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The Victorian Age was a period of economic progress for England, driven by technological advancements and the expansion of power. During this era, the British Empire dominated much of the world, and the imperialists bragged that the Sun never sets on the vast empire. The main factor behind this rapid economic progress was industrialization, which was marked by the establishment of various industries across the nation. But the industrialization of Great Britain was not without its consequences; the advent of the Industrial Revolution brought with it an increased demand for cheap industrial labour. It was the poor working-class families that were brought in to supply this cheap labour to meet the increasing demands of the fast-progressing nation. Many children from such families were also hired to keep the nation's economic graph pointing upward. Child labour, thus, became a by-product of industrialization in England. While the mighty nation revelled in the glorious result of the Industrial Revolution, the poor children toiled hard, hidden away in dark, gloomy factories. This paper aims at exploring the issue of child labour during this period through the poem A Voice from the Factories: In Serious Verse by Caroline Norton, a prominent Victorian poet and activist. It examines the sufferings and depravity of child labourers in Industrial England as addressed by Norton and many of her contemporaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A true history of industrial technology and innovation must factor in the history of labor and skill required to make a specific product. Mainstream perspectives on industrialization in Britain's cotton industry view technological change in spinning as motivated by productivity gains, facilitated by the fortuitous availability of high-quality, long-staple cotton. However, material evidence shows British cotton textiles advanced to match Indian cloth quality, suggesting that spinning machinery also evolved apace to achieve product quality. This article demonstrates that alongside the cotton staple, the spinner's skill and dexterity determined final cloth quality. The three main spinning machines were technically path dependent, with mechanized spinning of fine cotton based on the original Indian jersey wheel technology. Technological innovations mainly focused on improving product quality, with mechanization a means to bridge the British skill gap in cotton spinning. Histories of labor and skill are therefore at the heart of innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper considers the possible contribution of spatial competition to the Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence. Rather than exclusively focusing on the incentives of producers to adopt labor-saving technology, we also consider the incentives of factor suppliers' organizations such as craft guilds to resist. Once we do so, industrialization no longer depends on market size per se, but on spatial competition between the guilds' jurisdictions. We substantiate our theory's claim of spatial competition being an important channel for industrialization (i) by providing historical evidence on the relation between spatial competition, craft guilds and innovation, and (ii) by showing that the calibrated model correctly predicts the timings of the Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyse and compare the patent collaboration networks of Spain and Sweden during the Second Industrial Revolution, a key period for technological and industrial development in several economies and the distinct development paths taken by these two countries. The data used are from two new historical patent datasets for Spain and Sweden for the period 1878–1914. To study the structure of collaboration networks in both countries, we applied social network analysis methods and focused on two specific key network properties: connectivity and openness to external nodes. The results demonstrate that collaboration networks were better connected and more open to foreign influence in Sweden than in Spain. This research opens new paths for further multidisciplinary studies both on the evolution of industrial economies and on innovation networks dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that manufacturing is still important for structural transformation in Africa. Despite failing to industrialize in the past, there may be a new window of opportunity emerging. This is due to the convergence of what have been called "brilliant" new technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and a resurgence of start-up entrepreneurship. In this light, this paper (i) shows why manufacturing is vital for African economies; (ii) critically analyzes the nature and impact-both in terms of opportunities and risks--of the new technologies associated with 4IR for Africa; (iii) describes the resurgence of tech start-up entrepreneurship in Africa, and; (iv) calls for policy support in the form of complementary investments and regulations to allow entrepreneurs to maximize opportunities and to minimize threats. The paper shows that a new narrative for African manufacturing is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), a term introduced by World Economic Forum Founder and Executive Chairman Klaus Schwab in his book "The Fourth Industrial Revolution." It discusses the concept of the 4IR which has been used to frame and examine the impact of emerging technologies on the human development.

Abstract This study analyzes U.S.-based survey data from the Pew Research Center and explores the relationships between perceived job insecurity, technology usage, and long-term projection on the transition toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Keen attention to the upcoming predicted changes in job, work, and employment due to technological revolution, such as robotics and artificial intelligence, will help fill a gap in prior research that heavily emphasized organizational and psychological aspects of job insecurity. The findings show that employees' present perception of job insecurity is highly associated with technology usage and long-term perceptions of job and work. This article contributes to a new direction of job insecurity research (i.e., linkage of job insecurity as an organizational and psychological concept with attitudes about technology adoption and use) and proposes practical suggestions (e.g., a proactive approach to adapting to technology-driven changes in organizations) to prepare for the transition toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Highlights • Long-term expectation of job and work sustainability influences perception of current job insecurity. • Perception of current job insecurity influences future projection of job and work sustainability. • Those with a lower level of technology usage are more concerned about job insecurity. • Individuals and organizations need a proactive approach to adapting to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fourth industrial revolution has become a popular topic in nearly every industry in South Africa. But what exactly does everyone mean by this revolution, and what is its potential impact on South African companies? This paper presents thoughts on the history and purpose of the fourth industrial revolution, and compares this with the context, trends, and needs of manufacturing organisations in South Africa. The paper then presents thoughts on how best to integrate the benefits that can be achieved with an internationally oriented view of industrial development, while being sensitive to the implications in a local context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects the views of the author on the world development. The author believes that the changes which are taking place in the world are brought by the upsurge of science and technology and by the spread of industrial civilization. He notes that the enormous revolution is characterized primarily by rapid technological change. He cites industrial-scientific revolution, and believes to have had profound effects upon human populations. Results of innovations made by man over his environment is also cited by the author.

The article discusses the role of automatized industrial processes in economic growth. The author observes that many operations in industry, commerce and services are enjoying improvement in their efficiency with the application of automation processes. However, underdeveloped economies may experience difficulty in terms of transitioning to automation processes. Some of the problems in the early stages of development are the lack of capital to buy the necessary equipment, scarcity of skilled labor and well-trained engineers and applied scientists.

The Indian Government and public-private partnerships are developing and disseminating a dizzying number of innovative, networked solutions, broadly known as the Digital India initiative, to increase the efficiency of safety nets and worker productivity and to improve life. Yet, challenges to turn the power of information and other technologies into a farmer-friendly technological revolution for India's 156 million rural households are considerable, including: (1) reliable, up-to-date, location-specific message content for a diverse agriculture to help stratified households shift to productive, knowledge-intensive agriculture as a business-government, private sector, and civil society have big roles to play; (2) digital literacy, i.e., teaching farmers how to choose and use apps, even where the digital divide is absent; apps are, or soon to be, in regional languages; and (3) monitoring actual use and impacts on users' lives by understanding the adoption and adaptation processes. These challenges call for bottom-up, complementary investments in physical, human, and institutional capital, and farmer-friendly e-platforms, while forging ahead with many top-down policy and institutional reforms currently underway, in which progress is real and constraints holding back greater success are better understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After decades of improving the efficiency and economy of our existing building ecology, instruments of the Third Industrial Revolution are redefining the practice of architecture, both internally and externally. This article focuses on the employment of the Constrained Design Hysteresis methodology as a mediating strategy, in which computational tools for content creation and fabrication can merge in post-industrial societies to effectively reindustrialize the fields of architectural design manufacturing and building. Such reformation of the accepted norms of architectural building practice do not represent a regression of the profession to a pre-industrial mode of building craftsmanship, but an evolution into one that directly addresses various shortcomings of global industrialization, ranging from restrictions imposed by mass production to the creation of social class disparity. In this context, the application of computational tools and processes can both empower and liberate design individuals through the restructuring of the existing industrial manufacturing ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the main features of the fourth industrial revolution based on some experts opinions, the most important papers delivered and debated at Davos World Economic Forum in 2016 on the theme of this revolution and some estimation regarding the impact/effects of this last phase of industrial development in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From approximately 1770 to 1850 Great Britain successfully completed the world's first Industrial Revolution. One of the main reasons for this was the country being endowed with extensive cheap coal supplies which not only provided cheap energy and a lucrative export trade but also acted as a stimulus to innovation in a wide range of industries well before 1770. The author explores these developments through early GB patents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant number of inventions and innovations appeared during the time known as the Industrial Revolution. Changes in technology quickly transformed American life in the past and continue to impact businesses, communities, and schools today. Technologies like Skype™, Prezi®, and Poll Everywhere™ provide new methods for engaging students in learning and assess their understanding of content. Each of these technologies is free and can be used in one-computer classrooms or computer labs. These technologies can enhance the learning experience by engaging students in critical thinking and collaboration, allowing real-world applications of the content, and profiling various perspectives while utilizing digital tools that captivate students' interests. We showcase a myriad of ways that these technologies can be seamlessly integrated into a social studies unit on Industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews, for the first time, the archaeology of the entire length of the Bridgewater Canal, one of the iconic monuments of the British Industrial Revolution. It seeks to review two decades of piecemeal fieldwork along the length of the canal, from Runcorn to Worsley, before looking at the evidence for the construction of the canal, including the aqueducts, embankments, and warehouses. The study then goes on to look at the technological impact of the canal. It concludes by assessing the Bridgewater in its international context and setting out a research agenda for its future study as a linear transport monument of the Industrial Age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The times required to develop new drugs is growing continuously and most drugs fail in the development process because we lack the detailed knowledge of biology and physiology needed to understand the result of a proposed treatment. The problem is one of complexity-we do not know the full complexity of living organisms, neither does traditional biology have the language to capture and integrate complexity. As a result, the life sciences are undergoing a period of radical change as the technological and mathematical methods developed for the analysis of physical sciences are being adapted for use in understanding living systems. This introduction of quantitative mathematical methods to represent and understand a previously descriptive subject resembles the Newtonian revolution in physics and its subsequent impact upon industry and manufacture. And just as in the post-Newtonian developments, the new ways are being resisted as the traditional reductionist biologists argue against a system level analysis. The comparison between the industrial revolution and the emerging revolution in life sciences is so strong that it can be usefully employed to explain the current process-the industrialisation of biology-in a way that informs the traditionalist movement. In particular, we draw upon ideas from innovation cycles and the staging of change in science and industry to clarify the current change processes in life science. Using specific examples in technology development we outline lessons that can be learnt in order to smooth the process of change and make it a harmonious one, rather than one of conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta un editorial en el que el autor comenta sobre el campo de la ingeniería. Discurre sobre el impacto de las innovaciones tecnológicas en la ingeniería y examina la relación entre las actividades ingenierías y la sociedad. También se considera el concepto de la cuarta revolución industrial.

The article examines some positive and negative potential health effects associated with nanoparticles, along with possible methods for monitoring and controlling exposures. It relates that nanotechnology has grown rapidly worldwide and is considered as the largest engineering innovation since the Industrial Revolution. Further, it notes that nanotechnology will likely continue to grow exponentially for the foreseeable future. While nanotechnology holds the promise for numerous benefits in the medical arena, it also will become another source for human exposure to nanosized particles that carry significant safety and health risks. Moreover, it emphasizes that many well-known industrial processes unintentionally produce nanometer-sized particles as part of their process or as by-products.

The article offers information on economic historian Walt W. Rostow and his contributions to the historiography of industrialization and economic growth. He was born in 1916 and educated at Yale University. Three of his essential features of economic growth were, the propensity to develop fundamental science, the propensity to apply science to economic ends, and the propensity to accept innovations. Moreover, Rostow identified Great Britain as the first and subsequent model of industrial change. In addition, several arguments on the role of science, technology and industry are also offered.

The paper reviews recent attempts to quantify the British industrial revolution. It concludes that the episode was one of rapid industrialization but modest growth. To a considerable extent this is explained by the early adoption of capitalist farming and the weak impact of steam on productivity growth. However, this should not detract from a marked acceleration in the rate of technological change by the second quarter of the 19th century. This may be explicable in an endogenous innovation framework in terms of a reduced cost of accessing useful knowledge. Models of long-run growth should take this enhanced technological capability seriously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the invention of the concept of medicine as a profession and the technological innovations in the field. Topics discussed include technological innovations developed in the early 20th century by Henry Ford and Thomas Edison, the impact and ethical implications of the intensifying and widespread industrialization of health care and therefore of anaesthesiology and introduction of the concept of scientific management by Frederick Winslow Taylor.

The process whereby innovations diffuse throughout an economy or throughout the world has interested many people at many times. One of the more intriguing examples of this process is the spread of the use of coke to make pig iron, which has interested investigators because of two seemingly incompatible properties. The use of coke in the blast furnace was one of the enabling innovations of the industrial revolution in Britain, and it played a similarly important role in the industrialization of many, if not all, other industrializing countries in the nineteenth century. Despite this importance, however, the spread of coke was not rapid, there was often a delay of as much as a half a century in the spread of this innovation from Britain to other countries. This article is based on economist Louis C. Hunter's masterful analysis and suggest some alterations in his hypothesis about the antebellum iron industry. This discussion has been concerned with changes in the production of pig iron and has discussed that part of the iron industry that made this material.

The article focuses on the impact of technological change on human behavior. It recounts the beginning of technological transition that has started in the earliest days of the Industrial Revolution. It states that the expansion of markets and the opening of new trade and commerce abroad have stimulated man's inventiveness and enterprise. It stresses that the effects of industrial changes depend on the nature of the change and the circumstances under which it is introduced. Furthermore, it enumerates the human and social factors that have influenced the individual's desire of an industrial change.

In the last decade, we've been bewildered by new technologies and changes to the way we live and work. But if you want the pace of change to slow down, says Bryan Glick, editor in chief of Computer Weekly you won't be pleased [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At AXXIA Systems we spend our working life concentrating on how we can best utilise the latest technological advancements, specifically for the benefit of law firms. Living and breathing computers, and all their ramifications, means that we know exactly how todayÕs innovations will benefit solicitors; by simply putting every source and type of information at their fingertips. Looking forward to the next five years, any member of the AXXIA team could comfortably predict how voice, data and images will all merge on the desktop, into one very easy to use, intelligent system, that will even take accurate dictation, and become the visual gateway to the rest of the firm, family and world. But when I was asked to think about the future and what form technological advancement will take in 15Ð20 years time, I came to the conclusion that we are heading rapidly, indeed at break-neck speed, towards the end of the industrial revolution [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]