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Start Over Descriptor "MEAN INCOMES" Topic income poverty
3 results on '"MEAN INCOMES"'

1. Macro and Micro Perspectives of Growth and Poverty in Africa

Author

Stefano Paternostro, Luc Christiaensen, and Lionel Demery

Subjects
INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES, GROWTH RATES, POLICY INSTRUMENT, WELFARE MEASURE, DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS, RELATIVE IMPORTANCE, INEQUALITY MEASURES, BLACK MARKET, SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION, BLACK MARKET PREMIUM, Economics, POLICY MESSAGES, CONSUMPTION MEASURE, INCOME, ECONOMIC STAGNATION, UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION, INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY, MALNUTRITION, ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POOR GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, NOMADIC POPULATION, WAR, POLICY REFORMS, FARMERS, INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE, ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, Development, DROP IN POVERTY, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, POLICY CHANGE, POLICY VOLATILITY, DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY, Culture of poverty, MACRO POLICY, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, CASH CROPS, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES, PURCHASING POWER, RURAL POOR, DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE, REDUCED POVERTY, MACROECONOMIC REFORMS, INCOME INEQUALITY, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY INDEX, ANNUAL GROWTH, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, Economic growth, DECLINE IN POVERTY, SIGNIFICANT IMPACT, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, POVERTY ASSESSMENTS, EXTERNAL SHOCKS, EXPLAINING CHANGES, HIGH INEQUALITY, POLITICAL REFORMS, POVERTY OUTCOMES, PRO-POOR, LIFE EXPECTANCY, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POVERTY DYNAMICS, POVERTY MEASURES, DROUGHT, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS, POVERTY INDICES, MEASURING INCOME INEQUALITY, HOUSEHOLD DATA, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, RURAL CONSUMERS, POVERTY ESTIMATES, DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY, DATA SETS, ECONOMIC REFORM, EXCHANGE RATE, POOR PEOPLE, MACROECONOMIC FRAMEWORK, RURAL URBAN NATIONAL, ECONOMIC POLICIES, MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES, POPULATION SHARE, PRO-POOR GROWTH INDEX, EXCHANGE RATE POLICY, POVERTY DATA, LAND DISTRIBUTION, GOOD GOVERNANCE, POVERTY CHANGE, POOR PERFORMANCE, COUNTRY ESTIMATES, POVERTY LINES, INCOME GROUPS, INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS, ECONOMICS, Poverty, CORRUPTION, DISTRIBUTIONAL OUTCOMES, RURAL, BUREAUCRATIC QUALITY, GROWTH PATH, INCOME GROWTH, SMALL FARMERS, POVERTY LINE, SOCIAL CAPITAL, POVERTY INDICATORS, Rural poverty, CHILD MORTALITY, GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS, SCHOOLING, Basic needs, CALORIC INTAKE, Finance, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, POVERTY MEASURE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC REFORMS, SUBSISTENCE, GINI INDEX, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, POOR, CIVIL SOCIETY, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, HEADCOUNT POVERTY, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, CIVIL WAR, RULE OF LAW, INFLATION RATE, GROWTH REGRESSIONS, CHANGES IN POVERTY, PRO-POOR GROWTH, ECONOMIC DECLINE, POLITICAL STABILITY, COVARIATE SHOCKS, RISK MANAGEMENT, POVERTY REDUCING, REDUCING POVERTY, CONSUMPTION BASKET, LIVING STANDARDS, DEVELOPMENT REPORT, WELFARE MEASURES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, SUSTAINABLE POVERTY, POVERTY-REDUCING POLICIES, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, GROWTH PERFORMANCE, POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, POVERTY SEVERITY, Structural adjustment, ECONOMIC LITERATURE, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, RELATIVE PRICES, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, POVERTY INCREASE, GROWTH PROSPECTS, RURAL PRODUCERS, WELFARE INDICATOR, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, POVERTY INCREASES, Social risk management, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH ELASTICITY, CONSUMPTION POVERTY, MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, FOOD EXPENDITURES, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, ACCESS TO MARKETS, MEAN EXPENDITURE, SECTORAL POLICIES, Economic inequality, MEAN INCOMES, INEQUALITY LEVELS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, MARGINAL RETURNS, INCOME POVERTY, FOOD CONSUMPTION, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, HUMAN CAPITAL, FOOD CROP, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY MEASURES, RURAL COMMUNITIES, Economics and Econometrics, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, BUREAUCRACY, ECONOMIC POLICY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, POLICY STANCE, PUBLIC POLICY, POLICY RESEARCH, POVERTY INCIDENCE, INCREASING INEQUALITY, MACROECONOMIC POLICY, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, Accounting, Development economics, PRIMARY SCHOOL, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, CONFLICT, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, Income inequality metrics, COMMUNITY LIFE, HEADCOUNT RATIO, ANNUAL CHANGE, URBAN AREAS, POVERTY CHANGES, POLICY CHANGES, RURAL ACTIVITY, FOOD CROP PRODUCERS
Abstract

This article reviews trends in poverty, economic policies, and growth in a sample of African countries during the 1990s, drawing on the better household data now available. Experiences have varied. Some countries have seen sharp drops in income poverty, whereas others have witnessed marked increases. In some countries overall economic growth has been pro-poor and in others not. But the aggregate numbers hide systematic distributional effects. Taking both macro and micro perspectives of growth and poverty in Africa, the article draws four key conclusions. First, economic policy reforms (improving macroeconomic balances and liberalizing markets) appear conducive to reducing poverty. Second, market connectedness is crucial to enable participation in the gains from economic growth. Some regions and households by virtue of their remoteness were left behind when growth picked up. Third, education and access to land emerge as key private endowments to help households benefit from new economic opportunities. Finally, rainfall variations and ill health have profound effects on poverty outcomes, underscoring the significance of social risk management in poverty reduction strategies in Africa.

Published
2003

2. On the Edge of Uncertainty : Poverty Reduction in Latin America and the Caribbean during the Great Recession and Beyond

Author

World Bank

Subjects
REDUCTION IN POVERTY, EQUAL DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, FOOD PRICE, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, EXTREMELY POOR HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, SUBSISTENCE, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, POOR, RURAL ECONOMY, SAFETY NETS, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, INCOME, MEDIUM TERM, FOOD BASKET, FINANCIAL CRISIS, PRIVATE TRANSFERS, FOOD PRICES, POVERTY RATES, WELFARE DISTRIBUTION, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, HOUSEHOLDS WITH CHILDREN, REDUCTION OF POVERTY, CHANGES IN POVERTY, SECTORAL COMPOSITION, EXTREME POOR HOUSEHOLDS, FISCAL CONSTRAINTS, REGIONAL TRENDS, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, REDUCING POVERTY, POOR HOUSEHOLD, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, GLOBAL ECONOMY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POOR, SAFETY NET PROGRAMS, LABOR MARKET, SAFETY NET, BASIC FOOD BASKET, FOOD POVERTY LINE, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY INDEX, SUB-REGION, REGIONAL LEVEL, REGIONAL ECONOMY, GROWTH PROSPECTS, VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC CONTRACTIONS, DECLINE IN POVERTY, POVERTY GAP, DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS, GROWTH ELASTICITY, SUB-REGIONS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, IMPACT ON POVERTY, URBAN POOR, MEAN INCOMES, POVERTY DYNAMICS, FOOD NEEDS, POVERTY MEASURES, INCOME POVERTY, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, GROWTH EFFECT, POVERTY ESTIMATES, INSURANCE, POPULATION SHARE, ANDEAN REGION, REGIONAL POVERTY, DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES, NEGATIVE IMPACT, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, PER CAPITA GROWTH, CARIBBEAN REGION, POINT DECLINE, POVERTY SERIES, INCOME ON FOOD, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY LEVELS, FOOD POVERTY, INEQUALITY REDUCTION, FOOD PRODUCTS, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, RURAL, CREDIT MARKETS, FEMALE WORKERS, INCOME GROWTH, POVERTY DECLINE, SOCIAL SPENDING, POVERTY LINE, LABOR FORCE, NEW POOR, CASH TRANSFERS, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES, URBAN AREAS, ESTIMATES OF POVERTY, POVERTY RATE, HIGH ELASTICITY
Abstract

Strong poverty reduction in Latin America resumed with the growth rebound in 2010, as both moderate and extreme poor households benefitted from the recovery, accelerating poverty reduction to rates similar to those witnessed between 2003-2006 despite a 2.8 percent decline in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms, poverty levels in Latin America (LAC) remained basically static during the great recession, as the poor were shielded from the economic crisis in some countries and continued to benefit from growth in others. In 2010, poverty reduction resumed sharply in Latin America, as household incomes were once again closely linked to economic growth at rates similar to pre-crisis years. Moderate poverty declined by almost 2.5 percentage points to reach 28 percent in 2010, while extreme poverty fell by more than 2 percentage points to reach 14 percent. As 2011 comes to a close, once again the global economy and Latin America are facing risks of yet another economic slowdown. Using household survey data from 2010 and selected labor market indicators through the third quarter of 2011, this note identifies some basic facts on the impact of the crisis and the recovery on the poor and explores their implications for poverty reduction in the region going forward.

Published
2011

3. Who is Not Poor? Dreaming of a World Truly Free of Poverty

Author

Lant Pritchett

Subjects
INFANT MORTALITY RATES, POVERTY MEASURE, GROWTH RATES, GLOBAL POVERTY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, HIGH POVERTY, POOR COUNTRIES, Economics, TARGETED TRANSFERS, POOR, UNEMPLOYMENT, Extreme poverty, INCOME, HEADCOUNT POVERTY, FOOD BASKET, Per capita income, MALNUTRITION, POVERTY RATES, ABSOLUTE TERMS, PER CAPITA INCOME, AVERAGE INCOMES, CONSUMPTION BASKET, LIVING STANDARDS, DEVELOPMENT REPORT, Development, INFORMAL ECONOMY, DEVELOPING WORLD, POVERTY PROFILE, LOG NORMAL, RURAL AREAS, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, REDUCED POVERTY, VEGETABLES, INCOME INEQUALITY, FOOD POVERTY LINE, World population, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, POVERTY REDUCTION, WORLD INCOME DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC STUDIES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, HIGH GROWTH, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, Economic growth, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, DEFINITIONS OF POVERTY, POVERTY GAP, INFANT MORTALITY, Standard of living, POVERTY COMPARISONS, Economic inequality, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, PRO-POOR, MEAN INCOMES, POLITICAL ECONOMY, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, POVERTY MEASURES, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, NATIONAL POVERTY, INCOME POVERTY, MEAT, POLICY OBJECTIVE, STANDARD DEVIATION, Human development (humanity), POLICY DEBATE, NATIONAL POVERTY LINES, HEALTH CARE, POOR PEOPLE, REGIONAL POVERTY, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX, REGIONAL AGGREGATES, Economics and Econometrics, INFANT MORTALITY RATE, ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, PUBLIC POLICY, GLOBAL LEVEL, POLICY RESEARCH, GLOBAL MARKETS, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, Development economics, POVERTY LINES, GROWTH PRO-POOR, INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS, Median income, ECONOMICS, HOUSING, Poverty, FOOD POVERTY, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, POLICY ANALYSIS, FOOD SHARE, RURAL, INCOME GAINS, POVERTY LINE, MEAN INCOME, POVERTY DEBATE, RICH COUNTRIES, CHILD MORTALITY, POVERTY RATE, SCHOOLING
Abstract

When the World Bank dreams of 'a world free of poverty,' what should it be dreaming? In measuring global income or consumption expenditure poverty, the World Bank has widely adopted the $1 a day standard as a lower bound. Because this standard is based on poverty lines in the poorest countries, anyone with income or expenditures below this line will truly be poor. But there is no consensus standard for the upper bound of the global poverty line: above what level of income or expenditures is someone truly not poor? This article proposes that the World Bank compute its lower and upper bounds in a methodologically equivalent way, using the poverty lines of the poorest countries for the lower bound and the poverty lines of the richest countries for the upper bound. The resulting upper bound global poverty line will be 10 times higher than the current lower bound and at least 5 times higher than the currently used alternative lower bound of $2 a day. And in tracking progress toward a world free of poverty, the World Bank should compute measures of global poverty using a variety of weights on the depth and intensity of poverty for a range of poverty lines between the global lower and upper bounds. For instance, rather than trying to artificially force the global population of 6.2 billion (a billion is 1,000 million) into just two categories 'poor' and 'not poor,' with the new range of poverty lines the estimates would be that 1.3 billion people are 'destitute' (below $1 a day), another 1.6 billion are in 'extreme poverty' (above $1 a day but below $2 dollar a day), and another 2.5 billion are in 'global poverty' (above extreme poverty but below the upper bound poverty line).

Published
2006

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