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El modelo de estrategia ‘océano azul’ establece mecanismos óptimos en la realización de nuevas líneas de negocios, donde su enfoque está situado en la implementación de estructuras que contemplen el recurso humano, los diferentes competidores actuales del sector, las estrategias de marketing, cambios en los procesos funcionales y establecer el concepto de que la ‘innovación’ no siempre es tecnología, este cambio de criterio lo deben enfocar los altos directivos para que su modelo de negocio sea sostenible con un alto impacto de flexibilidad para enfrentar los retos de los mercados actuales y de sus nuevas líneas de negocio que busque el reconocimiento de marca con un alto impacto en el servicio, tiempo y durabilidad de relaciones con los clientes. The 'blue ocean' strategy model establishes optimal mechanisms in the realization of new lines of business, where its focus is located on the implementation of structures that consider human resources, the different current competitors in the sector, marketing strategies, changes in functional processes and establish the concept that 'innovation' is not always technology, this change in criteria should be approached by senior managers so that their business model is sustainable with a high impact of flexibility to face the challenges of current markets and its new lines of business that seek brand recognition with a high impact on service, time and durability of customer relationships. Pregrado

Although in many public organizations politicians sitting in governing boards are responsible for ratifying the organization’s strategic plan and monitoring its implementation, empirical insights on the determinants of politicians’ strategic plan use are lacking. Therefore, we build on the theory of planned behaviour to analyse (1) how politicians’ beliefs regarding the usefulness of strategic planning, the pressure to use strategic plans, and their self-efficacy in using strategic plans effectively are formed, and (2) how these beliefs impact intended and actual strategic plan use. Longitudinal data from 249 councillors (153 Flemish local authorities) provides support for the developed psychological-cognitive model.

With the development of ecological paradigm coupled with the relentless implementation of myriad environmental policies in China, the rapid development of carbon emission trading and carbon trading market has had a vital impact on the financial performance of enterprises at the microlevel. This study has sampled the A-share listed companies in China, from 2009 to 2018, and adopted the difference-in-difference (DID) method to investigate the effect of the carbon emission trading on corporate financial performance from the microlevel. Evidence showed that the implementation of carbon emission trading effectively improved the total asset-liability ratio of enterprises, though it reduced the value of the current capital market. Moreover, in the regions under strict legal environment, the enhancement effect of the total asset-liability ratio was more obvious, whereas in the regions under loose legal environment, the reduction effect of the value of the capital market was more obvious. Further analysis showed that the implementation of carbon emission trading could not promote Chinese enterprises to increase R&D investment. Hence the implementation of carbon emission trading has improved the level of non-business income of enterprises incorporated into the trading system, but its impact on the investment income of enterprises was not significant.

So far, consumer housing values have not been addressed as factors affecting the market diffusion potential of multi-storey wood building (MSWB). To fill the void, this study addresses different types of consumer housing values in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden (i.e., Nordic region), and whether they affect the likelihood of prejudices against building with wood in the housing markets. The data collected in 2018 from 2191 consumers in the Nordic region were analyzed with exploratory factor analysis and logistic binary regression analysis. According to the results, consumers’ perceptions on ecological sustainability, material usage and urban lifestyle were similar in all countries, while country-specific differences were detected for perceptions on aesthetics and natural milieus. In all countries, appreciating urban lifestyle and living in attractive neighborhoods with good reputation increased the likelihood of prejudices against wood building, while appreciation of aesthetics and natural milieus decreased the likelihood of prejudices. In strengthening the demand for MSWB and sustainable urbanization through actions in businesses (e.g., branding) and via public policy support (e.g., land zoning), few messages derive from the results. In all, abreast with the already existing knowledge on the supply side factors (e.g., wood building innovations), more customized information is needed on the consumer-driven issues affecting the demand potential of MSWB in the housing markets. This would enable, e.g., both enhancing the supply of wooden homes for consumers appreciating urban lifestyle and neighborhoods and fortifying positive image of wood among consumers especially appreciating good architecture and pleasant environmental milieus.

International audience; Viticulture has been essential for Oléron island, both from a socio-economic and landscape point of view, since at least the end of the Middle Ages. Oléron winegrowing sector is part of Cognac production basin and situated on the western fringes of the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). This peripherical position compared to the most prestigious vintages of the PGI, and the hazards of a heavily export-oriented market, meant that Oléron wine growing lands get through large fluctuations : from 6,000 hectares in 19th century, which amouts to one third of the total surface of the island, to 750 hectares in 2010. During the second half of the 20th century, Oléron winegrowing sector had found an additional difficulty in the rapid growth of tourism, which provoked a tougher competition for land. It was confronted as well to production limitations through the uprooting of premiums. Facing these obstacles, stakeholders from Oléron winemaking sector have carried out economical adaptation efforts and protection of their access to land. We analyse their reaction in light of the evolutionist approach developed by economical geographers. Innovations mobilized through a learning process has seemed to allow the Oléron winegrowing stakeholders to soften the path dependency to the Cognac production basin capitalizing on the available territorial resources. Cooperation with local representatives, product and market diversification, upmarketing, and the spotlight put on the specificity of this terroir have contributed (re)territorialise winegrowing at the island level. This strategy seems to be bringing some stability to land property and better economical outputs to the sector.; La viticulture joue un rôle fondamental pour l’île d’Oléron, tant d’un point de vue socio-économique que paysager, et ce depuis au moins la fin du Moyen Âge. La filière viticole oléronaise s’inscrit dans le bassin de production du Cognac, en périphérie ouest de l’AOC. En situation de marginalité par rapport aux crus les plus prestigieux de l’appellation, soumis aux aléas d’un marché tourné vers l’exportation, le vignoble a occupé sur l’île une superficie très fluctuante : de 6 000 hectares dans la première moitié du xixe siècle, soit alors pratiquement un tiers du territoire oléronais, à 750 hectares au début des années 2010. Après la déstabilisation due au phylloxera autour de 1880, la viticulture oléronaise a dû composer avec le rapide développement du tourisme sur l’île et à la nouvelle concurrence qu’il impliquait sur le foncier dans la seconde moitié du xxe siècle. Elle a également été confrontée aux politiques d’arrachage pour réguler la production. Face à ces obstacles, les acteurs de la filière ont tenté d’adapter leurs modèles économiques et de protéger leur accès à la terre. Nous analysons ces dynamiques de résistance au prisme de l’approche évolutionniste développée en géographie économique. Le processus d’apprentissage et d’innovation qui a marqué la filière viticole oléronaise s’est traduit par une mise à profit des ressources territoriales disponibles, dans le but d’atténuer la dépendance de l’île au bassin de production du Cognac. La coopération avec les élus locaux, la diversification des produits et des marchés, la montée en gamme et la mise en avant d’un terroir singulier au sein de l’appellation, ont participé d’une (re)territorialisation de la viticulture et semblent aujourd’hui contribuer à la relative stabilité foncière et économique de la filière.

In this paper, we use standard scenarios focussing on renewable energy, energy efficiency and grid investments. We take stock of the literature and quantitative data on available sources of financing for clean energy to qualitatively match supply and demand of specific sources of finance in the European context. Our analysis shows that under the current investment mandates and lending criteria the required funds for a successful energy transition are available. In fact, the current landscape of financing sources can provide between two and six times what is necessary. However, institutional investors and lenders such as pension funds and banks in particular are reluctant to invest in the renewable energy or grid infrastructure because of expected (policy) discontinuities. In addition, more venture capital and household investment are needed to finance low-risk small-ticket projects in the early stages of innovative clean energy technologies, to complement the abundantly available funds for large-scale investments. Based on our analysis, we develop a matrix indicating the role and availability of different sources of finance and new intermediation channels in the energy transition and how these should be deployed. • This study contrasts the demand for and (potential) supply of financial resources for the European energy transition. • It identifies a qualitative mismatch between the available sources and the required investments up to 2050. • The involvement of institutional investors and risk-carrying capital is particularly limited. • A matrix indicating role and availability of different sources provides a guide to the involvement of financiers. • Tailor-made policies and practical implications are developed for each source of funding.

This article details how shifts in political discourse can reconfigure the intent, and effect the outcomes, of public procurement policy. Through critical discourse analysis of public procurement policies focused on supplier diversity in Australia, we explore how discursive struggles over policy meaning and intent can have real effects. Our findings show how the intent of public procurement policy shifted from stimulating Indigenous entrepreneurial activity to affirmative action in employment. We highlight how this policy mutation shifted responsibility for solving the intractable problem of Indigenous unemployment away from the government and corporate Australia and on to Indigenous business.

Summary The European transition to a net-zero economy by 2050 implies a wide range of changes that may adversely affect certain industrial sectors, communities, and regions. However, these impacts are entirely obscured by conventional least-cost analyses. Thus, this work compares the socio-economic impacts of various strategies to decarbonize the energy system by 2050 within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We demonstrate that transitions that protect domestic strategic assets and preserve key industrial sectors correspondingly deliver a socially equitable transition. Adopting a technology-agnostic approach to decarbonizing the European electricity system maximizes the associated co-benefits and potentially increases the gross value added (GVA) to the economy by 50% relative to a business as usual scenario. This new way of thinking about the economic transition fundamentally reframes the discussion from one of cost to one of opportunity.

This study applies a holistic approach grounded in configurational theory to a sample of 2505 innovative public administration agencies in Europe to explore the effect of organizational risk aversion on the benefits from service innovations, The analyses, using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), identify several combinations of strategies (varying by the agency size and the novelty of innovation) that managers in risk-averse agencies can use to work effectively around the risks of innovating. The findings show that the managers of both high and low risk-averse agencies can achieve high benefits from their innovation efforts, but their strategizing behaviors differ. An integrated strategy that combines collaboration, complementary process and communication innovations, and an active management strategy to support innovation is the most effective method for 'low-risk-averse' small agencies and 'high-risk averse' larger agencies to obtain high benefits from either novel or incremental service innovations. Our results point to the need to rethink the conventional assumption that a culture of risk aversion in public sector agencies is a cause of management ineffectiveness and a stumbling block to innovation success. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This paper explores the development of strategies by multinational corporations (MNCs) for serving markets at the base of the economic pyramid (BoP). MNCs play an important role in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) formulated by the United Nations (UN), as they are responsible for one-third of the total economic output and the majority of world trade. However, little is known about how MNCs contribute to meeting the UN SDGs. Through an in-depth analysis of how Grundfos, a Danish MNC and a leading supplier of pumps, developed a solution for supplying fresh potable water to rural villages in Kenya, we investigate some challenges MNCs face and demonstrate the importance of intimate engagement with the context of strategic action. Tackling sustainable development issues in the context of BoP markets represents a distinctive challenge to MNCs, which often do not have a good understanding of BoP environments. Drawing on contrasting ideas of strategy as navigation or wayfaring, we highlight the dangers of trying to impose existing strategies and business practices in market contexts, which are fundamentally different from existing ones. We add to the existing research by exploring how such frameworks interact with strategizing processes in a novel environment for the operating firm. Specifically, we explore the interrelatedness between planned and emergent approaches to strategizing in BoP market environments. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. © 2020 The Authors. Business Strategy and The Environment published by ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd

This paper investigates which firms experience the most intense informal competition and highlights the role of access to finance in this context. We use data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys covering 42,000 firms in 114 countries and take discrete responses on the perceived severity of business obstacles such as informal competition and financial constraints as key variables in our empirical analysis. We find that financially constrained firms face significantly more intense competition by the informal sector and that this effect is economically large. Other influential variables are highly overregulated labor markets, corruption, and firm size. A wide range of robustness checks substantiate these findings.

La investigación realizada se enfocó en el sector calzado de la zona de Restrepo en Bogotá-Colombia, dado que esta zona es representativa para el sector y se ha consolidado así desde el inicio de los años sesenta. La investigación por lo tanto se desarrolló a partir de un diseño metodológico con enfoque cualitativo, adoptando el método de estudio de caso múltiple; Los casos estudiados corresponden a cinco empresas (tres de ellas familiares), con al menos 10 años de experiencia en el mercado, se contó aun así con tres empresas que provenían de emprendimientos familiares previamente constituidos y que como empresa independiente tiene ya más de 30 años. Se aplicó un instrumento tipo encuesta semiestructurada para obtener la información relacionada al desarrollo empresarial, los métodos de innovación y las capacidades de innovación presentes en su práctica empresarial. TABLA DE CONTENIDO CAPTULO 1. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 5 1.1 Preguntas de investigación 6 1.2 Antecedentes 7 1.3 Justificación 8 1.4 Objetivos 10 1.4.1 Objetivo general 10 1.4.2 Objetivos específicos 10 CAPÌTULO II 11 MARCO TEÓRICO 11 2.1 Desarrollo empresarial 11 2.2 Ciclo de vida de negocio como perspectiva de desarrollo empresarial 13 2.2.1 Motivaciones 16 2.2.2 Generación de ideas de negocio 17 2.2.3 Conformación de oportunidad de negocio 18 2.2.4 Consecución de negocios 19 2.2.5 Nacimiento del negocio 20 2.2.6 Supervivencia en el mercado 22 2.2.7 Crecimiento empresarial 23 2.3 Capacidades de innovación 24 2.3.1 Capacidades dinámicas 26 2.3.3 Capacidad de creación 28 2.3.4 Capacidad de absorción 28 2.3.5 Capacidad de integración 29 2.3.6 Capacidad de reconfiguración 30 2.4 Desarrollo empresarial y capacidades de innovación 31 2.4.1 Categorías de análisis para industria tradicional manufacturera 32 2.5 Marco contextual 34 CAPÍTULO III. METODOLOGÍA 37 3.1 Diseño de investigación 37 3.1.1 Estudio de caso múltiple 38 3.2 Población 39 3.4 Análisis de información 40 CAPÍTULO IV. ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS 42 4.1 Características del proceso emprendedor de los empresarios estudiados 42 4.2 Etapas de desarrollo y consolidación de las empresas 46 4.3 Desarrollo de capacidades de innovación en empresas y empresarios. 48 4.3.1 Concepto de innovación 48 4.3.2 Proceso de innovación 49 4.3.3 Capacidades dinámicas para la innovación 51 4.4 Discusión de los resultados: etapas de formación y consolidación empresarial y el desarrollo de capacidades de innovación 55 CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES FINALES 58 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 61 The research carried out focused on the footwear sector of the Restrepo area in Bogotá-Colombia, given that this area is representative for the sector and has been consolidated since the beginning of the sixties. The research was therefore developed from a methodological design with a qualitative approach, adopting the multiple case study method; The cases studied correspond to five companies (three of them family), with at least 10 years of experience in the market, there were still three companies that came from previously established family businesses and that as an independent company has already more than 30 years . A semi-structured survey type instrument was applied to obtain information related to business development, innovation methods and innovation capabilities present in your business practice. Les recherches menées se sont concentrées sur le secteur de la chaussure dans la région de Restrepo à Bogotá (Colombie), ce secteur étant représentatif de ce secteur et consolidé depuis le début des années soixante. La recherche a donc été développée à partir d'une conception méthodologique avec une approche qualitative, en adoptant la méthode des études de cas multiples; Les cas étudiés correspondent à cinq entreprises (dont trois familiales), avec au moins 10 ans d'expérience sur le marché, il y avait encore trois entreprises issues d'entreprises familiales précédemment établies et qui, en tant qu'entreprise indépendante, compte déjà plus de 30 ans d'expérience . Un instrument de type enquête semi-structuré a été utilisé pour obtenir des informations relatives au développement des entreprises, aux méthodes d’innovation et aux capacités d’innovation présentes dans votre pratique professionnelle.

Este trabajo se basa inicialmente en datos históricos de contextualización, desarrollo y crecimiento de Brasil, la influencia de la dictadura y como esta afectó la comunicación y desarrollo del país, la importancia de la religión y el fútbol en su economía, el detrimento que ha causado la corrupción en aspectos de negociación internacional y el poco compromiso que proyecta el país en cuestiones de cumplimiento de acuerdos. Muestra algunos datos de la inversión realizada en investigación y desarrollo en el país en comparación con otros a nivel internacional, haciendo énfasis en la importancia que conlleva hacer inversión en este aspecto. Conceptualiza términos como innovación, industria 4.0 y la relación que estas tienen con impacto en la competitividad en una empresa, ejemplifica casos de éxito de aplicación de innovación e industria 4.0 en las empresas y como estas logran una mayor competitividad en el mercado. Exalta el compromiso de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Río de Janeiro y Natura respecto a los procesos de innovación que se incuban en los laboratorios de cada una de ellas y muestra la estrecha relación de la innovación con la competitividad en el mercado y la sociedad. This work is based initially on historical data of the contextualization, development and growth of Brazil, the influence of the dictatorship and how this affected the communication and development of the country, the importance of religion and football in its economy, the detriment caused by corruption in aspects of international negotiation and the lack of commitment that the country projects in matters of compliance with agreements. Shows some data on investment in research and development in the country compared to others at the international level, emphasizing the importance of investing in this aspect. Conceptualises terms such as innovation, industry 4.0 and the relationship these have with impact on competitiveness in a company, exemplifies successful cases of application of innovation and industry 4.0 in companies and how these achieve greater competitiveness in the market. Exalts the commitment of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro and Natura regarding the innovation processes that are incubated in the laboratories of each one of them and shows the close relationship of innovation with competitiveness in the market and society. Administrador de empresas http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co Pregrado

Numerous studies have presented scenarios regarding energy transition, including the computation of investment costs in various models. Although these studies project detailed investment pathways for different technologies, they do not distinguish between different sources of and types of funding. They tell us what the transition will cost, but not how it will have to be financed. In this paper, we develop a methodology according to which an appropriate financing mix can be calculated from these investment projections based on technology-related assumptions in scenarios. We differentiate between debt and equity as well as between the following sources: public/private Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D), small-distributed financing, venture capital (equity), public markets (equity), and asset finance (debt and equity provided by institutional investors). We show that major commitments to wind and solar energy need to come from institutional investors in the form of asset finance. In addition, to achieve the transition to a decarbonized power system, government and private investors need to continue investing and extend their engagement in funding research, demonstration, and early deployment. Finally, we present a number of policy options targeting the different sources of finance.

For the last 20 years, the field of industrial symbiosis (IS) has raised interest among academics and industries. IS consists of dissimilar entities sharing and valorising underutilised resources such as materials, energy, information, services, or technologies in the view of increasing the industrial system&rsquo, s circularity. Despite the benefits brought by IS, though, barriers hindering the full dissemination of IS remain. This paper presents a methodology developed in the framework of the H2020 European project EPOS that aims at removing some of the obstacles to the implementation of IS. The method follows a multidisciplinary approach that intents to trigger the interest of industry decision-makers and initiate efforts to optimise the use of energy and material resources through symbiosis. It is applied to an industrial cluster located in the Humber region of UK. The case study shows how the approach helped to identify several IS opportunities, how one particular high-potential symbiosis was further assessed, and how it led to the creation of a business case. It was estimated that the identified symbiosis could bring substantial economic (+2000 k&euro, pa), environmental (&minus, 4000 t of CO2 eq. pa) and social (+7 years of healthy life) gains to the region.

В статье проводится анализ производительность труда и ее значение в экономике страны, c исследованием теоретических и практических аспектов ее деятельности в национальной экономике. По мнению автора, различных государственных и частных структур, производительность труда в России на современном этапе не ниже чем в странах, входящих в "семерку". Новизной в статье является показ действительной производительности труда в сравнении с другими предлагаемыми данными., The paper analyses labour productivity and its role in the economy, with the study of the theoretical and practical aspects of its activities in the national economy. According to the author, various public and private entities, labor productivity in Russia at the present stage not lower than in the countries of "seven". The novelty of the article is to show the actual productivity in comparison with other proposed data.

This study identifies new wood-based products with considerable potential and attractive markets, including textiles, liquid biofuels, platform chemicals, plastics, and packaging. We apply a mixed-methods review to examine how the position of the forest industry in a given value chain determines the respective production value. An assessment is provided as to the degree to which these emerging wood-based products could compensate for the foreseen decline of graphic paper markets in four major forest industry countries: USA, Canada, Sweden, and Finland. A 1%-2% market share in selected global markets implies a potential increase in revenues of 18-75 billion euros per annum in the four selected countries by 2030. This corresponds to 10%-43% of the production value of forest industries in 2016 and compares with a projected decline of graphic paper industry revenue of 5.5 billion euros by 2030. The respective impacts on wood use are manifold, as many of the new products utilize by-products as feedstock. The increase in primary wood use, which is almost entirely attributed to construction and to some extent textiles markets, would be in the range of 15-133 million m(3), corresponding to 2%-21% of the current industrial roundwood use in the selected countries.

Regions are expected to play a key role in realizing international, European, and national climate and energy goals. Also regions in the Netherlands are working toward these goals, taking initiatives toward an energy-neutral built environment by 2050. However, it remains unclear how such efforts and other socially innovative activities can best be described and how variation between them in terms of governance can be explained. In this article, we develop a framework for analyzing the governance of regional energy-neutral housing initiatives. We ask what factors shape regional climate and energy governance, particularly regional efforts to increase the efficiency of urban dwellings. We answer this question using a subnational comparative method and a most similar case design, focusing on three Dutch regions: Utrecht, Noord-Brabant and Drenthe. Based on document analysis and 24 semi-structured interviews, we find that the regional governance of energy-neutral housing initiatives is primarily driven by existing social networks in the regions, and less determined by local characteristics of the built environment. Thus, regional governance seems to have generated solutions that are supported by regional actors. Nonetheless, as these solutions are not entirely tailored to the regional situation, functionally speaking, a key question for future research is how effective these solutions will be.

Switching energy demand for transport from liquid fuels to electricity is the most promising way to significantly improve air quality and reduce transport emissions. Previous studies have shown this is possible, that by 2035 the economics of alternative powertrain and energy vectors will have converged. However, they don’t address if the transition is likely or plausible. Using the UK as a case study, we present a systems dynamics model based study informed by transition theory and explore the effects of technology progress, policy making, user preferences and; for the first time, automated vehicles on this transition. We are not trying to predict the future, but to highlight what is necessary in order for different scenarios to become more or less likely. Worryingly we show that current policies with the expected technology progress and expectations of vehicle buyers are insufficient to reach global targets. Faster technology progress, strong financial incentives or a change in vehicle buyer expectations are crucial, but still insufficient. In contrast the biggest switch to alternatively fuelled vehicles could be achieved by the introduction of automated vehicles. The implications will affect policy makers, automotive manufactures, technology developers and broader society.

Cooperation for innovation is understood as an essential element in the innovation process of European firms. The aim is to compare how the different sources of information (external and internal) and cooperation for innovation are used in manufacturing and services in Europe using Community Innovation Survey (CIS) data for 15 European countries. The empirical study uses a sample of firms included in the CIS (2008), which covers 15 European countries and applies multivarious data analysis techniques to extract results. The results of this research suggest that firms usesimultaneously different sources of information for cooperation, revealing different patterns of cooperation according to the activity sector in Europe. This paper brings some important insights about cooperation for innovation and suggests some patterns in Europe useful to design public policies, due de similar behavior of some countries grouped according with geography, development status or other economic features. Thus, this article seeks to frame the subject based on a literature review that raises a set of study hypotheses and presents an empirical study applied to cooperation for innovation in Europe using the CIS for 15 European countries. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In Industry 4.0 era two types of innovative development are receiving more attention: service innovation and industrial big data. The main outcome of the paper is a normative model design of decision-making on service innovation concerning outsourcing. This model combines both financial and non-financial criteria. The model also helps managers better understand the value engineering nature of outsourcing and offers clear and understandable normative decision-making model. The research, which was completed in 2017, was specifically based on questionnaire survey which was performed among mid-level management in the Czech and Slovak Republic. In total 89 companies were subjected to survey. This survey was complemented by contextual interviews with selected maintenance managers. The research confirmed the firms were not experienced enough to predict the future role of outsourcing matching organizational changes in Industry 4.0 environment. The literature review proved, that not similar model hasn´t been presented yet. The model was practically verified on the pattern of mid-sized company. Based on research outcomes the examination of maintenance outsourcing was conducted in production, service and trading sector. Statistical significance of differences in the perception of outsourcing was tested by calculation of χ-squared test.

Treball Final de Grau en Administració d'Empreses. Codi: AE1049. Curs acadèmic: 2016/2017 Purpose: According to the open innovation literature, the main objective of this work is based in the analysis of the external knowledge sources usage in enterprises depending on the technology intensity, the organizational size and the sector nature (industrial or services). In order to shape how the use of external knowledge sources can be influenced by such contingent variables. Design / Methodology: To achieve the aim proposed, we use extracted data from the Innovation in Companies Survey performed by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) in 2014. Several descriptive analyses are executed as well as the application of the ANOVA analysis. Findings: The results show us that the contingent variables presented have an effect in the deployment of external knowledge sources. In such a way that the enterprises more intensive in I+D make a wider use of external sources for the innovation than those less intensive in I+D. We can also discern that SMEs resort more to the external knowledge sources use. Finally, we can observe two different patterns when it comes to companies that use external innovation sources in the manufacturing and in services sector, being the companies that operate in the manufacturing sector those which make a more intensive use of external sources.

Partnerships between public and private healthcare providers are often seen as an important way to improve health care in resource-constrained settings. Despite the reconfirmed policy support for including private providers into public tuberculosis control in India, the public-private mix (PPM) activities continue to face apprehension at local implementation sites. This article investigates the causes for those difficulties by examining PPM initiatives as cases of organisational innovation. It examines findings from semi-structured interviews, observations and document analyses in India around three different PPM models and the attempts of innovating and scaling up. The results reveal that in PPM initiatives underlying problem definitions and different control practices, including supervision, standardisation and culture, continue to clash and ultimately hinder the scaling up of PPM. Successful PPM initiatives require organisational control practices which are rooted in different professions to be bridged. This entails difficult balancing acts between innovation and control. The innovators handle those differently, based on their own ideas of the problem that PPM should address and their own control practices. We offer new perspectives on why collaboration is so difficult and show a possible way to mitigate the established apprehensions between professions in order to make organisational innovations, such as PPM, sustainable and scalable.

We investigate the effect of local market conditions on the indirect effects of new business formation measured as their impact on employment in incumbents. Based on organizational ecology theory, we derive and test hypotheses about the magnitude of these indirect effects. The indirect effects are larger in highly populated regions, in regions with a high share of small firms, and in regions where there is high similarity between the industry structure of entries and that of the incumbents. The results show that indirect effects of new businesses emerge through competition with incumbents and underline the importance of regional conditions. We draw conclusions for policy and make suggestions for further research.

The purpose of this paper is to advance our understanding of core entrepreneurial competencies and their interdependencies. Developing entrepreneurial competencies is increasingly seen as important to foster entrepreneurship. Studies to date have highlighted different entrepreneurial competencies in the context of different sectors, regions and countries. However, there has been a lack of consensus in relation to the perceived relative importance of core entrepreneurial competences and their interdependencies among students, academic and entrepreneurs. Our paper focuses on two key questions: first, what are the core entrepreneurial competencies that need to be developed in educational contexts? Second, what are the interdependencies between these entrepreneurial competencies that need to be developed in educational contexts? Using a collective intelligence methodology a comparative study of Iran and Ireland was undertaken that involved three stakeholder groups of students, academics and entrepreneurs. This methodology was used to identify, rank, and structure entrepreneurial competencies considered important for university students. The results of the study indicated that productive thinking, motivation, interpersonal skills and leadership are core entrepreneurial competences that need to be developed in educational contexts. Findings also highlight critical interdependencies between entrepreneurial competencies and the relative influence of different competencies across groups and regions. We outline the implications of our findings for designing a curriculum for improving students’ entrepreneurial competencies.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse differences in the drivers of firm innovation performance across sectors. The literature often makes the assumption that firms in different sectors differ in their propensity to innovate but not in the drivers of innovation. The authors empirically assess whether this assumption is accurate through a series of econometric estimations and tests. Design/methodology/approach The data used are derived from the Irish Community Innovation Survey 2004-2006. A series of multivariate probit models are estimated and the resulting coefficients are tested for parameter stability across sectors using likelihood ratio tests. Findings The results indicate that there is a strong degree of heterogeneity in the drivers of innovation across sectors. The determinants of process, organisational, new to firm and new to market innovation varies across sectors suggesting that the pooling of sectors in an innovation production function may lead to biased inferences. Research limitations/implications The implications of the results are that innovation policies targeted at stimulating innovation need to be tailored to particular industries. One size fits all policies would seem inappropriate given the large degree of heterogeneity observed across the drivers of innovation in different sectors. Originality/value The value of this paper is that it provides an empirical test as to whether it is suitable to group sectoral data when estimating innovation production functions. Most papers simply include sectoral dummies, implying that only the propensity to innovate differs across sectors and that the slope of the coefficient estimates are in fact consistent across sectors.

In recent years, the Dutch healthcare sector has been confronted with increased competition. Not only are financial resources scarce, Dutch hospitals also need to compete with other hospitals in the same geographic area to attract and retain talented employees due to considerable labour shortages. However, four hospitals operating in the same region are cooperating to cope with these shortages by developing a joint Talent Management Pool. ‘Coopetiton’ is a concept used for simultaneous cooperation and competition. In this paper, a case study is performed in order to enhance our understanding of coopetition. Among other things, the findings suggest that perceptions of organizational actors on competition differ and might hinder cooperative innovation with competitors, while perceived shared problems and resource constraints stimulate coopetition. We reflect on the current coopetition literature in light of the research findings, which have implications for future research on this topic.

A case study of the development of gambling treatment at Blå Kors Senter. The aim of the paper is to learn something about innovation in the voluntary sector, in Norway.

The paper presents the results of a study aimed at determining the impact of supplier’s sector and its technology level on innovation activity of the food industry in western Poland in the years 2009-2012. It is assumed that the higher technology level and variety of suppliers the greater innovation activity. The survey shows that the greatest number of relationships is associated with manufacture of rubber and plastic products sector whereas the greatest positive influence concerns innovative cooperation.

We investigate the effect of local market conditions on the indirect effects of new business formation measured as their impact on employment in incumbents. Based on organizational ecology theory, we derive and test hypotheses about the magnitude of these indirect effects. The indirect effects are larger in highly populated regions, in regions with a high share of small firms, and in regions where there is high similarity between the industry structure of entries and that of the incumbents. The results show that indirect effects of new businesses emerge through competition with incumbents and underline the importance of regional conditions. We draw conclusions for policy and make suggestions for further research.

We investigate the effect of local market conditions on the indirect effects of new business formation measured as their impact on employment in incumbents. Based on organizational ecology theory, we derive and test hypotheses about the magnitude of these indirect effects. The indirect effects are larger in highly populated regions, in regions with a high share of small firms, and in regions where there is high similarity between the industry structure of entries and that of the incumbents. The results show that indirect effects of new businesses emerge through competition with incumbents and underline the importance of regional conditions. We draw conclusions for policy and make suggestions for further research.

The relative importance to the particular industry of licensing has not been done enough empirically to pursue the route of the open innovation. That is why the industrial level research on open innovation is more complicated than that of company level. This paper tries to survey industrial level licensing by combining the technology regime theory with NTB (National Technology Bank) score model of KTTC (Korea Technology Transfer Center) and tries to transform Likert score into general value proxy by using information of valuator's organizations. This paper also introduces two new factors named as 'patent authorization stage' for classifying patent status and 'technology regime based industrial innovation pattern' for adopting sectoral level research in order to overcome drawbacks of score model in case of application to open innovation licensing.

With the adoption of the Lisbon Strategy in March 2000, to make Europe a competitive knowledge-based economy by 2010, and the Barcelona objectives agreed upon in 2002 to increase R&D investment in the EU to approach 3% of GDP, the European leaders acknowledged the need for profound reforms in the EU in view of the challenges of ageing, enlargement and globalisation. EU Heads of State and Government were well aware that such policy endeavour could only be effectively undertaken by a concerted approach involving all Member States and involving many policy areas where competence lies at both national and EU level. These objectives and orientations were confirmed and strengthened in the renewed Lisbon strategy launched in 2005. To date, one of the most disappointing aspects of the Lisbon strategy is the performance on R&D andInnovation. While there are examples of good performance in particular sectors and particular Member States, overall the EU innovation environment remains weak This is all the more remarkable taking into account that the Lisbon European Council rightly recognised that Europe's future economic development would depend crucially on its ability to create and grow high value, innovative and research-based sectors. This contribution tries to provide some insight into the issue by first assessing (section 2) and identifying the causes (section 3) of EU's growth and innovation problem. It then discusses how policy should be designed to tackle EU's innovative capacity (section 4), to continue with a discussion of EU's actual policy agenda (section 5). We conclude with suggestions for moving policy forward (section 6). ispartof: DTEW - MSI_0611 pages:1-20 status: published

The paper presents the essence of innovation and its impact on development and competitive position of companies. Then a study that was carried out in the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises in Poland, was presented, in terms of innovation level of implementation. The study included companies operating in the Polish SME sector. This sector was chosen because of its predominant share of the market in the Polish economy. The study focused on the type of innovation implemented, the location of businesses and individual business segments. Then the obtained results are interpreted and conclusions, based on the results, are presented in the summary of the article.