88 results on '"Gray, Gregory C."'
Search Results
2. Metagenomic analysis of endemic viruses in oral secretions from Chinese pigs.
- Author
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Umar S, Anderson BD, Chen K, Wang GL, Ma MJ, and Gray GC
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- Animals, Swine, Circovirus, Influenza A virus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome epidemiology, Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus, Swine Diseases
- Abstract
Background: Pigs are unique reservoirs for virus ecology. Despite the increased use of improved biosecurity measures, pig viruses readily circulate in Chinese swine farms., Objectives: The main objective of this study was to examine archived swine oral secretion samples with a panel of pan-species viral assays such that we might better describe the viral ecology of swine endemic viruses in Chinese farms., Methodology: Two hundred (n = 200) swine oral secretion samples, collected during 2015 and 2016 from healthy pigs on six swine farms in two provinces in China, were screened with molecular pan-species assays for coronaviruses (CoVs), adenoviruses (AdVs), enteroviruses (EVs), and paramyxoviruses (PMV). Samples were also screened for porcine circovirus (PCV) 3, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and influenza A virus (IAV)., Results: Among 200 swine oral secretion samples, 152 (76.0%) were found to have at least one viral detection. Thirty-four samples (17%) were positive for more than one virus, including 24 (70.5%) with dual detection and 10 (29.5%) with triple detection. Seventy-eight (39.0%) samples were positive for porcine AdVs, 22 (11.0%) were positive for porcine CoVs, 21 (10.5%) were positive for IAVs, 13 (6.5%) were positive for PCV, 7 (3.5%) were positive for PMV, six (3.0%) were positive for PRRSV and five (2.5%) were positive for porcine EV., Conclusion: Our findings underscore the high prevalence of numerous viruses among production pigs in China and highlight the need for routine, periodic surveillance for novel virus emergence with the goal of protecting pigs., (© 2022 The Authors. Veterinary Medicine and Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2022
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3. Influenza A viruses are likely highly prevalent in South African swine farms.
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El Zowalaty ME, Abdelgadir A, Borkenhagen LK, Ducatez MF, Bailey ES, and Gray GC
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- Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Cross-Sectional Studies, Farms, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype, Male, Pilot Projects, South Africa epidemiology, Swine, Zoonoses epidemiology, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Influenza A virus, Influenza, Human, Orthomyxoviridae Infections epidemiology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections veterinary, Swine Diseases
- Abstract
Growth in pork production during the last decade in South Africa has escalated the risk of zoonotic pathogen emergence. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate evidence for transmission of influenza A virus between pigs and swine workers. Between February and October 2018, samples from swine workers and pigs were collected from three farms in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Workers nasal washes and serum samples, and swine oral secretion samples (rope sampling method) were studied for evidence of swine influenza A virus infection using molecular and serological methods. Among 84 human nasal washes and 51 swine oral secretion specimens, 44 (52.4%) and 6 (11.8%) had molecular evidence of influenza A virus. Microneutralization assays with enrolled workers' sera against swine H1N1 and H3N2 viruses revealed a high prevalence of elevated antibodies. Multivariate risk factor analysis showed that male workers from the age-group quartile 23-32 years, who self-reported a recent history of exposure to someone with influenza disease and seldom use of personal protective equipment were at highest risk of molecular detection of influenza A virus. These pilot study data suggest that influenza A viruses are likely highly prevalent in South African swine farms. South Africa would benefit from periodic surveillance for novel influenza viruses in swine farms as well as education and seasonal influenza vaccine programmes for swine workers., (© 2021 The Authors. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
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- 2022
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4. Animal influenza virus infections in humans: A commentary.
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Borkenhagen LK, Salman MD, Ma MJ, and Gray GC
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- Animals, Birds, Cats, Dogs, Horses, Humans, Influenza A virus classification, Influenza A virus genetics, Influenza, Human transmission, Orthomyxoviridae Infections transmission, Orthomyxoviridae Infections virology, Swine, Influenza A virus physiology, Influenza, Human virology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections veterinary
- Abstract
Here we review evidence for influenza A viruses (IAVs) moving from swine, avian, feline, equine, and canine species to infect humans. We review case reports, sero-epidemiological, archeo-epidemiological, environmental, and historical studies and consider trends in livestock farming. Although this focused review is not systematic, the aggregated data point to industrialized swine farming as the most likely source of future pandemic viruses, yet IAV surveillance on such farms is remarkably sparse. We recommend increased biosafety and biosecurity training for farm administrators and swine workers with One Health-oriented virus surveillance throughout industrialized farming and meat production lines. Collaborative partnerships with human medical researchers could aid in efforts to mitigate emerging virus threats by offering new surveillance and diagnostic technologies to livestock farming industries., (Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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5. Bioaerosol Sampling to Detect Avian Influenza Virus in Hanoi's Largest Live Poultry Market.
- Author
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Bui VN, Nguyen TT, Nguyen-Viet H, Bui AN, McCallion KA, Lee HS, Than ST, Coleman KK, and Gray GC
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- Animals, Humans, Poultry Diseases epidemiology, Poultry Diseases virology, Public Health Surveillance, Vietnam epidemiology, Air Microbiology, Influenza A virus classification, Influenza A virus genetics, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza in Birds epidemiology, Influenza in Birds virology, Poultry virology
- Abstract
Background: Newly emergent and virulent strains of H7N9 avian influenza virus are rapidly spreading in China and threaten to invade Vietnam. We sought to introduce aerosol sampling for avian influenza viruses in Vietnam., Methods: During October 2017, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 2-stage aerosol samplers were assembled on a tripod and run for 4 hours. Concomitantly, up to 20 oropharyngeal (OP) swab samples were collected from chickens and ducks distanced at 0.2-1.5 m from each sampler., Results: The 3 weeks of sampling yielded 30 aerosol samples that were 90% positive for influenza A, by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and 116 OP swab sample pools (5 samples per pool) that were 47% positive. Egg cultures yielded 1 influenza A virus (not H5 or H7) from aerosol and 25 influenza A viruses from OP swab sample pools (5 were H5 positive). The association between positive sample types (over time and position) was strong, with 91.7% of positive OP pooled swab samples confirmed by positive aerosol samples and 81% of influenza A positive aerosol samples confirmed by positive OP swab samples., Conclusions: We posit that aerosol sampling might be used for early warning screening of poultry markets for novel influenza virus detection, such as H7N9. Markets with positive aerosol samples might be followed up with more focused individual bird or cage swabbing, and back-tracing could be performed later to locate specific farms harboring novel virus. Culling birds in such farms could reduce highly pathogenic avian influenza virus spread among poultry and humans., (© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
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- 2019
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6. Aerosolized avian influenza A (H5N6) virus isolated from a live poultry market, China.
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Wu Y, Shi W, Lin J, Wang M, Chen X, Liu K, Xie Y, Luo L, Anderson BD, Lednicky JA, Gray GC, Lu J, and Wang T
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- Aerosols, Animals, China epidemiology, Genome, Viral, Humans, Influenza A virus genetics, Influenza in Birds epidemiology, Influenza in Birds transmission, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Influenza, Human transmission, Phylogeny, Reassortant Viruses genetics, Reassortant Viruses isolation & purification, Environmental Monitoring, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza in Birds virology, Influenza, Human virology, Poultry virology
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- 2017
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7. Bioaerosol Sampling in Modern Agriculture: A Novel Approach for Emerging Pathogen Surveillance?
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Anderson BD, Ma M, Xia Y, Wang T, Shu B, Lednicky JA, Ma MJ, Lu J, and Gray GC
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- Animals, China, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Male, Occupational Diseases epidemiology, Occupational Diseases prevention & control, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Risk Assessment, Swine, Aerosols, Animal Husbandry, Environmental Microbiology, Environmental Monitoring, Influenza A virus isolation & purification
- Abstract
Background: Modern agricultural practices create environmental conditions conducive to the emergence of novel pathogens. Current surveillance efforts to assess the burden of emerging pathogens in animal production facilities in China are sparse. In Guangdong Province pig farms, we compared bioaerosol surveillance for influenza A virus to surveillance in oral pig secretions and environmental swab specimens., Methods: During the 2014 summer and fall/winter seasons, we used 3 sampling techniques to study 5 swine farms weekly for influenza A virus. Samples were molecularly tested for influenza A virus, and positive specimens were further characterized with culture. Risk factors for influenza A virus positivity for each sample type were assessed., Results: Seventy-one of 354 samples (20.1%) were positive for influenza A virus RNA by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Influenza A virus positivity in bioaerosol samples was a statistically significant predictor for influenza A virus positivity in pig oral secretion and environmental swab samples. Temperature of <20°C was a significant predictor of influenza A virus positivity in bioaerosol samples., Discussions: Climatic factors and routine animal husbandry practices may increase the risk of human exposure to aerosolized influenza A viruses in swine farms. Data suggest that bioaerosol sampling in pig barns may be a noninvasive and efficient means to conduct surveillance for novel influenza viruses., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.)
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- 2016
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8. Epidemiology, Evolution, and Recent Outbreaks of Avian Influenza Virus in China.
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Su S, Bi Y, Wong G, Gray GC, Gao GF, and Li S
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- Animals, Biological Evolution, China epidemiology, Epidemics prevention & control, Epidemics veterinary, Evolution, Molecular, Genetic Variation genetics, Humans, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza in Birds epidemiology, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Pandemics, Poultry virology, Vaccination veterinary, Influenza A virus classification, Influenza A virus genetics, Influenza in Birds virology, Influenza, Human virology, Poultry Diseases virology
- Abstract
Novel reassortants of H7N9, H10N8, and H5N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are currently circulating in China's poultry flocks, occasionally infecting humans and other mammals. Combined with the sometimes enzootic H5N1 and H9N2 strains, this cauldron of genetically diverse AIVs pose significant risks to public health. Here, we review the epidemiology, evolution, and recent outbreaks of AIVs in China, discuss reasons behind the recent increase in the emergence of novel AIVs, and identify warning signs which may point to the emergence of a potentially virulent and highly transmissible AIV to humans. This review will be useful to authorities who consider options for the detection and control of AIV transmission in animals and humans, with the goal of preventing future epidemics and pandemics., (Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.)
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- 2015
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9. Surveillance for emerging respiratory viruses.
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Al-Tawfiq JA, Zumla A, Gautret P, Gray GC, Hui DS, Al-Rabeeah AA, and Memish ZA
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- Animals, Communicable Diseases, Emerging transmission, Communicable Diseases, Emerging virology, Coronavirus Infections transmission, Coronavirus Infections virology, Epidemics, Epidemiological Monitoring, Humans, Influenza A virus classification, Influenza, Human transmission, Influenza, Human virology, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus isolation & purification, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome transmission, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virology, World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases, Emerging epidemiology, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus isolation & purification, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome epidemiology
- Abstract
Several new viral respiratory tract infectious diseases with epidemic potential that threaten global health security have emerged in the past 15 years. In 2003, WHO issued a worldwide alert for an unknown emerging illness, later named severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) rapidly spread worldwide, causing more than 8000 cases and 800 deaths in more than 30 countries with a substantial economic impact. Since then, we have witnessed the emergence of several other viral respiratory pathogens including influenza viruses (avian influenza H5N1, H7N9, and H10N8; variant influenza A H3N2 virus), human adenovirus-14, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In response, various surveillance systems have been developed to monitor the emergence of respiratory-tract infections. These include systems based on identification of syndromes, web-based systems, systems that gather health data from health facilities (such as emergency departments and family doctors), and systems that rely on self-reporting by patients. More effective national, regional, and international surveillance systems are required to enable rapid identification of emerging respiratory epidemics, diseases with epidemic potential, their specific microbial cause, origin, mode of acquisition, and transmission dynamics., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
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10. First evidence of H10N8 Avian influenza virus infections among feral dogs in live poultry markets in Guangdong province, China.
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Su S, Qi W, Zhou P, Xiao C, Yan Z, Cui J, Jia K, Zhang G, Gray GC, Liao M, and Li S
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- Animals, Female, Humans, Influenza A virus classification, Influenza in Birds virology, Influenza, Human diagnosis, Influenza, Human virology, Multiple Organ Failure virology, Poultry virology
- Published
- 2014
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11. Little evidence of avian or equine influenza virus infection among a cohort of Mongolian adults with animal exposures, 2010-2011.
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Khurelbaatar N, Krueger WS, Heil GL, Darmaa B, Ulziimaa D, Tserennorov D, Baterdene A, Anderson BD, and Gray GC
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- Adult, Animals, Birds, Female, Horse Diseases epidemiology, Horse Diseases virology, Horses, Humans, Influenza A virus classification, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza in Birds epidemiology, Influenza in Birds virology, Influenza, Human blood, Influenza, Human virology, Male, Middle Aged, Mongolia epidemiology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections epidemiology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections veterinary, Orthomyxoviridae Infections virology, Animal Husbandry, Antibodies, Viral blood, Influenza A virus immunology, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Occupational Exposure
- Abstract
Avian (AIV) and equine influenza virus (EIV) have been repeatedly shown to circulate among Mongolia's migrating birds or domestic horses. In 2009, 439 Mongolian adults, many with occupational exposure to animals, were enrolled in a prospective cohort study of zoonotic influenza transmission. Sera were drawn upon enrollment and again at 12 and 24 months. Participants were contacted monthly for 24 months and queried regarding episodes of acute influenza-like illnesses (ILI). Cohort members confirmed to have acute influenza A infections, permitted respiratory swab collections which were studied with rRT-PCR for influenza A. Serologic assays were performed against equine, avian, and human influenza viruses. Over the 2 yrs of follow-up, 100 ILI investigations in the cohort were conducted. Thirty-six ILI cases (36%) were identified as influenza A infections by rRT-PCR; none yielded evidence for AIV or EIV. Serological examination of 12 mo and 24 mo annual sera revealed 37 participants had detectable antibody titers (≥1∶10) against studied viruses during the course of study follow-up: 21 against A/Equine/Mongolia/01/2008(H3N8); 4 against an avian A/Teal/Hong Kong/w3129(H6N1), 11 against an avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), and 1 against an avian A/Migrating duck/Hong Kong/MPD268/2007(H10N4) virus. However, all such titers were <1∶80 and none were statistically associated with avian or horse exposures. A number of subjects had evidence of seroconversion to zoonotic viruses, but the 4-fold titer changes were again not associated with avian or horse exposures. As elevated antibodies against seasonal influenza viruses were high during the study period, it seems likely that cross-reacting antibodies against seasonal human influenza viruses were a cause of the low-level seroreactivity against AIV or EIV. Despite the presence of AIV and EIV circulating among wild birds and horses in Mongolia, there was little evidence of AIV or EIV infection in this prospective study of Mongolians with animal exposures.
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- 2014
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12. Serologic evidence of avian influenza virus infections among Nigerian agricultural workers.
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Okoye J, Eze D, Krueger WS, Heil GL, Friary JA, and Gray GC
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- Adult, Animals, Female, Humans, Influenza in Birds transmission, Male, Middle Aged, Neutralization Tests, Nigeria, Poultry, Poultry Diseases transmission, Prospective Studies, Serologic Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult, Agriculture, Antibodies, Viral blood, Influenza A virus immunology, Influenza in Birds virology, Occupational Exposure, Poultry Diseases virology
- Abstract
Nigeria has had multiple incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5N1 virus into its poultry population since 2006. This study aimed to determine if Nigerians exposed to poultry had evidence of avian influenza virus transmission to man. Between 2008 and 2010, 316 adult farmers and open market workers and 54 age-group matched, non-animal exposed controls were enrolled in a prospective, population-based study of zoonotic influenza transmission in four towns in southeastern Nigeria. Questionnaire data and sera obtained at the time of enrollment were examined for evidence of previous infection with 10 avian influenza virus strains. Serologic studies on sera collected at the time of enrollment showed modest evidence of previous infection with three avian-origin influenza viruses (H5N1, H5N2, and H11N1) and one avian-like H9N2 influenza virus, with eight (2.4%) of animal-exposed subjects and two (3.7%) unexposed subjects having elevated microneutralization assay antibody titer levels (ranging from 1:10 to 1:80). Statistical analyses did not identify specific risk factors associated with the elevated antibody titers observed for these zoonotic influenza viruses. These data suggested only occasional virus transmission to humans in areas thought to have been enzootic for avian influenza virus. Prospective data from this cohort will help the authors to better understand the occurrence of zoonotic infections due to avian influenza viruses in Nigeria., (Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
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- 2013
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13. Swine influenza virus infections in man.
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Krueger WS and Gray GC
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- Animals, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype genetics, Influenza, Human transmission, Influenza, Human virology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections transmission, Orthomyxoviridae Infections virology, Risk Factors, Swine, Swine Diseases transmission, Swine Diseases virology, Influenza A virus genetics, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections epidemiology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections veterinary, Swine Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
Because pigs are susceptible to both avian and human influenza viruses, genetic reassortment between avian, human, and/or swine influenza viruses in the pig host can lead to the generation of novel influenza A viruses (Ma et al. 2009). Since the first serological evidence of a swine influenza virus (SIV) infecting humans in 1958, sporadic cases have continued to occur. In recent years, case reports have been increasing, seemingly in concert with modern pig farming and the emergence of triple reassortant SIVs in swine. SIV infections in man generally are mild or subclinical, and often are not diagnosed; however, SIV infections can be quite serious in patients with underlying medical conditions. As of August 2010, 73 case reports of symptomatic human SIV infections have been documented in the medical literature or reported by health officials (excluding cases of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus), of which 7 infections (10 %) resulted in death. While exposure to swine is often considered a risk factor for human SIV infections, 37 of 73 (51 %) reported cases had no known exposure to pigs; consequently, SIV may be crossing the species barrier via transmission routes yet to be acknowledged. In addition, human-to-human transmission was suspected in 10 of 34 (30 %) of the cases with epidemiological investigation. This chapter discusses the observations of illness and infections in humans, risk factors associated with infection, and methods for diagnosing human infections of SIV.
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- 2013
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14. Evidence for subclinical avian influenza virus infections among rural Thai villagers.
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Khuntirat BP, Yoon IK, Blair PJ, Krueger WS, Chittaganpitch M, Putnam SD, Supawat K, Gibbons RV, Pattamadilok S, Sawanpanyalert P, Heil GL, Friary JA, Capuano AW, and Gray GC
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- Adult, Age Factors, Animals, Antibodies, Viral blood, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype immunology, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype isolation & purification, Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype immunology, Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype isolation & purification, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza in Birds epidemiology, Influenza in Birds transmission, Influenza in Birds virology, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Influenza, Human virology, Male, Middle Aged, Orthomyxoviridae Infections transmission, Orthomyxoviridae Infections virology, Poultry, Poultry Diseases transmission, Poultry Diseases virology, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Sex Factors, Swine, Thailand epidemiology, Young Adult, Asymptomatic Infections epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Influenza A virus immunology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections epidemiology, Poultry Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: Regions of Thailand reported sporadic outbreaks of A/H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) among poultry between 2004 and 2008. Kamphaeng Phet Province, in north-central Thailand had over 50 HPAI poultry outbreaks in 2004 alone, and 1 confirmed and 2 likely other human HPAI infections between 2004 and 2006., Methods: In 2008, we enrolled a cohort of 800 rural Thai adults living in 8 sites within Kamphaeng Phet Province in a prospective study of zoonotic influenza transmission. We studied participants' sera with serologic assays against 16 avian, 2 swine, and 8 human influenza viruses., Results: Among participants (mean age 49.6 years and 58% female) 65% reported lifetime poultry exposure of at least 30 consecutive minutes. Enrollees had elevated antibodies by microneutralization assay against 3 avian viruses: A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), A/Thailand/676/2005(H5N1), and A/Thailand/384/2006(H5N1). Bivariate risk factor modeling demonstrated that male gender, lack of an indoor water source, and tobacco use were associated with elevated titers against avian H9N2 virus. Multivariate modeling suggested that increasing age, lack of an indoor water source, and chronic breathing problems were associated with infection with 1 or both HPAI H5N1 strains. Poultry exposure was not associated with positive serologic findings., Conclusions: These data suggest that people in rural central Thailand may have experienced subclinical avian influenza infections as a result of yet unidentified environmental exposures. Lack of an indoor water source may play a role in transmission.
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- 2011
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15. A national study of US bird banders for evidence of avian influenza virus infections.
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Gray GC, Ferguson DD, Lowther PE, Heil GL, and Friary JA
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- Adult, Aged, Animals, Antibodies, Viral blood, Birds, Case-Control Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Influenza A virus immunology, Influenza in Birds virology, Influenza, Human pathology, Influenza, Human virology, Male, Middle Aged, Neutralization Tests, Occupational Diseases pathology, Occupational Diseases virology, Seroepidemiologic Studies, United States, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza in Birds transmission, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Occupational Diseases epidemiology, Zoonoses epidemiology, Zoonoses virology
- Abstract
Background: Previously we have found that Midwestern US wildlife biologists, poultry farmers, veterinarians, and duck hunters have had evidence of avian influenza virus infections (AIVs)., Objectives: We sought to evaluate a national sample of US bird banders for previous evidence of AIV infection., Study Design: Controlled, cross-sectional serological survey., Results: In 2009 and 2010 we enrolled 157 registered bird banders from 40 US states and compared their enrollment data and serological results with 78 adult age-group matched controls from Iowa. On average, the bird banders had 15 years of wild bird exposure, banded 20 days per year, worked chiefly in 1 of the 4 North American flyways, and banded 300 individual birds of 5 different species per season. While handling birds, only 15% of banders reported wearing gloves. Three bird banders and 1 control had evidence of previous infection (1 AIV each) with A/BWTE/Ohio/07/495762-6(H7N3), A/Ty/MN/38391-6/95(H9N2) or A/CK/NJ/7290-2/95(H11N3) by microneutralization assay. There was no evidence of previous infection with a representative sample of H4, H5, H6, H8, or H10 AIVs. Participants were followed for influenza-like-illness for a median of 7 months and 4 (3 bird banders) submitted self-collected eye, nasal, and throat influenza-like-illness swab specimens, 1 of which collected in November of 2009, yielded a pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus., Conclusion: Despite reports of conjunctivitis and upper respiratory symptoms while bird banding, we found sparse evidence that US bird banders had infections with AIVs., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2011
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16. No evidence of infection with avian influenza viruses among US poultry workers in the Delmarva Peninsula, Maryland and Virginia, USA.
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Leibler JH, Silbergeld EK, Pekosz A, and Gray GC
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- Agricultural Workers' Diseases epidemiology, Agricultural Workers' Diseases virology, Animals, Delaware epidemiology, Humans, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Influenza, Human transmission, Influenza, Human virology, Maryland epidemiology, Occupational Exposure, Poultry virology, Virginia epidemiology, Agricultural Workers' Diseases blood, Antibodies, Viral blood, Influenza A virus immunology, Influenza in Birds immunology, Influenza, Human blood
- Abstract
Industrial poultry workers may be at elevated risk of avian influenza infection due to intense occupational contact with live poultry. Serum samples from poultry workers and community members in the Delmarva Peninsula, one of the densest regions of poultry production in the United States, were analyzed for antibodies to strains of five avian influenza subtypes using microneutralization assays. No evidence of infection was found, suggesting inefficient transmission to humans or the absence of virus in these premises. Continued serological surveillance of workers in industrial food animal facilities is necessary to prevent the transmission of influenza A viruses.
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- 2011
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17. Serologic survey of swine workers for exposure to H2N3 swine influenza A.
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Beaudoin A, Gramer M, Gray GC, Capuano A, Setterquist S, and Bender J
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- Adult, Animals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Assessment, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Swine, United States, Young Adult, Agriculture, Antibodies, Viral blood, Influenza A virus immunology, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Influenza, Human virology, Occupational Exposure, Zoonoses epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: Of the 16 influenza A hemagglutinin (H) subtypes, only H1, H2 and H3 viruses have been shown to cause sustained human infection. Whereas H1 and H3 viruses currently circulate seasonally in humans, H2 viruses have not been identified in humans since 1968. In 2006, an H2N3 influenza virus was isolated from ill swine in the United States., Objective: To assess the potential for zoonotic influenza transmission, the current study looked for serologic evidence of H2 influenza infection among workers at two swine facilities, some exposed and some unexposed to H2N3-positive pigs., Methods: The sera were assessed for antibodies to swine H2 influenza and currently circulating seasonal human influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2. Workers were interviewed to obtain details such as age, influenza vaccination history, experiences of influenza-like-illness, and use of personal protective equipment and hygiene when working with pigs. Exposure and risk factors for positive antibody titers were compared for exposed and unexposed individuals as well as for H2 antibody-positive and H2 antibody-negative individuals., Results: Blood was taken from 27 swine workers, of whom four had positive H2 antibody titers (> or = 1:40). Three of the positive employees were born before 1968 and one had an unknown birth date. Only one of these workers had been exposed to H2N3-positive pigs, and he was born in 1949., Conclusions: These data do not support the hypothesis that swine workers were infected with the emergent swine H2N3 influenza A virus.
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- 2010
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18. Testing human sera for antibodies against avian influenza viruses: horse RBC hemagglutination inhibition vs. microneutralization assays.
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Kayali G, Setterquist SF, Capuano AW, Myers KP, Gill JS, and Gray GC
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- Animals, Birds, Erythrocytes, Guinea Pigs, Horses blood, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype immunology, Influenza, Human immunology, Reproducibility of Results, Statistics, Nonparametric, Antibodies, Viral blood, Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests methods, Influenza A virus immunology, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Neutralization Tests methods
- Abstract
Background: The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay is a frequently used method to screen human sera for antibodies against influenza A viruses. Because HI has relatively poor sensitivity in detecting antibodies against avian influenza A strains, a more complicated microneutralization (MN) assay is often preferred. Recent research suggests that the sensitivity of the HI assay can be improved by switching from the traditionally used turkey, guinea pig, human, or chicken RBCs to horse RBCs., Objective: To evaluate the performance of the horse RBC HI when screening for human antibodies against avian influenza types H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H9, H11, and H12., Study Design: We evaluated the reproducibility of horse RBC HI and its agreement with MN results using sera from people exposed or not exposed to wild and domestic birds., Results: The horse RBC HI assay had high reliability (90%-100%) and good agreement with MN assay results (52%-100%)., Conclusion: The horse RBC HI assay is reliable, less expensive, less complex, and faster than the MN assay. While MN will likely remain the gold standard serologic assay for avian viruses, the horse RBC HI assay may be very useful as a screening assay in large-scale epidemiologic studies.
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- 2008
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19. Swine workers and swine influenza virus infections.
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Gray GC, McCarthy T, Capuano AW, Setterquist SF, Olsen CW, and Alavanja MC
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- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Antibodies, Viral blood, Data Collection, Female, Humans, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Influenza, Human transmission, Iowa epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure statistics & numerical data, Odds Ratio, Orthomyxoviridae Infections epidemiology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections virology, Risk Factors, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Swine, Zoonoses virology, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Orthomyxoviridae Infections transmission, Orthomyxoviridae Infections veterinary, Swine Diseases transmission, Swine Diseases virology, Zoonoses transmission
- Abstract
In 2004, 803 rural Iowans from the Agricultural Health Study were enrolled in a 2-year prospective study of zoonotic influenza transmission. Demographic and occupational exposure data from enrollment, 12-month, and 24-month follow-up encounters were examined for association with evidence of previous and incident influenza virus infections. When proportional odds modeling with multivariable adjustment was used, upon enrollment, swine-exposed participants (odds ratio [OR] 54.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 13.0-232.6) and their nonswine-exposed spouses (OR 28.2, 95% CI 6.1-130.1) were found to have an increased odds of elevated antibody level to swine influenza (H1N1) virus compared with 79 nonexposed University of Iowa personnel. Further evidence of occupational swine influenza virus infections was observed through self-reported influenza-like illness data, comparisons of enrollment and follow-up serum samples, and the isolation of a reassortant swine influenza (H1N1) virus from an ill swine farmer. Study data suggest that swine workers and their nonswine-exposed spouses are at increased risk of zoonotic influenza virus infections.
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- 2007
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20. Cases of swine influenza in humans: a review of the literature.
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Myers KP, Olsen CW, and Gray GC
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- Animals, Birds, Humans, Influenza in Birds virology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections epidemiology, Zoonoses virology, Influenza A virus, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections virology, Swine Diseases virology, Zoonoses epidemiology
- Abstract
As the threat of a pandemic looms, improvement in our understanding of interspecies transmission of influenza is necessary. Using the search terms "swine," "influenza," and "human," we searched the PubMed database in April 2006 to identify publications describing symptomatic infections of humans with influenza viruses of swine origin. From these reports, we extracted data regarding demographic characteristics, epidemiological investigations, and laboratory results. We found 50 cases of apparent zoonotic swine influenza virus infection, 37 of which involved civilians and 13 of which involved military personnel, with a case-fatality rate of 14% (7 of 50 persons). Most civilian subjects (61%) reported exposure to swine. Although sporadic clinical cases of swine influenza occur in humans, the true incidence of zoonotic swine influenza virus infection is unknown. Because prior studies have shown that persons who work with swine are at increased risk of zoonotic influenza virus infection, it is prudent to include them in pandemic planning efforts.
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- 2007
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21. Upper respiratory tract infections (URI).
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Lim ML, Gabele SE, Wallace MR, Gray GC, and Earhart KC
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- Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Incidence, Influenza, Human virology, Population Surveillance, United States epidemiology, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Military Personnel, Naval Medicine, Respiratory Tract Infections epidemiology, Respiratory Tract Infections virology
- Published
- 2004
22. High Prevalence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: A Virus in Vietnam's Live Bird Markets.
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Dao, Duy Tung, Coleman, Kristen K, Bui, Vuong N, Bui, Anh N, Tran, Long H, Nguyen, Quy D, Than, Son, Pulscher, Laura A, Marushchak, Lyudmyla V, Robie, Emily R, Nguyen-Viet, Hung, Pham, Phuc Duc, Christy, Nathaniel C, Brooks, John S, Nguyen, Huy C, Rubrum, Adam M, Webby, Richard J, and Gray, Gregory C
- Subjects
AVIAN influenza A virus ,SWINE influenza ,AVIAN influenza ,SWINE farms ,INFLUENZA A virus - Abstract
Background In recent years, Vietnam has suffered multiple epizootics of influenza in poultry. Methods From 10 January 2019 to 26 April 2021, we employed a One Health influenza surveillance approach at live bird markets (LBMs) and swine farms in Northern Vietnam. When the COVID-19 pandemic permitted, each month, field teams collected oral secretion samples from poultry and pigs, animal facility bioaerosol and fecal samples, and animal worker nasal washes at 4 LBMs and 5 swine farms across 5 sites. Initially samples were screened with molecular assays followed by culture in embryonated eggs (poultry swabs) or Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (human or swine swabs). Results Many of the 3493 samples collected had either molecular or culture evidence for influenza A virus, including 314 (37.5%) of the 837 poultry oropharyngeal swabs, 144 (25.1%) of the 574 bioaerosol samples, 438 (34.9%) of the 1257 poultry fecal swab samples, and 16 (1.9%) of the 828 human nasal washes. Culturing poultry samples yielded 454 influenza A isolates, 83 of which were H5, and 70 (84.3%) of these were highly pathogenic. Additionally, a positive human sample had a H9N2 avian-like PB1 gene. In contrast, the prevalence of influenza A in the swine farms was much lower with only 6 (0.4%) of the 1700 total swine farm samples studied, having molecular evidence for influenza A virus. Conclusions This study suggests that Vietnam's LBMs continue to harbor high prevalences of avian influenza A viruses, including many highly pathogenic H5N6 strains, which will continue to threaten poultry and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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23. Evidence for Cross-species Influenza A Virus Transmission Within Swine Farms, China : A One Health, Prospective Cohort Study
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Ma, Mai-Juan, Wang, Guo-Lin, Anderson, Benjamin D., Bi, Zhen-Qiang, Lu, Bing, Wang, Xian-Jun, Wang, Chuang-Xin, Chen, Shan-Hui, Qian, Yan-Hua, Song, Shao-Xia, Li, Min, Lednicky, John A., Zhao, Teng, Wu, Meng-Na, Cao, Wu-Chun, and Gray, Gregory C.
- Published
- 2018
24. Infection Due to 3 Avian Influenza Subtypes in United States Veterinarians
- Author
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Gray, Gregory C.
- Published
- 2007
25. Cases of Swine Influenza in Humans: A Review of the Literature
- Author
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Olsen, Christopher W. and Gray, Gregory C.
- Published
- 2007
26. Are Swine Workers in the United States at Increased Risk of Infection with Zoonotic Influenza Virus?
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Olsen, Christopher W., Merchant, James A., and Gray, Gregory C.
- Published
- 2006
27. New "One Health" Strategies Needed for Detection and Control of Emerging Pathogens at Cantonese Live Animal Markets, China
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Su, Shou, Gray, Gregory C., Lu, JiaHai, Liao, Ming, Zhang, Guihong, and Li, Shoujun
- Published
- 2014
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28. Virological and Epidemiological Evidence of Avian Influenza Virus Infections Among Feral Dogs in Live Poultry Markets, China: A Threat to Human Health?
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Su, Shuo, Zhou, Pei, Fu, Xinliang, Wang, Lifang, Hong, Malin, Lu, Gang, Sun, Lingshuang, Qi, Wenbao, Ning, Zhangyong, Jia, Kun, Yuan, Ziguo, Wang, Heng, Ke, Changwen, Wu, Jie, Zhang, Guihong, Gray, Gregory C., and Li, Shoujun
- Published
- 2014
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29. A cross‐sectional study of avian influenza A virus in Myanmar live bird markets: Detection of a newly introduced H9N2?
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Borkenhagen, Laura K., Aung, Poe Poe, Htay, Thura, Thein, Zaw Win, Tin, Ommar Swe, Mon, Thet Su, Myint, Win, Bailey, Emily S., Wanninger, Timothy G., Kandeil, Ahmed M., Webby, Richard J., and Gray, Gregory C.
- Subjects
AVIAN influenza ,AVIAN influenza A virus ,BIRDCAGES ,POULTRY farms ,INFLUENZA A virus ,WHOLE genome sequencing ,INFLUENZA viruses ,PLANT viruses - Abstract
Background: Zoonotic influenza surveillance in Myanmar is sparse, despite the risks of introduction of such viruses from neighboring countries that could impact the poultry industry and lead to spillover to humans. Methods: In July and August 2019, our multi‐institutional partnership conducted a One Health‐oriented, cross‐sectional surveillance (weekly for 3 weeks) for influenza A and influenza D viruses at the three largest live bird markets in Yangon, Myanmar. Results: The 27 bioaerosols, 90 bird cage swabs, 90 bird oropharyngeals, and 90 human nasopharyngeal samples yielded molecular influenza A detections in 8 bioaerosols (30.0%), 16 bird cages (17.8%), 15 bird oropharyngeals (16.7%), and 1 human nasopharyngeal (1.1%) samples. No influenza D was detected. Seven of the influenza A virus detections were found to be subtype A/H9N2, and one human nasopharyngeal sample was found to be subtype A/H1pdm. Among all IAV‐positive samples, three of the A/H9N2‐positive samples yielded live viruses from egg culture and their whole genome sequences revealing they belonged to the G9/Y280 lineage of A/H9N2 viruses. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these A/H9N2 sequences clustered separately from A/H9N2 viruses that were previously detected in Myanmar, supporting the notion that A/H9N2 viruses similar to those seen in wider Southeast Asia may have been introduced to Myanmar on multiple occasions. Conclusions: These findings call for increased surveillance efforts in Myanmar to monitor for the introduction of novel influenza viruses in poultry, as well as possible reassortment and zoonotic virus transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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30. The Problem with Pigs: It's Not about Bacon
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Gray, Gregory C. and Baker, Whitney S.
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- 2011
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31. Environmental bioaerosol surveillance as an early warning system for pathogen detection in North Carolina swine farms: A pilot study.
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Anderson, Benjamin D., Yondon, Myagmarsukh, Bailey, Emily S., Duman, Ege K., Simmons, Ryan A., Greer, Annette G., and Gray, Gregory C.
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SWINE farms ,PILOT projects ,AIR sampling ,CIRCOVIRUS diseases ,ENVIRONMENTAL sampling ,ANIMAL health surveillance - Abstract
Disease outbreaks can readily threaten swine production operations sometimes resulting in large economic losses. Pathogen surveillance in swine farms can be an effective approach for the early identification of new disease threats and the mitigation of transmission before broad dissemination among a herd occurs. Non‐invasive environmental bioaerosol sampling could be an effective and affordable approach for conducting routine surveillance in farms, providing an additional tool for farmers to protect their animals and themselves from new disease threats. In this pilot study, we implemented a non‐invasive, prospective bioaerosol sampling strategy in a swine farm located in the United States to detect economically important swine pathogens. Farm personnel collected air samples from two swine barns for 23 weeks between July and December 2017. Samples were then tested within 24 hr of collection by molecular techniques for a number of economically important swine pathogens. Of the 86 bioaerosol samples collected, 4 (4.7%) were positive for influenza A, 1 (1.2%) was positive for influenza D, 13 (15.1%) were positive for PCV2, and 13 (15.1%) were positive for PCV3. Overall, this pilot study showed that our bioaerosol surveillance strategy was feasible and able to generate data that could be quickly disseminated back to the farm stakeholders (within 24 hr). We were also able to identify PCV2, PCV3 and influenza A virus in air samples as clinical disease became apparent in the pigs, strongly suggesting that bioaerosol sampling can be used as an effective non‐invasive surveillance approach for the detection of multiple pathogens in this and likely other animal production environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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32. A Case of Influenza A (H3N2) Complicated by Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Death in a Young Healthy Adult during the 2013–2014 Season
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Collins, Lauren F., Anderson, Benjamin D., and Gray, Gregory C.
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Staphylococcus aureus ,community-acquired pneumonia ,influenza A virus ,Public Health ,influenza vaccine ,neuraminidase inhibitors - Abstract
With multiple available vaccines and antivirals, seasonal influenza A is typically a self-limited acutely debilitating illness in young healthy adults. Here, we illustrate unexpected morbidity and mortality in a relatively young and healthy patient seen at a large tertiary care academic medical center for seasonal influenza A (H3N2) complicated by community-acquired pneumonia, hypoxic respiratory failure, septic shock, and death.
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- 2017
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33. High Risk of Influenza Virus Infection Among Swine Workers: Examining a Dynamic Cohort in China.
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Borkenhagen, Laura K, Wang, Guo-Lin, Simmons, Ryan A, Bi, Zhen-Qiang, Lu, Bing, Wang, Xian-Jun, Wang, Chuang-Xin, Chen, Shan-Hui, Song, Shao-Xia, Li, Min, Zhao, Teng, Wu, Meng-Na, Park, Lawrence P, Cao, Wu-Chun, Ma, Mai-Juan, and Gray, Gregory C
- Subjects
OCCUPATIONAL disease risk factors ,AGRICULTURAL laborers ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,LONGITUDINAL method ,PUBLIC health surveillance ,RISK assessment ,SERODIAGNOSIS ,SWINE ,VIROLOGY ,H1N1 influenza ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,DISEASE risk factors - Abstract
Background China is thought to be a hotspot for zoonotic influenza virus emergence, yet there have been few prospective studies examining the occupational risks of such infections. Methods We present the first 2 years of data collected from a 5-year, prospective, cohort study of swine-exposed and -unexposed participants at 6 swine farms in China. We conducted serological and virological surveillance to examine evidence for swine influenza A virus infection in humans. Results Of the 658 participants (521 swine-exposed and 137 swine-unexposed), 207 (31.5%) seroconverted against at least 1 swine influenza virus subtype (swine H1N1 or H3N2). Swine-exposed participants' microneutralization titers, especially those enrolled at confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), were higher against the swine H1N1 virus than were other participants at 12 and 24 months. Despite elevated titers, among the 187 study subjects for whom we had complete follow-up, participants working at swine CAFOs had significantly greater odds of seroconverting against both the swine H1N1 (odds ratio [OR] 19.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.55–358.65) and swine H3N2 (OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.16–8.01) viruses, compared to unexposed and non-CAFO swine workers with less intense swine exposure. Conclusions While some of the observed increased risk against swine viruses may have been explained by exposure to human influenza strains, study data suggest that even with elevated preexisting antibodies, swine-exposed workers were at high risk of infection with enzootic swine influenza A viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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34. Persistence of H7N9 virus antibody response 2 years after infection.
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Yao, Lin, Wang, Guo‐Lin, Chen, Li‐Ling, Liu, Cheng, Duan, Li‐Jun, Gray, Gregory C., and Ma, Mai‐Juan
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INFLUENZA A virus, H7N9 subtype ,ANTIBODY formation ,NEURAMINIDASE ,INFECTION ,PERSISTENCE ,ANTIBODY titer - Abstract
We measured antibodies against H7N9 virus 2 years after infection in 14 patients who were infected during October 2016‐September 2017. Approximately 2 years after infection, antibody titers ≥10 were detectable in 13 (92.9%) patients. Three (21.4%) of 14 patients had hemagglutination inhibition titers ≥40, and their geometric mean titer (GMT) was 20 (95% CI 15.7‐28.1), whereas 10 (71.4%) and all 14 (100%) of the 14 patients had titers ≥40, and GMTs at 34.4 (95% CI 25.7‐51.2) and 73.45 (54.7‐106.7) for neuraminidase inhibition and microneutralization antibodies, respectively. Our findings suggest that H7N9 infection may induce long‐term antibody response at least 2 years after infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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35. MChip, a low density microarray, differentiates among seasonal human H1N1, North American swine H1N1, and the 2009 pandemic H1N1
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Heil, Gary L., McCarthy, Troy, Yoon, Kyoung‐Jin, Liu, Siyuan, Saad, Magdi D., Smith, Catherine B., Houck, Julie A., Dawson, Erica D., Rowlen, Kathy L., and Gray, Gregory C.
- Subjects
Time Factors ,viruses ,virus diseases ,Original Articles ,Microarray Analysis ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,United States ,respiratory tract diseases ,Viral Matrix Proteins ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Virology ,Influenza A Virus ,Animals ,Humans ,H1N1 Subtype ,Neural Networks, Computer ,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis - Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Heil et al. (2010) MChip, a low density microarray, differentiates among seasonal human H1N1, North American swine H1N1, and the 2009 pandemic H1N1. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(6), 411–416. Background The MChip uses data from the hybridization of amplified viral RNA to 15 distinct oligonucleotides that target the influenza A matrix (M) gene segment. An artificial neural network (ANN) automates the interpretation of subtle differences in fluorescence intensity patterns from the microarray. The complete process from clinical specimen to identification including amplification of viral RNA can be completed in
- Published
- 2010
36. Equine Influenza Virus -- A Neglected, Reemergent Disease Threat.
- Author
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Sack, Alexandra, Cullinane, Ann, Daramragchaa, Ulziimaa, Chuluunbaatar, Maitsetseg, Gonchigoo, Battsetseg, and Gray, Gregory C.
- Subjects
EQUINE influenza ,INFLUENZA A virus ,AVIAN influenza A virus ,RESPIRATORY diseases ,INTERNATIONAL trade - Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a common, highly contagious equid respiratory disease. Historically, EIV outbreaks have caused high levels of equine illness and economic damage. Outbreaks have occurred worldwide in the past decade. The risk for EIV infection is not limited to equids; dogs, cats, and humans are susceptible. In addition, equids are at risk from infection with avian influenza viruses, which can increase mortality rates. EIV is spread by direct and indirect contact, and recent epizootics also suggest wind-aided aerosol transmission. Increased international transport and commerce in horses, along with difficulties in controlling EIV with vaccination, could lead to emergent EIV strains and potential global spread. We review the history and epidemiology of EIV infections, describe neglected aspects of EIV surveillance, and discuss the potential for novel EIV strains to cause substantial disease burden and subsequent economic distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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37. Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) sentinel surveillance in the country of Georgia, 2015-2017.
- Author
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Chakhunashvili, Giorgi, Wagner, Abram L., Power, Laura E., Janusz, Cara B., Machablishvili, Ann, Karseladze, Irakli, Tarkhan-Mouravi, Olgha, Zakhashvili, Khatuna, Imnadze, Paata, Gray, Gregory C., Anderson, Benjamin, and Boulton, Matthew L.
- Subjects
SARS diagnosis ,INFLUENZA vaccines ,MYCOPLASMA pneumoniae ,EPIDEMIOLOGY - Abstract
Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) causes substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. The country of Georgia conducts sentinel surveillance to monitor SARI activity and changes in its infectious etiology. This study characterizes the epidemiology of SARI in Georgia over the 2015/16 and 2016/17 influenza seasons, compares clinical presentations by etiology, and estimates influenza vaccine effectiveness using a test-negative design. Methods: SARI cases were selected through alternate day systematic sampling between September 2015 and March 2017 at five sentinel surveillance inpatient sites. Nasopharyngeal swabs were tested for respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae using a multiplex diagnostic system. We present SARI case frequencies by demographic characteristics, co-morbidities, and clinical presentation, and used logistic regression to estimate influenza A vaccine effectiveness. Results: 1,624 patients with SARI were identified. More cases occurred in February (28.7%; 466/1624) than other months. Influenza was the dominant pathogen in December-February, respiratory syncytial virus in March-May, and rhinovirus in June-November. Serious clinical symptoms including breathing difficulties, ICU hospitalization, and artificial ventilation were common among influenza A and human metapneumovirus cases. For influenza A/H3, a protective association between vaccination and disease status was observed when cases with unknown vaccination status were combined with those who were unvaccinated (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.97). Conclusions: Multi-pathogen diagnostic testing through Georgia’s sentinel surveillance provides useful information on etiology, seasonality, and demographic associations. Influenza A and B were associated with more severe outcomes, although the majority of the population studied was unvaccinated. Findings from sentinel surveillance can assist in prevention planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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38. Surveillance for respiratory and diarrheal pathogens at the human-pig interface in Sarawak, Malaysia.
- Author
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Borkenhagen, Laura K., Mallinson, Kerry A., Tsao, Rick W., Ha, Siaw-Jing, Lim, Wei-Honn, Toh, Teck-Hock, Anderson, Benjamin D., Fieldhouse, Jane K., Philo, Sarah E., Chong, Kuek-Sen, Lindsley, William G., Ramirez, Alejandro, Lowe, James F., Coleman, Kristen K., and Gray, Gregory C.
- Subjects
CORONAVIRUSES ,VIRUS diseases in swine ,NUCLEIC acids ,MICROBIOLOGICAL aerosols ,ENTEROVIRUSES - Abstract
Background: The large livestock operations and dense human population of Southeast Asia are considered a hot-spot for emerging viruses. Objectives: To determine if the pathogens adenovirus (ADV), coronavirus (CoV), encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), enterovirus (EV), influenza A-D (IAV, IBV, ICV, and IDV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), and porcine rotaviruses A and C (RVA and RVC), are aerosolized at the animal-interface, and if humans working in these environments are carrying these viruses in their nasal airways. Study: This cross-sectional study took place in Sarawak, Malaysia among 11 pig farms, 2 abattoirs, and 3 animal markets in June and July of 2017. Pig feces, pig oral secretions, bioaerosols, and worker nasal wash samples were collected and analyzed via rPCR and rRT-PCR for respiratory and diarrheal viruses. Results: In all, 55 pig fecal, 49 pig oral or water, 45 bioaerosol, and 78 worker nasal wash samples were collected across 16 sites. PCV2 was detected in 21 pig fecal, 43 pig oral or water, 3 bioaerosol, and 4 worker nasal wash samples. In addition, one or more bioaerosol or pig samples were positive for EV, IAV, and RVC, and one or more worker samples were positive for ADV, CoV, IBV, and IDV. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that nucleic acids from a number of targeted viruses were present in pig oral secretions and pig fecal samples, and that several viruses were detected in bioaerosol samples or in the nasal passages of humans with occupational exposure to pigs. These results demonstrate the need for future research in strengthening viral surveillance at the human-animal interface, specifically through expanded bioaerosol sampling efforts and a seroepidemiological study of individuals with exposure to pigs in this region for PCV2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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39. Low Prevalence of Enzootic Equine Influenza Virus among Horses in Mongolia.
- Author
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Sack, Alexandra, Daramragchaa, Ulziimaa, Chuluunbaatar, Maitsetseg, Gonchigoo, Battsetseg, Bazartseren, Boldbaatar, Tsogbadrakh, Nyamdorj, and Gray, Gregory C.
- Subjects
HINNIES ,INFLUENZA A virus ,HORSE diseases ,FLUID dynamics ,COMMUNICABLE diseases - Abstract
Horses are critically important for Mongolian herders' livelihoods, providing transportation and food products, and playing important cultural roles. Equine influenza virus (EIV) epizootics have been frequent among Mongolia's horses, with five occurring since 1970. We sought to estimate the prevalence for EIV infection among horses and Bactrian camels with influenza-like illness between national epizootics. In 2016-2017, active surveillance for EIV was periodically performed in four aimags (provinces). Nasal swabs were collected from 680 horses and 131 camels. Seven of the horse swabs were "positive" for qRT-PCR evidence of influenza A (Ct value ⩽ 38). Two more were "suspect positive" (Ct value > 38 and ⩽ 40). These nine specimens were collected from four aimags. None of the camel specimens had molecular evidence of infection. Despite serial blind passage in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells (MDCK) cells, none of the nine horse specimens yielded an influenza A virus. None of the 131 herder households surveyed had recently vaccinated their horses against EIV. It seems likely that sporadic EIV is enzootic in multiple Mongolian aimags. This finding, the infrequent use of EIV vaccination, periodic prevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza, and the mixing of domestic and wild equid herds suggest that Mongolia may be a hot spot for novel EIV emergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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40. Bimodal Influence of Vitamin D in Host Response to Systemic Candida Infection-- Vitamin D Dose Matters.
- Author
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Khan, Salah Uddin, Anderson, Benjamin D., Heil, Gary L., Song Liang, and Gray, Gregory C.
- Subjects
SEROPREVALENCE ,INFLUENZA A virus ,VIRAL disease diagnosis ,VIRAL disease treatment ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,HEMAGGLUTINATION tests - Abstract
Vitamin D level is linked to susceptibility to infections, but its relevance in candidemia is unknown. We aimed to investigate the in vivo sequelae of vitamin D
3 supplementation in systemic Candida infection. Implicating the role of vitamin D in Candida infections, we showed that candidemic patients had significantly lower 25-OHD concentrations. Candida-infected mice treated with low-dose 1,25(OH)2 D3 had reduced fungal burden and better survival relative to untreated mice. Conversely, higher 1,25(OH)2 D3 doses led to poor outcomes. Mechanistically, low-dose 1,25(OH)2 D3 induced proinflammatory immune responses. This was mediated through suppression of SOCS3 and induction of vitamin D receptor binding with the vitamin D-response elements in the promoter of the gene encoding interferon γ. These beneficial effects were negated with higher vitamin D3 doses. While the antiinflammatory effects of vitamin D3 are well described, we found that, conversely, lower doses conferred proinflammatory benefits in Candida infection. Our study highlights caution against extreme deviations of vitamin D levels during infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
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41. Emerging viral respiratory tract infections—environmental risk factors and transmission.
- Author
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Gautret, Philippe, Gray, Gregory C, Charrel, Remi N, Odezulu, Nnanyelugo G, Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A, Zumla, Alimuddin, and Memish, Ziad A
- Subjects
- *
RESPIRATORY infections , *ENVIRONMENTAL risk , *VIRAL transmission , *MERS coronavirus , *EPIDEMIOLOGY , *INFLUENZA A virus - Abstract
Summary The past decade has seen the emergence of several novel viruses that cause respiratory tract infections in human beings, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia, an H7N9 influenza A virus in eastern China, a swine-like influenza H3N2 variant virus in the USA, and a human adenovirus 14p1 also in the USA. MERS-CoV and H7N9 viruses are still a major worldwide public health concern. The pathogenesis and mode of transmission of MERS-CoV and H7N9 influenza A virus are poorly understood, making it more difficult to implement intervention and preventive measures. A united and coordinated global response is needed to tackle emerging viruses that can cause fatal respiratory tract infections and to fill major gaps in the understanding of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of these viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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42. Reverse Zoonotic Disease Transmission (Zooanthroponosis): A Systematic Review of Seldom-Documented Human Biological Threats to Animals.
- Author
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Messenger, Ali M., Barnes, Amber N., and Gray, Gregory C.
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ZOONOSES ,ANIMAL diseases ,METHICILLIN resistance ,STAPHYLOCOCCUS aureus ,INFLUENZA A virus ,ASCARIS lumbricoides ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,INFECTIOUS disease transmission - Abstract
Background: Research regarding zoonotic diseases often focuses on infectious diseases animals have given to humans. However, an increasing number of reports indicate that humans are transmitting pathogens to animals. Recent examples include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, influenza A virus, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Ascaris lumbricoides. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of published literature regarding reverse zoonoses and highlight the need for future work in this area. Methods: An initial broad literature review yielded 4763 titles, of which 4704 were excluded as not meeting inclusion criteria. After careful screening, 56 articles (from 56 countries over three decades) with documented human-to-animal disease transmission were included in this report. Findings: In these publications, 21 (38%) pathogens studied were bacterial, 16 (29%) were viral, 12 (21%) were parasitic, and 7 (13%) were fungal, other, or involved multiple pathogens. Effected animals included wildlife (n = 28, 50%), livestock (n = 24, 43%), companion animals (n = 13, 23%), and various other animals or animals not explicitly mentioned (n = 2, 4%). Published reports of reverse zoonoses transmission occurred in every continent except Antarctica therefore indicating a worldwide disease threat. Interpretation: As we see a global increase in industrial animal production, the rapid movement of humans and animals, and the habitats of humans and wild animals intertwining with great complexity, the future promises more opportunities for humans to cause reverse zoonoses. Scientific research must be conducted in this area to provide a richer understanding of emerging and reemerging disease threats. As a result, multidisciplinary approaches such as One Health will be needed to mitigate these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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43. No evidence for zoonotic transmission of H3 N8 canine influenza virus among US adults occupationally exposed to dogs.
- Author
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Krueger, Whitney S., Heil, Gary L., Yoon, Kyoung‐Jin, and Gray, Gregory C.
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INFLUENZA A virus ,DOG diseases ,ZOONOSES ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,DISEASES in adults ,PUBLIC health ,IMMUNOGLOBULINS - Abstract
Objectives The zoonotic potential of H3N8 canine influenza virus ( CIV) has not been previously examined; yet considering the popularity of dogs as a companion animal and the zoonotic capabilities of other influenza viruses, the public health implications are great. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against CIV among a US cohort. Design A cross-sectional seroepidemiological study was conducted between 2007 and 2010. Setting Recruitments primarily occurred in Iowa and Florida. Participants were enrolled at dog shows, or at their home or place of employment. Sample Three hundred and four adults occupationally exposed to dogs and 101 non-canine-exposed participants completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample. Main outcome measures Microneutralization and neuraminidase inhibition assays were performed to detect human sera antibodies against A/Canine/Iowa/13628/2005(H3N8). An enzyme-linked lectin assay ( ELLA) was adapted to detect antibodies against a recombinant N8 neuraminidase protein from A/Equine/Pennsylvania/1/2007(H3N8). Results For all assays, no significant difference in detectable antibodies was observed when comparing the canine-exposed subjects to the non-canine-exposed subjects. Conclusion While these results do not provide evidence for cross-species CIV transmission, influenza is predictably unpredictable. People frequently exposed to ill dogs should continually be monitored for novel zoonotic CIV infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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44. Serological evidence for avian H9N2 influenza virus infections among Romanian agriculture workers.
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Coman, Alexandru, Maftei, Daniel N., Krueger, Whitney S., Heil, Gary L., Friary, John A., Chereches, Razvan M., Sirlincan, Emanuela, Bria, Paul, Dragnea, Claudiu, Kasler, Iosif, and Gray, Gregory C.
- Abstract
Summary: In recent years, wild birds have introduced multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus infections in Romanian poultry. In 2005 HPAI infections were widespread among domestic poultry and anecdotal reports suggested domestic pigs may also have been exposed. We sought to examine evidence for zoonotic influenza infections among Romanian agriculture workers. Between 2009 and 2010, 363 adult participants were enrolled in a cross-sectional, seroepidemiological study. Confined animal feeding operation (CAFO) swine workers in Tulcea and small, traditional backyard farmers in Cluj-Napoca were enrolled, as well as a non-animal exposed control group from Cluj-Napoca. Enrollment sera were examined for serological evidence of previous infection with 9 avian and 3 human influenza virus strains. Serologic assays showed no evidence of previous infection with 7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses or with HPAI H5N1. However, 33 participants (9.1%) had elevated microneutralization antibody titers against avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), 5 with titers ≥1:80 whom all reported exposure to poultry. Moderate poultry exposure was significantly associated with elevated titers after controlling for the subjects’ age (adjusted OR=3.6; 95% CI, 1.1–12.1). There was no evidence that previous infection with human H3N2 or H2N2 viruses were confounding the H9N2 seroreactivity. These data suggest that H9N2 virus may have circulated in Romanian poultry and occasionally infected man. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2013
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45. Sparse evidence for equine or avian influenza virus infections among Mongolian adults with animal exposures.
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Khurelbaatar, Nyamdavaa, Krueger, Whitney S., Heil, Gary L., Darmaa, Badarchiin, Ulziimaa, Daramragchaa, Tserennorov, Damdindorj, Baterdene, Ariungerel, Anderson, Benjamin D., and Gray, Gregory C.
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AVIAN influenza ,EQUINE influenza ,COMMUNICABLE diseases in animals ,ZOONOSES ,INFLUENZA transmission ,SEROLOGY ,EPIDEMIOLOGY - Abstract
In recent years, Mongolia has experienced recurrent epizootics of equine influenza virus ( EIV) among its 2·1 million horses and multiple incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI) virus via migrating birds. No human EIV or HPAI infections have been reported. In 2009, 439 adults in Mongolia were enrolled in a population-based study of zoonotic influenza transmission. Enrollment sera were examined for serological evidence of infection with nine avian, three human, and one equine influenza virus strains. Seroreactivity was sparse among participants suggesting little human risk of zoonotic influenza infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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46. Isolation and characterization of H3 N8 equine influenza A virus associated with the 2011 epizootic in Mongolia.
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Yondon, Myagmarsukh, Heil, Gary L., Burks, John P., Zayat, Batsukh, Waltzek, Thomas B., Jamiyan, Bekh‐Ochir, McKenzie, Pamela P., Krueger, Whitney S., Friary, John A., and Gray, Gregory C.
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EQUINE influenza ,INFLUENZA A virus ,PATIENT monitoring ,PHYLOGENY - Abstract
Background Equine influenza virus ( EIV) epizootics affect 2·1 million Mongolian horses approximately every 10 years and critically impact economy and nomadic livelihood of Mongolia. Objectives An active surveillance program was established in 2011 to monitor influenza viruses circulating among Mongolian horses. Methods Nasal swabs were collected from horses in free-ranging horse herds in Töv, Khentii, and Dundgovi aimags (provinces) from January to September 2011. Real-time reversetranscriptase-polymerase chain reaction ( rRT- PCR) was used to determine the presence of influenza A virus. Influenza A-positive specimens were cultured to amplify virus; viral RNA was extracted, and gene segments were amplified and sequenced by Sanger sequencing. Results A total of 745 horses were swabbed; most horses were without clinical signs of illness. In July 2011, reports of influenza-like illnesses emerged among horses in Mongolia's capital, and subsequently, surveillance efforts were adjusted to swab horses associated with the epizootic. Thirty-four specimens of rRT- PCR influenza-positive virus were collected in May, June, August, and September. Three specimens yielded detectable virus. Gene sequence studies suggested that all three isolates were identical H3 N8 viruses. Phylogenetic analyses indicated the strain was very similar to other H3 N8 EIVs circulating in central Asia between 2007 and 2008. Conclusions As large Mongolian equine herds often seem to suffer from EIV epizootics, it seems prudent to continue such routine equine influenza surveillance. Doing so will provide an early warning system, should novel viruses emerge, help in assessing if EIV is crossing over to infect humans and provide data to assess the likely effectiveness of current EIV vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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47. Evidence for avian H9N2 influenza virus infections among rural villagers in Cambodia.
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Blair, Patrick J., Putnam, Shannon D., Krueger, Whitney S., Chum, Channimol, Wierzba, Thomas F., Heil, Gary L., Yasuda, Chadwick Y., Williams, Maya, Kasper, Matthew R., Friary, John A., Capuano, Ana W., Saphonn, Vonthanak, Peiris, Malik, Shao, Hongxia, Perez, Daniel R., and Gray, Gregory C.
- Abstract
Summary: Background: Southeast Asia remains a critical region for the emergence of novel and/or zoonotic influenza, underscoring the importance of extensive sampling in rural areas where early transmission is most likely to occur. Methods: In 2008, 800 adult participants from eight sites were enrolled in a prospective population-based study of avian influenza (AI) virus transmission where highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus had been reported in humans and poultry from 2006 to 2008. From their enrollment sera and questionnaires, we report risk factor findings for serologic evidence of previous infection with 18 AI virus strains. Results: Serologic assays revealed no evidence of previous infection with 13 different low-pathogenic AI viruses or with HPAI avian-like A/Cambodia/R0404050/2007(H5N1). However, 21 participants had elevated antibodies against avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), validated with a monoclonal antibody blocking ELISA assay specific for avian H9. Conclusions: Although cross-reaction from antibodies against human influenza viruses cannot be completely excluded, the study data suggest that a number of participants were previously infected with the avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2) virus, likely due to as yet unidentified environmental exposures. Prospective data from this cohort will help us better understand the serology of zoonotic influenza infection in a rural cohort in SE Asia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2013
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48. Evidence for avian influenza A infections among Iowa’s agricultural workers.
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Gray, Gregory C., McCarthy, Troy, Capuano, Ana W., Setterquist, Sharon F., Alavanja, Michael C., and Lynch, Charles F.
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ZOONOSES , *INFLUENZA , *INFLUENZA A virus , *PANDEMICS , *INFECTIOUS disease transmission , *AVIAN influenza - Abstract
Background Identifying risk factors for zoonotic influenza transmission may aid public health officials in pandemic influenza planning. Objectives We sought to evaluate rural Iowan agriculture workers exposed to poultry for previous evidence of avian influenza virus infection. Methods In 2004, we enrolled 803 rural adult Iowans in a 2-year prospective study of zoonotic influenza transmission. Their enrollment data and sera were compared with those of 66 adult controls enrolled at the University of Iowa in 2006 by using proportional odds modeling. Results Of the 803 participants 58·8% were male with a mean age of 55·6 years. Forty-eight percent reported previous poultry exposure. Sera were studied by microneutralization techniques for antibodies against avian H4, H5, H6, H7 and H9 viruses. Touching live birds was associated (OR 1·2; 95% CI 1·02–1·8) with increased antibody titer against H5 virus. Similarly, participants who reported hunting wild birds had increased antibody titers against H7 virus (OR 2·8; 95%CI 1·2–6·5) and subjects who reported recent exposure to poultry had increased antibody titers against H6 (OR 3·4; 95% CI 1·4–8·5) and H7 viruses (OR 2·5, 95% CI 1·1–5·7). There was no evidence of elevated antibody against avian H4 or H9 viruses. Conclusions These data suggest that hunting and exposure to poultry may be important risk factors for avian influenza virus infection among rural US populations. Agriculture workers should be included in influenza pandemic plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2008
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49. Influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 Virus among Healthy Show Pigs, United States.
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Gray, Gregory C., Bender, Jeffrey B., Bridges, Carolyn B., Daly, Russell F., Krueger, Whitney S., Male, Michael J., Heil, Gary L., Friary, John A., Derby, Robin B., and Cox, Nancy J.
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INFLUENZA viruses , *INFLUENZA A virus, H1N1 subtype , *INFLUENZA A virus , *VIRUS diseases , *INFLUENZA research - Abstract
Within 5 months after the earliest detection of human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, we found molecular and culture evidence of the virus in healthy US show pigs. The mixing of humans and pigs at swine shows possibly could further the geographic and cross-species spread of influenza A viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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50. Avian influenza among waterfowl hunters and wildlife professionals.
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Gill, James S., Webby, Richard, Gilchrist, Mary J. R., and Gray, Gregory C.
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AVIAN influenza ,VIRUS diseases in poultry ,VIRUS diseases ,RESPIRATORY infections ,VIRUSES ,INFLUENZA diagnosis ,ANIMAL experimentation ,ANIMAL populations ,COMPARATIVE studies ,CONSERVATION of natural resources ,HEMAGGLUTINATION tests ,INFLUENZA ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,POULTRY ,RECREATION ,RESEARCH ,EVALUATION research ,INFLUENZA A virus ,NEUTRALIZATION tests ,INFECTIOUS disease transmission - Abstract
We report serologic evidence of avian influenza infection in 1 duck hunter and 2 wildlife professionals with extensive histories of wild waterfowl and game bird exposure. Two laboratory methods showed evidence of past infection with influenza A/H11N9, a less common virus strain in wild ducks, in these 3 persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2006
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