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Problématique. La prévalence du diabète de type 2 (DT2) est plus de trois fois plus élevée chez les Premières Nations que chez la population générale au Canada. La qualité de l'alimentation des Premières Nations vivant sur-réserve est sous-optimale, dans un contexte où de multiples politiques coloniales ont forcé une transition alimentaire et rendu les aliments sains plus difficiles d'accès. Une alimentation de faible qualité s'accompagne généralement d'un risque accru de DT2. Objectifs. 1) Comparer la qualité de l’alimentation selon le statut diabétique autodéclaré chez les Premières Nations vivant sur-réserve au Canada. 2) Évaluer les associations entre la qualité de l’alimentation et le DT2 chez cette population. Méthodologie. Les données transversales ont été collectées entre 2009–2016 lors de l’« Étude sur l’alimentation, la nutrition et l’environnement chez les Premières Nations ». Des données de rappels de 24h ont été examinées pour 5 823 adultes (âgés de 19+ ans) membres de 84 communautés dans sept régions situées au sud du 60e parallèle au Canada. Les apports absolus en nutriments, la contribution énergétique des aliments traditionnels, l’indice canadien de saine alimentation (C-HEI) et la contribution énergétique des aliments ultra-transformés selon la classification NOVA ont été calculés pour chaque participant. Des statistiques descriptives et des modèles de régression logistique multiple ont permis d'évaluer les relations entre les mesures de la qualité de l'alimentation et le statut diabétique. Résultats. La prévalence du DT2 s’élevait à 17,9% chez les adultes des Premières Nations. Les individus diabétiques avaient une alimentation de qualité sous-optimale, mais tout de même légèrement supérieure à celle des non-diabétiques selon les apports en plusieurs nutriments clés et les trois indices globaux. Les personnes diabétiques consommaient également moins de boissons sucrées et de sucreries. Par rapport à ceux du tertile le plus bas, les adultes du tertile le plus élevé de l'indice C-HEI avaient un risque 53% plus élevé de présenter un DT2 (RC = 1,53, IC à 95 % : 1,09–2,15), après ajustement pour une gamme de variables. Conclusion. Chez les adultes des Premières Nations atteints du DT2, nos résultats suggèrent une amélioration des habitudes alimentaires après le diagnostic qui reflète les recommandations nutritionnelles pour les personnes atteintes de diabète. Cette étude est utile pour le co-développement de programmes d'intervention communautaires ciblant la prévention et la gestion du diabète d'une manière culturellement appropriée., Background. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is more than three times higher among First Nations than in the general population in Canada. The diet quality of First Nations living on-reserve is nutritionally poor, in a context where multiple colonial policies have forced a dietary transition and made healthy foods more difficult to access. Low quality diets are generally associated with an increased risk of T2D. Objectives. 1) To compare diet quality among First Nations living on-reserve in Canada with and without T2D. 2) To measure associations between diet quality and T2D prevalence in this population. Methods. Cross-sectional data were collected between 2009–2016 during the "First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study". Twenty-four-hour recall data were examined for 5,823 adults (aged 19+ years) from 84 communities in seven regions south of the 60th parallel in Canada. Absolute nutrient intakes, proportion of energy from traditional foods, the Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI) and proportion of energy from ultra-processed foods according to the NOVA classification were calculated for each participant. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression models assessed the relationships between diet quality measures and self-reported diabetes status. Results. The prevalence of T2D was 17.9% among First Nations adults. Participants with T2D had poor diet quality, but still slightly better than those without T2D based on intakes of several key nutrients and the three overall diet quality indices. Individuals with T2D also consumed fewer sugar-sweetened beverages and sweets. Compared with those in the lowest tertile, adults in the highest tertile of the C-HEI had 53% higher odds of T2D (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.09-2.15), adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle covariates. Conclusion. Among First Nations with T2D, our results suggest an improvement in dietary habits after diagnosis that reflects dietary guidelines for people with diabetes. This is useful for the co-development of community-based intervention programs targeting the prevention and management of diabetes in a culturally appropriate way.

Objective To describe the traditional food (TF) systems of First Nations in Canada, including intake, barriers and promoters. Methods The First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study is a cross-Canada participatory study of First Nations adults below the 60th parallel that obtained data for communities excluded from other national studies. A food frequency questionnaire was used to establish frequency of TF intake (number of days in a year) to allow comparisons across ecozones/regions in Canada. Grams of TF intake were also calculated using frequency multiplied by average portions from 24-h recalls. Closed- and open-ended questions attempted to identify some of the key barriers and concerns regarding TF access and use. Multivariable analyses were run to determine what factors are associated with increased TF consumption. Results Across communities, there is a strong preference by adults to have TF in the diet more often. Consumption of land animals was most frequently reported in most ecozones except for the Pacific Maritime and Mixedwood Plains, where fish and plants, respectively, were more frequently consumed. First Nations identified structural and environmental challenges such as development, government regulations and climate change, along with household barriers such as insufficient capital for equipment and transportation, lack of time and absence of a hunter in the household. Multivariable analyses revealed that the highest intake of TF occurred in the Taiga Plains ecozone, and for older individuals and men. Conclusion Identifying solutions that empower First Nations at all levels is required to overcome the multiple challenges to the inclusion of TF in the diet.

Objective Wellness is a challenge for Indigenous peoples, partly because Western services do not adopt a holistic approach. By devaluing traditional knowledge, Indigenous values and beliefs, these services lower Indigenous power and affect cultural identities. Indigenous elders participate in intergenerational solidarity by transmitting knowledge, values, and culture in a holistic approach. Despite widespread acceptance of the importance of Indigenous elders’ contributions to wellness, a rigorous synthesis of knowledge has never been done. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of how Indigenous elders’ social participation contributes to individual and community wellness. Method A scoping review was conducted with Indigenous elders and stakeholders in Québec (Canada). Sixteen databases were searched with 57 keywords. Data from the documents retrieved were analyzed, organized, and synthesized based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Synthesis A total of 144 documents were examined, comprising 74 scientific papers and 70 sources from the gray literature. Indigenous elders contributed to wellness mainly through relationships and interactions with other community members and non-Indigenous people (72.2%); intergenerational oral and written communications (70.1%); community, social and civic life (45.8%); volunteering and jobs (35.4%); and family life (29.9%). Elders transmit traditional knowledge, strengthen social cohesion, and help to develop positive attitudes such as reciprocity. Their actions favour disease prevention and health promotion, as including traditional approaches increases the acceptability of health and social services. Conclusion This scoping review highlights the need for longitudinal studies with mixed-method designs involving Indigenous communities at all stages of the research to deepen understanding of the contributions of Indigenous elders to individual and community wellness.

Comprehensive school-based nutrition interventions offer a promising strategy to support healthy eating for First Nations children. A targeted strategic review was performed to identify nutrition interventions in 514 First Nation-operated schools across Canada through their websites. Directed content analysis was used to describe if interventions used 1 or more of the 4 components of the Comprehensive School Health (CSH) framework. Sixty schools had interventions. Nearly all (n = 56, 93%) schools offered breakfast, snack, and (or) lunch programs (social and physical environment). About one-third provided opportunities for students to learn about traditional healthy Indigenous foods and food procurement methods (n = 18, 30%) (teaching and learning) or facilitated connections between the school and students’ families or the community (n = 16, 27%) (partnerships and services). Few schools (n = 10, 17%) had a nutrition policy outlining permitted foods (school policy). Less than 1% (n = 3) of interventions included all 4 CSH components. Results suggest that most First Nation-operated schools provide children with food, but few have nutrition interventions that include multiple CSH components. First Nation-operated schools may require additional financial and (or) logistical support to implement comprehensive school-based nutrition interventions, which have greater potential to support long-term health outcomes for children than single approaches.

International audience; Québec’s news has played a leading role in the mainstream breakthrough of the unfair treatments that have been endured by indigenouspeoples in the province’s public health and social services’ system. The social discussion that ensued, paradoxically, has led to more and moreof the First Nations’ and Inuit’s peoples to finally voice traumatic and violent experiences they’ve had. Calls to action, as to introduce ‘culturalsafety’-oriented practices in public services, by ways of trainings that would be given to the clinic and administrative personnel, have been madein an increasing manner. However, ‘cultural safety’-oriented practices, up to this point, allows the professionals’ monopoly of expertise toremain unquestioned — thus, the professional is deemed responsible to ‘culturally secure’ indigenous patients.As the lack of knowledge of First Nations’ and Inuit’s peoples’ realities is often pointed as ‘the Origin of Evil’ (Legault, 2020), some oftoday’s lead researchers don’t hesitate to point out that all social practices centered on a one-sided conception of expertise can be, potentially,damaging (Le Bossé, 2007; Ryan, 1971; Rappaport et Seidman, 2000; Ninacs, 2008). This article sheds some light on one of the mostpopular yet as polysemous concepts of recent years — empowerment — and suggests that it would be a better-suited alternative insofar asconcept-centered practices rather than cultural safety.; L’actualité médiatique du Québec a contribué à ouvrir un dialogue sociétal sur les traitements subis par les Autochtonesdans le système de santé et des services sociaux de la province. Ce dialogue, paradoxalement, a entrainé de plus en plusde membres des Premières Nations à se confier sur leurs expériences de mauvais traitements. Les appels à introduiredavantage de « sécurisation culturelle » dans les services publics, par des formations aux employés sur les réalitésautochtones se multiplient. Pourtant, les pratiques fondées sur la sécurisation culturelle ne remettent aucunement enquestion le monopole de l’expertise des professionnel·les, qui deviennent alors responsables de « sécuriserculturellement » le·la patient·e autochtone.Alors que la faible connaissance des réalités autochtones par les professionnel·les de la santé est régulièrement pointéecomme la cause de tous les maux (Legault, 2020), certain·es théoricien·nes contemporain·es n’hésitent pas à qualifierles pratiques sociales fondées sur une expertise unilatérale de potentiellement dangereuses (Le Bossé, 2007; Ryan, 1971;Rappaport et Seidman, 2000; Ninacs, 2008). Cet article apporte un éclairage théorique sur un concept qui est dénudé desens à force d’être utilisé et suggère ainsi que soit évaluée une solution fondée sur l’empowerment ou, plus précisément,sur le développement du pouvoir d’agir des personnes et des collectivités (DPA-PC).

Objective To describe the rationale, the participatory nature of the methodology, and the lessons learned during the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES), a community-based participatory research project implemented in eight Assembly of First Nations regions, which includes the entirety of Canada south of the 60th parallel. Methods FNFNES respected the First Nations principles of Ownership, Control, Access and Possession (OCAP®) (https://fnigc.ca/ocap). A random sampling strategy based on an ecosystem framework comprising 11 ecozones was adopted to collect representative nutritional and environmental health results for all First Nations adults living on-reserve south of the 60th parallel. Data collection occurred during the fall months from 2008 to 2016. Respective First Nations were involved in the planning and implementation of data collection for the five principal components: household interviews, tap water sampling for metals, surface water sampling for pharmaceuticals, hair sampling for mercury, and traditional food sampling for contaminants. Results A total of 6487 adults from 92 First Nations participated in the Study (participation rate 78%). A higher percentage of females (66%) participated than males (34%). The average age of males and females was similar (44 and 45 years, respectively). This study offers a novel body of coherent and regionally representative evidence on the human dimension of the ongoing environmental degradation affecting First Nations. Conclusion FNFNES serves as a good example of participatory research. We encourage public health professionals to develop policy and programs building on the participatory dimension of the research as well as on its results. The information collected by the FNFNES is also important for community empowerment, environmental stewardship and the general promotion of good health by and for First Nations peoples in Canada.

ObjectiveThe primary objective of this participatory study was to assess the current body burden of mercury among First Nations adults.MethodsThe First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (2008–2018) collected regionally representative data from First Nations adults living on reserves south of the 60thparallel. Mercury was analyzed in hair as a preferred biomarker for prolonged exposure. Hair samples, a 5 mm bundle cut from the occipital region, were collected from the participants who gave consent and measured for total mercury concentrations using cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry.ResultsIn total, 3404 First Nations adults living in 92 communities provided hair samples. This represents 52.5% of the respondents to the household surveys. The mean hair mercury concentrations were 0.56 μg/g among all participants and 0.34 μg/g among women of childbearing age (WCBA). There were 64 exceedances of Health Canada’s mercury biomonitoring guidelines (44 WCBA, 8 women aged 51+ years, 3 men aged 19–50 years, and 9 men aged 51+ years).ConclusionCurrent mercury exposure no longer presents a significant clinical health risk in most of the First Nations population south of the 60thparallel across Canada. However, mercury exposure continues to be an ongoing environmental public health concern that requires continued monitoring and assessment. Women of childbearing age (19–50 years) and older individuals living in northern ecozones and Quebec have higher mercury exposures, often exceeding Health Canada’s guidelines. Careful risk communication and risk management programs need to focus on northern ecozones and Quebec.

Due to overcrowding and subsequent unavoidable close contact, poor ventilation, and decreased hygiene standards and healthcare services as compared with in the community setting, the prison environment is highly conducive to the transmission of infections, including COVID-19. Physical distancing measures may be difficult to implement without introducing interventions that may violate human rights. Given that Indigenous women represent over 41% of federally incarcerated women, this is a cause for concern. Indigenous women are also more likely to have higher rates of numerous chronic conditions, including respiratory illnesses, substantially increasing vulnerability to COVID-19 complications. This can be exacerbated in prisons as access to healthcare may be limited. Outbreaks within the prison setting can not only overwhelm an already over-stretched healthcare system but also spread to the community and disproportionately impact marginalized communities and populations. In this commentary, we explore the public health and human rights implications of COVID-19 in prisons while calling particular attention to the unique needs and circumstances of incarcerated Indigenous women based on international best practice-based guidance to preventive and responsive measures to COVID-19.RéSUMé: En raison du surpeuplement et des contacts étroits, de la mauvaise ventilation et des normes d’hygiène et des services de santé réduits qui en découlent inévitablement, le milieu carcéral est hautement propice à la transmission des infections, y compris la COVID-19, comparativement au milieu ouvert. Les mesures de distanciation physique peuvent être difficiles à y appliquer sans introduire des interventions potentiellement contraires aux droits de la personne. Comme les femmes autochtones représentent plus de 41 % de la population carcérale fédérale féminine, il faut s’en inquiéter. Les femmes autochtones sont aussi plus susceptibles de présenter de plus hauts niveaux de nombreux états chroniques, dont les maladies respiratoires, qui accroissent considérablement la vulnérabilité aux complications de la COVID-19. Cette situation est exacerbée en prison, où l’accès aux soins de santé peut être limité. Les éclosions en milieu carcéral peuvent non seulement submerger un système de soins de santé déjà trop sollicité, mais se propager au milieu ouvert et affecter démesurément les communautés et les populations marginalisées. Dans notre commentaire, nous explorons les conséquences, sur le plan de la santé publique et des droits de la personne, de la présence de la COVID-19 dans les établissements pénitentiaires et nous attirons une attention particulière sur les besoins spécifiques et la situation des femmes autochtones incarcérées, en nous fondant sur des directives de prévention et d’intervention face à la COVID-19 fondées sur les pratiques exemplaires internationales.

Objective Our objective is to describe self-reported health status, prevalence of diabetes and obesity and their associations in participants from the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES) in order to identify possible correlates of health in First Nations adults. Methods FNFNES is a participatory study with First Nations Peoples living on reserve lands south of the 60th parallel. Health and diabetes were self-reported, and prevalence of obesity was evaluated. Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors and traditional food (TF) activities were investigated for associations with health parameters. Results High prevalence rates of overweight/obesity (78–91%) and diabetes (19% age-standardized prevalence) were found. Smoking rates were high and physical activity was low. In multivariable analyses, obesity was associated with region, income source, age, gender, smoking and self-reported health; diabetes and lesser self-reported health were associated with obesity and lower education. Diabetes was strongly associated with lesser self-reported health and weakly associated with being a smoker. Conclusion We have identified possible correlates of health in this population that can help to better understand the underlying concerns and identify solutions for First Nations and their partners. We urge governments and First Nations to address the systemic problems identified with a holistic ecosystem approach that takes into consideration the financial and physical access to food, particularly TF, and the facilitation of improved health behaviour. New mechanisms co-developed with First Nations leadership should focus on supporting sustainable, culturally safe and healthy lifestyles and closing the gaps in nutrition and food insecurity.

To describe the prevalence of food insecurity in First Nations households across Canada while identifying barriers and enablers to traditional food (TF) consumption.The First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study is a cross-Canada participatory study of on-reserve First Nations from 2008 to 2018. The Household Food Security Survey Module was used to capture income-related challenges experienced by First Nations households. Households were classified as food secure, or marginally, moderately, or severely food insecure. Barriers and enablers to TF access and use were identified describing the Indigenous experience.Almost half of on-reserve First Nations households were food insecure and the prevalence was higher than that for non-Indigenous households in Canada. On-reserve food insecurity prevalence was higher in western regions of Canada. First Nations households with children experienced greater food insecurity than those without children. More adults experienced severe food insecurity than children. Most adults would like to have more TF in their diet but state that factors such as financial and household constraints, industrial activities, government regulations, climate change, and fear of contamination impede greater access. Food costs were substantially higher in remote First Nations communities, but remoteness was not associated with food security in multivariable analysis.Existing systems have been unsuccessful in curbing the food insecurity in First Nations households. Improving food security hinges on achieving Indigenous Food Sovereignty, the key to long-term conservation and stewardship of the land and the co-management of these by Indigenous Peoples. Studies investigating the feasibility of increasing TF from an Indigenous perspective are required.RéSUMé: OBJECTIFS: Décrire la prévalence de l’insécurité alimentaire chez les ménages des Premières Nations du Canada tout en identifiant les obstacles et les facilitateurs de l’alimentation traditionnelle (AT). MéTHODES: L’étude sur l’alimentation, la nutrition et l’environnement des Premières Nations dans les réserves est une étude participative pancanadienne des ménages des Premières Nations. Le module d’enquête sur la sécurité alimentaire des ménages a été utilisé pour tenir compte des défis liés au revenu qui confrontent les ménages des Premières Nations. Les ménages ont été classés comme étant en sécurité alimentaire ou insécurité alimentaire marginale, modérée ou sévère. Des obstacles et facilitateurs à l’accès et à l’utilisation des AT ont été identifiés pour décrire l’expérience autochtone. RéSULTATS: Près de la moitié des ménages dans les réserves des Premières Nations dans notre étude étaient en situation d’insécurité alimentaire et la prévalence était supérieure aux ménages non-Autochtones du Canada. L’insécurité alimentaire dans les réserves était plus élevée dans les régions de l’Ouest. Les ménages des Premières Nations ayant des enfants ont connu une plus grande insécurité alimentaire que ceux qui n’en ont pas. Plus d’adultes que d’enfants ont connu une insécurité alimentaire sévère. La plupart des adultes aimeraient avoir plus d’AT dans leur alimentation, mais affirment que des facteurs tels que les contraintes financières et domestiques, les activités industrielles, les réglementations gouvernementales, les changements climatiques et la peur de la contamination empêchent un meilleur accès. Les coûts des aliments étaient considérablement plus élevés dans les communautés isolées des Premières Nations, mais l’isolement n’était pas associé à la sécurité alimentaire dans l’analyse multivariée. CONCLUSION: Les systèmes existants ont échoué à freiner l’insécurité alimentaire chez les ménages des Premières Nations. L’amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire dépend de la réalisation de la souveraineté alimentaire autochtone, une clé pour la conservation à long terme des ressources naturelles et pour une gestion partagée de ces ressources par les peuples autochtones. Des études menées dans une perspective autochtone sur la faisabilité d’améliorer l’accès aux AT sont encore nécessaires.

The emergence of Indigenous written literatures all over the world, and particularly in the North, marks the beginning of the 21st century. For Québec, the study of the cases of Innu and Inuit literatures makes it possible to grasp the historical and methodological issues raised by this phenomenon, but also to identify great differences between these two literatures: Innu literature, close to Québec literature, shares of the same literary instances; Inuit literature, part of a circumpolar whole, remains at a distance. The functions and uses of literature (testimony, healing, transmission of knowledge), the importance of stories as a mode of knowledge and the intimate relationship with nature both differenciate them. The works of Joséphine Bacon, Naomi Fontaine, Taamusi Qumaq and Marie-Andrée Gill allow readers to discover the long-neglected world of First Nations and Inuit societies and cultures. Their international success today shows their critical interest., L’émergence des littératures écrites autochtones partout dans le monde, et particulièrement dans le Nord, marque le début du 21e siècle. Pour le Québec, l’étude des cas des littératures innue et inuite permet de saisir les enjeux historiques et méthodologiques soulevés par ce phénomène, mais aussi d’identifier de grandes différences entre ces deux littératures : la littérature innue, proche de la littérature québécoise, partage de mêmes instances littéraires; la littérature inuite, participante d’un tout circumpolaire, demeure à distance. Les fonctions et usages de la littérature (témoignage, guérison, transmission du savoir), l’importance du récit comme mode de connaissance et le rapport intime avec la nature les singularisent toutes deux. Les œuvres de Joséphine Bacon, Naomi Fontaine, Taamusi Qumaq et Marie-Andrée Gill permettent aux lecteurs de découvrir le monde longtemps minoré des sociétés et cultures des Premières Nations et des Inuits. Leur succès aujourd’hui international témoigne de l’intérêt critique qu’on leur porte., 世界各地、とくに北方で、先住民たちによって書かれた文学が出現した ことは 21 世紀初頭の特徴となっている。ケベック州にとっては、イヌーとイ ヌイットの文学的事例を研究することによって、この現象が歴史的かつ方法 論的にどのような重要な問題を提起しているか知ることができるし、同時に、 これら 2 つの文学が互いに大きく異なるものであることも知ることができる。 イヌー文学はケベック文学に近く、文学上の諸機関も共通しているのにたい して、イヌイット文学のほうは北極を取り巻くものの一部を成しており、距 離を保っている。文学の機能と利用法(証言、治癒、知識の伝達)、認識の方 法としての語りの重要性、そして自然との親密な関係といったものが 2 つの 文学をともに特徴づけている。ジョゼフィーヌ・バコン、ナオミ・フォンテー ヌ、タームシ・クマック、マリー=アンドレ・ジルの諸作品は、長いあいだ 過小評価されてきたファースト・ネイションズやイヌイットたちの世界を読 者たちに発見させてくれる。彼らの作品が今日国際的に成功していることは、 人々がそれらに向ける批評的関心の高さを裏づけている。

La présente étude s’intéresse aux politiques éducatives de la maternelle, du primaire et du secondaire, dans les communautés autochtones non conventionnées du Québec. L’étude sera basée sur une analyse documentaire des aspirations des organismes autochtones québécois en éducation (2002-2014). Elle vise à saisir et comprendre le mode de collaboration institutionnel encouragé par les autorités autochtones en clarifiant les aspirations autochtones. Cette démarche exploratoire nécessitait de recueillir les données par une analyse de contenu manifeste des aspirations collectives et publiques des organismes représentatifs autochtones québécois en éducation. Le cadre d’analyse élaboré, inspiré de la typologie de Wyatt (2008) sur les différents modes de collaboration possibles entre autochtones et gouvernements en matière de gestion forestière, a permis la compréhension des données et leur interprétation. Deux apports nous paraissent solides et décisifs. D’une part, l’adaptation de la typologie de Wyatt (2008) donne un cadre de référence pertinent dans le champ de l’éducation. D’autre part, son utilisation nous a permis de clarifier les aspirations autochtones et le modèle de collaboration correspondant, dit de « pleine autonomie » : ce sont les autochtones qui définiraient les pratiques et les institutions qu’ils souhaitent développer et permettre sur leur territoire. Enfin, l’explicitation des aspirations des autorités autochtones au niveau éducationnel a mis en lumière leur caractère homogène, pragmatique et non subversif. Deux réserves : les aspirations des organismes représentatifs peuvent ne pas refléter celles de tous les membres de leurs communautés, et elles ne sont pas un indicateur des accords qui pourraient intervenir., This study focuses on education policies, from kindergarten to high school, in specific indigenous communities from Quebec. It takes the form of a documentary analysis of Quebec indigenous organisations’ claims or (expectations) in education (2002–2014). It aims at prospectively enlightening the process of reshaping the collaborative relationship of institutions in education, as it is recommended by many local and national leaders from both sides; and intends to do so by objectifying and clarifying indigenous expectations in the matter. This exploratory study allowed us to collect data through a manifest content analysis of representative bodies’ collective and public claims in education. The reference framework that was conceived, inspired by Wyatt’s (2008) typology of different types of institutional collaboration between indigenous communities and local governments in forestry management, allowed us to successfully comprehend and interpret the data. The results reveal two main and solid contributions to this field of study. First, the adaptation of Wyatt’s (2008) typology works successfully in the field of educational administration. Second, it allowed us to clarify indigenous expectations in education and deduct the associated collaboration model , it is one of full autonomy where indigenous communities could define the institutions and institutional practices they want to develop and allow on their territories. At last, the indigenous educational project appears homogenous, pragmatic and non-subversive. More studies are needed on this aspect. We must temper those conclusions by stating that the claims of representative bodies do not necessarily represent the views of all local communities and that those claims cannot be understood as indicators to final agreements.