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Brazil, in this new scenario caused by the COVID19 pandemic, faces an even greater challenge regarding economic recovery. In addition, observing the Federal Government's effort to make Brazil a full member of the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), it was determined that one of the paths being developed in these government projects involves an increase in credibility, reliability and stability in the long-term relations of the federal government. A key factor to translate these adjectives into practice is the Corporate Governance aspects. This work aims to present what has been built, structured, and improved in the spheres of public financial institutions, in the Corporate Governance criteria, as well as the evaluation and control entities of these criteria and how this has contributed to the search for guarantees for a greater attraction of investments in infrastructure in Brazil, aiming at the economic and social development of the country. Through a review of the literature and research in the main scholars of the infrastructure sector and corporate governance models, a vision of the intertwining of the public and private sectors in the development of extremely specialized projects with high financial value, such as those of infrastructure. With governance for infrastructure established by public financial agents, space is open so that, in conjunction with the private sector, in a hybrid financing model, modals with added value of transport and/or improvement of the general well-being of the society. O Brasil, neste novo cenário pela pandemia do COVID19, enfrenta um desafio ainda maior sobre a recuperação econômica. Além disso, observando o esforço do Governo Federal em tornar o Brasil membro pleno na OCDE (Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico), determinou-se que um dos caminhos que estão sendo desenvolvidos nesses projetos do governo, passa por um aumento da credibilidade, confiabilidade e estabilidade nas relações de longo prazo do Governo Federal. Um fator chave para traduzir na prática esses adjetivos são os aspectos Governança Corporativa. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o que tem sido construído, estruturado e aperfeiçoado nas esferas das instituições financeiras públicas, nos critérios de Governança Corporativa, bem como, os entes de avaliação e controle destes critérios e como isso tem contribuído na busca de garantias para um maior atrativo de investimentos em infraestrutura no Brasil, almejando o desenvolvimento econômico e social do país. Por meio de uma revisão da literatura e pesquisas nos principais estudiosos do setor de infraestrutura e dos modelos de governança corporativa, traça-se uma visão de entrelaçamento do setor público e setor privado no desenvolvimento de projetos de obras extremamente especializadas e de alto valor financeiro, como as de infraestrutura. Com uma governança para infraestrutura estabelecida pelos agentes financeiros públicos, abre-se espaço, para que em conjunto com o setor privado, num modelo de financiamento híbrido, possam ser construídos modais de valor agregado de transporte e/ou melhoria do bem-estar geral da sociedade.

Objetivo – Este trabalho busca identificar Fatores Críticos de Sucesso (FCS) determinantes para os resultados alcançados pelos projetos de parcerias com o setor privado do Programa de Investimentos em Logística – PIL, programa de concessões nos setores de aeroportos, rodovias, ferrovias e portos lançado em 2012 pelo Governo Federal. Para isso, busca, de maneira complementar, realizar uma reconstituição histórica do PIL e de seus projetos, assim como dos resultados alcançados até o momento. Metodologia – A pesquisa utilizou a metodologia de estudo de caso. Foram realizadas oito entrevistas semiestruturadas com acadêmicos e autoridades e executivos de alto escalão que tiveram participação na formulação e implementação do PIL. Foi também conduzida extensa pesquisa documental sobre o programa. Foi realizada a triangulação entre as diferentes fontes de informação para robustecer os resultados. Resultados – Foram identificados doze FCS relevantes para os projetos do PIL. Os fatores identificados foram segmentados entre os relevantes para as etapas pré-contratuais e para a etapa operacional (após assinatura do contrato de concessão). Para as etapas pré-contratuais, mostraram-se relevantes apoio da sociedade, apoio político, arcabouço regulatório bem estabelecido, boa governança, bons estudos de viabilidade, estrutura de garantias adequada, experiência com implementação de projetos similares e seleção do projeto certo. Para projetos após assinatura do contrato, mostraram-se relevantes a seleção de consórcio forte e capaz de executar o projeto, condições macroeconômicas estáveis e mercado de capitais maduro e acessível. A divisão de riscos adequada se mostrou relevante para todas as fases. Limitações – Os projetos analisados ainda se encontram com menos da metade de seus prazos contratuais decorridos, de modo que a análise resulta em uma fotografia dos projetos até o momento desta pesquisa. Além disso, não foi possível considerar o impacto da Pandemia Mundial do COVID-19, pois esta se deu concomitantemente à realização deste estudo. Contribuições Práticas – A identificação dos fatores que influenciaram nos resultados dos projetos do PIL pode contribuir para o desenho de programas e projetos de parceria com o setor privado, fornecendo ferramentas aos gestores públicos que podem auxiliar na seleção de projetos, na estruturação, na modelagem e na implementação dos mesmos. Originalidade – Pelo nosso conhecimento, esse é o primeiro trabalho que busca aplicar a teoria de Fatores Críticos de Sucesso a projetos concedidos no Brasil. Também parece ser o primeiro a realizar a reconstituição histórica do PIL como um todo, considerando desde suas origens até a análise dos resultados dos projetos que foram leiloados. O trabalho traz também análises acerca de uma política pública recente, com projetos ainda em curso. Traz também contribuições de autoridades e executivos de alto escalão que participaram diretamente da formulação e implementação do Programa, o que permite um raro olhar nos bastidores de como se deu o processo de formulação de uma política pública estratégica no Governo Federal. Purpose ñ This research aims to identify Critical Success Factors (CSF) of the PublicPrivate Partnership (PPP) projects of the Brazilian Government Logistics Investment Program (PIL). PIL was announced in 2012 and involved airport, highway, railway and port projects. In addition, as complementary objectives, the research carries out a historical reconstruction of the PIL and its projects, and analyzes PILís results. Methodology ñ The research adopts the case study methodology. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with academics and high ranked policy officers and executives who took part in PIL formulation and implementation. The study encompassed an extensive documental research about the projects. In addition, the different sources of information were triangulated in order to enhance research robustness. Findings ñ The study identified twelve Critical Success Factors (CSF) for PIL PPP projects. These factors were segmented in two groups, the ones relevant for the precontractual phases and those for the operational phase (after contractual closure). For the pre-contractual phases, the CSF identified included: social society support, political support, a well-established regulatory framework, good governance, good feasibility studies, adequate guarantee structure, availability of government experience in packaging similar PPP projects and selection of the right project. For projects after the contract closure, the research identified the following factors: selection of a consortium capable of executing the project, stable macroeconomic conditions and a mature and accessible capital market. Appropriate risk allocation proved to be relevant for all phases. Research Limitations ñ The research analyzed projects that have not completed half of their contractual terms. For this reason, the analysis reflects only a snapshot of the projects up to the time of this research. In addition, it was not possible to consider the impact of the COVID-19 World Pandemic on the projects, since it occurred simultaneously with this research elaboration. Practical Contributions - The identification of factors that influenced the results of PIL projects can contribute to the design of PPP programs and projects, providing tools to public managers for project selection, structuring, modeling and implementation. Originality ñ To our knowledge, this is the first work that seeks to apply the Critical Success Factors (CSF) theory to operational PPP projects in Brazil. It also seems to be the first to carry out the historical reconstruction of the PIL as a whole. The work presents high rank officials and executives contributions, which provides a rare glance at the backstage of public policy formulation and implementation in Brazilian government.

Con el objetivo de aprovechar al máximo la experiencia y prácticas implementadas en el proyecto Pacífico 2 para potencializar el desarrollo de futuros programas y/o proyectos de infraestructura, se desarrolló una investigación en Lecciones Aprendidas en la ejecución de los componentes ambientales y sociales, donde partiendo de las acciones voluntarias realizadas en estos componentes; se identificaron las Lecciones Aprendidas para el desarrollo de infraestructura, se clasificaron con base en la áreas del conocimiento establecidas en las buenas prácticas del PMI® que las lideran, generando de esta forma un repositorio para la gestión del conocimiento y además se plantearon recomendaciones para futuros proyectos. En primera instancia, se realizó una verificación de las obligaciones contractuales y normativas del contrato de Concesión y mediante una revisión documental de informes contractuales y de interventoría; se identificaron diez acciones voluntarias llevadas a cabo en el proyecto (4 en el componente ambiental y 6 en el componente social). Para la identificación de las Lecciones Aprendidas de cada una de estas acciones en el marco del proyecto de concesión; se realizó encuesta a personas que participaron directamente en su ejecución, de diferentes niveles y actores, encuestando 20 personas en total. Con el análisis de la encuesta se identificó una lección aprendida por cada acción voluntaria; que se complementó con los siguientes dos aspectos: En primera instancia, con entrevista abierta a 3 personas del nivel directivo de la Concesión y de la ANI, y en segunda instancia con una encuesta a 63 personas de la comunidad del área de influencia directa del proyecto, lo que permitió validar la percepción que tienen del proyecto, la concesión y sus acciones. Seguidamente, cada lección aprendida se correlacionó con la o las áreas del conocimiento con las cuales se relaciona en el marco de las buenas prácticas del PMI, planteando consideraciones con aspectos claves a tener en cuenta en cada una. Finalmente, para cada una de las Lecciones Aprendidas se plantea un análisis y recomendaciones para futuros proyectos de infraestructura. El trabajo de investigación se cierra con una propuesta de matriz que consolida toda la información a manera de repositorio de Lecciones Aprendidas, cuyo fin es facilitar su consulta y aplicación en la gestión de proyectos futuros., In order to take full advantage of the experience and practices implemented in the Pacific 2 project to enhance the development of future infrastructure programs and/or projects, a Lessons Learned research was developed in the execution of the environmental and social components, where based on the voluntary actions carried out in these components; the lessons learned for the development of infrastructure were identified, classified based on the areas of knowledge established in the good practices of the PMI® that lead them, thus generating a repository for knowledge management and recommendations for future projects were proposed. In the first instance, a verification of the contractual and regulatory obligations of the concession contract was carried out and through a documentary review of contractual and audit reports; ten voluntary actions carried out in the project were identified (4 in the environmental component and 6 in the social component). In order to identify the lessons learned from each of these actions within the framework of the concession project, a survey was conducted with people who participated directly in its execution, from different levels and actors, surveying 20 people in total. With the analysis of the survey, a lesson learned was identified for each voluntary action, which was complemented with the following two aspects: In the first instance with an open interview to 3 people from the management level of the Concession and ANI, and in the second instance with a survey to 63 people from the community of the direct area of influence of the project that allowed validating the perception they have of the project, the concession and its actions. Next, each lesson learned was correlated with the area or areas of knowledge to which it relates within the framework of the PMI's good practices, raising considerations with key aspects to be taken into account in each one. Finally, for each of the lessons learned, an analysis and recommendations for future infrastructure projects are presented. The research work closes with a proposed matrix that consolidates all the information as a repository of lessons learned, to facilitate its consultation and application in the management of future projects.

The relevance of this article lies in the fact that, today, investments are necessary for a timely response to market changes. The purpose of this paper is to study the experience of the public-private partnership and its impact on the regional economy in Kazakhstan and Turkey. Within the framework of this study, a scientific approach was used with general as well as special scientific methods – in particular, systematization, theoretical generalization, and a comparative method. An analysis of the impact of public-private partnership on the economy of the region and the experiences of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Turkey was carried out, which allowed for the identification of further directions for the development of the use of this tool to attract private investments for regional development. The impact of the development of public-private partnerships on the economies of these territories was determined, and the main directions for improving the development of this instrument in relation to these territories were identified. The authors found that different methods of public-private partnership are used within different regions, and regulation of these areas is also carried out in different ways. The applied value of this research lies in the possibility for more effective use of this instrument of interaction between public bodies and business entities for the development of individual territories. © 2021 Mykolas Riomeris University. All rights reserved.

[ES] DESCRIPCIÓN: El desarrollo del sistema concesional en Colombia ha evolucionado en los últimos años, a lo largo de este tiempo tanto el marco normativo como el institucional se han ajustado conforme a las experiencias ganadas en las diferentes generaciones de concesiones desarrolladas. Los sistemas de pago por disponibilidad, llegan como un nuevo elemento que busca mejorar diferentes aspectos tales como reducción del tiempo de construcción, mejora de la calidad, aumento de la satisfacción de los usuarios, entre otros. España ha sido uno de los países que cuenta con experiencia en la implementación de este tipo de sistema de pago, por lo cual es interesante conocer cuál ha sido su experiencia, sus principales retos, resultados obtenidos, así como las recomendaciones que pueden ser implementadas en el sistema concesional colombiano para hacerlo más robusto. El estudio mostró que, aunque este sistema de pago ha presentado ventajas en la reducción de costos entre otros países, su implementación debe realizarse teniendo en cuenta diferentes aspectos, con el fin de obtener los resultados esperados y que se convierta en una herramienta que represente un beneficio para las partes y de esta manera su utilización sea cada vez más generalizada. OBJETIVO GENERAL Realizar el diagnóstico y análisis comparativo de la implementación del sistema de pago por disponibilidad en los contratos de concesión vial desarrollados en Colombia y España. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 1. Identificar los sistemas de financiación de infraestructura más implementados en Colombia y España. 2. Revisar la evolución normativa e institucional que busca la inclusión del sistema de pago por disponibilidad en los contratos de concesión vial. 3. Analizar el estado actual de los sistemas concesionales en Colombia y España. 4. Conocer las causas de las renegociaciones de los contratos de concesión vial en Colombia y España. 5. Identificar los indicadores de calidad y de servicio empleados en los contratos de concesiones viales en Colombia y España. 6. Analizar y comparar las ventajas e inconvenientes de la aplicación del sistema de pago por disponibilidad en los contratos. 7. Proponer recomendaciones al sistema concesional vial de Colombia a partir del análisis comparativo y de los resultados del análisis de las causas de las renegociaciones en los contratos de concesión. ALCANCE El presente TFM, busca identificar las principales ventajas y desventajas de la implementación de sistemas de pagos por disponibilidad en los contratos de concesión vial desarrollados en Colombia y España, para plantear recomendaciones con base en los resultados obtenidos. MATERIAS RELACIONADAS - Administración y gestión de obras - Metodología de investigación en gestión de la construcción - Dirección facultativa de obras, [EN] The development of the concession system in Colombia has evolved in recent years, throughout this time both the regulatory and institutional framework have been adjusted according to the experiences gained in the different generations of concessions developed. The Pay-per-availability systems, come as a new element that seeks to improve different aspects such as reducing construction time, improving quality, increasing user satisfaction, among others. Spain has been one of the countries with experience in the implementation of this type of payment system, so it is interesting to know what its experience has been, its main challenges, results obtained, as well as the recommendations that can be implemented in the Colombian concession system to make it more robust. The study showed that although this payment system has presented advantages in the reduction of costs among others, its implementation must be carried out taking into account different aspects in order to obtain the expected results and that it becomes a tool that represents a benefit for the parties and in this way its use is more and more generalized.

El contrato de concesión es un negocio fundamentalmente financiero. Esta es una frase manida en los libros de contratación administrativa. Sin embargo, sus efectos no han sido analizados a profundidad. En este artículo se estudia una de las manifestaciones que tiene esta comprensión del contrato de conce-sión: el valor jurídico y probatorio de los modelos financieros adoptados para su celebración. La investigación registra las diferencias que median entre las cuatro generaciones concesionales en Colombia. también anticipa las líneas que puede tomar el debate en relación con los proyectos adjudicados bajo la modalidad de asociaciones público privadas.Palabras clave: concesiones, infraestructura, modelo financiero, obras pú-blicas, negocio financiero, asociaciones público privadas The financial business character of concessions agreements in infrastructure is often remarked by legal scholars in administrative law. However, the legal consequences of their financial business nature have not been fully studied in the Colombian legal system. this paper examines the legal effects of using financial models to concessions agreements in infrastructure. It shows the dif-ferent results of applying financial models to four generations of road conces-sions in Colombia, as well as the upcoming developments on infrastructure projects awarded under public private partnership schemes.

Dans sa quête d'un accès universel à l'électricité, le Sénégal a mis en place un système pionnier en matière d'électrification rurale par le biais de concessions d’électrification rurale (CER) et de projets d’électrification rurale d'initiative locale (ERIL). Si l'électrification rurale progresse depuis dix ans, les projets qui la portent rencontrent un problème de soutenabilité qui entrave la réalisation de l’objectif du pays d’atteindre un taux d'électrification de 100% d'ici 2025.En 2017, le taux d'électrification national était de 60% contre 53% en 2010. Le taux d'électrification dans les zones urbaines du Sénégal atteignait déjà 90% en 2009 alors que, dans les zones rurales, il demeurait proche de 30% en 2015, en raison des résultats décevants du plan d’action pour l’électrification rurale (PASER) qui reposait sur la création de 10 zones de concession d’électrification rurale à gérer par le secteur privé. Ce modèle, bien qu'innovant et malgré les promesses découlant de l'attribution de 6 zones de concession au départ, a rencontré de nombreuses difficultés et obstacles.L’objectif de cette étude est donc d’analyser la pertinence de la politique énergétique actuelle du Sénégal au regard de ses ambitions d’accès universel à l’électricité et des principaux défis auxquels le pays doit faire face, comme l’indépendance énergétique et la sécurité d’approvisionnement face à la croissance de la demande, le besoin d’investissement massif en infrastructures et le changement climatique.Pour ce faire, l'étude a été divisée en 4 parties. La première présente un aperçu du pays, y compris de ses fondamentaux macroéconomiques. La seconde est un résumé de la situation actuelle de l’offre et de la demande d’électricité du Sénégal. La troisième explore sa stratégie pour un accès universel durable à l'électricité, y compris ses objectifs, les stratégies déployées et les cadres institutionnels et réglementaires qui la sous-tendent. La dernière est une analyse critique détaillée de cette stratégie, de l’évaluation des résultats aux suggestions d'amélioration après avoir mis en évidence les obstacles et les risques auxquels elle est confrontée.

Dans sa quête d'un accès universel à l'électricité, le Sénégal a mis en place un système pionnier en matière d'électrification rurale par le biais de concessions d’électrification rurale (CER) et de projets d’électrification rurale d'initiative locale (ERIL). Si l'électrification rurale progresse depuis dix ans, les projets qui la portent rencontrent un problème de soutenabilité qui entrave la réalisation de l’objectif du pays d’atteindre un taux d'électrification de 100% d'ici 2025.En 2017, le taux d'électrification national était de 60% contre 53% en 2010. Le taux d'électrification dans les zones urbaines du Sénégal atteignait déjà 90% en 2009 alors que, dans les zones rurales, il demeurait proche de 30% en 2015, en raison des résultats décevants du plan d’action pour l’électrification rurale (PASER) qui reposait sur la création de 10 zones de concession d’électrification rurale à gérer par le secteur privé. Ce modèle, bien qu'innovant et malgré les promesses découlant de l'attribution de 6 zones de concession au départ, a rencontré de nombreuses difficultés et obstacles.L’objectif de cette étude est donc d’analyser la pertinence de la politique énergétique actuelle du Sénégal au regard de ses ambitions d’accès universel à l’électricité et des principaux défis auxquels le pays doit faire face, comme l’indépendance énergétique et la sécurité d’approvisionnement face à la croissance de la demande, le besoin d’investissement massif en infrastructures et le changement climatique.Pour ce faire, l'étude a été divisée en 4 parties. La première présente un aperçu du pays, y compris de ses fondamentaux macroéconomiques. La seconde est un résumé de la situation actuelle de l’offre et de la demande d’électricité du Sénégal. La troisième explore sa stratégie pour un accès universel durable à l'électricité, y compris ses objectifs, les stratégies déployées et les cadres institutionnels et réglementaires qui la sous-tendent. La dernière est une analyse critique détaillée de cette stratégie, de l’évaluation des résultats aux suggestions d'amélioration après avoir mis en évidence les obstacles et les risques auxquels elle est confrontée.

Resumen El modelo de Alianzas Público-Privadas (APP) para el desarrollo de infraestructura pública ha pasado de ser visto únicamente como un modelo de financiamiento, a ser considerado un modelo de administración. Más allá de sus ventajas conocidas (al involucrar fondos privados y disminuir el endeudamiento público), es considerado actualmente como la mejor forma de transferir los riesgos del sector público al privado. Esta distribución de riesgos entre las partes pública y privada es uno de sus principales factores de éxito, por lo que si se pretende alcanzar el éxito en proyectos locales es indispensable enfocar la atención en este tema. A pesar de su importancia, este proceso de distribución de riesgos ha sido usualmente mal ejecutado alrededor del mundo, y Costa Rica no ha sido la excepción. En el contexto costarricense, la identificación de riesgos en proyectos APP no ha logrado abarcar todo el espectro existente, es más, ha impactado negativamente los proyectos concesionados. Es por ello que es necesario considerar la identificación, clasificación y distribución de riesgos como el fundamento de una buena administración de proyectos APP. De esta manera, este artículo pretende proveer a los profesionales, locales como internacionales, políticos, inversionistas e investigadores un mejor entendimiento de la distribución de riesgos en proyectos de infraestructura pública desarrollados mediante APP, así como una base para investigaciones y proyectos futuros. Abstract The Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) model for the development of public infrastructure has changed from being perceived only as a finance model, to be considered a management model. Beyond its well-known advantages (such as involving private funding and reducing public debt), it is nowadays considered as the best way for transferring the risks from the public to the private sector. This risk allocation between the public and private parties is one of its critical success factors, hence it is critical to focus in this topic to guarantee the success of future projects. Despite of its relevance, the process of risk allocation has often been poorly executed around the world, and Costa Rica has not been the exception. In Costa Rica, the process of risk identification in PPP projects has failed on comprising all the existing risks, and this situation has had a negative impact in them. The identification, classification and allocation of risks is the foundation of a good management of PPP projects. Therefore, this article aims to provide professionals(locals and foreigners), policy makers, investors and researchers a better understanding of risk allocation in public infrastructure projects developed through PPP, and to help future research and projects.

There are many challenges in projects for the concession of infrastructure. Such challenges are even greater when it comes to insert private players in an economic sector previously monopolized by a state-owned company. This thesis seeks to provide a consistent picture of the concessions of Brazilian airports started in 2011, focusing especially on the potential anticompetitive effects of clauses inserted in the bidding terms. It also investigates how the Brazilian airport sector has evolved in the last years and the motives that made the Federal Government initiate the privatization of its largest airports. The study focus mainly on the rules for participation and qualification requirements for the bidders. We understand that many of the rules of the bidding terms have anticompetitive effects. The study here conducted is able to shed light on the evolution of the terms since the first round of concessions, in 2011, until the last, in 2017. It is mandatory that the Administration revisit and rethink the terms every new round of concessions, assessing if they were able or not to achieve the projected goals for the project. The present thesis argues that the way in which the airports concession was projected was not able to foster competition, even though some relevant changes were seen since the first round of concessions. Suggestions in order to enhance and improve competition in the next round of concessions are made at the end. A concessão de infraestrutura impõe diversos desafios ao Poder Concedente. Quando se trata de inserir atores privados em um setor historicamente dominado por uma única empresa estatal, os desafios se maximizam. Neste texto, procura-se traçar um panorama das concessões aeroportuárias conduzidas no Brasil a partir de 2011, com foco na modelagem dos editais de licitação dos aeroportos e suas disposições com potenciais efeitos anticompetitivos para o próprio certame e para o setor. Investiga-se a evolução do setor aeroportuário no Brasil e também o contexto e motivos que levaram o Governo Federal a decidir pela concessão dos aeroportos. Apresenta-se estudo dos editais de licitação, com foco em suas regras para participação e habilitação de licitantes. Entende-se que muitas das disposições presentes nos editais possuem efeitos negativos à concorrência. Um estudo crítico dos instrumentos licitatórios permite examinar a evolução da modelagem das concessões, trazendo à luz as mudanças ocorridas desde a primeira até a quarta rodada de concessões. É imprescindível que os editais sejam repensados a cada nova rodada, avaliando se o modelo utilizado foi capaz de atingir os objetivos pretendidos. Este estudo entende que o modelo utilizado pelo Poder Concedente não foi o mais adequado para abrir o setor aeroportuário à concorrência, em que pese ter ocorrido visível evolução nos editais desde a primeira concessão, em 2011, até aquelas concretizadas em 2017. Oferece-se, ao cabo, sugestões para ampliação da competição nas concessões que estão por vir.

Estimaciones recientes indican que llenar la brecha de infraestructura en el Perú para el período 2016-2025 implicaría una inversión de casi 160 000 millones de dólares, monto que está prácticamente fuera del alcance de la inversión pública. Para lograr dicho objetivo, se vienen promoviendo instrumentos como las Asociaciones Público Privadas (APP) por “Iniciativa Privada” (IP), los cuales se apoyan en los incentivos que tiene el sector privado para generar proyectos más eficientes e innovadores. Estos consideran a la competencia de mercado como condición esencial para asegurar la eficiencia de las concesiones de modo que puedan generar la mayor cantidad de beneficios al menor costo posible, siguiendo la lógica de la oferta y la demanda. El estudio sistematiza un total de 72 IP adjudicadas entre los años 1997 y 2016 por más de 6000 millones de dólares. Se busca analizar cuál ha sido el nivel de competencia y sus efectos sobre las adjudicaciones. El hallazgo principal del estudio muestra que el nivel de competencia alcanzado en el mercado de IP es mínimo, con solo 3 proyectos adjudicados mediante subastas y los 69 proyectos restantes, concesionados mediante mecanismos de adjudicación directa (sin ninguna competencia). Estimaciones recientes indican que llenar la brecha de infraestructura en el Perú para el período 2016-2025 implicaría una inversión de casi 160 000 millones de dólares, monto que está prácticamente fuera del alcance de la inversión pública. Para lograr dicho objetivo, se vienen promoviendo instrumentos como las Asociaciones Público Privadas (APP) por “Iniciativa Privada” (IP), los cuales se apoyan en los incentivos que tiene el sector privado para generar proyectos más eficientes e innovadores. Estos consideran a la competencia de mercado como condición esencial para asegurar la eficiencia de las concesiones de modo que puedan generar la mayor cantidad de beneficios al menor costo posible, siguiendo la lógica de la oferta y la demanda. El estudio sistematiza un total de 72 IP adjudicadas entre los años 1997 y 2016 por más de 6000 millones de dólares. Se busca analizar cuál ha sido el nivel de competencia y sus efectos sobre las adjudicaciones. El hallazgo principal del estudio muestra que el nivel de competencia alcanzado en el mercado de IP es mínimo, con solo 3 proyectos adjudicados mediante subastas y los 69 proyectos restantes, concesionados mediante mecanismos de adjudicación directa (sin ninguna competencia). Reseña de investigación

The paper discusses the main challenges and opportunities for attracting both private domestic and foreign capital to foster the growth of concessions projects in the infrastructure sector, and proposes solutions from the Brazilian recent experience and other emerging economies. Given the exhaustion of the public funding sources in Brazil and the increasing demand for finance in the infrastructure sector in the coming decades, there is a consensus on the need of attracting private capital so to ensure the viability of the various concession projects planned for the period. We shall propose a new model for concession financing with provisions for demand risk to be shared between the Government and the concessionaire in order to increase participation of private capital in these projects. The model may also include currency hedge instruments in order to increase its attractiveness to foreign investors.

In recent decades, many countries have embarked on structural reform programs involving private sector participation (PSP) across the entire value chain of the power sector. Often as part of a broader market oriented reform program, governments have resorted to PSP in transmission and distribution (T and D) for a variety of reasons, including to: (i) offset years of underinvestment and poor operating performance under public ownership; (ii) attract considerable private investment to fill the financing gap stemming from new T and D additions amid rapidly growing demand for electricity; and (iii) raise fiscal revenues by offloading state assets. In some cases (for example, Brazil and Peru), a prolonged electricity supply crisis prompted government into structural reforms of the T and D sector. The energy sector management assistance program (ESMAP) study covers PSP in transmission, as well as distribution. The four case-study countries, Brazil, Peru, Philippines, and Turkey were selected based on the substantial transmission story under their broader electricity PSP experience.

Este trabalho busca identificar, discutir e propor um método capaz de avaliar e comparar eficiência na gestão e operação da infraestrutura concedida. Com foco na busca por um método que permita auxiliar a regulação price-cap, propõe uma forma de cálculo para o fator “x” dos reajustes tarifários, fator vinculado ao desempenho das concessionárias de serviços públicos. Serão identificados os principais métodos matemáticos utilizados em estudos acadêmicos e na prática regulatória, para avaliação e comparação de eficiência, bem como apresentadas suas principais vantagens e desvantagens. Apresentar-se-á uma discussão sobre quais modelos regulatórios permitem o uso do benchmarking como ferramenta auxiliar na decisão e uma proposta de uso para o cálculo do fator “x”, utilizando os métodos da Análise Estocástica de Fronteira (SFA) e a Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA). Ao final, a aplicação do modelo proposto, em estudo de caso com concessionárias de rodovias federais brasileiras, permitirá avaliar a aplicabilidade da ferramenta. O objetivo do benchmarking como ferramenta regulatória é incentivar a inovação e promover, artificialmente, a concorrência entre empresas em mercados naturalmente monopolistas, como o da infraestrutura de transportes. This work tries to identify, discuss and propose a method to evaluate and compare management and operational efficiency in infrastructure concessions. Proposing a method to calculate the “x” factor from the price-cap regulation, this paper wants to promote the discussion about the performance of the public services concessionaries. Through the text we identify the two most used mathematics methods, in academic studies and practical regulation, to evaluate and compare performance. We discuss it advantages and disadvantages, proposing a combination of the two methods to make a benchmarking approach. After this, we use the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to make a case study about the Brazilian federal highways concessionaries. For it we use our proposed model to find the “x” factor, attempt to propose the benchmarking like a tool to promote innovation and to insert, artificially, competition, between companies, in monopolistic markets like the transport infrastructure.

This work analyses the risk allocation between government and concessionaire in the High Speed Train (HST) Project from Rio de Janeiro to São Paulo and Campinas. The concession model proposed by the government to transfer the HST operation to private firms in 2010 was revised in 2012, with the main difference between them been on the risk allocation between government and concessionaire related to demand and construction costs. This work assess these two context of HST proposal considering the best practices recommended in the literature, discusses quantitatively how the potential costs of these risks affect the concessionaire's profits and presents some improvements to the current concession model, in an attempt to disseminate good risk allocation practices for infrastructure projects in Brazil.

This paper discusses governmental fiscal support for financing long-term infrastructure projects in ASEAN countries. More specifically, it discusses the role of guarantees and subsidies in promoting public-private partnership (PPP) projects. It draws on case studies of Philippine and Indonesian PPPs, and information from secondary sources to highlight the critical role of such fiscal support in making feasible the financing of long-term infrastructure projects that may be economically beneficial but commercially or financially unviable without such support. The paper points out the need for a strong fiscal position and analyzes the implications of guarantees and subsidies on fiscal management. An important insight is the need to secure budgets for long-term infrastructure projects, which may be done through a medium-term expenditure framework. Based on the analysis of Philippine and Indonesian case studies, it provides specific recommendations to improve the implementation of PPP projects.

This case study is part of an analytical effort aimed at advising World Bank staff and country clients on options for private sector participation (PSP) in transmission and distribution. The report is based on data collected on the Peruvian case, the review of literature, as well as on a set of interviews held with power sector agencies, including the regulator and system operator, power sector companies and experts in the field. The problems of the power sector were linked to its structure, a legal framework that guaranteed a public monopoly and the use on subsidies as a political tool to redistribute income and control inflation. The crisis justified measures in line with a thorough neoliberal economic reform that was underway. This reform included the reduction of an oversized public sector and the unbundling and privatization of the power sector. The privatization of transmission was justified on the grounds of attracting fresh capital and achieving greater efficiency. PSP in distribution was justified on the same grounds, plus another important factor, it was seen also as a way to prevent or minimize government interference on the day‐to‐day operations of utilities and, most important, to avoid the politicization of electricity tariffs.