski (NMSA-DIP 212000)., Published as part of Jaschhof, Mathias & Jaschhof, Catrin, 2023, A review of Afrotropical Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with descriptions of five new species of Asynaptini from KwaZulu-Natal Province South Africa, pp. 261-275 in Zootaxa 5244 (3) on page 266, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7656363, {"references":["Mamaev, B. M. & Zaitzev, A. I. (1997) New genus and species of free-developing gall midges of the subfamily Porricondylinae from Somalia (Diptera, Cecidomyiinae). Journal of the Ukrainian Entomological Society, 3 (2), 5 - 13.","Jaschhof, M. & Jaschhof, C. (2014) Zadbimyia, a new genus of asynaptine Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with twenty-two new species from the cloud forest of Costa Rica. Zootax a, 3866 (1), 1 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3866.1.1"]}

Asycampta mpofana Jaschhof & Jaschhof sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E9662A64-C3E8-4C4E-80AC-54FD7A6A5BAF Figs 6–10 Differential diagnosis. Asynapta mpofana sp. nov. is distinguished by the following combination of male terminalia characters. The gonostylar apex bears a bundle of short, dense spines apically (Fig. 6, arrow 1); the posterior margin of the ninth tergite has a reinforced, rectangular notch medially (Fig. 7, arrow 2); and the tegmen is peculiar in having a dual-chamber structure (Fig. 8, arrow 3), the large, seemingly 2-pointed apex (Fig. 8, arrow 4) and a bilobed, roughly V-shaped outgrowth ventrally of the phallapodeme (Fig. 8, arrow 5). The basic shape of the tegmen of the Somalian species A. africana is similar, although there are obvious differences in the details (Mamaev & Zaitzev 1997, fig. 3c). Male description. Body length 1.9 mm. Head. Eye bridge 6 ommatidia long at vertex. Antenna as long as body, with 21 flagellomeres, all with circumfila; apical flagellomere simple. Neck and node of fourth flagellomere equally long (Fig. 10). Labellum extremely small, glabrous. Palpus 1-segmented, with sparse setae. Thorax. Pronotum bare; 8 anepisternal setae; 6 anepimeral setae. Wing (Fig. 9). Slightly longer than body, length/width ratio 2.9. Basal longitudinal vein markedly bent. Vein M 4 absent. Vein CuA fading before wing margin. Legs. Foreleg with femur and tibia of equal length, tibia 0.9 × as long as T 2. Claws moderately bent, 1 large basal tooth. Empodia vestigial. Terminalia. Ninth tergite subtrapezoid, evenly setose (Fig. 7). Gonocoxal synsclerite strongly narrowed anteriorly, anterior edge narrowly rounded, weakly contoured; ventral emargination large, U-shaped, lateral margins moderately sclerotized, basal margin reinforced by sclerotization laterally, slightly convex, with indistinct, broad margin largely devoid of vestiture; dorsal apodemes long, their lengths equal to distance separating them (Fig. 6). Gonostylus 2.5 × as long as high, slightly bent, moderately convex posteriorly, tapered towards apex; basolateral apophysis large; setae near apex clearly smaller than those elsewhere (Fig. 6). Phallapodeme simply rod-shaped, clearly shorter than tegmen, well sclerotized, mouths of accessory gland ducts indistinct (Fig. 8). Parameral apodemes normal size (Fig. 8). Female unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet mpofana, a noun in apposition, refers to Mpofana, one of the local municipalities in which Karkloof Nature Reserve is located and type locality of the species. Type material examined. Holotype. Male, South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Karkloof Nature Reserve (29°19.1′S: 30°15.5′E), 1325 m elevation, mistbelt forest, 28.ix.–24.xi.2005, Malaise trap, M. Mostovski (NMSADIP 212001)., Published as part of Jaschhof, Mathias & Jaschhof, Catrin, 2023, A review of Afrotropical Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with descriptions of five new species of Asynaptini from KwaZulu-Natal Province South Africa, pp. 261-275 in Zootaxa 5244 (3) on pages 267-269, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7656363, {"references":["Mamaev, B. M. & Zaitzev, A. I. (1997) New genus and species of free-developing gall midges of the subfamily Porricondylinae from Somalia (Diptera, Cecidomyiinae). Journal of the Ukrainian Entomological Society, 3 (2), 5 - 13."]}

Asycampta umngeni Jaschhof & Jaschhof, sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BB4EB2CA-C492-45FE-9F9D-7CB07C10C72D Figs 11–15 Differential diagnosis. The male of this small species is characterized by the following terminalia structures. The gonostylus is unmodified apically (Fig. 11, arrow 1); the posterior margin of the ninth tergite has a deep, V-shaped notch medially (Fig. 12, arrow 2); the gonocoxal ventral emargination is shallow, with broad, largely glabrous margin basally (Fig. 11, arrow 3); and the small tegmen has 2 pairs of processes, of which the ventral are T-shaped (Fig. 13, arrow 4) and the lateroposterior are thick and comma-shaped (Fig. 13, arrow 5). This is the only Asycampta for which the venation includes a posterior fork formed by veins M 4 and CuA (Fig. 14). Male description. Body length 1.2 mm. Head. Eye bridge 4 ommatidia long at vertex.Antenna as long as body, with 15 flagellomeres, all with circumfila; apical flagellomere subdivided. Neck of fourth flagellomere 1.25 × as long as node (Fig. 15). Labellum with several stiff setae apically. Palpus with 4 setae-bearing segments. Thorax. Pronotum glabrous; 3 anepisternal setae; 2 anepimeral setae. Wing (Fig. 14). Slightly longer than body, length/ width ratio 2.8. Basal longitudinal vein nearly straight. Both veins M 4 and CuA weak, extending to wing margin. Legs. Foreleg with femur and tibia of equal length, tibia 1.1 × as long as T 2. Claws moderately bent, 1 large, pale basal tooth. Empodia vestigial. Terminalia. Ninth tergite with unusual, characteristic outline, setae arranged in 2 lateral clusters (Fig. 12). Gonocoxal synsclerite strongly narrowed anteriorly; anterior margin broadly rounded, weakly contoured; posterior portions of dorsal apodemes characteristically angled; anterior portions long, their lengths equal to distance separating them (Fig. 11). Gonostylus 2 × as long as high, straight, slightly flattened, moderately convex posteriorly, slightly tapered towards apex; basolateral apophysis normally sized; setae near apex conspicuously small (Fig. 11). Phallapodeme simply rod-shaped, as long as tegmen, well sclerotized, mouths of accessory gland ducts indistinct (Fig. 13). Seemingly 2-pointed apex of tegmen small; parameral apodemes normal size (Fig. 13). Etymology. The specific epithet umngeni is a noun in apposition and refers to uMngeni, a local municipality in which the Karkloof Nature Reserve is located and type locality of the species. Type material examined. Holotype. Male, South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Karkloof Nature Reserve (29°19.1′S: 30°15.5′E), 1325 m elevation, mistbelt forest, 28.ix.–24.xi.2005, Malaise trap, M. Mostovski (NMSADIP 212002)., Published as part of Jaschhof, Mathias & Jaschhof, Catrin, 2023, A review of Afrotropical Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with descriptions of five new species of Asynaptini from KwaZulu-Natal Province South Africa, pp. 261-275 in Zootaxa 5244 (3) on pages 269-270, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7656363

We describe a gall midge Parampelomyia yukawai Elsayed and Tokuda gen. nov. sp. nov. belonging to the subtribe Schizomyiina (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Asphondyliini) based on an integrative taxonomic study. This species forms barely-swollen flower bud galls on the porcelain berry Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. heterophylla (Vitaceae) in Japan. The new genus is distinguishable from all known schizomyiine genera by tarsomere I lacking a ventroapical extension, the bulbous base of the protrusible portion of the ovipositor, the fused and sclerotized female cerci, the bidentate gonostylus, and the larval terminal abdominal segment that bears two corniform, two asetose and six setose papillae. The new genus is compared with and separated from the similar genera Schizomyia and Ampelomyia morphologically and phylogenetically.

Synopeas from New Guinea is revised, including 16 new species and four previously named species. The concepts for these species were developed in conjunction with a CO1 analysis that includes 16 New Guinean species and 3 Synopeas species from other regions. The molecular analysis determined that the New Guinea fauna does not form a clade, indicating multiple migrations. The following species are described and keyed: S. amandae Awad, sp. nov.; S. anunu Awad, sp. nov.; S. butterilli Buhl; S. codex Awad, sp. nov.; S. csoszi Buhl; S. kalubia Awad, sp. nov.; S. kiki Awad, sp. nov.; S. kira Awad, sp. nov.; S. klingunculum Awad, sp. nov.; S. luli Awad, sp. nov.; S. occultum Awad, sp. nov.; S. pattiae Awad, sp. nov.; S. psychotriae Buhl; S. pterocarpi Buhl; S. pulupulu Awad, sp. nov.; S. roncavei Awad, sp. nov.; S. sanga Awad, sp. nov.; S. toto Awad, sp. nov.; S. valavala Awad, sp. nov.; S. zhangi Awad, sp. nov.Leptacis pleuralis (Buhl), comb. nov. is transferred from Synopeas. Images of 56 holotypes of Synopeas are made publicly available online.

Maia, Valéria Cid (2022): A new species of gall midge (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) associated with Pleroma raddianum (DC.) Gardner (Myrtales: Melastomatacea), an endenic plant to Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62: 1-10, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.062, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.062

Eltxo grimaldii sp. nov. (Figs 1, 2) LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8A273D67-2B1B-4798- A67B-5D2E8AFE245B Holotype. Specimen ES- 07-40, female, housed at the Institutional Collection from the El Soplao Cave (Government of Cantabria), Celis, Cantabria, Northern Spain. It is virtually complete but lacking the apices of the two antennae and distal parts of all the legs except one of the metathoracic legs, due to the limits of the amber fragment that contains it. The specimen is in a small fragment of amber, 4 × 3 × 1 mm in size, and embedded in a regular prism of epoxy resin, 23 × 9 × 1 mm in size, for optimal viewing and curation. No syninclusions were detected. Etymology. Honoring Dr David Grimaldi (AMNH), for his relevant contributions on fossil insects and amber. Diagnosis. Female. The new species differs from the only species described, Eltxo cretaceus (which was based on a unique male), by the following features: distal section of R 1 vein elongate, vein M present in a short basal part and evanescent, arculus vein contacting M very basal and CuA vein contacting wing margin distad level of basal section of Rs. Locality and horizon. Middle Albian amber outcrop of Rábago-El Soplao (near Rábago village, Cantabria, northern Spain), Peñosas Fm. (Najarro et al., 2009, 2010). Description. Female (Figs 1, 2). Body length ca. 1.1 mm. Antennae with only scape, pedicel and 4–5 flagellomeres preserved due to limits of amber fragment (Figs 1D, 2A): preservation of flagellomeres preventing identification of potential sensoria. Ocelli absent. Palpi three-segmented and elongate (Figs 1E, 2B), with palpomeres subequal, distal palpomere slightly longer than others, palpomeres 2.5 times longer than wide; other mouthpart structures obscure. Wing 1.11 mm long, 0.45 mm wide. Wing venation reduced (Figs 1F, 2C). C extending beyond Rs with a clear end. Apex of R1 at half wing lenght.Apex of Rs meeting C just beyond wing apex. Sc preserved. Basal section of Rs slightly evanescent. Vein M present in a short basal part and evanescent. Vein CuA unforked and evanescent at its apex; apex of CuA well distad level of basal section of Rs. Arculus present, with distal half evanescent, contacting M very close to separation of M and CuA. Wings with dense microtrichia and sparse macrotrichia. Wing margin with setae in costal margin and macrotrichia in posterior margin (but only very few of them still visible) (Fig. 1B, C). Distal portions of legs not preserved due to limits of the amber fragment, except to a complete metathoracic leg, which is long and setose, with five tarsomeres; tarsomere 1 longer than 2 (Figs 1H, 2D). All tibiae lacking tibial spurs. Pretarsal claws short and with a small basal prolongation with rounded apex; empodium insconspicuous (Fig. 1G). Abdomen 0.56 mm long (up to the cerci apices). Genitalia obscure, but long ovipositor (0.20 mm); contour of the cerci well visible in lateral view., Published as part of PEÑALVER, ENRIQUE, ARILLO, ANTONIO & NEL, ANDRÉ, 2022, A review of the Cretaceous genus Eltxo (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with description of the new species Eltxo grimaldii from El Soplao amber, pp. 461-467 in Palaeoentomology 5 (5) on page 462, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7333739, {"references":["Najarro, M., Penalver, E., Rosales, I., Perez-de la Fuente, R., Daviero-Gomez, V., Gomez, B. & Delclos, X. (2009) Unusual concentration of Early Albian arthropod - bearing amber in the Basque-Cantabrian Basin (El Soplao, Cantabria, northern Spain): Palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiological implications. Geologica Acta, 7, 363 - 387. https: // doi. org / 10.1344 / 105.000001443","Najarro, M., Penalver, E., Rosales, I., Soriano, C., Perez-de la Fuente, R., Menor-Salvan, C., Lopez del Valle, R., Ortega- Blanco, J. & Delclos, X. (2010) A review of the El Soplao amber outcrop, Early Cretaceous of Cantabria (Spain). Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 84, 959 - 976. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 6724.2010.00258. x"]}

A new species, Eltxo grimaldii sp. nov., is described from Spanish Lower Cretaceous (middle Albian) amber from El Soplao, based on a single female. The new species is compared with the other only known species of the genus, Eltxo cretaceus Arillo & Nel, 2000, based on a single male specimen also found in Spanish amber, but slightly younger (Peñacerrada I amber; upper Albian). The holotype of E. cretaceus is reviewed and its description corrected and expanded, providing the first micrographs of its anatomical features. The holotype of the new fossil species is the only female specimen known of the cecidomyiid tribe Amediini Jaschhof, 2021, a tribe recently described after changes of taxonomic attribution of the genus Eltxo during the last 20 years.

Dentifibula obtusilobae Felt Fig. 11. Dentifibula obtusilobae Felt 1915: 176. Sri Lanka: Peradeniya, Botanic Gardens, syntypes (male and two females) in New York State Museum, Albany, USA. One of the few reared species of Dentifibula, it was reared from Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) (Diaspididae) (as Hemichionspis aspidistrae) and a few specimens of Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) (Diaspididae) (as Aspidiotus lataniae) found in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Paradeniya, Sri Lanka, on Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) It is known from a male and two females, all poorly mounted in Canada balsam without benefit of clearing. Harris (1968) in his revision of cecidomyiids preying on coccoids stated that the material of this species was limited in quantity and quality so that their usefulness was questionable. The recognizable parts of the male terminalia (Fig. 11) are the apically pointed gonocoxites with an apical sensory peg, a generally cylindrical gonostylus, and a straight aedeagus that is about three-fourths the length of the gonocoxites. One of the females fits the genus with its elongate flagellomere necks and numerous, short, ventral cercal setae, but the other female lacks its head and the cerci are obscured. One supposes D. obtusilobae could be found again at the type locality., Published as part of Gagné, Raymond J. & Bertone, Matthew A., 2022, Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus, pp. 583-592 in Zootaxa 5175 (5) on page 591, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7009594, {"references":["Felt, E. P. (1915) New Asian gall midges. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 23, 173 - 184.","Harris, K. M. (1968) A systematic revision and biological review of the cecidomyiid predators (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on world Coccoidea. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 119, 409 - 494. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1968. tb 00504. x"]}

Dentifibula nigroapicalis Kolesik Dentifibula nigroapicalis Kolesik in Kolesik & De Faveri 2014: 100, holotype in South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia. This is known from a series reared from Aulacaspis australis Brimblecombe (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. The hypoproct is slightly concave apically and bears a single seta on each lobe; the gonocoxite has a sensory peg at its narrowed apex; the gonostylus is narrowest at midlength with a prominent apical tooth, and the aedeagus, not counting the apodeme, is barely half the length of the gonocoxites, much the shortest of any species of Dentifibula. The female shows the characteristic field of short, ventral setae found also in all Lestodiplosis species., Published as part of Gagné, Raymond J. & Bertone, Matthew A., 2022, Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus, pp. 583-592 in Zootaxa 5175 (5) on page 590, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7009594, {"references":["Kolesik, P. & De Faveri, S. (2014) A new gall midge of the genus Dentifibula (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a predator of the scale insect Aulacaspis australis feeding on mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Austral Entomology, 53, 99 - 103. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12057"]}

Dentifibula Felt Dentifibula Felt 1908: 385, 389 (type species, Cecidomyia viburni Felt, original designation). Muirodiplosis Grover 1965: 111 (type species, spinosa Grover (original designation); Gagné 1973a: 500 (junior synonym of Dentifibula). Diagnosis. Dentifibula belongs to the Lestodiplosini whose larvae are predaceous on various insects and mites (Gagné & Jaschhof 2021). A key to genera can be found in Gagné (2018). Only two characters separate adults of this genus from the more speciose and diverse Lestodiplosis. The first difference is the prominent conical extension in Dentifibula of the gonocoxites beyond the insertion of the gonostylus (Figs 6–7); the second is the presence of only two circumfila instead of three on each of the male flagellomeres (Fig. 3). This second character is not exclusive because an undescribed species of Dentifibula from Australia is known with three circumfila on each flagellomere (Kolesik & De Faveri 2014) and a few Lestodiplosis spp, are known with two or an incomplete third (Harris 1968). The single distinctive character of the gonocoxite may seem a minor difference on which to base a genus but there is no reason to believe it arose more than once. The only two well-known species, D. viburni and Dentifibula nigroapicalis Kolesik (in Kolesik & De Faveri 2014), show distinctive dark spots on the wing and light- and dark-banded legs, so possibly all the other species do also. This has not been noted in the other species because the dark scales responsible for the marks are lost in slide preparations. Felt (1907, 1908, 1918) did not mention maculations on D. viburni because he probably saw his specimens only on slides after preparation by an assistant. Felt incorrectly described the palpi of his three manifestations of D. viburni (and later of his two Sri Lankan species) as having three segments. He used this to characterize his genus, but the palpi of his Dentifibula species are actually four-segmented. The first palpal segment in these species is short and usually partially hidden, but always has a telltale seta or setae, marking it as a true segment and not the palpiger (Fig. 5). Larvae are known of only two species, D. viburni and D. nigroapicalis. Those of D. viburni could pass for any Lestodiplosis with their robust head, very long antennae, ventral pseudopods and dorsal anus. The arrangement of the papillae is particularly diagnostic for the lateral and sternal papillae (Figs 12–13). Kolesik & De Faveri (2014), while showing in photographs and drawings what otherwise resembles a Dentifibula / Lestodiplosis, describe their larva as having a ventral anus and lacking pseudopods. Kolesik (pers. comm., V-28-2022) wrote that the single slide-mounted larval specimen in his series of D. nigroapicalis is a tiny, poor specimen that does not allow certainty about those characters. Kolesik & De Faveri (2014) also noted the lack of a sternal spatula on their species, but the larva is so small it might be a second instar that would normally lack that organ. We note here an exclusive larval feature of both Dentifibula and Lestodiplosis: Two sternal papillae are evident on the prothorax and four on the eighth abdominal segment but are missing on the remaining segments (Fig. 12). To account for the missing sternal papillae, Möhn (1955) suggested that sternal papillae of Lestodiplosis were transformed into pseudopods in the remaining thoracic and abdominal segments. This might account for the pair of pseudopods on the meso- and metathorax, but does not explain how in the first through seventh abdominal segments there are only three pseudopods in place of the erstwhile four sternal papillae. If Möhn’s hypothesis is correct, the middle of three abdominal pseudopods, placed along the horizontal line where the sternal papillae would be, might have subsumed two of the erstwhile four sternal papillae., Published as part of Gagné, Raymond J. & Bertone, Matthew A., 2022, Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus, pp. 583-592 in Zootaxa 5175 (5) on page 584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7009594, {"references":["Felt, E. P. (1908) Appendix D. In: His 23 d report of the State Entomologist on injurious and other insects of the State of New York 1907. New York State Museum Bulletin, 124, pp. 286 - 422 + 489 - 510, pls. 33 - 34.","Grover, P. (1965) Studies of Indian gall midges XV: One new genus and one new species of Bifilini (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera). Marcellia, 32, 111 - 126.","Gagne, R. J. (1973 a) Family Cecidomyiidae. In: Delfinado, M. D. & Hardy. D. E., A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Vol. I. Order Nematocera. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 480 - 517.","Gagne, R. J. & Jaschhof, M. (2021) A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World. 5 th Edition, 813 pp. Available from: https: // www. ars. usda. gov / ARSUserFiles / 80420580 / Gagne _ Jaschhof _ 2021 _ World _ Cat _ 5 th _ Ed. pdf (accessed 7 June 2022)","Gagne, R. J. (2018) Key to Adults of North American genera of the Subfamily Cecidomyiinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Zootaxa, 4392 (3), 401 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4392.3.1","Kolesik, P. & De Faveri, S. (2014) A new gall midge of the genus Dentifibula (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a predator of the scale insect Aulacaspis australis feeding on mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Austral Entomology, 53, 99 - 103. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12057","Harris, K. M. (1968) A systematic revision and biological review of the cecidomyiid predators (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on world Coccoidea. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 119, 409 - 494. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1968. tb 00504. x","Felt, E. P. (1907) New species of Cecidomyiidae. New York State Education Department. Albany, 53 pp.","Felt, E. P. (1918) Appendix: A study of gall midges VI. In: His 33 rd Report of the State Entomologist on injurious and other insects of the State of New York 1917. New York State Museum Bulletin, 202, pp. 76 - 205 + 213 - 230, pls. 4 - 12.","Mohn, E. (1955) Beitrage zur Systematik der Larven der Itonididae (= Cecidomyiidae, Diptera). 1. Teil: Porricondylinae und Itonidinae Mitteleuropas. Zoologica, 105 (1 & 2), 1 - 247, 30 pls."]}

Dentifibula turkmenorum Mamaev Dentifibula turkmenorum Mamaev 1986: 65. Holotype in Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo, Japan. This species is known only from the holotype male caught in flight in Ipaï-Kala, Kopetdag, Turkmenistan. The superficial illustration accompanying the description shows a narrow gonocoxite with three short setae apically, a mostly evenly cylindrical gonostylus, and an elongate, evenly cylindrical aedeagus nearly as long as the gonocoxite., Published as part of Gagné, Raymond J. & Bertone, Matthew A., 2022, Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus, pp. 583-592 in Zootaxa 5175 (5) on page 591, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7009594, {"references":["Mamaev, B. M. (1986) New gall midges from Turkmenistan (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR, Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk, 1986, 65 - 68. [in Russian]"]}

Dentifibula marikovskajae Fedotova & Sidorenko Dentifibula marikovskajae Fedotova & Sidorenko 2004: 98, holotype in Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Illustrations of the terminalia for this species known from two males caught in flight in Kamenushka, 30 km SE of Ussuriysk Primorskiï Territory, Eastern Siberia, Russia, are difficult to interpret because of their evidently skewed mounts. The hypoproct is blunt apically with eight short setae; one gonocoxite shows a single sensory peg at its apex but its companion shows two; the gonostylus appears narrowest at midlength on one specimen and at the distal third on the other; and the aedeagus appears slightly shorter than the gonocoxite in both drawings but is curved at the base in one and at midlength on the other., Published as part of Gagné, Raymond J. & Bertone, Matthew A., 2022, Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus, pp. 583-592 in Zootaxa 5175 (5) on page 590, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7009594, {"references":["Fedotova, Z. A. & Sidorenko, V. S. (2004) New taxa of gall midges from Russian Far East (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Entomofauna: Zeitschrift fur Entomologie, 25, 97 - 115."]}

Dentifibula ceylanica Felt Fig. 10. Dentifibula ceylanica Felt 1915: 175, holotype in NYSM; Gagné 1973a: 500, as new synonym of Dentifibula obtusilobae Felt. Removed here from synonymy. This species is based on a single male reared from a Hemichionaspis (Diaspididae) found on twigs of Senna alata (L.) Roxb. (as Cassia alata) (Fabaceae) in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. It was found in the Gardens at the same time as D. obtusilobae Felt. The specimen was mounted in Canada balsam without benefit of clearing so few details of the terminalia are visible (Fig. 10). Harris (1968) was forced to ignore this species in his revision of cecidomyiid coccoid predators as “inadequate for accurate description.” Gagné (1973a) could not separate D. ceylanica from D. obtusilobae with the microscopy then at his disposal and synonymized the two species. It is apparent now that they are distinct, so D. ceylanica is removed from synonymy. The terminalia of D. ceylanica (Fig. 10) show an apical sensory peg on the gonocoxite, a sinuous, large-toothed gonostylus that is narrowest near midlength, and a long, strongly curved, pointed aedeagus that attains the length of the gonocoxite. The aedeagus of D. hastata Fedotova & Sidorenko also has a long, strongly curved, apically pointed and probably longer aedeagus, but its much longer gonocoxite marks it as a distinct species. These are the only two Dentifibula species with such a strongly curved aedeagus. It should be possible to find it on its host in its type locality again. It should also be possible to find in the same place also Androdiplosis coccidivora Felt (1915). This species, known from a single female whose diaspidid host was not positively identified, might be that of D. ceylanica. Harris (1968) found that A. coccidivora resembled a Lestodiplosis (and accordingly Dentifibula) except that its flagellomeres each had two nodes, as he illustrated in detail. The holotype and only known specimen of A. coccidivora was unfortunately lost in transit after Harris’s examination., Published as part of Gagné, Raymond J. & Bertone, Matthew A., 2022, Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus, pp. 583-592 in Zootaxa 5175 (5) on page 589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7009594, {"references":["Felt, E. P. (1915) New Asian gall midges. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 23, 173 - 184.","Gagne, R. J. (1973 a) Family Cecidomyiidae. In: Delfinado, M. D. & Hardy. D. E., A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Vol. I. Order Nematocera. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 480 - 517.","Harris, K. M. (1968) A systematic revision and biological review of the cecidomyiid predators (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on world Coccoidea. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 119, 409 - 494. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1968. tb 00504. x"]}

Dentifibula spinosa (Grover) Muirodiplosis spinosa Grover 1965: 112, holotype in P. Grover Collection, Allahabad, India or Cecidological Society of India, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Dentifibula spinosa: Gagné 1973a: 500 (new combination). The male holotype and a female paratype were caught at a light in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. The male hypoproct is convex apically, the apical setae not shown; the gonocoxite has a sensory peg at its narrowed apex; the gonostylus is generally evenly cylindrical except for a unique, angular projection that issues abruptly from its basal half; and a slightly sinuate aedeagus that is shorter than the gonocoxites. The female is evidently not a Dentifibula. Its cerci lack the field of ventral, crowded, short sensoria characteristic of this genus and Lestodiplosis. Additionally, flagellomere necks are no more than half as long as the nodes, in contrast to being nearly as long in known female Dentifibula spp., Published as part of Gagné, Raymond J. & Bertone, Matthew A., 2022, Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus, pp. 583-592 in Zootaxa 5175 (5) on page 591, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7009594, {"references":["Grover, P. (1965) Studies of Indian gall midges XV: One new genus and one new species of Bifilini (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera). Marcellia, 32, 111 - 126.","Gagne, R. J. (1973 a) Family Cecidomyiidae. In: Delfinado, M. D. & Hardy. D. E., A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Vol. I. Order Nematocera. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 480 - 517."]}

Dentifibula nigritarsis Mo Dentifibula nigritarsis Mo 1992: 293, holotype in Shandong Agricultural University, Tainan, China. This species is known only from the holotype male caught in flight in Taian, Shandong, China. The drawing accompanying the original description shows an apically convex hypoproct with a pair of apical setae on each side, gonocoxites with a pair of setae and no sensory peg at its pointed apex, gonostyli that are narrowest at their distal third and with only a moderately sized tooth, and a fairly short aedeagus. This species, D. viburni and D. turkmenorum are apparently the only three species of Dentifibula that do not show a sensory peg at the apex of the gonocoxite., Published as part of Gagné, Raymond J. & Bertone, Matthew A., 2022, Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus, pp. 583-592 in Zootaxa 5175 (5) on page 590, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7009594, {"references":["Mo, T. (1992) A cecidomyiid genus (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) new to China with description of a new species. Entomotaxonomia, 14, 293 - 296."]}

Dentifibula viburni Felt Figs 1–9, 12–15. Contarinia viburni Felt 1907: 36; Felt 1908: 389 (Dentifibula); Felt 1918: 130 (redescription). Contarinia caryae Felt 1907: 36; Felt 1908: 389 (Dentifibula); Felt 1918: 130 (redescription); Gagné 1973b: 869 (junior synonym of D. viburni). Dentifibula cocci Felt 1908 b: 389; Felt 1918: 130 (redescription); Gagné 1973b: 869 (junior synonym of D. viburni). Description. Adult. Color in life (Fig. 2): Yellow with black antennae, black wing marks at tip of wing, center of wing immediately posterior to R5, at junction of M 4 and CuA and posterior to base of Cu, and black bands on legs. Head (Fig. 5): Eyes large, restricting postocciput, all facets closely contiguous, circular to hexagonoid. Occipital protuberance at least twice as long as wide, not reaching eye height because of large extent of eyes. Antenna: scape with 2-3 ventral and 1 lateral setae; pedicel with several lateral and medial setae; with 12 flagellomeres, first and second connate; male flagellomeres (Fig. 3) binodal, both nodes spheroid, each with one circumfilum, internode and neck nearly as long as node, circumfilar loops comparable in length, loops reaching next distal node; female flagellomeres (Fig. 4) cylindrical, circumfila closely appressed except for bowed loops at nodal apex, node and neck of third flagellomere subequal in length. Frons with 4–6 setae per side, without scales. Labella hemispheroid with several uniform, slightly thickened setae. Palpus 4-segmented, first segment short-spheroid, nearly hidden, remaining segments ovoid, each segment with several scattered, pointed setae of uniform length, without scales. Thorax: Wing (Fig. 2): length: male, 1.1–1.3 mm (n = 10); female, 1.3–1.5 mm (n = 10); R 5 slightly curved, joining C at wing apex; Rs evanescent; M 4 and CuA forming a fork. Scutum with 4 longitudinal groups of sparse setae mixed with scales. Scutellum with 3–4 setae on each side. Anepimeron with 3-4 setae, remaining pleura bare. Legs: claws untoothed, strongly curved beyond midlength; empodia nearly as long as claws; pulvilli diminutive. Male abdomen. Tergites first through seventh with single row of posterior setae, a few lateral setae, anterior pair of trichoid sensilla and elsewhere with widely scattered scales; eighth tergite membranous, with no posterior setae and pair of anterior trichoid sensilla. Sternites second through sixth with single row of sparse posterior setae, several lateral and medial setae and scales near midlength, and anterior pair of closely approximated trichoid sensilla; seventh sternite similar except vestiture at midlength closely approaching posterior row of setae; eighth sternite with 2 well-separated trichoid sensilla, with sparse posterior row of long setae and a few shorter setae and scales. Terminalia (Figs 6–8): cerci broadly rounded apically, each with three setae along distal edge; hypoproct broader than each cercus, low-convex apically, with 6 distal setae of approximately equal length, both surfaces uniformly microtrichose; aedeagus cylindrical, slightly elbowed dorsally near basal third, nearly as long as gonocoxite, with oval, dorsoapical opening near rounded apex and 4 apicolateral, hairless sensoria; gonocoxite broadly cylindrical, tapering abruptly beyond insertion of gonostylus into conical, posteromesally-directed lobe, apex with 2-3 setae no longer than breadth of lobe tip and without the single, long sensory peg found in some congeners (Figs 10–11); gonostylus sleek, cylindrical, narrowest near ¾ length, with 2 setae along length and 2 adjacent to solid tooth, any microtrichia not apparent. Female abdomen. Tergites first through seventh as for male but lateral setae and covering scales more numerous; eighth tergite membranous with anterior pair of trichoid sensilla and a few short setae on posterior margin. Sternites second through seventh as for male but setae and scales at midlength more numerous and not prominently divided into separate groups; eighth sternite membranous, without vestiture except for widely separated anterior pair of trichoid sensilla. Ovipositor (Fig. 9) short, protrusible part not much longer than seventh tergite, bare dorsally and laterally, with mixed long and short setae ventrally; cerci ovoid, bilaterally flattened, lateral surface with widely spaced setae, medial surface with scattered short setae and dense apicoventral group of more than 50 short setae, these setae slightly longer than width of their sockets; hypoproct broadly rounded apically, with 2 distal setae. Pupa (Fig. 15). Exuviae hyaline. Vertex bearing two papillae on each side, one with long seta, the other without. Antennal bases low-conic anteriorly. Face smooth, frons with papilla on each side, with seta, face with a triplet of papillae anteriad of each palpal base, one without seta, its base larger than those of other two, which each bear minute seta. Prothoracic spiracles elongate, cylindrical, tracheae reaching to apex. Abdominal spiracles on first segment not raised above surface, on segments second through sixth several times longer than basal width, tapered and stiff, on segments seventh and eighth barely longer than basal width. Abdominal first segment with short spicules only on pleura, remainder smooth; segments second through eighth covered with short spicules of uniform length except anterior third of tergum mostly covered with larger, spinose spicules; terminal segment covered with short spicules. Larval third instar. (Figs 12–14). Length, 1.5-1.8 mm (n = 10). Head broad, rounded apically, apodemes longer than head capsule, antennae as long as head capsule, slightly tapered from base, rounded apically. Spatula present, with two rounded anterior lobes and long shaft with wavy edges. Dorsal integument smooth, without spicules; ventral integument mainly smooth except for pseudopods, 2 each on meso- and metathorax and 3 each on first through seventh abdominal segments, those segments also with horizontal anteroventral rows of spicules, 3 rows on mesothorax, the number gradually increasing through the seventh abdominal, the eighth with several rows but situated posteriorly, and terminal segment with 3 low, smooth convexities surrounded by spicules. Anus dorsal. Papillae: collar segment with 2 dorsals and 2 ventrals, all without setae; 6 setose dorsals on each thoracic and first through seventh abdominal segments, first and sixth setae of each row longest, third and fourth shorter, about as long as pleural papillae, and second and fifth setae quite short, about one-fourth as long as middle pair, and eighth abdominal segment with 2 dorsals, as long as longest pair of other segments; 6 terminals bearing long setae of equal length with rounded apices, as long as longest pair of other segments; two setose pleurals on each side of all thoracic and abdominal segments except terminal; 2 sternals without setae on prothorax and four on eighth abdominal segment, all without setae, all sternals elsewhere undetectable, apparently lost; laterals in two usually closely contiguous triplets on each side of midline of thoracic segments, one of each triplet with long seta, remainder without, the setose member of triplet may be separate from remaining two (Fig. 12); and single setose ventral on each side on thoracic and first through seventh abdominal segments. Material examined. Types of names under this taxon: holotype male of D. viburni, Albany, New York, swept from Viburnum acerifolium L. (Adoxaceae), VI-11-1906, deposited in NYSM; holotype male of D. caryae, Albany, New York, swept from Carya sp. (Juglandaceae), VI-19-1906, deposited in NYSM; holotype male of D. cocci, Illinois, reared V-1-1897 from Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock) (Diaspididae), (as Aspidiotus uvae), deposited in USNM. Other specimens (all in USNM): USA: 3 larvae, 2 males, female, Gainesville, Florida, reared from Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Diaspididae) on Morus rubra L. (Moraceae), XI-15-1973, F. Collins; male, Hancock Co., Maine, VIII-21-1981, R. J. Gagné; male, Beltsville, Maryland, V-17 to 21-1970, R. W. Carlson; male, Silver Spring, Maryland, VII-19-1981, R. J. Gagné; Maryland: 3 males, female, Rockville, Maryland, from Pseudaulacaspis prunicola (Maskell) (Diaspididae), IX-2-1981, T. Rivnay; 3 males 2 females, Oxon Hill, Maryland, reared IX-2-1981 from P. pentagona; 8 males, four females, 2 pupae and 7 larvae, Asheville, North Carolina, reared/taken IV-22-2022 from P. prunicola, infesting Prunus laurocerasus L. collected III-24-2022, M.A. Bertone; 2 males, 3 females, Pisa, Italy, reared from Targiona vitis (Signoret) (Diaspididae), A. Lucchi; and 1 male, Sweden, Smǻland, Nybro, Bäckebo, Grytsjön Nature Reserve, old-growth aspen forest on boulder terrain, VII-2 to VII-12-2005, Malaise trap, Swedish Malaise Trap Project. Remarks. Felt (1907, 1908, 1918) described D. viburni under three names, separating them on the basis of superficial characters that included relative proportions of antennae and legs. He also used purported color differences due to bodily sclerotization but not the definite marks due to vestiture that occur on the specimens prior to mounting. This species is distinct among its congeners for the lack of a sensory peg at the apex of the gonocoxite, the tooth of the gonostylus is not significantly wider than the shaft, and the aedeagus is only slightly shorter than the gonocoxite. As the only Dentifibula in the Western Hemisphere and a geographic range that includes Italy and Sweden, it is possible the species was transported to North America on plants infested with a diaspidid host at some point following European colonization. Distribution. This species is widespread in eastern USA and was found once each in Italy and Sweden. It has been reared from four species of Diaspididae: Diaspidiotus uvae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pseudaulacaspis prunicola, and Targiona vitis. Behavior. Larvae from the Asheville, North Carolina, series were found beneath the coverings (tests) of its diaspidid host. Although scale populations in this instance were high, there remained very few live scale insects, and those were mostly being fed upon by D. viburni (Fig. 1). Larvae were found to be covered entirely by the scale tests, and full-grown larvae formed their cocoons under the tests. A few scales were parasitized also by chalcidoid wasps. Collins & Whitcomb (1975) gave a further account of this species on white peach scale, P. pentagona, collected from several plants in northern Florida: “The female would walk about on a stem, dragging the tip of her abdomen, until a crevice was found where she would lay 1- 4 eggs in 1 to 2 min. The hollow beneath an uplifted scale armor or a notch in the bark were typical oviposition sites though eggs were also observed on smooth bark away from scales. Larvae were seen attached to the female scale body, on the dorsal or ventral side or adjacent to it, with mouthparts hooked into the scale. On some branches as many as 3 or 4 larvae were attached to the body of a female scale. The larva would construct a thin, white, papery [cocoon] and expel a single, brown, spherical fecal pellet prior to pupation. The [pupae] were found beneath scale shields which were either cleaned out or still contained a dead, shriveled scale body.”, Published as part of Gagné, Raymond J. & Bertone, Matthew A., 2022, Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus, pp. 583-592 in Zootaxa 5175 (5) on pages 584-589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7009594, {"references":["Felt, E. P. (1907) New species of Cecidomyiidae. New York State Education Department. Albany, 53 pp.","Felt, E. P. (1908) Appendix D. In: His 23 d report of the State Entomologist on injurious and other insects of the State of New York 1907. New York State Museum Bulletin, 124, pp. 286 - 422 + 489 - 510, pls. 33 - 34.","Felt, E. P. (1918) Appendix: A study of gall midges VI. In: His 33 rd Report of the State Entomologist on injurious and other insects of the State of New York 1917. New York State Museum Bulletin, 202, pp. 76 - 205 + 213 - 230, pls. 4 - 12.","Gagne, R. J. (1973 b) A generic synopsis of the Nearctic Cecidomyiidi (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Cecidomyiinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 66, 857 - 889. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 66.4.857","Collins, F. A. & Whitcomb, W. H. (1975) Natural enemies of the white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Homoptera: Coccidae), in Florida. Florida Entomologist 58, 15 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3493860"]}

Plakidas, John D., Nguyen, Nhu H., Ferro, Michael L. (2022): A new species of Neostenoptera Meunier (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Winnertziinae) from Hawai'i. Insecta Mundi 2022 (941): 1-12, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7168024, {"references":["Evenhuis NL, Perreira WD, Yee DA. 2018. New records of two-winged flies (Insecta: Diptera) from O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands. p. 51-54. In: Evenhuis NL (ed.). Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2017. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 123: 1-54.","Ferro ML, Carlton CE. 2011. A practical emergence chamber for collecting Coleoptera from rotting wood, with a review of emergence chamber designs to collect saproxylic insects. The Coleopterists Bulletin 65: 115-124.","Gagne RJ. 1979. A new species of Neostenoptera from the Congo (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 15: 345-347.","Gagne RJ, Jaschhof M. 2021. A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World. 5th Edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture; Washington, DC. 813 p.","Haldane JBS. 1956. Can a species concept be justified? p. 95-96. In: Sylvester-Bradley PC. The species concept in palaeontology. The Systematics Association; London. 145 p.","Hynson NA, Frank KL, Alegado RA, Amend AS, Arif M, Bennett GM, Jani AJ, Medeiros MCI, Mileyko Y, Nelson CE, Nguyen NH, Nigro OD, Prisic S, Shin S, Takagi D, Wilson ST, Yewb JY. 2018. Synergy among microbiota and their hosts: Leveraging the Hawaiian Archipelago and local collaborative networks to address pressing questions in microbiome research. mSystems 3: e00159-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00159-17. [5 p.]","Jaschhof M, Jaschhof C. 2013. The Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Sweden, with notes on extralimital species. Studia Dipterologica Supplement 20: 1-392.","Jaschhof M, Jaschhof C. 2017. Mycophagous gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae: Lestremiinae, Micromyinae, Winnertziinae, Porricondylinae): first records in Sweden and descriptions of closely related new species from elsewhere. Zootaxa 4226: 546 - 570.","Mayden RL. 1997. 19. A hierarchy of species concepts: The denouement in the saga of the species problem. P. 381-424. In: Claridge MF, Dawah HA, Wilson MR (eds.). Species: The units of biodiversity. Chapman and Hill; New York, NY. 439 p.","McAlpine JF, Peterson BV, Shewell GE, Teskey HJ, Vockeroth JR, Wood DM (coordinators). 1981. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27: 1-674.","Meinert F. 1864. Miastor metraloas: Yderligere oplysning om den af Prof. Nic. Wagner nyligt beskrevne, som formerer sig ved spiredannelse. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift (3)3: 37-43.","Meunier F. 1901. Nouvelles recherches sur quelques Cecidomyidae genre et d'une nouvelle espece de Cecidomyiidae du copal de l'Afrique. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles 25: 183-202, pls. I-II.","Meunier F. 1902. Les Cecidomyidae de l' amber de la Baltique. Marcellia 1: 100-103.","Newman E. 1834. Attempted division of British insects into Natural Orders. Entomology Magazine 2: 379-431.","Panelius S. 1965. A revision of the European gall midges of the subfamily Porricondylinae (Diptera: Itonididae). Acta Zoologica Fennica 113: 1-157.","Plakidas JD. 2018. Identification of the Porricondylinae and Winnertziinae larvae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae sensu stricto). Loyalfield Publishing; Pittsburgh, PA. 4 color pls. + 88 p.","Plakidas JD, Ferro ML. 2016. A new species of Neostenoptera (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Winnertziinae) from eastern North America. Insecta Mundi 0510: 1-9.","Pyle C, Brown MM. 1999. Heterogeneity of wood decay classes within hardwood logs. Forest Ecology and Management 114: 253-259.","Shiner IR. 1868. Diptera. vi + 388 p. + 4 pls. In: Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara. Zoologischer 2(1)B. Kaiserlich- Konigliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei; Vienna. 592 p. + 9 pls.","Yukawa J. 2021. Occurrence of a shiitake-infesting paedogenetic gall midge Heteropeza pygmaea (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Winnertziinae: Heteropezini) in Japan. Makunagi/Acta Dipterologica 32: 7-14."]}

Neostenoptera hawaiiensis Plakidas, Nguyen, and Ferro, new species Figures 1–12, 16–17, Map 1 Diagnosis. Adult, body length (measured from head to end of genitalia) male 1.0– 1.2 mm (n = 10); female 1.4–1.6 mm (n = 5). Color: pale translucent-yellow, the eyes are reddish-brown, with one smaller brown spot below each eye; wings teneral, with only veins R1 and CuA1 present and a fringe of long brown setae along the wing margin except for the proximal 1/4 along the wing base (Fig. 7). Neostenoptera hawaiiensis most closely resembles N. appalachiensis but can be distinguished in the following manner. Female antennae with nine flagellomeres, flagellomere 9 shorter and narrower than 8 and with one long dark brown seta distally (Fig. 4), a species defining trait. In contrast, the female flagellum of N. appalachiensis has ten flagellomeres, flagellomere 10 with a short coniform seta distally (Fig. 15). The male of N. hawaiiensis has the ejaculatory apodeme (Fig. 8–10) lightly sclerotized, as long as the aedeagus, with a forked apex, a species defining trait. The tegmen (Fig. 9–10) is lightly sclerotized laterally and extends to the height of the aedeagus. In contrast, the ejaculatory apodeme of N. appalachiensis has a tubular apex and the tegmen does not reach the full height of the aedeagus (Fig. 14). Description. Adult. Body length (measured from head to end of genitalia) male 1.0– 1.2 mm (n = 10), female 1.4– 1.6 mm (n = 5). Color, pale translucent-yellow. Head. Eyes situated laterally; eye bridge complete, without facets at vertex. Occiput with two setae. Palpus and labellum absent, frons bare. Antennal scape with one seta; pedicel with horizontal rows of microtrichia, no setae. Female flagellum. Flagellum with nine flagellomeres each with two digitate sensoria on flagellomeres 1–8 (Fig. 4–5), flagellomere 1 with two setae on the node, flagellomeres 2–8 with one or two setae on the node; flagellomere 9 shorter and narrower than 8 and with one long dark brown seta distally, a species defining trait. Male flagellum. Flagellum with eleven flagellomeres, flagellomeres 1 and 2 with single digitate sensoria, flagellomeres 3–11 lack sensoria (Fig. 1–3). Thorax and chaetotaxy. Pronotum with four setae, two dorsocentral setae and two dorsolateral setae, one of which is elongated. Lateral sclerites bare except for a fine covering of microtrichia; scutellum non-setose. Wing (Fig. 7): elongate, narrow, with a row of long light brown setae along the entire wing margin except on the proximal 1/4; membrane entirely microtrichose. Vein R1 closely joined to C, reaching the wing margin before midlength; vein R5 absent; vein CuA1 visible near wing base. Halters translucent yellow, with one seta near the base and one seta on the knob. Legs with fore femur inflated distally, mid and hind leg femora slender or only slightly inflated distally; tarsi four-segmented (Fig. 6); tarsal claws falcate, empodium shorter than claws. Male abdomen and chaetotaxy. Tergites and sternites membranous; tergite 1 with two lateral setae; tergites 2–7 with two setae situated anteriorly and posteriorly, and two closely approximated trichoid sensillae; tergite 8 (Fig. 8) with two setae and two trichoid sensillae. Sternite 1 without setae; sternites 2–7 with four setae and two closely approximated trichoid sensillae; sternite 8 with two setae and two trichoid sensillae. Sternite 9 extending to the height of the gonocoxites with a few setae along the posterior margin (Fig. 11). Tergite 9 (Fig. 8) with four setae at the posterior lateral margins, no trichoid sensillae; cercus bilobed, longer than tergite 9; hypoproct (sternite 10) not discernable. Gonocoxites fused along the anterior margin, covered with microtrichia and a few setae situated distally. Gonostyli about 2.75× longer than wide, covered with setulae, sparsely covered with setae, the inner margin with longer, stouter hair-like setae forming a light comb of hairs. Ejaculatory apodeme (Fig. 8–10) lightly sclerotized, as long as aedeagus, with forked apex, a species defining trait. Tegmen (Fig. 9–10) lightly sclerotized laterally extending to the height of the aedeagus. Female abdomen and chaetotaxy. Tergites and sternites 1–7 similar to male. Tergites 8 and 9 with two anterior and two posterior setae; tergite 10 imperceptible; sternite 8 without setae; sternite 9 bilobed each lobe with seven setae; sternite 10 (hypoproct) bilobed with three setae per side. Cercus two-segmented (Fig. 12), disticercus shorter than basicercus, with horizontal rows of microtrichia and two short dorsal setae located at the distal corners. Two circular dark brown sclerotized spermathecae at level of tergites 7 and 8. Larva and pupa. Unknown. Type material. Holotype male, labeled: USA: Hawaii, Honolulu Co., GPS 21.63094 -158.04771; Waimea Arboretum & BG. 17-23 April 2018; C-MĀIKI Institute, dead wood emergence, A-2-1. Deposited in USNM. Designated paratypes (Table 1). All specimens have label data: USA: Hawai‘i, Honolulu Co., Waimea Arboretum and Botanical Garden, C-MĀIKI Institute, dead wood emergence. Specific emergence dates and sample code numbers are associated with appropriate specimens. Species concept. The concept of “species” is a human-induced attempt to generalize and simplify a complex and cluttered natural world. J. B. S. Haldane (1956) put it more eloquently: “The concept of a species is a concession to our linguistic habits and neurological mechanisms”. Our concept of species is also a concession to the shortness of a human life in relation to the length of evolutionary time. As such, a “unified” or “universal” species concept may not exist and it’s reasonable to expect future workers will bring about new species concepts or refine old ones. The validity of the species described herein will be assessed and reassessed by future workers whether we explicitly state which species concept is being invoked. Despite these drawbacks there may be some utility in stating outright that the Morphological Species Concept (sensu Mayden 1997) was used when defining this species. Etymology. The specific name, hawaiiensis, is Latin meaning “from Hawai‘i ”, in reference to the collection site in Waimea Arboretum, Honolulu Co., Hawai‘i. Bionomics. Specimens were collected using an emergence chamber from dead wood 1–4 cm in diameter. The dead wood samples were sequestered in emergence chambers during March when presumably only larvae were present. The peak of adult emergence was during April and May, with a few more specimens emerging into August. Specimens of Neostenoptera sp. reported by Evenhuis et al. (2018) were collected April, May, August, and September from yellow sticky boards, suggesting that they were also present as adults throughout the summer and flew., Published as part of Plakidas, John D., Nguyen, Nhu H. & Ferro, Michael L., 2022, A new species of Neostenoptera Meunier (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Winnertziinae) from Hawai'i, pp. 1-12 in Insecta Mundi 2022 (941) on pages 2-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7168024, {"references":["Meunier F. 1901. Nouvelles recherches sur quelques Cecidomyidae genre et d'une nouvelle espece de Cecidomyiidae du copal de l'Afrique. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles 25: 183 - 202, pls. I - II.","Haldane JBS. 1956. Can a species concept be justified? p. 95 - 96. In: Sylvester-Bradley PC. The species concept in palaeontology. The Systematics Association; London. 145 p.","Mayden RL. 1997. 19. A hierarchy of species concepts: The denouement in the saga of the species problem. P. 381 - 424. In: Claridge MF, Dawah HA, Wilson MR (eds.). Species: The units of biodiversity. Chapman and Hill; New York, NY. 439 p.","Evenhuis NL, Perreira WD, Yee DA. 2018. New records of two-winged flies (Insecta: Diptera) from O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands. p. 51 - 54. In: Evenhuis NL (ed.). Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2017. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 123: 1 - 54."]}

Neostenoptera Meunier, 1902 Neostenoptera Meunier 1902: 102. Type species N. kiefferi (type lost, known only from three illustrations and brief description) (Meunier 1901)., Published as part of Plakidas, John D., Nguyen, Nhu H. & Ferro, Michael L., 2022, A new species of Neostenoptera Meunier (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Winnertziinae) from Hawai'i, pp. 1-12 in Insecta Mundi 2022 (941) on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7168024, {"references":["Meunier F. 1902. Les Cecidomyidae de l' amber de la Baltique. Marcellia 1: 100 - 103.","Meunier F. 1901. Nouvelles recherches sur quelques Cecidomyidae genre et d'une nouvelle espece de Cecidomyiidae du copal de l'Afrique. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles 25: 183 - 202, pls. I - II."]}

Two new species of Dzhanokmenia Kostjukov (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), D. stefaniolae Li, Wang & Hu, sp. nov. and D. yuxuannis Li, Wang & Hu, sp. nov., are described and illustrated from Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. D. stefaniolae was reared from stem-galls made by Stefaniola sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on black saxaul, Haloxylon ammodendron (Chenopodiaceae); D. yuxuannis was collected by sweeping from both black saxaul and white saxaul, H. persicum, in Beishawo Desert near Fukang. A key to females of all known species of Dzhanokmenia is provided.

Genus Fushuniola Fedotova & Perkovsky, gen. nov. Type species. Fushuniola mai Fedotova & Perkovsky, sp. nov., by present designation. Etymology. The genus is named after Fushun amber. Diagnosis. Head of female is broad, enlarged frontally, palpi much longer than height of head, long lingua developed, antennae 2+10-segmented, all flagellomeres with distinct very short and narrow necks, 4-8 th with short hair-shaped sensoria, vein R5 strongly curved apically, cell between veins C and R1+2 slightly sclerotized, rm+m slightly curved medially, prolonged projection R1+2 from Rs to point of fusion with C, vein Sc absence, hind femora longer than their tibia, tarsal claws simple, apical lobe of ovipositor is wide, covered by strongly prolonged setae. Description. Female (Fig. 1A���H, Fig. 2A���J). Body slightly longer than wings. Head is broad, enlarged frontally; eyes fused, positioned around the head, with wide bridge, occiput wide rounded. Numerous occipital setae very long. Mouthparts much elongate and wide. Mouthparts longer than half part of the face length. Long lingua is developed. Palpi much longer than height of head, 4-segmented, the 3 rd and 4 th segments are long. Antennae 2+10-segmented, scape enlarged distally, pedicel slightly broad. Basal enlargement of 1 st and 2 nd flagellomeres slightly more prolonged than others. All flagellomeres with distinct very short and narrow necks, but basal enlargements slightly shorted from base to apex of flagellum. Basal enlargement on proximal flagellomeres with narrowing near middle and enlarged basally. Medial flagellomeres with very long setae in basal whorls and basally curved medial whorls of rare setae. Flagellomeres 4���8 th with short hair-shaped sensoria. Necks of flagellomeres always distinct but very short, especially of the middle flagellomeres. The head is located on a very long neck, which passes into a similarly narrowed part of the apical part of the prothorax. Wing evenly and very strongly widened medially. Costal vein with break is beyond joining one and R5. Cell between veins C and R1+2 slightly sclerotized. Vein rm+m slightly curved medially, R5 strongly curved apically, joining margin of wing little before the wing tip, Rs very strong; slightly curved CuA and M3+4 simple, positioned far from margin of wing, not reaching of wing edge, forms large anal lobe. Vein Rs more than 4 times longer than projection R1+2 from Rs to point of fusion with C. Legs completely densely covered by short setae and rare long setae. Fore femora shorter than tibia. Hind femora longer than their tibia. Tarsal claws simple, slightly curved. Abdomen strongly swollen basally (1 st ���3 rd segments) and narrowed apically. Abdominal segments covered by very long setae. Ovipositor very long and thin, curved dorsally with 3-segmented apical plates (lateral view, Fig. 1G; Fig. 2J). Apical lobe of ovipositor is wide, covered by strongly prolonged setae. Remarks. The shape of the body, 2+10-segmented female antennae, reduced wing venation with slightly curved veins CuA and M3+4, long legs and ovipositor the new genus is closely similar to modern genus Rhipidoxylomyia Mamaev, 1964, which is found in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, as well as in Rovno amber, comprising 18 species, 15 of which are described from the Palaearctic (Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2007; Fedotova & Perkovsky, 2008; Gagn�� & Jaschhof, 2021; Nel, 2021). Previously, 6 extant species were described from China (Jiang & Bu, 2004) trapped in Malaise. In the forest zone, the larvae of known Rhipidoxylomyia species live exclusively in decaying wood (Mamaev & Krivosheina, 1965). Representatives of the genus have not been found in Baltic amber. Only two species are fossil. The single species from Rovno amber, Rhipidoxylomyia vaga Fedotova & Perkovsky, 2008, was described from the Dubrovitsa deposit (Fedotova & Perkovsky, 2008). The second fossil species R. rasnitsyni Nel, 2021 known from Oise amber (Nel, 2021). The new genus differs from Rhipidoxylomyia in the form of head, 2+10-segmented antennae (instead 2+12-segmented as fossil species R. vaga and R. rasnitsyni) elongated segments of mouth parts with long lingua and palpi; very large eyes; absence of narrow eye bridge; different shape of flagellomeres; very short neck of flagellomeres; presence of very rare long setae of medial whorl on basal enlargement; presence of hair-shaped sensoria of middle flagellomeres; wider and shorter wing, vein R5 terminating near of tip of the wing and smaller body size; very long ovipositor with strongly enlarged apical plates. The similar genus Rhipidoxylomyia known from Holarctic and Oriental Region includes 16 extant species and 2 fossils (Gagn�� & Jaschhof, 2021; Fedotova & Perkovsky, 2008; Nel, 2021). Larvae of the three known European species are found in decaying wood., Published as part of Fedotova, Zoya A., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Ross, Andrew J. & Zhang, Qingqing, 2022, A new genus and species of gall midges the tribe Winnertziini (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Porricondylinae) from lower Eocene Fushun amber from China, pp. 90-98 in Palaeoentomology 5 (1) on pages 94-95, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/6280600, {"references":["Mamaev, B. M. (1964) [Gall midges of the USSR. 6. New species of the tribe Porricondylini (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae).] Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 43 (4), 894 - 913. [In Russian]","Fedotova, Z. A. & Sidorenko, V. S. (2007) New taxa of gall midges from tribes Porricondylini, Bryocryptini, Asynaptini and Winnertziini (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Porricondylinae) from the Russian Far East. An International Journal of Dipterological Research, 18 (2), 69 - 103.","Fedotova, Z. A. & Perkovsky, E. E. (2008) New taxa of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Dubrovitsa (Rovno amber). Vestnik Zoologii, 42 (1), 27 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11492 - 008 - 2007 - 6","Gagne, R. J. & Jaschhof, M. (2021) A catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the world. 5 th Edition. Digital. 813 pp. https: // www. ars. usda. gov / ARSUserFiles / 80420580 / Gagne _","Nel, A. (2021) New Cecidomyiidae from the Lowermost Eocene French amber (Diptera). Palaeoentomology, 4 (6), 620 - 628. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / palaeoentomology. 4.6.11","Jiang, Y. X. & Bu, W. J. (2004) Six new species of the genus Rhipidoxylomyia from China (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 29, 357 - 364.","Mamaev, B. M. & Krivosheina, N. P. (1965) [Larvae of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Comparative morphology, biology and keys.] Nauka, Moskow-Leningrad, 278 pp. [In Russian]"]}

The new taxon, Fushuniola mai Fedotova & Perkovsky, gen. et sp. nov., is described from a single female from the lower Eocene (Ypresian) Fushun amber from China. This is the second record of Cecidomyiidae known from Fushun amber. The first record is Cecidomyia bujunensis Naora. The new species is characterized by possessing flagellomeres with short neck and hair-shaped sensoria, very long mouth parts and palpi, wide head, short wings and very long apical lobes of ovipositor. It is distinctly different from all known Winnertziini by the very recurved vein R5 and very wide cells between veins C and R5. A diversity of gall midges from lower Eocene amber is presented. The new genus is close to the extant genus Rhipidoxylomyia, known from upper Eocene Rovno amber.

Fushuniola mai Fedotova & Perkovsky, sp. nov. Holotype Material. National Museums Scotland, G.2010.30.3. Well preserved female inclusion with tarsi separated and partially lost, in Fushun amber, lower Eocene. Donated by the late Mr. Ma Shilian. Etymology. The species is named after Mr. Ma Shilian who very kindly gave the specimen to AJR, though sadly now deceased. Locality and horizon. Fushun City, Liaoning Province, NE China; lower Eocene. Description. Female (Fig. 1A���H, Fig. 2A���J). Body (with ovipositor) 4.0 times longer than antennae.Antennae 1.5 times shorter than wings. Head with large eyes, width 1.8 times as long as height of head. Pedicel slightly broad, 1.2 times as wide as long. 2 nd flagellomere almost as long as 1 st. 5 th flagellomere 1.3 times as long as wide, slightly shorter than 1 st flagellomere, basal enlargement slightly narrowed medially, neck very short. 10 th flagellomere narrowed apically, almost as long as 9 th and 1.2 times shorter than 5 th. Palpus very narrow, palpomeres cylindrical. 4 th palpomere strongly prolonged, 1.3 times as long as 3 rd one. Wing 1.9 times as long as width. Vein R1+2 is 1.6 times shorter than wing length. Vein Rs more than 4 times longer than projection R1+2 from Rs to point of fusion with C. Fore femur 1.1 times as long as fore tibia. Ratio of fore tarsi 1:4.1:2.0:1.6:1.3. Hind femur 1.6 times as long as fore femur, 1.2 times as long as hind tibia. Ratio of hind tarsi 1:6.4:2.9:1.6:1.3. Hind tarsi 1.3 times as long as fore tarsi. Length of ovipositor (8���10 segments) 4.2 times as long as width of 8 th abdominal segment. Measurements (mm). Body length, 1.93; antennal length, 0.48; height of head, 0.15; width of frontal side of head, 0.28; palpus length, 0.22; thorax length, 0.33; wing length, 1.45; wing width, 0.76; vein R1+2, 0.77; halter length, 0.33; length of fore leg: coxa, 0.09; trochanter, 0.07; femur, 0.36; tibia, 0.44; metatarsus, 0.07; 2 nd tarsomere 0.29; 3 rd 0.14; 4 th 0.11; 5 th 0.09; fore tarsi 0.70; length of hind leg: coxa 0.09; trochanter, 0.07; femur, 0.56; tibia, 0.48; metatarsus, 0.07; 2 nd tarsomere 0.45; 3 rd 0.20; 4 th 0.11; 5 th 0.09; hind tarsi 0.92; abdomen length, 1.38; length of narrow part of abdomen (4���10 segments) 0.83; width of 0.19; length of ovipositor (8���10 segments) 0.19., Published as part of Fedotova, Zoya A., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Ross, Andrew J. & Zhang, Qingqing, 2022, A new genus and species of gall midges the tribe Winnertziini (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Porricondylinae) from lower Eocene Fushun amber from China, pp. 90-98 in Palaeoentomology 5 (1) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/6280600

At the present time, there is no agreed single system for all taxonomic groups of gall midges. Individual changes made to the existing systems of subfamilies using different methods are not consistent with other taxa at the suprageneric rank. Here we follow the generally accepted system of gall midges (Gagn��, 1989; Skuhrav��, 1997; Tast��s-Duque, 2000) with additions as previously published (Fedotova, 2000; Fedotova & Perkovsky, 2009, 2016 a, 2017). Other classifications of gall midges (Sikora et al., 2019; Dorchin et al., 2019; Gagn�� & Jaschhof, 2021) contain many comparable inconsistencies. Recently, the phylogeny and taxonomy of the Cecidomyiidae was summarized by Sikora et al. (2019), taking into account data obtained by molecular methods (��evč��k et al., 2016) to determine the place of the family in the phylogeny of the infraorder Bibionomorpha. Most of the subfamilies and tribes were hypothesized to be monophyletic groups (Sikora et al., 2019) and these were included in a ���Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae of the World��� (Gagn�� & Jasсhhof, 2021). However, proposed system of Sikora et al. (2019) does not take into account the characters by which the subfamilies of archaic mycetophagous Porricondylinae and evolutionarily advanced phytophagous Cecidomyiinae were previously distinguished. The tribes of the subfamily Porricondylinae (Winnertziini, Porricondylini) were raised to subfamilies, in line with the largest and most diverse subfamily Cecidomyiinae. The weight of characters of the subfamilies Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae turned out to be significantly overestimated in comparison with the equivalent taxa of the supertribes of the subfamily Cecidomyiinae.At the same time, the rank of the supertribe is not used in the new classification of Gagn�� & Jaschhof (2021), and it is more likely that Porricondylinae and Winnertziinae could occupy this place. All Porricondylinae s. l. differ from Cecidomyiinae and Lasiopterinae by not fused 1 st and 2 nd flagellomeres, by the presence of a short apical appendage on the 1 st tarsal segment, by the presence of a characteristic fork at the base of the R5 vein, by well-defined veins Rs and rm+m, often S-shaped. Sometimes the venation is greatly reduced. Gonocoxites are fused. The ovipositor consists of 2 dorsal and 2 ventral plates; the dorsal plates are usually 2���3-segmented, rarely 1-segmented. Sclerotized spermathecae in the female may be well defined. VIII abdominal segment of larva with 4 dorsal papillae located between spiracles. On the first 7 abdominal segments of the body, in addition to the anterior ventral papillae, 2 posterior ventral papillae are developed. Recently, the subfamily Cecidomyiinae was also revised based on molecular genetic data (Dorchin et al., 2019). In this case, the rank of the tribe turned out to be underestimated. We consider the family Cecidomyiidae sensu lato comprise the subfamilies Porricondylinae s.l., Lasiopterinae and Cecidomyiinae, and the rank of the currently distinguished tribes corresponds to the supertribes. Two last subfamilies include supertribes: Lasiopteridi, Lopesiidi, Asphondyliidi, Mycodiplosidi, Aphidoletidi, Lestodiplosidi, Clinodiplosidi, Cecidomyiidi, Contariniidi (Fedotova, 2000, 2014; Perkovsky & Fedotova, 2016 and other articles by authors on the taxonomy of gall midges). In all systems, the rank of the ancestral supertribes Brachineuridi and Stomatosematidi has not changed. An improved dendrogram of gall midges was proposed based on the analysis of morphological characters of adults, pupae, and larvae (Plakidas, 2017, 2018, 2019). The independence of the families Lestremiidae and Cecidomyiidae, united in the superfamily Cecidomyioidea, was confirmed. The raising in rank of the tribe Diallictiini (previously a subtribe), belonging now to the subfamily Porricondylinae was also justified (Plakidas, 2019). Earlier, the phylogenetic relationships between nine subfamilies Cecidomyiidae s.l. were established on the basis of a cladistic analysis of the generic characters of larvae, pupae, and adults (Tast��s-Duque, 2000). These are all now considered tribes s.str. in Porricondylinae s.l. Among them, the higher gall midges are represented by the subfamily Cecidomyiinae. According to the world catalog (Gagn�� & Jaschhof, 2021), the Porricondylinae s.l. is absent. It is divided into 2 subfamilies: Porricondylinae s.str. (with tribes Porricondylini and Asynaptini) + Winnertziinae s.str. (with tribes Heteropezini and Diallactiini) comprises 885 (282 + 603) species, including 88 fossil species (56 + 32) (10%), whereas the Cecidomyiinae s.l. ���comprises 5,004 species, of which only 38 are based on fossils (0.8%). The cosmopolitan tribe Winnertziini s.str. includes nine genera and 180 species(Gagn�� &Jaschhof, 2021; Nel, 2021).Fossil forms(five genera,14species)are represented by Cretowinnertzia angustula Gagn��, 1977 from Upper Cretaceous Canadian amber; Libanoclinorrhytis jaschhofi Azar & Nel, 2020 and Libanohilversidia doryi Azar & Nel, 2020 from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber; 3 species of the genus Winnertzia from late Eocene Baltic amber (W. affinis Meunier, 1904, W. cylindrica Meunier, 1904, W. radiata Meunier, 1904); one species from Lowermost Eocene Oise amber (Electroxylomyia eocenica Nel & Prokop, 2006; Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni Nel, 2021) and 6 species in 2 genera from late Eocene Rovno amber (W. bellata Fedotova, 2005, W. isotoma Fedotova, 2005, W. recusata Fedotova & Perkovsky, 2008, W. kapustini Fedotova & Perkovsky, 2008, W. separata Meunier 1904 and Rhipidoxylomyia vaga Fedotova & Perkovsky, 2008) (Meunier, 1904; Evenhuis, 1994; Fedotova & Perkovsky, 2005, 2008; Azar & Nel, 2020; Jaschhof, 2021; Nel, 2021). Some of these genera and species need additional study to confirm if they belong to the Winnertziini. The new genus Fushuniola gen. nov. belongs to Winnertziini according following characters: short 2+10- segmented female antennae; flagellomeres with hairshaped sensoria; long thin ovipositor, curved dorsally; 3-segmented apical lobes of ovipositor and simple veins CuA and M3+4., Published as part of Fedotova, Zoya A., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Ross, Andrew J. & Zhang, Qingqing, 2022, A new genus and species of gall midges the tribe Winnertziini (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Porricondylinae) from lower Eocene Fushun amber from China, pp. 90-98 in Palaeoentomology 5 (1) on pages 92-94, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/6280600, {"references":["Panelius, S. (1965) A revision of the European gall midges of the subfamily Porricondylinae (Diptera: Itonididae). Acta Zoologica Fennica, 113, 1 - 157.","Gagne, R. J. (1989) The plant-feeding gall midges of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, xi + 356 pp.","Skuhrava, M. (1997) Chapter 2.7. Family Cecidomyiidae. In: Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (Eds), Contribution to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance): Nematocera and Lower Brachycera. Vol. 2, Science Herald, Budapest, pp. 71 - 204.","Tastas-Duque, R. (2000) Phylogenetic relationships within Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) as indicated by cladistic analyses. Paper V (manuscript). In: Ultrastructural and systematic studies of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). [PhD Thesis, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University], 1 - 23.","Fedotova, Z. A. (2000) [Phytophagous gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) of deserts and mountains of Kazakhstan: morphology, biology, distribution, phylogeny, and taxonomy.] Samara: SamVen, Samara State Agricultural Academy, 804 pp. [In Russian]","Fedotova, Z. A. & Perkovsky, E. E. (2009) New gall midges of the tribe Leptosynini (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from the Late Eocene ambers and the classification of the supertribe Heteropezidi. Paleontological Journal, 43 (9), 1101 - 1179. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030109090111","Fedotova, Z. A. & Perkovsky, E. E. (2016 a) New gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyioidea) from Late Cretaceous amber of the Taimyr Peninsula. Paleontological Journal, 50 (9), 1001 - 1026. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030116090033","Grimaldi, D. A. & Ross, A. J. (2017) Extraordinary Lagerstatten in amber, with particular reference to the Cretaceous of Burma. In: Fraser, N. C. & Sues H. - D. (Eds), Terrestrial conservation Lagerstatten: windows into the evolution of life on land. Dunedin Academic Press Ltd, Edinburgh, pp. 287 - 342.","Sikora, T., Jaschhof, M., Mantic, M., Kasprak, D. & Sevcik, J. (2019) Considerable congruence, enlightening conflict: molecular analysis largely supports morphology-based hypotheses on Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 185, 98 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zly 029","Dorchin, N., Harris, K. M. & Stireman, J. O., III (2019) Phylogeny of the gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Cecidomyiinae): systematics, evolution of feeding modes and diversification rates. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 140, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106602","Gagne, R. J. & Jaschhof, M. (2021) A catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the world. 5 th Edition. Digital. 813 pp. https: // www. ars. usda. gov / ARSUserFiles / 80420580 / Gagne _","Sevcik, J., Kasprak, D., Mantic, M., Fitzgerald, S., Sevcikova, T., Tothova, A. & Jaschhof, M. (2016) Molecular phylogeny of the megadiverse insect infraorder Bibionomorpha sensu lato (Diptera). PeerJ, 4, e 2563, 1 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 2563","Fedotova, Z. A. (2014) Classification of the gall midge tribe Aphidoletini (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae: Aphidoletidi) with descriptions of a new genus and a new species from the Kurile Islands. Entomological Review, 94 (7), 1031 - 1051. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873814070124","Perkovsky, E. E. & Fedotova, Z. A. (2016) Rovnodiplosis eduardi gen. et sp. nov., the first record of a fossil gall midge of the supertribe Mycodiplosidi (Diptera, Cecidomyioidea, Cecidomyiidae) in the late Eocene of the Rovno amber. Paleontological Journal, 50 (9), 1027 - 1032. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030116090124","Plakidas, J. D. (2017) The wood midges (Diptera: Lestremiidae) of Allegheny County Pennsylvania. Loyalfield Publishing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 127 pp.","Plakidas, J. D. (2018) Identification of the Porricondylinae and Winnertziinae larvae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae sensu stricto). Loyalfield Publishing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 4 color pls., 88 pp.","Plakidas, J. D. (2019) New species and new distribution records of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) from Allegheny County Pennsylvania. Loyalfield Publishing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 89 pp.","Nel, A. (2021) New Cecidomyiidae from the Lowermost Eocene French amber (Diptera). Palaeoentomology, 4 (6), 620 - 628. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / palaeoentomology. 4.6.11","Azar, D. & Nel, A. (2020) New Cecidomyiidae from the Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Diptera). Palaeoentomology, 3 (5), 525 - 540. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / palaeoentomology. 3.5.10","Meunier, F. (1904) Monographie des Cecidomyiidae, Sciaridae, Mycetophilidae et Chironomidae de l'ambre de la Baltique. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles, 28, pls. I - XVI, 12 - 275.","Nel, A. & Prokop, J. (2006) New fossil gall midges from the earliest Eocene French amber (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Geodiversitas, 28, 37 - 54.","Fedotova, Z. A. & Perkovsky, E. E. (2005) New gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from the Rovno amber: subfamily Porricondylinae (tribes Bryocryptini and Winnertziini) and subfamily Lasiopterinae (tribes Brachineurini and Oligotrophini). Paleontological Journal, 39 (1), 41 - 51.","Fedotova, Z. A. & Perkovsky, E. E. (2008) New taxa of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Dubrovitsa (Rovno amber). Vestnik Zoologii, 42 (1), 27 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11492 - 008 - 2007 - 6","Evenhuis, N. L. (1994) Catalogue of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 600 pp."]}

Szx, André Nel (2021): New Cecidomyiidae from the Lowermost Eocene French amber (Diptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 620-628, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.11

Allarete patriciae sp. nov. (Figs 1, 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8C1B9548-F53E-4377-844C799462867464 Material. Holotype MNHN.F. A71372 (PA 128 1/2, male, together with a male Chironomidae, collection Langlois- Meurinne/ De Plo��g, mounted in Canada balsam), deposited in the D��partement Histoire de la Terre, Mus��um national d���Histoire naturelle, Paris, France. Etymology. After my wife, Dr Patricia Nel. Diagnosis. Male characters only. Flagellomeres with nodes and necks of equal length, eyes meeting above by five ommatidia; fourth palpal segment is twice as long as third palpal segment; vein apicR1 short but 5���6 times longer than basal part of Rs; gonostylus simple, not divided into a large inner lobe and an apical lobe. Description. Male (Fig. 1). Head 0.19 mm long, 0.27 mm high; eyes very broad; eye bridge complete with eyes meeting in about five ommatidia; two nearly contiguous ocelli well developed just above compound eyes; antenna about 1.1 mm long, scape 0.02 mm long, 0.04 mm wide, pedicel 0.02 mm long, 0.04 mm wide, 14 long flagellomeres, of nearly the same sizes, all longer than wide (1 st flagellomere 0.09 mm long, 0.04 mm wide), and with a distinct neck, node of flagellomeres as long as neck (Fig. 2A), last flagellomere 0.04 mm long; flagellomeres with two rows of setae, one complete and one incomplete, both crenulate; digitate sensoria absent on flagellomeres; gena short; palpus very long, with four visible long segments, with palpal segment 1 short and stout, distal three palpal segments elongate, 2nd palpal segment 0.04 mm long, 3 rd palpal segment 0.06 mm long, 4 th palpal segment 0.12 mm long. Thorax 0.4 mm long, 0.4 mm high. Wing (Fig. 2B) 1.17 mm long, 0.43 mm wide, hyaline, with microtrichia and macrotrichia, especially in posterior part of wing and along posterior margin; veins of posterior part of wing weaker than those of anterior part; antC ending at apex of R4+5, costal break situated at this point; humeral vein present, 0.13 mm from wing base; subcostal vein incomplete, 0.19 mm long, not reaching wing margin; vein apicR1 short but 5���6 times longer than basal part of Rs, reaching anterior wing margin 0.37 mm basal of apex of R4+5; Rs emerging from R close to apex of R1 (0.06 mm); crossvein r-m present but very short, 0.02 mm long; M1+2 not fused to Rs; M1+2 basal to fork into M1 and M2 0.28 mm long, distinctly shorter than branches of fork; M1 complete and curved basally; M2 complete; M1 slightly broader and darker than M2; both M1 and M2 with closely set setae; vein bm-m absent; M4 distinct, simple and nearly straight; CuA simple, curved; CuP curved and long, complete basally and ending close to posterior wing margin; Both dorsal and ventral macrotrichia present on Rs, M, and A. Haltere with large knob, 0.06 mm wide and 0.12 mm long, and stem 0.1 mm long. Legs without scales; all legs with five tarsomeres, with tarsomere 1 longer than 2; fore femur 0.36 mm long, tibia 0.39 mm long, 1 st tarsomere 0.23 mm long, 2 nd tarsomere 0.11 mm long; mid femur 0.46 mm long, tibia 0.46 mm long, tarsus 0.51 mm long; hind femur 0.49 mm long, tibia 0.58 mm long, tarsi about 0.63 mm long; femora and tibiae not swollen; tibial spurs absent. Abdomen with eight segments before genitalia, 0.67 mm long, 0.25 mm wide, bearing few long setae; segment 8 unmodified; parameres not visible, hidden by wings; gonostylus simple, short and broad, curved, 0.06 mm long, 0.02 mm wide (Fig. 2C). Female unknown. Type locality and horizon. Earliest Eocene, in amber, ca. -53 Ma, Sparnacian, level MP7 of the mammal fauna of Dormaal (Nel et al., 1999), farm Le Quesnoy, Chevri��re, region of Creil, Oise department (northern France). Remarks. Following the key to dipteran families of McAlpine (1981), Allarete patriciae sp. nov. falls in the Cecidomyiidae: Lestremiinae because of the following characters: vein A2 absent, R with only two branches, C continuing around wing, first tarsomere longer than second, each tarsus five-segmented, two ocelli present (although some Lestremiinae have no ocelli, see Gagn��, 1995). After Wood & Borkent (1986, 1989), Allarete patriciae sp. nov. falls in the Cecidomyiidae rather than in Sciaridae, because of the following synapomorphies: presence of an eye bridge (character also present in Sciaridae and Scatopsidae), tibial spurs absent (Gagn��, 1994) (but character also present in some Scatopsidae); setae of flagellomeres arranged in encircling whorls. Allarete patriciae sp. nov. has all the diagnostic characters of the Lestremiinae sensu Jaschhof (1998); and, following the key to the African Cecidomyiidae of Dorchin et al. (2017), it falls in the Lestremiinae because of the ocelli present; first tarsomeres longer than second; vein M+2 furcate. Following the keys to Nearctic and European genera proposed in Gagn�� (1981, 1994) and Skuhrav�� (1997), Allarete patriciae sp. nov. falls in the Lestremiini because of the following characters: only two ocelli present, five tarsomeres, first tarsomere distinctly longer than second tarsomere, M1+2 present, with its fork longer than its stem, legs without scales, macropterous, CuA simple, M4 distinct, R4+5 more than two-thirds length of wing, 14 (more than six) flagellomeres, each longer than wide, tibiae without disto-ventral spines, Rs shorter than r-m. Jaschhof (1998: fig. 236, characters 7, 8) characterised the Lestremiini after the relative sizes of the scape, pedicel, and flagellomeres. Allarete patriciae sp. nov. has a broad and large scape and pedicel, distinctly broader than its flagellomeres. In the key to the Lestremiinae of New Zealand, Jaschhof & Jaschhof (2003) characterised the Lestremiini after the presence of a forked vein M1+2, excluding affinities of our fossil with the tribe Pteridomyiini Jaschhof in Jaschhof & Jaschhof (2003), among others. Allarete patriciae sp. nov. also falls in the Lestremiini after the key to the Lestremiinae of Fennoscandia of Jaschhof & Jaschhof (2009) because of the following characters:M1+2 branched; CuA not furcate; M-stem shorter than fork; costal break situated in apical half of wing, and in the genera Allarete or Gongromastix Enderlein, 1936 because of the following characters: costal break situated before apex of M2; antenna in males with pedicel of normal size, 13���14 flagellomeres; eye bridge more than two ommatidia long laterally; and apicRl comparatively long, i.e., clearly longer than Rs. In Lestremia Macquart, 1826 and the other European genera of Lestremiini, the apicR1 is short, only slightly longer than Rs, unlike in Allarete patriciae sp. nov. Plakidas (2017) separated Lestremia from Allarete by the M1 and M2 veins having a few setae vs. with closely set setae, as in Allarete patriciae sp. nov. Jaschhof & Jaschhof (2009) separated Allarete from Gongromastix by the presence of dorsal and ventral setae on M, as in Allarete patriciae sp. nov. Both Allarete and Gongromastix have a long CuP, also present in Allarete patriciae sp. nov., as in Eomastix Jaschhof & Jaschhof, 2009. The latter has a long antC reaching wing apex, unlike Allarete patriciae sp. nov. In Gongromastix, the apicR1 is many times longer than Rs, while it is only 5���6 times longer in Allarete and Allarete patriciae sp. nov. Gongromastix has two-lobed gonostyli unlike Allarete patriciae sp. nov. and at least the type species of Allarete, Allarete africana (Enderlein, 1911) and Allarete vernalis (Felt, 1908), (Pritchard, 1951; Jaschhof & Jaschhof, 2009, 2011). Affinities with Mangogrostix Mamaev,1985(possibly related to Gongromastix after Jaschhof & Jaschhof, 2009), and Buschingomyia Jaschhof & Jaschhof, 2011 are excluded because they lack ocelli (Jaschhof & Jaschhof, 2011). Anarete Haliday, 1833 and Conarete Pritchard, 1951 can be excluded because of the presence of 14 longnecked flagellomeres, instead of six to eight with short or indistinct stems (Li & Bu, 2002; Plakidas, 2017). The absence of digitate and/or of non-hairlike sensillae on the flagellomeres [also excluding affinities with Allaretella Meyer & Spungis, 1994 (junior syn. Cratotocha Plakidas, 2017) and Insulestremia Jaschhof, 2004], together with M4 with proximal end close to M, well before the level of r-m, exclude the genus Anaretella (Edwards, 1938; Meyer & Spungis, 1994; Skuhrav��, 1997; Jaschhof, 1998; Do Carmo-Neto et al, 2021). The genus Allaretella also differs from Allarete patriciae sp. nov. in having only nine flagellomeres instead of 14, and the R4+5 vein reaching the C before the M4���C juncture (Plakidas, 2017). After Mani (1935, 1945), the Indian genus Neolestremia Mani, 1935 has a three-segmented palpus, instead of a four-segmented palpus in Allarete patriciae sp. nov. The new fossil does not present the main character of Insulestremia sinclairi Jaschhof, 2004 (Galapagos Islands), i.e., presence of flattened sensillae on the antennal flagellum (Jaschhof, 2004: fig. 2). Jaschhof (1997: 528) indicated that ���Probably Allarete is not a natural group of species, but, in the present sense includes species with these plesiomorphic wing characters: the long R, and A; macrotrichia on both sides of R5, M1+2 including fork and A; and 2 (not 1) sensory pores on R5 proximally���. Allarete patriciae sp. nov. has all these characters except the presence vs. absence of sensory pores on Rs. Allarete patriciae sp. nov. differs from Lestremia eocenica Nel & Prokop, 2006 in the nodes of flagellomeres as long as the necks, instead of being distinctly longer. It differs from Lestremia deploegi Nel & Prokop, 2006 in the eye-bridge five facets broad instead of having the eyes meeting dorsally at only one point (Nel & Prokop, 2006). Lestremia pinites Meunier, 1904 from the late Eocene Baltic amber differs from Allarete patriciae sp. nov. in the relative length of its palpal segments (fourth segment about twice as long as third in Allarete patriciae sp. nov. instead of being only 1.3 as long as third) (Meunier, 1904: 31, pl. 3, figs 3, 5). Nothing is known on the male genitalia of L. pinites. Deshpande et al. (2002) proposed a key to the Indian species of Anaretella, some of which were later transferred into Allarete, viz. Allarete bhokarensis (Deshpande, Shaikh & Sharma 2002), Allarete deepica (Deshpande, Shaikh & Sharma 2002), Allarete hindica Jaschhof & Jaschhof, 2011 [new name for Anaretella indica Deshpande, Shaikh & Sharma, 2002], and Allarete spinosa Deshpande, Shaikh & Sharma, 2002. They discriminated them on the basis of the shape of the subdorsal plate, unknown in the new fossil. Jaschhof (1997) characterized his new species Allarete bicornuta on the basis of genital structures too. Pritchard (1951) discriminated Allarete vernalis (Felt, 1908) in having medial fork twice length of stem (as in Allarete patriciae sp. nov.), vs. three times in A. barberi (Felt, 1908). Allarete indica (Grover, 1964) has also the branches of M longer than the stem. It differs from Allarete patriciae sp. nov. in having only 11 antennomeres instead of 16. Allarete africana (Enderlein, 1911) has the medial fork more than twice length of stem (Enderlein, 1911: pl. 2, fig. 31). Allarete nigra Mamaev, 1994 has a different shape of gonostylus (Mamaev, 1994: fig. 1). The two species Allarete bharatica Grover & Bakhshi, 1978 and Allarete spatuliformis Grover, 1979 have not been not revised. Subfamily Winnertziinae Panelius, 1965 Tribe Winnertziini Panelius, 1965, Published as part of Szx, Andr�� Nel, 2021, New Cecidomyiidae from the Lowermost Eocene French amber (Diptera), pp. 620-628 in Palaeoentomology 4 (6) on pages 620-623, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.11, http://zenodo.org/record/5778484, {"references":["Nel, A., de Ploeg, G., Dejax, J., Dutheil, D., de Franceschi, D., Gheerbrant, E., Godinot, M., Hervet, S., Menier, J. - J., Auge, M., Bignot, G., Cavagnetto, C., Duffaud, S., Gaudant, J., Hua S., Jossang, A., de Lapparent de Broin, F., Pozzi, J. - P., Paicheler, J. - C., Bouchet, F. & Rage, J. - C. (1999) Un gisement sparnacien exceptionnel a plantes, arthropodes et vertebres (Eocene basal, MP 7): Le Quesnoy (Oise, France). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Sciences de la terre et des planetes, 329, 65 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 1251 - 8050 (99) 80229 - 8","McAlpine, J. F. (1981) Key to families - adult. pp. 89 - 124. In: McAlpine, J. F., Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R. & Wood, D. M. (Eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera 1. Research Branch, Agricultural Canada Monograph No. 27, Ottawa, Ontario.","Gagne, R. J. (1995) First record of Conarete (Cecidomyiidae: Lestremiinae) in the Afrotropical region, and notes on the loss of ocelli in the tribe Lestremiini. Annals of the Natal Museum, 3, 141 - 145.","Wood, D. M. & Borkent, A. (1986) The phylogenetic relationships among families of Nematocera. p. 262. In: Darvas, B. & Papp, L. (Eds), First International Congress of Dipterology, Budapest, 17 th - 24 th August, 1986, Abstracts. Biological Section of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.","Wood, D. M. & Borkent, A. (1989) Phylogeny and classification of Nematocera. pp. 1333 - 1370. In: McAlpine, J. F. & Wood, D. M. (Eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 3. Research Branch Agricultural Canada Monograph No. 27, Ottawa.","Gagne, R. J. (1994) The gall midges of the Neotropical region. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, xv + 352 pp.","Jaschhof, M. (1998) Revision der \" Lestremiinae \" (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) der Holarktis. Studia Dipterologica Supplement, 4, 1 - 552.","Dorchin, A., Harris, K. M. & Jaschhof, M. (2017) Chapter 22. Cecidomyiidae (gall midges). pp. 581 - 599. In: Kirk-Spriggs, A. H. & Sinclair, B. J. (Eds), Manual of Afrotropical Diptera, Volume 2. Nematocerous Diptera and lower Brachycera. Suricata, 5, i - xii + 427 - 1361.","Gagne, R. J. (1981) Chapter 16. Cecidomyiidae. pp. 257 - 292. In: McAlpine, J. F., Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R. & Wood, D. M. (Eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1. Research Branch, Agricultural Canada Monograph No. 27, Ottawa, Ontario.","Skuhrava, M. (1997) Chapter 2.7. Family Cecidomyiidae. In: Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (Eds), Contributions to a manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Science Herald, Budapest, pp. 71 - 204.","Jaschhof, M. & Jaschhof, C. (2003) Wood midges of New Zealand (Cecidomyiidae, Lestremiinae). Part 1: Introductory notes and tribes Lestremiini, Strobliellini, Campylomyzini and Pteridomyiini Jaschhof trib. nov. Studia Dipterologica, 10, 97 - 132.","Jaschhof, M. & Jaschhof, C. (2009) The wood midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Lestremiinae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Studia Dipterologica Supplement, 18, i - ii, 1 - 333.","Enderlein, G. (1936) Zweiflugler, Diptera. In: Brohmer, R., Ehrmann, P. & Ulmer, G. (Eds), Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas. Leipzig, 6, 259 pp.","Plakidas, J. D. (2017) The wood midges (Diptera: Lestremiidae) of Allegheny County Pennsylvania. Loyalfield Publishing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1 - 127.","Enderlein, G. (1911) Die phyletischen Beziehungen der Lycoriden (Sciariden) zu den Fungivoriden (Mycetophiliden) und Itonididen (Cecidomyiiden) und ihre systematische Gliederung. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 77 (1) (Supplement 3), 116 - 201.","Felt, E. P. (1908) 23 rd Report of the State entomologist on injurious and other insects of the State of New York, 1907. Education Department Bulletin No 433, New York State Museum Museum Bulletin, 124, 286 - 422.","Pritchard, A. E. (1951) The North American gall midges of the tribe Lestremiini, Itonididae (Cecidomyiidae); Diptera. University of California Publications in Entomology, 8, 239 - 275.","Jaschhof, M. & Jaschhof, C. (2011) Order Diptera, family Cecidomyiidae. Subfamilies Lestremiinae and Micromyinae. In: van Harten, A. (Ed.), Arthropod fauna of the United Arab Emirates, 4, 654 - 683.","Meyer, H. & Spungis, V. (1994) New species of gall midges of the genus Acoenonia Pritchard and Allaretella gen. nov. from North West Germany. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Entomofauna, 15, 433 - 441.","Do Carmo-Neto, A. M., Lamas, C. J. E. & Urso-Guimaraes, M. V. (2021) Review of Insulestremia Jaschhof, 2004 (Diptera; Cecidomyiidae; Lestremiinae) with description of two new species from Brazil. Zootaxa, 4966, 367 - 375. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4966.3.8","Mani, M. S. (1935) Studies on Indian Itonididae (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera). Records of the Indian Museum, 36, 370 - 451.","Mani, M. S. (1945) Studies on Indian Itonididae (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera). 8. Keys to the genera from the Oriental region. Indian Journal of Entomology, 7, 189 - 235.","Nel, A. & Prokop, J. (2006) New fossil gall midges from the earliest Eocene French amber (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Geodiversitas, 28, 37 - 54.","Meunier, F. (1904) Monographie des Cecidomyiidae, des Sciaridae, des Mycetophilidae et des Chironomidae de l'ambre de la Baltique. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles, 28, 13 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8565","Deshpande, V. D., Shaikh, T. H. & Sharma, R. M. (2002) Four new Indian gall midges of Anaretella Enderlein (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Lestremiinae). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 100, 35 - 44.","Grover, P. (1964) Studies on Indian gall midges 10. Five notable genera of the subfamily Lestreminae. Marcellia, 31, 108 - 127.","Mamaev, B. M. (1994) A contribution to the gall midge fauna (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) of Kamchatka with description of new species. Vestnik Zoologii, 1994, 28 - 32.","Grover, P. (1979) One new species of the genus Allarete. Cecidologia Indica, 14, 1 - 5.","Panelius, S. (1965) A revision of the European gall midges of the subfamily Porricondylinae (Itonididae). Acta Zoologica Fennica, 113, 1 - 157."]}

(?) Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. (Figs 3���5) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7B98E607-17F1-4580-9958- 2F5F3C55199A Material. Holotype MNHN.F. A71373 (PA 12413 1/2, female, in the same piece of amber with a Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea), deposited in the D��partement Histoire de la Terre, Mus��um national d���Histoire naturelle, Paris, France. Etymology. Named after Professor Alexander Rasnitsyn, for his impressive contribution to the study of extant and fossil insects. Diagnosis. Female characters only. 12 flagellomeres, each with four sensoria with two forks; ocelli absent; basal tarsomeres short; R with only two branches; M1+2 absent; distal part of M4 present but basal part strongly reduced; CuA1 absent. Description. Female (Fig. 3). Head 0.3 mm long, 0.25 mm high; eyes with a narrow dorsal bridge, 0.05 mm wide, touching in one point; ocelli absent; antenna 0.8 mm long, scape 0.05 mm long, pedicel 0.15 mm long, 12 flagellomeres, of nearly the same size, all longer than wide (0.05 mm long) with neck inconspicuous, flagellomeres with four translucent sensoria with two forks, no circumfila, no band-shaped sensorium (Fig. 4), palpus with four segments of nearly the same length. Thorax 0.3 mm long, longer than broad. Wing (Fig. 5) 1.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, hyaline, macropterous, wing membrane with microtrichia, wing margin with numerous long macrotrichia; antC and R5 confluent; humeral vein absent; subcostal vein very close to R, incomplete, 0.2 mm long, not reaching wing margin; vein R1 0.2 mm long; R5 simple, emerging from R 0.4 mm from wing base; part of Rs basal of crossvein r-m very short (0.02 mm long); M1+2 absent; M4 present but not connected to base of M; CuA simple; CuP absent. Haltere with large knob, 0.06 mm wide and 0.2 mm long, and stem 0.1 mm long, bare. Legs slender, without visible scales; fore femur 0.4 mm long, tibia 0.45 mm long, 1 st tarsomere 1 0.1 mm long; hind femur 0.4 mm long, tibia 0.3 mm long, 1 st tarsomere 1 0.1 mm long; femora and tibiae not swollen; tibial spurs absent; all basal tarsomeres very short. Abdomen (female) elongate, 0.4 mm long, 0.3 mm wide in mid part; ovipositor elongate. Male unknown. Type locality and horizon. Earliest Eocene, in amber, ca. -53 My, Sparnacian, level MP7 of the mammal fauna of Dormaal, farm Le Quesnoy, Chevri��re, region of Creil, Oise department (northern France). Remarks. After Wood & Borkent (1986, 1989), Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. falls in the Cecidomyiidae rather than in Sciaridae, for the presence of the same characters as above. After the phylogenetic hypothesis of Jaschhof & Jaschhof (2013: fig. 21), R. rasnitsyni sp. nov. falls in the (Winnertziinae + (Porricondylinae + Cecidomyiinae)) because of the following putative synapomorphies: ocelli all absent, first tarsomeres shorter than second, antC and R5 confluent. But Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. has no circumfila, a plesiomorphic state of character absent in the clade (Porricondylinae + Cecidomyiinae), but present in the Winnertziinae.After Sikora et al. (2019), theWinnertziinae (viz. Diallactini, Heteropezini, Winnertziiini) would be paraphyletic, with the Heteropezini and Winnertziini monophyletic whereas Diallactiini was not. After Tasta-Duque (2001), affinities with the Diallactiini are excluded because Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. has no M1+2. Following the keys to Nearctic and European genera proposed by Gagn�� (1981, 1994) and Skuhrav�� (1997), the Heteropezini are excluded because of the presence of 12 flagellomeres. Following Jaschhof & Jaschhof (2013: 48, fig. 21), some Heteropezini have either five tarsomeres with the second tarsomere being two to four times longer than the basitarsus, as in Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov., while others have less than five tarsomeres, unlike Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. Also Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. has an ovipositor strongly prolonged, a synapomorphy of the Winnertziini. Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. also shares with the Winnertziini 12 flagellomeres. Thus, I attribute it to this tribe rather than to the others. Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. also falls in the Winnertziini after the key of Panelius (1965) for the following characters: M1+2 absent, female antenna without circumfila, wing with breadth no less than 0.45 of length, M4 present. The key to genera of Winnertziini of Mamaev & Zaitzev (1998) is based on male structures and on tarsal characters that are unknown in Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. Thus, it cannot be used to determine the generic affinities of the new fossil. After Spungis (1992: 7), Jiang & Bu (2004), and Jaschhof & Jaschhof (2013), four translucent sensoria each with two divergent forks is a diagnostic character of the female Rhipidoxylomyia, present in Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. differs from the Recent genera Sylvenomyia Mamaev & Zaitzev, 1998 (considered as a junior synonym of Rhipidoxylomyia in Gagn�� & Jaschhof, 2014, but reinstated by Gagn�� & Jaschhof, 2021), Cryptoxylomyia Mamaev, 1995 (considered as a junior synonym of Rhipidoxylomyia in Gagn�� & Jaschhof, 2014 and 2021, but reinstated by Plakidas, 2019), Parwinnertzia Felt, 1919, and the fossil genera Electroxylomyia Nel & Prokop, 2006 and Cretowinnertzia Gagn��, 1977 in the presence of a distinct M4 (Gagn��, 1977; Mamaev & Zaitzev, 1998; Nel & Prokop, 2006; Jaschhof & Jaschhof, 2013: 64). Winnertzia Rondani, 1861 (junior synonym Shevchenkia Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2005), Vasiliola Fedotova 2004, Clinorhytis Kieffer, 1896, and Kronomyia Felt, 1911 differ from Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. in the basal part of M4 present, even if it can be faint in these genera (Kieffer, 1913; Mamaev, 1963; Panelius, 1965; Parnell, 1971; Fedotova & Perkovsky, 2005; Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2005; Perkovsky & Fedotova, 2008; Jaschhof & Jaschhof, 2009). The wing venation of Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. is similar to those of Rhipidoxylomyia and Ekmanomyia Jaschhof in Jaschhof & Jaschhof, 2013, with basal part of M4 strongly reduced (Jaschhof & Jaschhof, 2013: fig. 28). These two genera differ in the structure of the antennal translucent sensilla and of the male tegmen, two characters impossible to see in our fossil. Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. has 12 flagellomeres instead of 10 to 11in recent Rhipidoxylomyia (Mamaev, 1964; Jaschhof & Jaschhof, 2013: 71; Jiang & Bu, 2004; Plakidas, 2019), while Ekmanomyia has also 12 flagellomeres. Jiang & Bu (2004) proposed a key to the extant species of Rhipidoxylomyia based on male characters, mainly terminalia. Thus, we did not attempt to further compare the new species to the extant ones. The only other fossil species Rhipidoxylomyia vaga Fedotova & Perkovsky, 2008 (Eocene Rovno amber) also has 12 flagellomeres, but it differs from Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. in the necks of the flagellomeres being half as long as the nodes. Rhipidoxylomyia. vaga would need to be revised. Nothing is known on the sensoria of Rhipidoxylomyia vaga. In Ekmanomyia, the neck of fourth flagellomere is nearly as long as node, unlike in Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov. The male of Ekmanomyia have linear and very long translucent sensilla, unlike Rhipidoxylomyia rasnitsyni sp. nov., but the females seem to remain unknown in Ekmanomyia. For these reasons, I tentatively put this fossil in Rhipidoxylomyia., Published as part of Szx, Andr�� Nel, 2021, New Cecidomyiidae from the Lowermost Eocene French amber (Diptera), pp. 620-628 in Palaeoentomology 4 (6) on pages 623-626, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.11, http://zenodo.org/record/5778484, {"references":["Wood, D. M. & Borkent, A. (1986) The phylogenetic relationships among families of Nematocera. p. 262. In: Darvas, B. & Papp, L. (Eds), First International Congress of Dipterology, Budapest, 17 th - 24 th August, 1986, Abstracts. Biological Section of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.","Wood, D. M. & Borkent, A. (1989) Phylogeny and classification of Nematocera. pp. 1333 - 1370. In: McAlpine, J. F. & Wood, D. M. (Eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 3. Research Branch Agricultural Canada Monograph No. 27, Ottawa.","Jaschhof, M. & Jaschhof, C. (2013) The Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Sweden, with notes on extralimital species. Studia Dipterologica Supplement, 20, 1 - 392.","Tasta-Duque, R. (2001) Ultrastructural and systematic studies of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Unpublished PhD Thesis, Stockholms Universitet, Stockholm, 36 pp.","Gagne, R. J. (1981) Chapter 16. Cecidomyiidae. pp. 257 - 292. In: McAlpine, J. F., Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R. & Wood, D. M. (Eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1. Research Branch, Agricultural Canada Monograph No. 27, Ottawa, Ontario.","Gagne, R. J. (1994) The gall midges of the Neotropical region. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, xv + 352 pp.","Skuhrava, M. (1997) Chapter 2.7. Family Cecidomyiidae. In: Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (Eds), Contributions to a manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Science Herald, Budapest, pp. 71 - 204.","Panelius, S. (1965) A revision of the European gall midges of the subfamily Porricondylinae (Itonididae). Acta Zoologica Fennica, 113, 1 - 157.","Spungis, V. V. (1992) A revision of the European gall midges of the tribe Winnertziini. Latvijas Entomologs Supplementum, 5, 1 - 38.","Jiang, Y. - X. & Bu, W. - J. (2004) Six new species of the genus Rhipidoxylomyia from China (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 29, 357 - 364.","Gagne, R. J. & Jaschhof, M. (2014) A catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World. 3 rd Edition. Digital version 2.","Gagne, R. J. & Jaschhof, M. (2021) A catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World. 5 th Edition. Digital. 813 pp.","Mamaev, B. M. (1995) Cryptoxylomyia Mamaev, gen. n. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Vestnik Zoologii, 1995, 65.","Plakidas, J. D. (2019) New species and new distribution records of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) from Allegheny County Pennsylvania. Loyalfield Publishing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1 - 89.","Felt, E. P. (1919) New gall midges or Itonididae from the Adirondacks. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 27, 277 - 292.","Nel, A. & Prokop, J. (2006) New fossil gall midges from the earliest Eocene French amber (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Geodiversitas, 28, 37 - 54.","Rondani, C. (1861) Stirpis Cecidomynarum genera revisa. Nota undecima, pro dipterologia italica. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali, 2, 286 - 294.","Fedotova, Z. A. & Sidorenko, V. S. (2005) New species of gall midges of the subfamily Porricondylinae from the Russian Far East (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Dipterological Research, 16, 89 - 127.","Fedotova, Z. A. (2004) Chapter 22. Fam. Cecidomyiidae - gall midges. pp. 365 - 629. In: Ler, P. A. (Ed.). Key to the insects of the Far East of Russia in six volumes, vol. 6. Two-winged insects and fleas, part 3. Dal'nauka, Vladivostok, 1 - 666.","Kieffer, J. J. (1896) Neuer Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Epidosis - Gruppe. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 41, 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48018960405","Felt, E. P. (1911) New species of gall midges. Journal of Economic Entomology, 4, 476 - 484 + 546 - 559. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jee / 4.5.476","Kieffer, J. J. (1913) Diptera fam. Cecidomyidae. Genera Insectorum, 152, 1 - 346.","Mamaev, B. M. (1963) Gall midges of the USSR. 2. The tribe Micromyini (Diptera, Itonididae). Entomological Review, 42, 239 - 247.","Parnell, J. R. (1971) A revision of the Nearctic Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) based on the examination of the Felt's types. Miscellaneous Publications of Entomological Society of America, 7, 275 - 348.","Fedotova, Z. A. & Perkovsky, E. E. (2005) New gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from the Rovno amber: subfamily Porricondylinae (tribes Bryocryptini and Winnertziini) and subfamily Lasiopterinae (tribes Brachineurini and Oligotrophini). Paleontological Journal, 39, 41 - 51.","Perkovsky, E. E. & Fedotova, Z. A. (2008) New gall midge taxa of the subfamilies Porricondylinae and Lasiopterinae (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from the Rovno amber. Paleontological Journal, 42, 166 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11492 - 008 - 2007 - 6","Jaschhof, M. & Jaschhof, C. (2009) The wood midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Lestremiinae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Studia Dipterologica Supplement, 18, i - ii, 1 - 333.","Mamaev, B. M. (1964) Gall midges of the USSR. 6. New species of the tribe Porricondylini (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 43, 894 - 913. [In Russian]"]}

A checklist is presented of all 986 extant species of Diptera known from the archipelago of the Maltese Islands situated in the central Mediterranean. Species considered to be alien to the Islands are listed with annotations in Appendix 1. The history of dipterology applicable to the islands is outlined and the three important historical published records by Zetterstedt, Rondani and Bezzi & de Stefani-Perez are listed in Appendices 2–4. Species names that are synonyms are indicated where these were used in published records for Malta more or less after the Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera was published. Species we consider to have been misidentifications are also indicated with an annotation in most cases. Vermileo immaculatus Carles-Tolrá syn. n. & Cuesta-Segura and Vermileo balearicus Wheeler syn. n. are proposed junior synonyms of Vermileo vermileo (Linnaeus).