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This paper investigates the third-order nonlinear optical properties of 4α-(4-tert-butylphenoxy) phthalocyaninato dichlorotin(IV) (α-SnOtBpPc) and 4β-(4-tert-butylphenoxy) phthalocyaninato dichlorotin(IV) (β-SnOtBpPc) in different organic solvents. The third-order susceptibilities of α-SnOtBpPc and β-SnOtBpPc are reported in different solvents, using Z-scan techniques with 10 ns laser pulses at 532 nm. Their nonlinear absorption coefficient and absorption cross sections were also determined. The molecular imaginary components of the second-order hyperpolarizability Im[γ] of α-SnOtBpPc and β-SnOtBpPc were found to be 2.60 × 10–31 and 2.94 × 10–31 esu (tetrahydrofuran), 2.12 × 10–31 and 2.54 × 10–31 esu (chloroform), 3.06 × 10–31 and 2.54 × 10–31 esu (dichloromethane), and 1.27 × 10–31 and 1.50 × 10–31 esu (toluene), respectively. This study found that substitution at the α position has an effect of lowering the two-photon (2PA) cross section value for α-SnOtBpPc compared to that for β-SnOtBpPc, with values...

A series of novel N-acylsulfonamides derivatives were synthesized via direct condensation of parent sulfonamide with ethyl lactate as an acylating agent in the presence of tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4) as a Lewis acid catalyst. The sulfonamides were prepared, starting from chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI), in three steps (carbamoylation, sulfamoylation, and deprotection) with excellent yields.

The reaction of SnCl4 with β-chlorovinyl aldehydes in anhydrous dichloromethane gave a series of octahedral complexes of the general formula SnCl4·2L (L = aldehyde). The adducts have been characterized in solution using multinuclear (1H, 13C, and 119Sn) NMR and IR spectroscopy. Solution NMR studies show that the complexes undergo rapid ligand dissociation at ambient temperature. Ligand exchange is slowed significantly at low temperature, such that, in most of the complexes, it is possible to identify both the cis and trans isomers with predominance of the cis form. The magnitude of the metal-ligand interaction was estimated on the basis of 119Sn NMR chemical shifts and used to classify the aldehydes studied according to their Lewis basicity.

Leachate production from landfilling contributes crucial pollutants to the environment. This study examined the potential of tin (IV) chloride as coagulant that involved charge neutralization and sweep flocculation mechanisms. The negative charge of leachate is neutralized by adding tin (IV) chloride as cationic coagulant which resulted precipitation and swept most of the colloids and dissolved solids that entrapped in the settling as hydrous oxide floc. Parameters such as suspended solid (SS) content, color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analyzed using standard jar test procedures. The best condition was observed at pH 8, with removal efficiencies of 75.99 %, 99.29 % and 98.36 % for COD, SS, and color, respectively. At optimum dosage, tin (IV) chloride successfully removed 98.40 % for color, 99.54 % for SS and 71.53 % for COD. These results indicated the satisfactory performance of tin (IV) chloride. Hence, tin (IV) chloride is a potential coagulant for the treatment of Alor Pongsu Landfill leachate.

The title compounds are partially condensed products of hydrolysed tri­methyl­tin chloride. In the two structures, short cationic tris­tannatoxanes (C9H29O2Sn3) are bridged by a diformatotri­methyl­tin anion or a chloride anion., The title compounds, [Sn3(CH3)9(OH)2(H2O)2][Sn(CH3)3(CHO2)2] (1) and [Sn3(CH3)9(OH)2]Cl·H2O (2), are partially condensed products of hydrolysed tri­methyl­tin chloride. In the structures of 1 and 2, short cationic tris­tannatoxanes (C9H29O2Sn3) are bridged by a diformatotri­methyl­tin anion or a chloride anion, respectively. Hydrogen bridges are present and supposedly stabilize these structures against further polymerization to the known polymeric tri­methyl­tin hydroxide. Especially noteworthy is that the formate present in this structure was formed from atmospheric CO2.

Four octahedral complexes of the type SnCl4.2L [L = (R2N)3P(E): E = Se; R = Me(1), Et(2) and E = S; R = Me(3), Et(4)] have been studied in solution by multinuclear (31P, 77Se, and 119Sn) NMR spectroscopy. 31P and 77Se NMR data were informative of changes associated with complex formation. The solution structure of the complexes was confirmed by their 119Sn NMR spectra that showed two triplet features for each complex, attributed to a mixture of the expected cis and trans isomers. The triplet signal is due to the coupling with two equivalent phosphorus atoms, consistent with an octahedral geometry around the tin center. In addition, density functional theory (DFT)/B3LYP calculations have been carried out to support the interpretations of NMR data. The results are discussed and compared with those reported for related complexes. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The surfactant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate based tin(IV) phosphate (AOT-SnP) fibrous ion exchanger has been synthesized and characterized by using different physico-chemical methods. The characterization of the exchanger was performed by using infrared (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis. The ion exchange property was studied by determining the ion exchange capacity, elution and concentration behavior of the cation exchanger. The thermal behavior of exchanger was studied by performing ion exchange capacity at different temperatures. Adsorption studies on the synthesized material showed that it is highly selective for Cd2+, Zn2+and Hg2+ ions. Therefore, the separation of Cd2+, Zn2+and Hg2+ ions from the synthetic waste water has been performed on its column and observed to be quite effective in presence of acid, alkali, alkaline earth and other transition metals.

The stereochemistry of four octahedral complexes SnCl 4 ·2(O)PCl(NR 2 ) 2 (R = Me ( 1 ); R = Et ( 2 )) and SnCl 4 ·2(O)PCl 2 NR 2 (R = Me ( 3 ); R = Et ( 4 )) was studied by both multinuclear ( 1 H, 31 P and 119 Sn) NMR spectroscopy in solution and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The NMR data suggest the presence in dichloromethane solutions of a mixture of cis and trans isomers for 1 and 2 , whereas only the cis isomer is observed for 3 and 4 . Moreover, the latter complexes showed partial ligand dissociation in solution. The assignment of the cis and trans isomers was based on the NMR chemical shifts and particularly on the magnitude of the 2 J ( 31 P– 119 Sn) coupling constant obtained in both solution NMR and DFT studies. In addition, the stereochemistry observed was shown to be highly dependent on the steric hinderance and/or the Lewis basicity of the phosphine oxide ligand. DFT/B3LYP calculations which compared favourably with the experimental data provided further insight into the coordination at the tin atom. The results obtained for both complexes are compared with those of the hexamethylphosphoramide complex.

The reaction of meso -tetraarylporphyrins (H 2 T(X)PP) with SnCl 4 affords green intermediate sitting-atop (i-SAT) complexes, [(H 2 T(X)PP)SnCl 4 ]. UV–Vis, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectral data show that the porphyrin core of the complexes is distorted, thus two nitrogen atoms of the pyrrolenine groups on one side of the porphyrin plane act as electron donors to the tin center of SnCl 4 . The intermediate sitting-atop (i-SAT) complex is formed each time during the incorporation of the metal center, where in the intermediate state the pyrrolic protons still remain on the porphyrin.

The two octahedral complexes SnCl4 · 2(O)P(NR2)2OCH2CF3 (R = Me (1) or Et (2)) have been prepared from SnCl4 and the ligands (R2N)2P(O)OCH2CF3 in chloroform solution. Both adducts have been characterised by (31P and 119Sn) NMR, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The NMR data show that the complexes exist as mixtures of cis and trans isomers in solution with the latter isomer being the predominant species. The structure of 1 has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Accordingly, the structure is centrosymmetric and the two ligands are bound trans to each other in the octahedral tin complex. DFT/B3LYP calculations show that trans configuration does indeed lead to the lowest energy species. Comparison of the structural, NMR and theoretical data of both complexes with those related to SnCl4 · 2L (L = (Me2N)3P(O) and (Me2N)2P(O)F) further supports the important effects of the nature of the substituents in the ligand on the stereochemistry of the complex formed.

The rate of thermal decomposition of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) dissolved in xylene was investigated alone and in the presence of tin(IV) chloride over the temperature range of 90-107 o C. It was found that the decomposition rate of AIBN increases linearly with increasing concentration of tin(IV) chloride, which suggests the formation of an activated complex between AIBN and tin(IV) chloride. A parallel reaction mechanism is proposed to describe the kinetic behavior. The Arrhenius relationships of rate constants were also obtained

The three isostructural compounds butyl­ammonium hexa­chlorido­tin(IV), pentyl­ammonium hexa­chlorido­tin(IV) and hexyl­ammonium hexa­chlorido­tin(IV), (CnH2n+1NH3)2[SnCl6], with n = 4, 5 and 6, respectively, crystallize as inorganic–organic hybrids. As such, the structures consist of layers of [SnCl6]2− octa­hedra, separated by hydro­carbon layers of inter­digitated butyl­ammonium, pentyl­ammonium or hexyl­ammonium cations. Corrugated layers of cations alternate with tin(IV) chloride layers. The asymmetric unit in each compound consists of an anionic component comprising one Sn and two Cl atoms on a mirror plane, and two Cl atoms in general positions; the two cations lie on another mirror plane. Application of the mirror symmetry generates octa­hedral coordination around the Sn atom. All compounds exhibit bifurcated and simple hydrogen-bonding inter­actions between the ammonium groups and the Cl atoms, with little variation in the hydrogen-bonding geometries.

Different tributyltin phenoxides react at room temperature with ethyl propiolate in benzene, in the presence of tin(IV) chloride, triethylamine and their mixture to give the derivatives of 3-phenoxyacrylic acid ethyl ester. Exceptionally, 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid ethyl ester and 3-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)acrylic acid ethyl ester have been obtained from the reaction of tributylphenoxytin and tributyl(p-tolyloxy)tin, respectively catalysed by SnCl4, and they have been easily hydrolysed to coumarin and 6-methylcoumarin. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Two octahedral complexes of the general formula SnCl 4 · 2(O)PF 2 NR 2 (R = Me ( 1 ) or Et ( 2 )) have been synthesised from SnCl 4 and the ligand R 2 NP(O)F 2 in anhydrous CHCl 3 . The new adducts have been characterised by multinuclear ( 119 Sn, 31 P, 19 F and 1 H) NMR, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. When compared with previously described hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) and trimethylphosphate (TMPA) analogues, the NMR data of the two complexes prepared suggest the presence of only the cis isomer in solution. Steric factors and the Lewis basicity of the ligand may explain the stereochemistry observed. Low temperature 31 P and 119 Sn NMR spectra show that the compounds partially dissociate in dichloromethane. Additionally, DFT/B3LYP calculations on complex 1 and its ligand have been carried out to support the interpretations of NMR data.

Trimethyltin(IV)trithiophosphates [(RO)P(S)S2][Sn(Me)3]2 and tributyl tin(IV)trithiophosphates [(RO)P(S)S2][Sn(Bu)3]2 (R=CH3, –C2H5, –C3H7, –C3H7 iso –C4Hn 9, –C4H9 iso, –C4H5 scc, –C5H11 iso C6H11, –C6H5) were prepared in methanolic solution of R3SnCl and dipotassium salt of trithiophosphates in 2:1 molar ratio. These newly synthesised derivatives have been characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight measurements, IR, 13C, 31P, and 119Sn,NMR spectral studies. Coordination number of four suggested for tin(IV) in these derivatives.

The compounds [SnCl4(L)n] (where L is pyridine (py), 4-methylpyridine (γ-pico), 3-methylpyridine (β-pico), piperidine (pipd), morpholine (morph), piperazine (pipz), 3-cyanopyridine (3-cyanopy), 4-cyanopyridine (4-cyanopy), quinoline (quin) or 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) and n=2, 1 or 3/2) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, melting points, thermal studies and IR spectroscopy. The enthalpies of dissolution of adducts, tin(IV) chloride and ligands in 1,2-dichloroethane or 25% (v/v) aqueous HCl 1.2 M in methanol were measured and, by using thermochemical cycles, the following thermochemical parameters for the adducts have been determined: the standard enthalpies for the Lewis acid/base reaction (ΔrH°), the standard enthalpies of formation (ΔfH°), the standard enthalpies of decomposition (ΔDH°), the lattice standard enthalpies (ΔMH°) and the standard enthalpies for the Lewis acid/base reaction in the gaseous phase (ΔrH°). The mean standard enthalpies of the tin–nitrogen bonds ( D ( Sn – N ) ) have been estimated. Based on these last values, the basicity orders: pipd>morph>γ-pico=β-pico>py>4-cyanopy>3-cyanopy and pipz>quin are obtained.

The reaction of 1,4-dilithiotetraphenylbutadiene with germanium(IV) chloride and tin(IV) chloride affords heterocycles Ph4C4GeCl2, I and Ph4C4SnCl2, II. Compounds I and II, which feature a planar tetraphenylbutadiene backbone, were characterized by elemental analyses, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The coordination environments for germanium and tin are distorted tetrahedra with bond angles spanning 35.35° for I and 24.86° for II. The Ge[sbnd]Cl and bond distances are 2.134 A and 2.143 A in I, while the Sn[sbnd]Cl and bond distances are 2.313 A and 2.312 A in II.

The compounds [SnCl 4 (L) 2 ] (where L is urea (u), 1,1-dimethylurea (1,1-dmu), 1,3-dimethylurea (1,3-dmu), tetramethylurea (tmu), thiourea (tu), tetramethylthiourea (tmtu) or 1-allyl-2-thiourea (atu)) were synthesized and characterized by melting points, elemental analysis, thermal studies and IR spectroscopy. The enthalpies of dissolution of the adducts, tin(IV) chloride and ligands in methanol were measured and by using thermochemical cycles the following thermochemical parameters for the adducts, have been determined: the standard enthalpies for the Lewis acid/base reactions (Δ r H θ ), the standard enthalpies of formation (Δ f H θ ), the standard enthalpies of decomposition (Δ D H θ ), the lattice standard enthalpies (Δ M H θ ) and the standard enthalpies of the Lewis acid/base reactions in the gaseous phase (Δ r H θ (g)). The mean standard enthalpies of the tin-oxygen (D(Sn–O)) and tin-sulphur (D(Sn–S)) bonds have been estimated.

Full crystal structures are reported for the tris(o-methoxyphenyl)tin compounds, (o-CH3OC6H4)3SnX [X=Cl (A), F (B)] and [(o-CH3OC6H4)3Sn]2O (C), together with both solid-state and solution (CDCl3) 119Sn NMR data for B and C as well as (Mes)3SnF and [(o-Tol)3Sn]2O. Compound B like A is monomeric with a similar but not identical arrangement of aryl groups around the tin while NMR data indicate that B has almost the same geometry in solution as in the solid state. The anomalously lower frequency δ(119Sn) value for B is consistent with the more ionic character of the SnF bond compared with other SnX (X=Cl, Br, I) bonds. Compound C is the first (Ar3Sn)2O with an SnOSn bond angle between 140 and 180°. The comparison of solid-state with solution 2J(119Sn,119Sn) values for C and [(o-Tol)3Sn]2O suggests that the solid state favours structures having larger SnOSn angles. Reacting C with water gives (o-CH3OC6H4)3SnOH only in solution, identified by its 13C and 119Sn NMR spectra.

Direct treatment (1:1) of MCl3 (M = Sc, Y or La) with SnCl4 in thf provides colourless compounds of the type ScSnCl7(thf)5 and MSnCl7(thf)6 (M = Y, La), which have been characterised by elemental analysis and spectroscopic studies. An X-ray determination of ScSnCl7(thf)5 reveals an ionic structure comprising individual six-coordinate [ScCl2(thf)4]+ cations and [SnCl5(thf)]-anions. The cations feature an octahedral metal geometry in which a linear Cl-Sc-Cl unit is surrounded by an equatorial girdle of four solvent (thf) molecules.

The growth response of the alga Chlorella kessleri and the euglenoid Euglena gracilis has been studied as a model system to determine the effects of a tin salt (SnCl 4 .5H 2 O) and of some organotin (OT) derivatives, namely tetrabutyltin (TeBT), tributyltin (TBT) and tributyltin oxide (TBTO). Abiotic degradation was studied as well. Cells were exposed to a toxicity series (0-50 μg/mL -1 ) for the four chemicals in seven-day bioassays. Both micro-organisms are tolerant of the inorganic salt, but growth inhibition was significant for all OT compounds, and especially large for TBT and TBTO. Although C. kessleri and E. gracilis are known to be tolerant towards metals and organic chemicals, the present results show that both are sensitive to organotin compounds: the inhibition of the growth was greater for C. kessleri.

Several new tetra-aryltin compounds, Ar4Sn (Ar = 3,5-(CH3)2C6H3, 3,5-Z2C6H3, and m-ZC6H4 (Z = F,Cl] and Ar3SnX [X = Cl, Br, I: Ar = 3,5-(CH3)2C6H3, m- and o-CH3OC6H4; X = Br; Ar = m-ZC6H4 (Z = F, Cl)] have been synthesized by literature methods and complete solution NMR data (119Sn, 13C) are reported for these and other meta- and ortho-substituted aryltins. Meta-substituents appear to exert electronic effects on chemical shifts and coupling constants, but for ortho-substituents steric effects appear to predominate. Crystal data show that meta-substituted Ar3SnX have trigonal unit cells in contrast to the monoclinic unit cells adapted by para- and ortho-substituted Ar3SnX. Complete crystal structures are reported for (m-CH3C6H4)3SnCl: R3. a = 14.9262(15), c = 7.3482(12) A , Z = 3 and (3,5-(CH3)2C6H3)3SnCl: R3c, a = 15.119(8), c = 15.593(4) A , Z = 6. In both cases, all molecules have trigonal symmetry, the first such examples to be reported.

As determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography, SnCl 4 ·2H 2 O and SnCl 4 ·3H 2 O have a molecular structure with cis -[SnCl 4 (H 2 O) 2 ] units linked to each other by a system of hydrogen bonds.

Treatment of oxiranes with hydrogen peroxide and catalytic amounts of SnCl4 yields the corresponding β-hydroxy peroxides.

The water-soluble octahedral tin(IV) porphyrin complex, SnCl2tpyp, was synthesized via reaction of H2tpyp with anhydrous SnCl2. The crystal structure of this complex has been determined at room temperature. The tin(IV) atom is coordinated by four nitrogen atoms in a square-planar fashion with an average Sn-Np bond distance of 2.081(9)A, and the coordination sphere is completed by two axial chloro ligands with an average Sn-Cl bond distance of 2.435(5)A, Cl-Sn-Cl = 180.0 (1)°. Crystal data: a = 12.385(12), b = 26.88(2), c = 14.882(9)A, β = 94.16 (7)°, monoclinic, space group C2/c, V = 4941A3, Z = 4, C46H48Cl2N8O6Sn, 2687 observed data, R = 0.085.

Monomeric non-cyclic and dimeric cyclic bis(amino)stannylenes react with tin(IV) chloride to give the corresponding bis(amino)tin dichlorides ( 1, 2 ) in essentially quantitative yield. By monitoring the exchange reaction between tin(IV) chloride and tetrakis(diethylamino)tin using 119 Sn NMR at low temperature, two intermediates ( 4, 5 ) were identified as binuclear complexes in which the tin atoms are bridged by two amino groups and one chloro ligand. The equilibrated 1:1 reaction mixture finally contains mainly bis(diethylamino)tin dichloride ( 3 ). The reaction between N,N ′-di-tert-butyl-1,3-diaminopropane/triethylamine (1:2) and SnCl 4 affords the cyclic bis(amino)tin dichloride ( 6 ) via elimination of HCl. The compounds 1–6 were characterized in solution by 1 H, 13 C, 29 Si and 119 Sn NMR. The solid state 119 Sn CP/MAS NMR spectrum of compound 6 proves that its monomeric character is retained also in the crystalline state.

119Sn NMR spectra were used to investigate the aquohalostannate(IV) complexes formed by SnCl4 and SnBr4 in aqueous and halogen acid solutions. Characteristic chemical shifts were assigned to the complex cations [SnX(H2O)5]3+, [SnX2(H2O)4]2+ and [SnX3(H2O)3]+, [SnX4(H2O)2], and the complex anions [SnX5(H2O)]− and [SnX6]2− (where X = Cl or Br); including the pairs of cis/trans or fac/mer isomers. The CPMAS spectra of crystalline solids containing [SnCl6]2− and cis- or trans-[SnCl4(H2O)2] assisted these assignments. The NMR data yielded quantitative estimates of the amounts of the various species in solution as a function of the tin concentration from 0.1 mol dm−3, where the hydrated stannic ion, Sn4+ (aq), is predominant, to near saturation where auto-complexing results in complex anion formation. Soluble hydrolysis products for which OH-bridged structures are proposed were detected in solutions without added HCl or HBr and increase in amount when NaOH is introduced. Solutions containing excess NaOH reveal [Sn(OH)6]2− which has a chemical shift of — 590 ppm and exhibits the Raman frequencies: 552 (v1), 425 (v2), 290 cm−1 (v5), appropriate for octahedral (Oh) symmetry. The 119Sn NMR spectra of tin(IV) mixed halide aqueous solutions consisted of signals ranging from — 600 ppm (H2O and Cl− ligands) to —2000 ppm (Br− ligands), due to the series of species represented by SnClxBry(H2O)z (where x+y+z = 6), and can be interpreted by relating the chemical shift of the tin nucleus to the sum of ligand electronegativities in a given complex. The solvent extraction of tin halides from aqueous acid solution by diethyl ether or isobutyl methyl ketone has been investigated and tin(IV) shown to be extracted in the form of both molecular [SnX4(H2O)2] and ion-pair H+(aq)[SnX5(H2O)]− complexes. These species can also be generated in solution by adding small amounts of water to [SnX6]2− in acetone. Conjoint use of NMR and Raman spectra enables the major species in these systems to be determined and allows the v(SnX) symmetric stretching frequencies to be identified and assigned.

Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride [12112-67-3] [Ir(μ-Cl)(C8H12)]2 (MW 671.70) InChI = 1S/2C8H12.2ClH.2Ir/c2*1-2-4-6-8-7-5-3-1;;;;/h2*1-2,7-8H,3-6H2;2*1H;;/q;;;;2*+1/p-2/b2*2-1-,8-7-;;;; InChIKey = ZFOUDQNHNLDNLD-MIXQCLKLSA-L Alternate Name: di-μ-chlorobis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I). Physical Data: mp 190–205 °C (dec). Form Supplied in: orange–red crystals. Solubility: soluble in organic solvents (dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, acetone, acetonitrile, and others). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: harmful and irritant; solutions should preferably be handled under inert atmosphere. Tin(IV) chloride [7646-78-8] SnCl4 (MW 260.50) InChI = 1S/4ClH.Sn/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4 InChIKey = HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J Alternate Name: stannic chloride. Physical Data: bp 114 °C (lit.), mp −33 °C (lit.) d 2.226 g mL−1 at 25 °C (lit.). Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; fumes in moist air. Solubility: soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, benzene, toluene, xylene, and others); reacts violently with water. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: toxic and hygroscopic; therefore, it should be stored and handled under moisture-free atmosphere. Di-μ-chlorodichlorobis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)bis(trichlorostannyl)diiridium [851764-45-9] [Ir(C8H12)(μ-Cl)Cl(SnCl3)]2 (MW 1191.61) InChI = 1S/2C8H12.10ClH.2Ir.2Sn/c2*1-2-4-6-8-7-5-3-1;;;;;;;;;;;;;;/h2*1-2,7-8H,3-6H2;10*1H;;;;/q;;;;;;;;;;;;2*+2;2*+3/p-10/b2*2-1-,8-7-;;;;;;;;;;;;;; InChIKey = UECFXPBEOJTBIV-HVBPBDNUSA-D Alternate Name: Di-μ-chlorobis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)bis(trichlorostannyl)diiridium(III) dichloride. Physical Data: red microcrystals; mp 241–244 °C (dec). Solubility: soluble in coordinating solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide and acetonitrile at ambient temperature and in alcohol at higher temperature. Recovery of the compound from solution is difficult. Analytical Data: 1H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm) = 1.71–1.79 (br, m, 8H, CH2), 2.21–2.26 (br, m, 8H, CH2), 4.16 (br, s, 8H, CH). 13C NMR (54.6 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm) = 30.7 (CH2), 54.8 (CH), 73.6 (CH). Preparative Method: the reagent is prepared from bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride [Ir(μ-Cl)(C8H12)]2 and tin(IV) chloride (SnCl4).1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air and moisture stable in the solid state when minimally exposed; it is recommended to handle solutions under inert atmosphere. General Reactivity: for brevity in presentation, the bimetallic reagent [Ir(μ-Cl)Cl(COD)(SnCl3)]2 is hereafter represented as IrIII–SnIV, while a dual-reagent combination of [Ir(μ-Cl)(COD)]2 and SnCl4 (1:4 molar ratio) is represented as IrI/SnIV. Both the reagents are useful for benzylation of arenes and formation of triarylmethanes and carbon–heteroatom bonds.

Reaction of di-n-butyltin(IV) dichloride with 4-chlorobenzohydroxamic acid at 1:1 ratio yielded a new mixed-ligand diorganotin(IV) complex, di-n-butyl-(4-chlorobenzohydroxamato)tin(IV) chloride(DBDCT). It was fully characterized by IR, (1)H, (13)C, (119)Sn NMR spectra and single crystal X-ray analysis. In DBDCT, the tin atom is five-coordinated in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry. DBDCT exhibited strong in vitro cytotoxic activity toward human immature granulocyte leukemia (HL-60), human salivary-gland carcinoma (SGC-7901), human henrietta carcinoma (Hela) and human urinary bladder (T24) cell lines which, in some cases, were equal to, or even higher than those of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cisplatin, DDP), the widely clinically used drug. The further in vivo antitumor tests of DBDCT towards the transplantation tumor models of sarcoma carcinoma (S(180)), hepatocellular carcinoma (H(22)) and Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC) on mice were carried out via injection intraperitoneally with cisplatin as positive contrast drug. The results showed that DBDCT displayed in vivo antitumor activity against the hepatocellular carcinoma H(22) and sarcoma carcinoma S(180) which were close to those of cisplatin, meanwhile, the survival-extending rates at middle dose and high dose on mice Ehrlich's ascites tumor EAC were higher than those of cisplatin, and there was a good dose-effect relationship.

This paper reports the synthesis and properties of adducts of triphenyltelluronium halides, Ph3TeX (where X = Cl, Br, I) with tin -tetrachloride, SnCl4. 1:1, Ph3TeXSnCl4 and 2:1, 2Ph3TeXSnCl4 type products are obtained by reactions of Ph3TeX with SnCl4. Conductivity, molecular weight determinations and 1H n.m.r. data are consistent with dissociation of the adducts in dilute solution as Ph3Te+ and SnCl4X− or Ph3Te+ and SnCl4X2 2− units. The absence of Te-Sn and Te-X vibrations in the far i.r. spectra of these compounds reflects the transfer of a halogen atom from Ph3TeX to SnCl4. Hence, the formulation of these adducts are proposed as [Ph3Te]+ [SnCl5]−; triphenyltelluronium pentachlorostannate (IV); [(Ph3Te)+]2 [SnCl6]2−, triphenyl-telluronium hexachlorostannate(IV); [Ph3 Te]+ [SnCl4Br]−, triphenyltelluronium tetrachlorobromostannate(IV); [(Ph3Te)+] [SnCl4Br2]2− triphenyltelluronium tetrachlorodibromostannate(IV); [Ph3Te]+[SnCl4I]− triphenyltelluronium tetrachloroiodostannate(IV) and [(Ph3 Te)+]2 ...

Reaction of SnCl 4 with Sn(CH 2 CH CH 2 ) 4 in the presence of water and monothiobinaphthol [2,2′-C 20 H 12 (OH)(SH)] allows the formation of a selective catalyst for the allylation of ketones (up to 94% e.e.).

[7646-78-8] Cl4Sn (MW 260.51) InChI = 1/4ClH.Sn/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4/f4Cl.Sn/h4*1h;/q4*-1;m InChIKey = HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-LUCXXLOKCB (strong Lewis acid used to promote nucleophilic additions, pericyclic reactions, and cationic rearrangements; chlorination reagent) Alternate Name: stannic chloride. Physical Data: colorless liquid; mp −33 °C; bp 114.1 °C; d 2.226 g cm−3. Solubility: reacts violently with water; sol cold H2O; dec hot H2O; sol alcohol, Et2O, CCl4, benzene, toluene, acetone. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; 1 M soln in CH2Cl2 or heptane; widely available. Purity: reflux with mercury or P2O5 for several hours, then distill under reduced nitrogen pressure into receiver with P2O5. Redistill. Typical impurities: hydrates. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: hygroscopic; should be stored in a glove box or over P2O5 to minimize exposure to moisture. Containers should be flushed with N2 or Ar and tightly sealed. Perform all manipulations under N2 or Ar. Solvating with H2O liberates much heat. Use in a fume hood.

Activated acetophenones were deacetylated by treatment with an excess of tin(IV) chloride in 1,2-dichloroethane.

(SnCl4) [7646-78-8] Cl4Sn (MW 260.51) InChI = 1S/4ClH.Sn/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4 InChIKey = HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J (ZnCl2) [7646-85-7] Cl2Zn (MW 136.29) InChI = 1S/2ClH.Zn/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L (catalyst for bond formation between silyl nucleophiles and carbonyl groups or enones1) Physical Data: SnCl4: mp −33 °C; bp 114.1 °C; d 2.226 g cm−3; ZnCl2: mp ca. 290 °C; bp 732 °C. Solubility: both reagents react violently with water. SnCl4: sol cold H2O; dec hot H2O; sol alcohol, ether, CCl4, benzene, toluene, acetone. ZnCl2: sol H2O (432 g/100 g at 25 °C, 614 g/100 g at 100 °C); 2% HCl (4 g/1 mL); alcohol (1 g/1.3 mL); glycerol (1 g/2 mL); freely sol acetone. Form Supplied in: blend not commercially available. Anhydrous SnCl4: colorless liquid; 1 M soln CH2Cl2 or heptane; widely available. Anhydrous ZnCl2: white, odorless granules, lumps, or rods; 1 M soln in Et2O, 0.5 M soln in THF; widely available. Purification: SnCl4: heat to reflux with mercury or P2O5 for several hours, then distil under reduced nitrogen pressure into receiver with P2O5. Redistil. Typical impurities: hydrates. ZnCl2: heat to reflux in dioxane (100 g/800 mL) with zinc dust (10 g), filter hot, and cool to precipitate ZnCl2. Crystallize from dioxane. Impurities: H2O, zinc oxychloride. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: both reagents are hygroscopic and should be stored in a glove box or over P2O5 to minimize exposure to moisture. Containers should be flushed with N2 or Ar and tightly sealed. Perform all manipulations under N2 or Ar. Solvating SnCl4 with H2O is highly exothermic. Use in a fume hood.

Coordination complexes of nitrosobenzene with tin and titanium tetrachlorides have been prepared and subjected to solid-state 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The absence of resonances above 160 ppm characteristic of C NO and the presence of resonances of quaternary carbons in the range characteristic of C N 2 O 2  C suggests that the cis -dimer of nitrosobenzene is acting as a bidentate donor.

Use of diglyme (diethyleneglycoldimethylether) for solubilization in the benzophenone ketyl/potassium metal method for drying and deoxygenating aromatic solvents can result in contamination of the distilled solvent with subsequent formation of adducts with Lewis acids. The diglyme adduct of tin(IV) chloride is isolated, and the magnitude of its tin-119m Mossbauer Quadrupole Splitting interpreted in terms of its structure.

An orange colored stable adduct of SnCl4 with biruthenocene was prepared by treating SnCl4 with biruthenocene in a dry solution of benzene mixed with hexane, while a less stable adduct with ferroce...

Several TTF salts with tin(IV) chloride anions have been prepared: [TTF][SnR2Cl3] (R = Me and Et), [TTF]2[SnR2Cl4] (R = Cl and Ph), [TTF]3[SnR2Cl4] (R = Cl, Me, and Et), and [TTF]3.3[SnPh2Cl4]. The...

Complexes of eleven substituted pyridine N-oxide donors with stannic chloride in acetonitrile solution were investigated ultizing IR spectroscopy. Two distinct types of behaviour were noted: (1) Pyridine N-oxide donors containing electron releasing substituents generally form strong complexes with SnCl 4 and exhibit maxima in continuous variation plots at a 2:1 ligand-to-metal ratio. Little or no free ligand is detected in these solutions until this ratio is exceeded. Ligands exhibiting this behaviour include the 2-methyl-, 3-methyl-, 4-methyl-, 4-methoxy- and 4-phenylpyridine N-oxides. (2) Pyridine N-oxide donors containing electron neutral to electron with-drawing substituents generally form weaker complexes with SnCl 4 aM exhibit maxima in continuous variation plots at a 1:1 ligand-to-metal ratio. Free ligand is evident in these solutions even at ligand-to-metal ratios as low as 1:3. Formation plots for these complexes indicate the possibility that 1: 2 and 1:1 ligand to metal complexes exist in the concentration ranges studied. Ligands exhibiting this behaviour include the 4-chloro-, 4-nitro-, 3 and 4-acetyl-pyridine N-oxides and 2-pyridine methanol N-oxide. The complex of 2,6-1utidine N-oxide with SnCl 4 exhibits behaviour characteristic of the 1:1 complexes even though the substituents are electron releasing. This ligand contains the most sterically crowded N-O group in the series, however, and steric factors are invoked to explain this behavior. These results are rationalized in terms of an equilibrium model which includes the postulated existence of oxygen bridged dimers comprising a dominant species in solutions containing the 1:1 complexes. Some supporting 1 H NMR and polarographic data are also presented and discussed.

Tin (IV) chloride reacts with sulfolane (S) to form a cis-octahedral adduct SnCl4·S2. Solutions of lithium chloride and tin (IV) chloride in sulfolane contain the complex ions SnCl5− and SnCl62− at 1∶1 and 2∶1 mole ratios of constituents, respectively. The complexes are characterized by conductimetry and by Mossbauer, IR, and Raman spectroscopy.

Reactions of tin(IV) chloride with Schiff bases having ONN donor systems have been investigated and on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, PMR and119Sn Mossbauer spectral studies, possible structures have been indicated for the resulting new compounds. The Schiff bases used in these studies are the condensation products of salicylaldehyde with sulphathiazole, sulphaphenazole, sulphadiazine, sulphaguanidine, 2-(p-aminobenzene sulphonamide)-4,5-dimethyl oxazole, sulphisoxazole, sulphapyridine and sulphanilamide.

Twenty three tin(IV) tetrahalide adducts with various monodentate ligands, cis - and trans - L 2 ·SnX 4 , were studied by IR and Raman spectroscopy at room temperature and above. The observed SnX stretching frequencies as well as the structure, are correlated with the donor number of the ligands. In some cases the basicity or the bulkiness of the ligand are not the prevalent factors in determining the structure of the complex.

Experiments were conducted which show that Sn(IV) bound to a substrate is capable, in conjunction with Pd(II), of catalyzing Ni‐P plating and that this effect can be inhibited by u.v. light. Some of the parameters affecting the quality of the plating and u.v. inhibition were determined. It was also found that in order for u.v. irradiation to inhibit Ni‐P plating, the radiation must be applied after the Pd(II) activation step. In the case of copper, however, plating occurs only on the irradiated area of the catalyst. A mixture of Sn(IV) and Pd(II) was also found to catalyze Ni‐P plating. The behavior of the catalyst deposited by this mixture was quite similar to that of the catalyst present after Pd(II) activation following Sn(IV) sensitization in the stepwise procedure.

The reaction of caesium trichlorostannate(II) with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane affords two products, the 1:1 adduct, CsSnCl3·TCNQ, and the complex SnCl2·(TCNQ)2· 1 2 thf, whilst with tetramethylammonium trichlorostannate, three complexes, Me4NSnCl3·TCNQ, Me4NSn(TCNQ)3, and (Me4NSnCl3)·TCNQ, have been isolated. Tin(IV) chloride reacts with Δ2,2′-bis(5-methyl-1,3-benzodithiolidene) and Δ2,2′-bis(1,3-diphenylinidazolidene) to afford complexes of composition, (SnCl4)3·(TTF)2·(C6H6) 3 2 and SnCl4·(TNFPh) 1 2 , respectively. The structures of the complexes are discussed on the basis of infrared and tin-119 Mossbauer data.