72 results on '"POOR people"'
Search Results
2. Poverty upsurge in 2015 and the rising trend in regional and age inequality among the poor in Brazil.
- Author
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Rocha, Sonia
- Subjects
EQUALITY ,POVERTY ,LONG-Term Evolution (Telecommunications) ,POVERTY reduction ,POOR people - Abstract
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- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Inequality is Bad for Growth of the Poor (but Not for That of the Rich).
- Author
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van der Weide, Roy and Milanovic, Branko
- Subjects
INCOME inequality ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLDS ,POOR people ,RICH people ,FINANCE - Abstract
The paper investigates the relationship between income inequality and future income growth rates of households at different points of the income distribution. The analysis uses micro-census data from U.S. states covering the period from 1960 to 2010, and controls for exposure to imports from China and share of routine jobs, among other variables. It finds evidence that high levels of inequality reduce the income growth of the poor but, if anything, help the growth of the rich. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Incarceration and Household Asset Ownership.
- Author
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Turney, Kristin and Schneider, Daniel
- Subjects
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IMPRISONMENT , *HOUSEHOLDS , *POOR people , *SOCIAL forces , *EXTERNALITIES , *ACQUISITION of property , *FATHERS , *INCOME , *PRISONERS , *MOTHERS , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors - Abstract
A considerable literature documents the deleterious economic consequences of incarceration. However, little is known about the consequences of incarceration for household assets-a distinct indicator of economic well-being that may be especially valuable to the survival of low-income families-or about the spillover economic consequences of incarceration for families. In this article, we use longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine how incarceration is associated with asset ownership among formerly incarcerated men and their romantic partners. Results, which pay careful attention to the social forces that select individuals into incarceration, show that incarceration is negatively associated with ownership of a bank account, vehicle, and home among men and that these consequences for asset ownership extend to the romantic partners of these men. These associations are concentrated among men who previously held assets. Results also show that post-incarceration changes in romantic relationships are an important pathway by which even short-term incarceration depletes assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. IEDZĪVOTĀJU IENĀKUMI UN TO DIFERENCIĀCIJA LATVIJĀ PERIODĀ NO 2006. LĪDZ 2011. GADAM.
- Author
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Ladigina, Jeļena
- Subjects
- *
INCOME , *POOR people , *DIFFERENTIATION (Mathematics) , *SOCIAL history ,LATVIAN economy, 1991- ,LATVIAN history, 1991- - Abstract
In the article its author reviews one of the most actual problems in Latvia - low income level and income differentiation in the regions of Latvia. Following aspects were examined: dynamics of income level in Latvia from 2006 to 2012 - salary, pensions un overall income level. It was found these indicators' connection with other economic and social processes that take place in the country especially economic crisis and its consequences. Houshold income structure and income level in the regions were also reviewed in this research. It was established that within the past few years population income was increasing but still didn't reach the same good results like it was before. Salary part in total income structure has decreased and at the same time social transferts part has increased even giving growing income level. Income level in poor developed regions like Latgale or Vidzeme is much lower than in the regions with advanced development like Riga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
6. Poor People and Poor Health: Examining the Mediating Effect of Unmet Healthcare Needs in Korea
- Author
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Saerom Kim, Sang Guen Cho, Seungmin Jeong, Seung Sik Hwang, and Youngsoo Kim
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Inequality ,Adolescent ,Databases, Factual ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Health Status ,Healthcare disparities ,lcsh:Medicine ,Logistic regression ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Health care ,Republic of Korea ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0101 mathematics ,Poverty ,Research method ,media_common ,Aged ,Health Services Needs and Demand ,Variables ,business.industry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,010102 general mathematics ,lcsh:R ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Middle Aged ,Korea Health Panel ,Poor people ,Unmet healthcare needs ,Needs assessment ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Income ,Original Article ,Female ,business ,Psychology ,Panel data - Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to estimate the mediating effect of subjective unmet healthcare needs on poor health. The mediating effect of unmet needs on health outcomes was estimated. Methods Cross-sectional research method was used to analyze Korea Health Panel data from 2011 to 2015, investigating the mediating effect for each annual dataset and lagged dependent variables. Results The magnitude of the effect of low income on poor health and the mediating effect of unmet needs were estimated using age, sex, education level, employment status, healthcare insurance status, disability, and chronic disease as control variables and selfrated health as the dependent variable. The mediating effect of unmet needs due to financial reasons was between 14.7% to 32.9% of the total marginal effect, and 7.2% to 18.7% in lagged model. Conclusions The fixed-effect logit model demonstrated that the existence of unmet needs raised the likelihood of poor self-rated health. However, only a small proportion of the effects of low income on health was mediated by unmet needs, and the results varied annually. Further studies are necessary to search for ways to explain the varying results in the Korea Health Panel data, as well as to consider a time series analysis of the mediating effect. The results of this study present the clear implication that even though it is crucial to address the unmet needs, but it is not enough to tackle the income related health inequalities.
- Published
- 2019
7. Family Income at the Bottom and at the Top: Income Sources and Family Characteristics.
- Author
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Raffalovich, Lawrence E., Monnat, Shannon M., and Hui-Shien Tsao
- Subjects
INCOME ,ECONOMIC security ,INCOME gap ,MIDDLE class ,POOR people - Abstract
Attention has recently been focused on wealth as a source of long-term economic security and on wealth ownership as a crucial aspect of the racial economic divisions in the United States. This literature, however has been concerned primarily with the wealth gap between poor and middle-class families, and between the white and black middle class. In this paper, we investigate the incomes of families at the top and bottom of the family income distribution. We examine the sources of income and the demographic characteristics of these high-income and low-income families using family level data from the 1988-2003 Current Population Surveys.We find that, at the bottom of the distribution, transfer income is the major income source; in particular, income from social security, supplemental security, and public assistance. At the top, employment income is the largest component of family income. Non-white, female, and non-married householders are disproportionately located at the bottom of the family income distribution. These families consist of both young and old adults, with high-school educations or less, in low-level service occupations. Many are disabled, many are retired. Householders at the top of the income distribution are typically male, white, and married. Householders and spouses are typically middle-age, with college educations, employed in professional service and managerial occupations. We find that wealth is not an important source of income for families at the highest percentiles. The highest income families during this period in the U.S. were not a "property elite": their income is mostly from employment. We speculate, however, that they will join the "property elite" upon retirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
8. Trust and Inequality: An Agent-based Model of Effect of Market Attractiveness on Trusting Behavior.
- Author
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Sato, Yoshimichi
- Subjects
EQUALITY ,POOR people ,SOCIAL classes ,COMMUNITY development banks ,INCOME ,SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
It is empirically verified that people with higher income are on average more trustful than those with lower income. If this finding is unconditionally valid, a dismal society may emerge in which the rich become richer by trusting strangers and receiving higher payoffs. The purpose of this paper is to explore what conditions facilitate or hinder the growth of the dismal society by building an agent-based model. The hypothesis to be examined is that the attractiveness of the market facilitates trusting behavior of the rich, which results in a wider gap of the accumulated payoffs between the rich and the poor. In the model agents decide whether to leave their assurance group in order to receive a higher payoff from a stranger in the market. If an agent?s partner is trustworthy, the agent receives a higher payoff from the partner than from a member in his/her assurance group. If the partner is not trustworthy, however, the agent receives a lower payoff. After receiving payoffs, agents learn to change their behavior. A result of the simulation shows that the gap between the rich and the poor becomes wider only when the attractiveness of the market is modest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Poor, Unemployed, and Politically Inactive?
- Author
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Kroh, Martin and Könnecke, Christian
- Subjects
UNEMPLOYED people ,POOR people ,SOCIAL status ,INCOME ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,POLITICAL participation - Abstract
People with low incomes and job seekers are less interested and active in politics than people above the at-risk-of-poverty threshold and the working population. Compared to other European democracies, Germany has slightly above-average levels of inequality of political participation. Data from the Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) suggest that this inequality has followed an upward trend over the last three decades. The data also indicate, however, that the unemployed do not reduce their political participation only as a result of losing their job, nor do those affected by poverty do so due to loss of income. Rather, the lower levels of political participation existed prior to these events and can be attributed to the social backgrounds of those affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
10. The local Joneses: Household consumption and income inequality in large metropolitan areas.
- Author
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Charles, Maria and Lundy, Jeffrey D.
- Subjects
INCOME ,HOUSEHOLDS ,METROPOLITAN areas ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) ,POOR people - Abstract
Do household consumption practices depend upon local standards of decency or distinction? This article explores effects of local income structure on household consumption across 18 large U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Results show greater overall spending in high-inequality MSAs. But contrary to conventional depictions of "conspicuous consumption," the additional spending goes mostly toward shelter and food, not more visible purchases of jewelry, vehicles, apparel, and entertainment. High median income, by contrast, is associated with greater spending in two visible goods categories (apparel and entertainment), but only among low-income households. Results support depictions of expenditure cascades, where spending by those better off ratchets up local standards of "normal" and socially acceptable living. Some unfortunate consequences include decreased investment in health care and heightened competition for access to quality public schooling. In this sense, growing economic inequality and positional consumption may be self-reinforcing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. A COMPARISON ON THE WORKING POOR POPULATION IN SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
- Author
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Bruder, Emese, Obadovics, Csilla, and Navickas, Valentinas
- Subjects
POOR people ,WORKING class ,SOCIAL policy ,INCOME - Abstract
The working poor population had not been gained any emphasis in Europe until the European Union adopted the Lisbon Strategy in 2000 with a special focus on employment, economy and social policies. In the framework of the Lisbon Strategy, the EU has started to develop a list of statistical indicators on poverty and social exclusion. These indicators aimed to control country level development on the agreed common goals, and they were adopted in 2001 at Laeken Council meeting in Belgium. In 2003, a new indicator, the in-work poverty risk has been added to the Laeken indicators. Since then, the existence of working poor population has took a more prominent place in the European debate. The objective of this paper is to give an insight of the situation of the working poor population in Visegrad countries, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary and compare the results with the Benelux states. These groups of countries both have shared history, and common path in European integration. We analyze the extent of working poverty, the gender asymmetry and the full-time, part-time proportions over working poor population. Based on the 2007 wave of EU-SILC database, we individualize various income sources received by the household in order to obtain total individual incomes. With this approach, we would like to show how each individual would perform, if he/she could only rely on his/her own income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
12. From Correlates and Characteristics to Causes: Thinking About Poverty from a Chronic Poverty Perspective.
- Author
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Green, Maia and Hulme, David
- Subjects
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POVERTY , *INCOME , *CONSUMPTION (Economics) , *CAPITALISM , *ECONOMIC history , *POOR people - Abstract
Poverty and poverty reduction are currently the central concerns of development discourse and policy. Despite recent theoretical advances, poverty analysis continues to be dominated by an income/consumption conception of poverty. We argue for understandings of poverty that go beyond measurement-led conceptualizations to more adequately expose the causes of poverty. Chronic Poverty is one such concept. Its focus on poverty duration and dynamics highlights the forms of social relations that produce poverty, and which are often embedded within political institutions and economic structures. Poverty reduction does not simply require "good" policy: it requires creating the capacity of poorer people to influence, and hold accountable, those who make policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Poverty Prefers Company
- Author
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Brent Simpson and Kimmo Eriksson
- Subjects
inequality ,Social Psychology ,Poverty ,Inequality ,poverty ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Social Sciences ,Samhällsvetenskap ,Tvärvetenskapliga studier inom samhällsvetenskap ,Affect (psychology) ,Preference ,Poor people ,Clinical Psychology ,income ,Annan matematik ,ostraphobia ,Social Sciences Interdisciplinary ,Other Mathematics ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
In three web-based experiments, we show that both actual poverty and experimentally induced (imagined) poverty create a preference for greater inequality. Study 1, a cross-national comparison between Americans and Swedes, showed that respondents who were actually poor and those who were experimentally induced to imagine that they were poor tended to express a heightened preference for greater inequality, and for a higher proportion of poor citizens. Study 2 replicated the effects using different procedures. Study 3 showed that imagining oneself being poor increases preferences for a greater proportion of poor people, but imagining oneself being rich does not increase preferences for a greater proportion of rich people. This poverty prefers company effect might affect support for policies aiming at reducing the number of poor people.
- Published
- 2013
14. The Uganda Poverty Assessment Report 2016 : Farms, Cities and Good Fortune - Assessing Poverty Reduction in Uganda from 2006 to 2013
- Author
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World Bank
- Subjects
MEASURES ,FARM EMPLOYMENT ,AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,INFORMAL INSURANCE MECHANISMS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,SCHOOL FEEDING ,FOOD EXPENDITURE ,FOOD POLICY ,SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,INCIDENCE ANALYSIS ,LAND MANAGEMENT ,EXTREME POVERTY LINE ,POOR ,AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ,AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY ,RURAL TRANSFORMATION ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,SAFETY NETS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,BETTER ACCESS TO MARKETS ,FARM INCOME ,FOOD BASKET ,LAND SIZE ,FARM INCOMES ,PRIVATE TRANSFERS ,POVERTY RATES ,AGRICULTURAL WAGES ,NUTRITIONAL STATUS ,CHRONIC MALNUTRITION ,MALNUTRITION ,FOOD PRICES ,RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION ,PUBLIC SAFETY NETS ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,FARM ACTIVITIES ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ,LIVESTOCK INCOME ,FARM WORK ,POOR” HOUSEHOLDS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ,WAR ,FOOD ITEMS ,FARMERS ,POVERTY REDUCING ,CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING ,IMPACT OF SHOCKS ,REMOTE RURAL AREAS ,ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION ,SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMS ,VILLAGE ECONOMIES ,LAND OWNERSHIP ,SANITATION ,RURAL INCOME ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,SAFETY NET PROGRAMS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,RURAL MIGRANTS ,HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICS ,AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES ,POVERTY SEVERITY ,INFORMAL TRANSFERS ,INCOME EARNING POTENTIAL ,DRINKING WATER ,HOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDS ,NUTRITION OUTCOMES ,FOOD POVERTY LINE ,RURAL FINANCIAL MARKETS ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,RURAL VILLAGES ,POVERTY INDEX ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,RISKS ,LAND REFORM ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,FEMALE FARMERS ,CROP PRODUCTION ,EMPLOYMENT INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,FOOD GOODS ,POVERTY GAP ,RURAL POPULATION ,TARGETING ,POVERTY POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,IMPACT ON POVERTY ,FOOD EXPENDITURES ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,IRRIGATION ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,FARM SELF-EMPLOYMENT ,SMALLHOLDER FARMERS ,FEEDING PROGRAMS ,FOOD NEEDS ,POVERTY MEASURES ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,DROUGHT ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,INCOME POVERTY ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,DEATH ,CHILD NUTRITION ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,FORMAL SAFETY NETS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,POOR AREAS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,AGRICULTURAL INPUTS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,POOR COMMUNITIES ,RURAL URBAN NATIONAL ,NUTRITION ,RURAL AREA ,AGRICULTURAL INCOMES ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,PARTICIPATORY POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,CROP INCOME ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,FOOD CROPS ,RURAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,POVERTY LINES ,FOOD MARKETS ,AGRICULTURAL WAGE ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ,POVERTY LEVELS ,CONFLICT ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,FOOD POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,FOOD SHARE ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,FARM INCOME GROWTH ,POVERTY LINE ,RURAL MIGRATION ,SAVINGS ,POVERTY INDICATORS ,POOR FARMERS ,INDICATORS OF POVERTY ,CASH TRANSFERS ,INFORMAL INSURANCE ,CHILD MORTALITY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,INCOME SUPPORT ,INCOME VOLATILITY ,FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS ,RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ,LACK OF INFORMATION ,RURAL POPULATIONS ,LACK OF KNOWLEDGE - Abstract
Uganda’s progress in reducing poverty from 1993 to 2006 is a remarkable story of success that has been well told. The narrative of Uganda’s continued, albeit it slightly slower, progress in reducing poverty since 2006 is less familiar. This was a period in which growth slowed as the gains from reforms years earlier had been fully realized, and weak infrastructure and increasing corruption increasingly constrained private sector competitiveness (World Bank 2015). This report examines Uganda’s progress in reducing poverty, with a specific focus on the period 2006 to 2013. The report shows that high growth from 2006 to 2010 benefited poverty reduction. Before turning in further detail to the key findings of the report, it is important to note that the analysis undertaken in this report is only possible because the Government of Uganda has invested in a high quality series of household surveys to document progress in wellbeing since 1993. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics has conducted high-quality household surveys that every three to four years that have provided a comparable series of data on poverty and other household characteristics for the last twenty years. Uganda is one of the few countries in the region to have achieved this level of comparable, frequent poverty monitoring over time. Without this, it would not be possible to document the lessons Uganda provides.
- Published
- 2016
15. Crime and Persistent Punishment : A Long-Run Perspective on the Links between Violence and Chronic Poverty in Mexico
- Author
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Martinez-Cruz, Adan L. and Rodriguez Castelan, Carlos
- Subjects
MURDER ,MEASURES ,RURAL RESIDENCE ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,HOMICIDE ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,POVERTY SITUATION ,POVERTY MAPPING ,AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,CRIMES ,DRUG ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,POOR ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,POVERTY MEASURES ,DETERIORATION IN HEALTH CONDITIONS ,HOMICIDE RATE ,POVERTY MAPPING METHODOLOGY ,POVERTY STATUS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,SECURITY ,INCOME ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY RATES ,REGIONS ,CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,POOR INDIVIDUALS ,CRIME ,POVERTY ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,INCOME SHOCKS ,HOMICIDES ,TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,REGIONAL STUDY ,POOR PEOPLE ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,POOR COMMUNITIES ,WAR ,VIOLENCE ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,CARIBBEAN REGION ,REGION ,CHRONICALLY POOR ,FORM OF POVERTY ,VIOLENT CRIME ,CASH TRANSFER PROGRAM ,QUALITY OF LIFE ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL AREAS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,DRUGS ,FOOD REQUIREMENTS ,CONFLICT ,HOUSING ,FOOD POVERTY ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,RURAL ,AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ,CONSUMPTION ,INCOME GROWTH ,PROPERTY CRIMES ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,SAVINGS ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,VULNERABILITY TO POVERTY ,HOMICIDE RATES ,POVERTY RATE ,ELDERLY WOMEN ,INEQUALITY - Abstract
The relationship between violence and chronic poverty has been studied mostly in the context of war or long-term episodes of conflict. In contrast to previous studies, this paper explores whether violence that does not include the shattering of infrastructure impacts the chance that poverty may remain chronic. A long-run perspective is gained by analyzing unique, recently gathered panel data at the municipality level in the Mexican context, covering the period from 1990 to 2010. Violence is measured as the number of non-drug-related homicides per 100,000 inhabitants. A municipality is classified as chronically poor if the percentage of people in food poverty remains above the national average during two consecutive periods. Econometric analysis is carried out through discrete choice models. Putting the results in context, consider of a chronically poor municipality in 2005 in which average household income is below the 25th percentile in 2000. If this municipality had a 10.47 non-drug-related homicide rate, the 75th percentile in 2000, its chance of remaining chronically poor into 2005 was almost double the corresponding chance of a municipality with the same mean household income but at the national median of violence in 2000 (zero non-drug-related homicides).
- Published
- 2016
16. Dynamics of Rural Growth in Bangladesh : Sustaining Poverty Reduction
- Author
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World Bank Group
- Subjects
MEASURES ,CROP VARIETIES ,FARM EMPLOYMENT ,AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ,EXTREME POVERTY ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,FOOD PRICE ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,EXTREMELY POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,FOOD POLICY ,RURAL GROWTH ,AGRICULTURAL LAND ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY ,AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY ,RURAL TRANSFORMATION ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,FARM- GATE ,BETTER ACCESS TO MARKETS ,FARM INCOME ,LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE ,FARM INCOMES ,LAND SIZE ,COLD STORAGE ,POVERTY RATES ,MALNUTRITION ,AGRICULTURAL WAGES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,FARM ACTIVITIES ,POVERTY ,RURAL ENTERPRISES ,EXPANSION OF IRRIGATION ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,FARM WORK ,WELFARE INDICATORS ,LANDLESS HOUSEHOLDS ,EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ,FARMERS ,LAND PRODUCTIVITY ,CROP YIELD ,POVERTY PROFILE ,TRANSFERS ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS ,POOR HEALTH ,CASH CROPS ,RURAL POOR ,FARM PRODUCTION ,SAFETY NET PROGRAMS ,FOOD SUPPLY ,RURAL FARM ,LACK OF CREDIT ,AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,CROP PRODUCTION ,RURAL LIVELIHOODS ,CATTLE NUMBERS ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,FOOD PROCESSING ,RURAL POPULATION ,HUMAN CAPITAL ENDOWMENTS ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,EMPLOYMENT STATUS ,FARM WORKERS ,SOCIAL POLICIES ,AGRARIAN REFORM ,FARM SELF-EMPLOYMENT ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,POVERTY MEASURES ,DROUGHT ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,POVERTY STATUS ,RURAL RESIDENTS ,RURAL FOOD SECURITY ,RURAL SETTINGS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,INCOME -GENERATING ACTIVITIES ,FOOD PREPARATION ,FOOD TRANSFERS ,POOR PEOPLE ,NUTRITION ,AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,RURAL AREA ,FARM PRODUCTS ,LAND DISTRIBUTION ,RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY ,RURAL WORKFORCE ,CHRONICALLY POOR ,FARM AREA ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,AGRARIAN REFORMS ,POVERTY LINES ,AGRICULTURAL WAGE ,POLITICS ,AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES ,EXTREME VULNERABILITY ,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,POVERTY LINE ,PRICE STABILIZATION ,POOR INFRASTRUCTURE ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,RURAL TOWNS ,FARM SECTOR ,CROP DIVERSIFICATION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ,FOOD EXPENDITURE ,RURAL LABOR ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,LAND MANAGEMENT ,POOR ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,RURAL ECONOMY ,SAFETY NETS ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,LANDHOLDINGS ,FOOD BASKET ,FARM SIZE ,FOOD INSECURITY ,FARM GROWTH ,NUTRITIONAL STATUS ,FOOD PRICES ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,FOOD QUALITY ,FARM PRODUCTIVITY ,FOOD ITEMS ,INCOME DYNAMICS ,POOR HOUSEHOLD ,LAND OWNERSHIP ,FARM-GATE ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,SANITATION ,RURAL INCOME ,FARM ACTIVITY ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,FOOD GRAINS ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,FOOD SAFETY ,RURAL WORKERS ,RURAL VULNERABILITY ,RISKS ,SOCIAL IMPACTS ,CALORIE INTAKE ,IRRIGATION EXPANSION ,AGRICULTURAL POLICY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,RURAL INCOMES ,RURAL CONSUMER ,AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ,SHARE TENANCY ,RURAL EMPLOYMENT ,RURAL ENTREPRENEURS ,RURAL MARKETS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ASSETS ,FOOD EXPENDITURES ,REMOTE AREAS ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,RURAL INVESTMENT ,POVERTY MAPPING ,IRRIGATION ,POOR POLICY ,SHARECROPPING ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,INCOME POVERTY ,FEMALE PARTICIPATION ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,FOOD SECURITY ,FARM HOUSEHOLDS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,LAND DEGRADATION ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,FOOD CROP ,CROP SELECTION ,AGRICULTURAL INCOMES ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,CROP INCOME ,FOOD COMMODITIES ,RURAL ROADS ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,AGRICULTURAL WORKERS ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,FARM EFFICIENCY ,COMMUNITY GROUPS ,POVERTY LEVELS ,SMALL FARMS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,FOOD PRODUCTS ,POST-REFORM ,CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ,FOOD SAFETY STANDARDS ,LAND LEASING ,INCOME QUINTILE ,FARM INCOME GROWTH ,INCOME GAINS ,SAVINGS ,POOR FARMERS ,CROP YIELDS ,INDICATORS OF POVERTY ,LACK OF INFORMATION ,POOR PERSON - Abstract
The rural economy in Bangladesh has been a powerful source of economic growth and has substantially reduced poverty, especially since 2000, but the remarkable transformation and unprecedented dynamism in rural Bangladesh are an underexplored, underappreciated, and largely untold story. The analysis identifies the key changes occurring in the rural economy, the principal drivers of rural incomes, the implications for policy, and related actions to foster future growth, further reduce poverty, and improve food security and nutrition. A substantial strength of this study is its empirical foundation, consisting of three sets of detailed data on rural households. Two of the datasets are unique in tracking the same set of households for more than two decades. These data make it possible to examine how change is occurring within and among rural households; they shed considerable light on trends that tend to be obscured at more aggregate levels of analysis. Nationally representative surveys and aggregate secondary data provide complementary and contextually rich insights into the household data.
- Published
- 2016
17. Poverty Reduction and Shared Prosperity in Moldova : Progress and Prospects
- Author
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World Bank Group
- Subjects
MEASURES ,NONFARM INCOME ,POOR LIVING ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,FARM SECTOR ,COPING BEHAVIORS ,EMPLOYMENT SOURCE ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,RURAL GROWTH ,SMALLHOLDER FARMING ,POOR ,POPULATION ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,RURAL WELFARE ,LABOR MARKET POLICIES ,FARM INCOME ,PRIVATE TRANSFERS ,POVERTY RATES ,AGRICULTURAL WAGES ,FOOD PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,WELFARE INDICATORS ,RURAL PEOPLE ,EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ,FARMERS ,COMMERCIAL FARMS ,POOR HOUSEHOLD ,PENSIONS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,LAND OWNERSHIP ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,POVERTY PERSISTENCE ,SANITATION ,RURAL PHENOMENON ,TRANSFERS ,POOR HEALTH ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POOR ,FARM PRODUCTION ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,PROGRESS ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,RURAL WORKERS ,FOOD POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,POVERTY INDEX ,RISKS ,UPWARD ECONOMIC MOBILITY ,SMALLHOLDER FARMS ,AGRICULTURAL POLICY ,INEQUALITY ,POVERTY GAP ,RURAL POPULATION ,TARGETING ,POVERTY POVERTY ,IMPACT ON POVERTY ,REMOTE AREAS ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,EMPLOYMENT STATUS ,SOCIAL POLICIES ,POVERTY MEASURES ,DROUGHT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,RURAL RESIDENTS ,ECONOMIC SHOCKS ,REMITTANCES ,FOOD SECURITY ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,FARMLAND ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES ,FARM HOUSEHOLDS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,FARM OUTPUT ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,NUTRITION ,AGRICULTURAL INCOMES ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,MIGRATION ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,AGRICULTURAL SHOCKS ,SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,FOOD BUNDLE ,RURAL MEN ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,CHRONICALLY POOR ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,AGRICULTURAL WORKERS ,POVERTY LINES ,POVERTY THRESHOLD ,LABOR MARKETS ,AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ,SMALL FARMS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,FOOD POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,CHILD ALLOWANCES ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ,POVERTY LINE ,SAVINGS ,POVERTY INDICATORS ,URBAN AREAS ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,EQUITABLE ACCESS ,LACK OF INFORMATION ,RURAL POPULATIONS - Abstract
Moldova has experienced rapid economic growth in the past decade, which has been accompanied by reductions in poverty and good performance in shared prosperity. Nonetheless, Moldova remains one of the poorest countries in Europe and faces challenges in sustaining the progress. The challenges for progress include spatial and cross-group inequalities, particularly because of unequal access to assets, services and economic opportunities. Moreover, strengthening the persistently weak labor markets to boost employment, especially in the nonfarm sectors, is critical for sustaining progress toward the twin goals of reducing poverty and expanding shared prosperity and for addressing the problems associated with an aging population in a fiscally responsible manner. Accordingly, ensuring the viability of the pension system and improving social assistance are necessary areas of reform, particularly in a context of fiscal pressures, the aging population, and the great vulnerability of the poor to shocks. The Moldova poverty assessment 2016 includes three prongs of analysis: this report, which explores trends and the drivers of poverty and shared prosperity, and the accompanying analyses, ‘a jobs diagnostic for Moldova’ and ‘structural transformation of Moldovan small-holder agriculture and its poverty and shared prosperity impacts.’ The jobs diagnostic explores the main labor demand and supply challenges in Moldova in more detail, while the analysis of structural transformation focuses on the agricultural sector and whether it can become a driver of progress.
- Published
- 2016
18. Assessing Socioeconomic Resilience to Floods in 90 Countries
- Author
-
Hallegatte, Stephane, Bangalore, Mook, and Vogt-Schilb, Adrien
- Subjects
MEASURES ,INFORMATION ,PREVENTIVE ACTIONS ,EVACUATION ,EARLY WARNINGS ,HOUSEHOLD‐LEVEL DATA ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,HURRICANE ,FOOD POLICY ,EXTREME EVENTS ,DISASTER MANAGEMENT ,POOR COUNTRIES ,EXTREME WEATHER ,UNINSURED LOSSES ,LOSS ,FLOOD PROTECTION ,POOR ,LOSSES ,health care economics and organizations ,SAFETY NETS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,DAMAGE ,INCOME ,BENEFICIARIES ,TERRORISM ,RISK REDUCTION ,PRODUCTIVITY ,DISCOUNTED VALUE ,EMERGENCY RESPONSE ,EARTHQUAKES ,POVERTY ,RISK‐SHARING ,BANK ,MORAL HAZARD ,ASSETS ,DISASTER RISK REDUCTION ,DEATH TOLL ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS ,AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY ,REDUCING POVERTY ,LIVING STANDARDS ,IMPACT OF DISASTER ,MARKETS ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,DISASTER SITUATIONS ,DEVELOPMENT ,CREDIT RATINGS ,TRANSFERS ,RISK‐TAKING ,FLOOD ,RECONSTRUCTION ,RATES ,NATIONAL INCOME ,WELFARE ,ECONOMIC SITUATION ,HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE ,RISK MANAGEMENT POLICIES ,APPLICATIONS ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,ELASTICITY ,FOOD INTAKE ,CONSUMPTION ,GDP PER CAPITA ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,DISCOUNT RATE ,INCOME LEVELS ,RISKS ,TRADE ,NATURAL HAZARDS ,VICTIMS ,DISASTER SITUATION ,RURAL LIVELIHOODS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,WEALTH ,DROUGHTS ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,TARGETING ,FLOODING ,GDP ,CLIMATE‐CHANGE ,HIGH INEQUALITY ,CAPITAL ,CASUALTIES ,UTILITY ,VALUE ,RISK ,DEATH ,FLOOD INSURANCE ,EMERGENCY ,HEALTH CARE ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,FATALITIES ,SAFETY ,DISASTERS ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ,NATURAL DISASTERS ,RISK‐ TAKING ,IMPACT OF DISASTERS ,EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS ,REGULATIONS ,EARLY WARNING ,NATURAL DISASTER ,CREDIT ,DISASTER INSURANCE ,BENEFITS ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,TECHNOLOGY ,DAMAGES ,FLOODS ,FLOODED ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,INTEREST ,RISK TRANSFER ,RURAL ,WARNING SYSTEMS ,WEATHER EVENTS ,DISASTER ,SAVINGS ,DISASTER RISK ,DISASTER‐RISK ,VALUE OF OUTPUT ,INFORMAL INSURANCE ,INSURANCE CONTRACTS ,POOR PERSON ,MARGINAL UTILITY - Abstract
This paper presents a model to assess the socioeconomic resilience to natural disasters of an economy, defined as its capacity to mitigate the impact of disaster-related asset losses on welfare, and a tool to help decision makers identify the most promising policy options to reduce welfare losses due to floods. Calibrated with household surveys, the model suggests that welfare losses from the July 2005 floods in Mumbai were almost double the asset losses, because losses were concentrated on poor and vulnerable populations. Applied to river floods in 90 countries, the model provides estimates of country-level socioeconomic resilience. Because floods disproportionally affect poor people, each $1 of global flood asset loss is equivalent to a $1.6 reduction in the affected country's national income, on average. The model also assesses and ranks policy levers to reduce flood losses in each country. It shows that considering asset losses is insufficient to assess disaster risk management policies. The same reduction in asset losses results in different welfare gains depending on who benefits. And some policies, such as adaptive social protection, do not reduce asset losses, but still reduce welfare losses. Asset and welfare losses can even move in opposite directions: increasing by one percentage point the share of income of the bottom 20 percent in the 90 countries would increase asset losses by 0.6 percent, since more wealth would be at risk. But it would also reduce the impact of income losses on wellbeing, and ultimately reduce welfare losses by 3.4 percent.
- Published
- 2016
19. The Role of Inequality in Climate-Poverty Debates
- Author
-
Tschakert, Petra
- Subjects
MEASURES ,ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ,GREEN AREAS ,HUMAN ASSETS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,FOOD PRICE ,CONVERGENCE ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,RURAL GROWTH ,POOR COUNTRIES ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,LAND MANAGEMENT ,COMMON PROPERTY ,RAINFALL ,POOR ,EMISSIONS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,SAFETY NETS ,INCOME ,TRANSIENT POOR ,NEGATIVE IMPACTS ,RISK REDUCTION ,CROP ROTATION ,FOOD INSECURITY ,POVERTY RATES ,MALNUTRITION ,FOOD PRICES ,INCENTIVES ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,LAND TITLES ,CROPLAND ,FARMERS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,HUMAN HEALTH ,FLOURISHES ,HIGHER INEQUALITY ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,CAPACITY ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,LEAD ,SANITATION ,PRICES ,LAND SCARCITY ,TRANSFERS ,GLACIERS ,CASH CROPS ,RURAL AREAS ,HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICS ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,DRINKING WATER ,RURAL REGIONS ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,POVERTY ERADICATION ,POVERTY INDEX ,RISKS ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,ASSET POVERTY ,SURFACE TEMPERATURE ,RECIPROCAL GIFTS ,RURAL LIVELIHOODS ,INEQUALITY ,CLIMATIC CHANGE ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,RURAL EMPLOYMENT ,ELECTRICITY ,PESTICIDES ,FROST ,HIGH INEQUALITY ,IRRIGATION ,FOOD STAMPS ,HURRICANES ,SOCIAL POLICIES ,AGRARIAN REFORM ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,TEMPERATURE ,POVERTY MEASURES ,DROUGHT ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,INCOME POVERTY ,POVERTY INDICES ,IPCC ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,IRON ,FOOD SECURITY ,DEATH ,RURAL SETTINGS ,POVERTY‐REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,FARMLAND ,RECIPROCITY ,POVERTY‐REDUCTION ,FOOD PREPARATION ,Shock Waves ,LAND DEGRADATION ,PRECIPITATION ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,DISADVANTAGED GROUPS ,INSURANCE ,NUTRITION ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,SOIL EROSION ,INCOME TRANSFERS ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,CLIMATE SYSTEM ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,PRIVATE SAFETY NETS ,ALTITUDE ,BASES ,BENEFITS ,SOCIAL FUNDS ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,POLITICS ,CONFLICT ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,RURAL ,GENDER DIMENSIONS ,POVERTY LINE ,RURAL ELITES ,CLIMATE ,CROP YIELDS ,NEW POOR ,PUBLIC WORKS ,CASH TRANSFERS ,ILLITERACY ,FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS - Abstract
There is no doubt that the poorest people are already and will continue to be most severely impacted by climatic changes, including shifting trends as well as more frequent and severe extreme events. Yet, new insights on the dynamics and distribution of poverty point to the need to comprehend where the poor and poorest are, how they are poor, and why their poverty constrains their abilities to cope with and adapt to occurring and predicted changes. This paper draws on a diverse and growing literature on climate change and poverty to argue that uneven power relations more so than exposure and sensitivity to climatic hazards make the poor and disadvantaged distinctly more vulnerable than more affluent, privileged, and powerful groups and individuals. Further, climatic stressors and climate change as well as climate policies, often entangled with social exclusion and institutional neglect, compound the issue of poverty and exacerbate human precariousness, hence acting as a threat multiplier. The paper compares different approaches to assessing poverty, and explores structural processes and power dynamics that drive or perpetuate inequalities. The paper also investigates how the currently nonpoor may become transient or chronic poor, how climate change may exacerbate poverty traps, and how interventions to curb emissions and multidimensional poverty may be tackled to pursue climate-resilient development pathways.
- Published
- 2016
20. Agricultural Productivity and Non-Farm Employment : Evidence from Bangladesh
- Author
-
Shilpi, Forhad and Emran, Shahe
- Subjects
MEASURES ,INFORMATION ,FARM EMPLOYMENT ,INVESTMENT ,FARM SECTOR ,GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,NON-FARM SECTOR ,FOOD PRICE ,EMPLOYMENT GROWTH ,LABOR MIGRATION ,FIRING COSTS ,MEASUREMENT ,EXTERNALITIES ,EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR REGULATIONS ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,POOR ,RURAL ECONOMY ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,REAL WAGE ,OUTCOMES ,PRODUCTIVITY ,WORKERS ,JOBS ,FARM GROWTH ,INFORMAL SECTOR ,AGRICULTURAL WAGES ,AGRICULTURAL YIELDS ,FARM ACTIVITIES ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,EXPANSION OF IRRIGATION ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,LABOR COST ,GOODS ,OPPORTUNITY COST ,PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES ,EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ,MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,LABOR SUPPLY ,EXPORT MARKET ,TOTAL LABOR FORCE ,TOTAL EMPLOYMENT ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,CROP SCIENTISTS ,MARKETS ,UNEMPLOYED ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,DEVELOPMENT ,EMPLOYMENT SITUATION ,PRICES ,CROP YIELD ,RURAL INCOME ,WAGES ,RURAL AREAS ,DOMESTIC MARKETS ,OPTIMIZATION ,WELFARE ,PRODUCTION ,LABOR MARKET ,ELASTICITY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,CONSUMPTION ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,THEORY ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,RURAL VILLAGES ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,TRADE ,EQUILIBRIUM ,IRRIGATION EXPANSION ,DOMESTIC WORKERS ,LABOR DEMAND ,SUPPLY ,LABOR MOBILITY ,EMPLOYMENT SHARE ,MARKET WAGE ,INEQUALITY ,AGRICULTURE ,AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ,RURAL POPULATION ,DEMAND ,FOOD PROCESSING ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,CONSUMERS ,RURAL INEQUALITY ,ECONOMIC CENSUSES ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,UTILITY FUNCTION ,UTILITY FUNCTIONS ,IRRIGATION ,EXCLUSION RESTRICTION ,PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS ,FARM WORKERS ,LABOR ALLOCATION ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,ACCOUNTING ,UTILITY ,RISK ,MARKET EQUILIBRIUM ,POLICIES ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,EMPLOYMENT LEVEL ,WATER FOR IRRIGATION ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,EFFECTS ,POOR PEOPLE ,EMPLOYEES ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,INTERNATIONAL MARKET ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ECONOMY ,EMPLOYMENT LEVELS ,WAGE RATE ,DISAGGREGATED ANALYSIS ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,GROWTH RATE ,AGRICULTURAL WAGE ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ,SUPPLY CURVE ,ECONOMICS ,EMPLOYMENT COMPOSITION ,DIVISION OF LABOR ,RURAL ,MOTIVATION ,INCOME GROWTH ,LABOR FORCE ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION ,PRODUCTION FUNCTION ,CROP YIELDS ,PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE ,INTEREST RATE ,RURAL TOWNS ,PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENTS ,ACTIVE LABOR ,NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
This paper provides evidence on the impacts of agricultural productivity on employment growth and structural transformation of non-farm activities. To guide the empirical work, this paper develops a general equilibrium model that emphasizes distinctions among non-farm activities in terms of tradable-non-tradable and the formal-informal characteristics. The model shows that when a significant portion of village income is spent on town/urban goods, restricting empirical analysis to the village sample leads to underestimation of agriculture's role in employment growth and transformation of non-farm activities. Using rainfall as an instrument for agricultural productivity, empirical analysis finds a significant positive effect of agricultural productivity growth on growth of informal (small-scale) manufacturing and skilled services employment, mainly in education and health services. For formal employment, the effect of agricultural productivity growth on employment is found to be largest in the samples that include urban areas and rural towns compared with rural areas alone. Agricultural productivity growth is found to induce structural transformation within the services sector with employment in formal/skilled services growing at a faster pace than that of low skilled services.
- Published
- 2016
21. Republic of Guinea : Socioeconomic Impact of Ebola Using Mobile Phone Survey
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
MEASURES ,CHILDREN ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,DISEASE ,FAMILIES ,PROJECTS ,DESIGN ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,IMPLEMENTATION ,POOR ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,WORKING CONDITIONS ,NATIONAL LEVEL ,SAFETY NETS ,MIGRANTS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,EMERGENCY RESPONSE ,EXPLANATORY VARIABLES ,virus diseases ,DWELLING ,WORKERS ,POVERTY RATES ,MALNUTRITION ,FOOD PRICES ,CONTAGION ,POOR INDIVIDUALS ,POVERTY ,FEMALE ,CONTAMINATION ,INHABITANTS ,VIRUS ,OCCUPATION ,HEALTH ,AGED ,VIOLENCE ,FARMERS ,INTERVENTIONS ,EBOLA ,MARKETS ,POPULATION CENSUS ,MALARIA ,TRANSFERS ,QUALITY CONTROL ,PATIENTS ,RURAL AREAS ,INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS ,CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,LABOR MARKET ,POVERTY SEVERITY ,MORTALITY ,HOUSEHOLD ,FOOD INTAKE ,MEDICAL SUPPLIES ,SERVICES ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,PREVENTION ,RISKS ,CLINICS ,INTERVIEW ,MARKET ,EBOLA VIRUS ,MOBILITY ,HOSPITALS ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,RURAL INCOMES ,STD ,STRESS ,PANDEMICS ,POVERTY GAP ,viruses ,EPIDEMICS ,POVERTY POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,POVERTY SITUATION ,EMPLOYMENT STATUS ,VIRUS INFECTION ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,INFECTION ,AVERAGE PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,NEIGHBORHOODS ,COST EFFECTIVENESS ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,FOOD SECURITY ,FACILITIES ,TREATMENT ,PREVALENCE ,NEIGHBORHOOD ,COMMUNITY ,HEALTH CARE ,SAFETY ,DISASTERS ,EFFECTS ,POOR PEOPLE ,SEX ,HOUSEHOLDS ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ,PROJECT ,NATURAL DISASTERS ,RURAL AREA ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,BIRTH ,TRAINING ,MIGRATION ,PARTICIPATION ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS ,DIET ,ILLNESSES ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,QUALITY OF LIFE ,PEOPLE ,EPIDEMIC ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,KNOWLEDGE ,STRATEGY ,INTERNET ,LABOR MARKETS ,HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSING ,WORKSHOPS ,EATING HABITS ,DISEASE OUTBREAKS ,RURAL ,POVERTY LINE ,DIARRHEA ,TRADITIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,LIFE ,POOR FARMERS ,RESEARCH METHODS ,CASH TRANSFERS ,DANGERS ,REFUGEES ,OBSERVATION ,URBAN AREAS ,GENDER ,POVERTY RATE ,COMMUNITIES ,ALL - Abstract
The Ebola pandemic has been one of the most virulent pandemics in modern times. By the end of 2015, the epidemic had cost the lives of more than 11,300 people in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, including more than 500 frontline health care workers. After good growth performance between 2011 and 2013, Guinea’s economy has suffered a number of setbacks, including the Ebola crisis and a sharp drop in new investment in the mining sector. As part of the international effort to understand and manage the Ebola crisis and to obtain microeconomic data, the World Bank partnered with Guinea’s National Institute of Statistics (INS) to conduct a mobile phone survey to measure the socioeconomic impact of Ebola on households, following in the footsteps of similar mobile surveys conducted in Liberia and Sierra Leone in 2015. The study finds that the pandemic had ripple effects on the economic fabric and that the economic effects of Ebola have outlasted the epidemiological ones. In addition to the great loss of life, the epidemic has caused great damage to the countries’ economies. As part of the international response, the World Bank Group has significantly financed the Ebola-affected countries. Guinea was significantly affected by the Ebola pandemic, jeopardizing some of the gains in macroeconomic stability and poverty reduction during the last few years. The survey was conducted in all provinces of Guinea, with 60 percent of the respondents residing in the areas strongly affected by Ebola. Using newly collected data through a mobile phone survey, this study analyzes the socioeconomic impact of Ebola on households in Guinea. The survey shows that all parts of Guinea were economically affected by Ebola, with greater impacts in the southeast and the areas around Conakry. It is interesting to note that a quarter of respondents in the severely affected areas reported experiencing proven cases of Ebola in their neighborhood or village. In relation to agriculture, it is found that Ebola did not negatively affect agricultural production and food price. Another surprising finding is that despite Ebola and risk of contamination, households that needed treatment for malaria and diarrhea still visited a health facility, whereas a significant proportion of households reduced their attendance of health facilities. Income loss for rural households was much more related to difficulties in selling their production, than to lower agricultural production or lower food prices. However, Ebola has had a larger effect on urban employment, as illustrated by the increase in the urban unemployment rate. On the other hand, due to Ebola, children dropped out of school, and households adopted coping strategies by reducing their food consumption and selling key assets.
- Published
- 2016
22. Prices for Poverty Analysis in Africa
- Author
-
Gaddis, Isis
- Subjects
PRICE LEVELS ,MEASURES ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,FOOD PRICE ,INFLATION ,FOOD POLICY ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,DEMAND FUNCTIONS ,CONSUMER PRICES ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,STOCKS ,PRICE QUOTATIONS ,SUBSTITUTE ,FOOD PRODUCT ,PRICE LEVEL ,POOR ,INCOME ,INPUT PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,RURAL POVERTY LINES ,INDEXATION ,FOOD BASKET ,SUBSTITUTION ,POVERTY RATES ,FOOD PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,DISTRIBUTION ,COMMON MARKET ,FOOD ITEMS ,WHOLESALE PRICES ,PRICE INCREASES ,INCOME EFFECTS ,MARKETS ,MARKET SURVEY ,RURAL DISTRICTS ,POVERTY_ANALYSIS ,PRICE INFLATION ,RETAIL STORES ,PRICES ,POVERTY PROFILE ,POVERTY UPDATE ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL DIFFERENCES ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,CONSUMER PRICE INDICES ,HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICS ,PURCHASING ,HOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDS ,FOOD POVERTY LINE ,MARKET SURVEYS ,PRICING ,PRICE INCREASE ,PRICE INDEX ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,CONSUMER PRICE ,PRODUCTS ,COST INCREASE ,MARKET ,DEFLATION ,SUPPLY ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,PRICE CHANGES ,AVERAGE PRICE ,PRICE ADJUSTMENT ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPER ,MARKETING ,CONSUMER PRICE INFLATION ,PRICE INDEXES ,PRICE CHANGE ,DEMAND ,TARGETING ,STANDARD OF LIVING ,BRAND ,MARKET PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,POVERTY ASSESSMENTS ,PRODUCT ,PRICE QUOTATION ,POVERTY COMPARISONS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,PRICE VARIATIONS ,PRICE INDICES ,SUBSTITUTES ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,POVERTY MEASURES ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,DROUGHT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,VALUE ,HOUSING MARKET ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,PRICE COMPARISONS ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,DEMAND ANALYSIS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,PRICE TRENDS ,POOR PEOPLE ,NUTRITION ,PRICE ,COST OF LIVING ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,PRICE ADJUSTMENTS ,RURAL PRICES ,MARKET PRICE ,ECONOMIC EFFECTS ,COMMERCE ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,BRANDS ,EXPENDITURES ,FOOD CROPS ,MARKET INFORMATION ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY LINES ,SALES ,POVERTY LEVELS ,CONFLICT ,CEREAL PRICES ,PRICE COMPARISON ,MARKET INTEGRATION ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,FOOD POVERTY ,POST-REFORM ,RURAL ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ,POVERTY LINE ,RURAL MIGRATION ,RETAIL ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,PRICE VARIATION ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
Measuring poverty requires adjusting nominal consumption (or income) into a real value of consumption, across geographic areas and over time. To this end, data on consumer prices are used to construct a price index. There are a range of approaches to do this, from using the consumer price index, to survey-based unit values, which differ in the underlying sources of price data and methodologies for indexing. These different approaches can have large impacts on poverty measures and trends. Surprisingly little attention has been focused on this topic. This study reviews a range of issues and the evidence on how prices matter for measuring poverty, particularly in Africa. It draws on a wide literature, much from developed countries, and offers suggestions for future work in this area.
- Published
- 2016
23. Looking Back on Two Decades of Poverty and Well-Being in India
- Author
-
Narayan, Ambar and Murgai, Rinku
- Subjects
INFANT MORTALITY RATES ,MEASURES ,GROWTH RATES ,POOR POPULATION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE ,NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ,POOR ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,POORER HOUSEHOLDS ,CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ,CURRENT POVERTY ,INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,DRIVERS OF POVERTY REDUCTION ,AGGREGATE – HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,POVERTY RATES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,WELFARE INDICATORS ,GROWTH ,GINI COEFFICIENT ,FOOD ITEMS ,REDUCING POVERTY ,LIVING STANDARDS ,DEVELOPING WORLD ,SANITATION ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POOR ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,REDUCED POVERTY ,LEVELS OF VULNERABILITY ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY ,CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION ,INCOME LEVELS ,RISKS ,MEASURING POVERTY ,GLOBAL CONDITIONS ,MATERNAL MORTALITY ,ANNUAL GROWTH ,WELFARE INDICATOR ,PER CAPITA INCOMES ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,HIGH‐INCOME COUNTRIES ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,DECLINE IN POVERTY ,INFANT MORTALITY ,GROWTH ELASTICITY ,CONSUMPTION POVERTY ,HIGH‐INEQUALITY ,CROSS‐COUNTRY ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,HIGH‐INEQUALITY COUNTRIES ,CONSUMPTION DATA ,URBAN POVERTY ,DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,URBAN POOR ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,AVERAGE GROWTH ,ECONOMIC SHOCKS ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,POOR PEOPLE ,RURAL URBAN NATIONAL ,NUTRITION ,HIGH POPULATION DENSITY ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,INFANT MORTALITY RATE ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,POLICY RESEARCH ,GROWTH RATE ,POINT DECLINE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,CHILD MORTALITY RATES ,POVERTY LINES ,CONSUMPTION GROWTH ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,CAPITA INCOMES ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,RURAL ,RURAL POVERTY RATE ,POVERTY DECLINE ,INCOME GROWTH ,POVERTY LINE ,CAPITA INCOME ,LABOR FORCE ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE ,ANNUAL CHANGE ,URBAN AREAS ,CHILD MORTALITY ,ILLITERACY ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,POVERTY RATE - Abstract
This paper provides an overview of poverty and well-being trends in India since the mid-1990s. Poverty reduction since 2005 has been much faster than the earlier decade, as a result of broad-based growth across most geographic areas. Underlying this is a pattern of high mobility in economic status that has led to an emerging middle class. Still, a vast (and rising) share of the population faces significant risk of slipping back into poverty. India's poor are increasingly concentrated in low-income states with historically lower rates of economic progress. Even as India has reduced poverty faster than the developing world as a whole, the degree of poverty reduction associated with growth has been substantially lower than in some of its middle-income peers. India faces important challenges in nonmonetary dimensions of welfare as well. Despite success on important fronts, such as infant and child mortality and secondary education, progress has been slow in others, such as sanitation and nutrition, and lags behind some other countries that are at a similar stage of development.
- Published
- 2016
24. Ethiopia : Priorities for Ending Extreme Poverty and Promoting Shared Prosperity
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
MEASURES ,FARM EMPLOYMENT ,AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ,DISTRIBUTION OF ACCESS ,WASTE ,CHILDREN ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,CALORIES ,DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ,FOOD PRICE ,FAMILIES ,ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ,FOOD POLICY ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,IMPLEMENTATION ,SOCIAL STUDIES ,LAND MANAGEMENT ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY ,POOR ,SAFETY NETS ,MIGRANTS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,RURAL SERVICES ,RURAL POVERTY RATES ,FARM INCOME ,WATER POLLUTION ,COLD STORAGE ,HOLISTIC APPROACH ,WORKERS ,CROWDING OUT ,INFECTIOUS DISEASES ,PRIVATE TRANSFERS ,FARM GROWTH ,POVERTY RATES ,FOOD PRICES ,RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION ,FOLIC ACID ,PUBLIC SAFETY NETS ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,SWEATSHOPS ,FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,RISK FACTORS ,HEALTH OUTCOMES ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,DIETS ,HEALTH ,WAR ,INTERVENTION ,AGED ,VIOLENCE ,FARMERS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,HUMAN HEALTH ,DISTRIBUTION OF LAND ,RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,POOR HOUSEHOLD ,POVERTY IMPACT ,REMOTE DISTRICTS ,LAND PRODUCTIVITY ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,SANITATION ,POLLUTION ,RURAL INCOME ,TRANSFERS ,SURVEILLANCE ,LAND SCARCITY ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POOR ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,DECISION MAKING ,POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,LACK OF CREDIT ,OZONE ,SOCIAL RESEARCH ,MORTALITY ,RURAL WORKERS ,DRINKING WATER ,NUTRITION OUTCOMES ,SUBSISTENCE FARMERS ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,RISKS ,CLINICS ,CLEAN WATER ,POOR MARKET ACCESS ,FEMALE FARMERS ,CROP PRODUCTION ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,RURAL LIVELIHOODS ,WORKPLACE ,EMPLOYMENT INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,MARKETING ,PREGNANT WOMEN ,NON‐FARM INCOME ,STRESS ,AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ,RURAL POPULATION ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,TARGETING ,POVERTY POVERTY ,LIFESTYLE ,IMPACT ON POVERTY ,ANTENATAL CARE ,REMOTE AREAS ,POVERTY MAPS ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,POLIO ,IRRIGATION ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,CLEAN DRINKING WATER ,LIFE‐EXPECTANCY ,SAFETY NET TRANSFERS ,DROUGHT ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,INFORMAL SAFETY NETS ,IRON ,FOOD SECURITY ,CHILD NUTRITION ,IMMUNIZATION ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,AGRICULTURAL INPUTS ,HEALTH CARE ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,DISASTERS ,POOR PEOPLE ,DISADVANTAGED GROUPS ,INSURANCE ,REGISTRATION ,RURAL SERVICE ,NUTRITION ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,HYGIENE ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX ,AGRICULTURAL INCOMES ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,MIGRATION ,SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,EXERCISES ,SOCIAL EXCLUSION ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,RURAL DWELLERS ,QUALITY OF LIFE ,PEOPLE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,KNOWLEDGE ,PRIVATE INSURANCE MARKETS ,STRATEGY ,INTERNET ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,REMOTE LOCATIONS ,CONFLICT ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,RURAL ,RURAL POVERTY RATE ,INCOME GROWTH ,BIRTH ATTENDANTS ,FARM INCOME GROWTH ,POVERTY LINE ,LAWS ,SAVINGS ,POSTNATAL CARE ,RURAL POLICY ,INSURANCE MARKETS ,PUBLIC WORKS ,HEALTH SERVICES ,REFUGEES ,OBSERVATION ,CHILD MORTALITY ,ILLITERACY ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,WEIGHT ,RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ,LACK OF KNOWLEDGE - Abstract
This Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) identifies the binding constraints to reducing extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity in Ethiopia. Achieving those goals requires a two pronged strategy of building on the strengths of past performance as well as introducing new elements. Progress in rural livelihoods drove poverty reduction in the past and will likely do so in the future. In addition, faster, and more inclusive, private sector-led structural change and ‘getting urbanization right’ are essential going forward. The report identifies two key challenges to sustainable progress: Ethiopia needs sustainably financed infrastructure that enables private investment to flourish and reduces reliance on public borrowing. It must also strengthen feedback mechanisms that inform policymakers of what works and what doesn’t so that the aspirations of a rapidly rising and better-educated working-age population can be met. The report is structured in two parts: Part A analyses the past and Part B identifies priorities for the future.
- Published
- 2016
25. Welfare Dynamics with Synthetic Panels : The Case of the Arab World in Transition
- Author
-
Dang, Hai-Anh H. and Ianchovichina, Elena
- Subjects
MEASURES ,REGIONAL ANALYSIS ,POOR POPULATION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,WELFARE MEASURE ,DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ,MARKET ECONOMIES ,EXTREME POVERTY LINE ,POLICY MAKERS ,POOR ,INCOME ,HEADCOUNT POVERTY ,POVERTY RATES ,PRO- POOR ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,PRO-POOR GROWTH ,POOR GROWTH ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,WELFARE INDICATORS ,DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ,GROWTH ,WAR ,FOOD ITEMS ,REDUCING POVERTY ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,WELFARE MEASURES ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,REGIONAL AVERAGES ,REGIONAL AVERAGE ,DEVELOPING WORLD ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,REGIONAL CONTEXT ,INCOME CHANGE ,FOOD POVERTY LINE ,CONSUMPTION ,REGIONAL PRICE ,ECONOMIC LITERATURE ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,INCOME LEVELS ,MEASURING POVERTY ,REGIONAL LEVEL ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,INCOME REGIONS ,CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ,ANNUAL GROWTH ,PER CAPITA INCOMES ,VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,POLITICAL INSTABILITY ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,RURAL RESIDENCE ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,CONSUMPTION DATA ,PRODUCT ,POVERTY SITUATION ,NON-POOR GROUP ,TOTAL POVERTY ,DISAGGREGATED LEVEL ,PRO-POOR ,NORMAL DISTRIBUTION ,POOR POLICY ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,INCOME POVERTY ,COUNTRY LEVEL ,HOUSEHOLD DATA ,REGIONS ,REGIONAL POPULATION ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,POPULATION SHARE ,POPULATION GROUP ,DATA QUALITY ,RURAL AREA ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,POLICY RESEARCH ,REGION ,PER CAPITA INCOME LEVELS ,CHRONICALLY POOR ,GROWTH RATE ,SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,QUALITY OF LIFE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION ,POVERTY LINES ,CONSUMPTION GROWTH ,INCOME GROUPS ,INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,ECONOMICS ,ESTIMATION RESULTS ,FOOD POVERTY ,CAPITA INCOMES ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,RURAL ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ,MIDDLE CLASS ,POVERTY LINE ,CAPITA INCOME ,INDICATORS OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,SCHOOLING ,POVERTY RATE - Abstract
This paper studies welfare dynamics, especially changes associated with middle-class status in countries in the Middle East and North Africa, before and after the Arab Spring transitions, using objective and subjective welfare measures. Absent panel data, the analysis employs state-of-the-art synthetic panel techniques using repeated cross sections of expenditure data from household surveys and subjective well-being data from value surveys, which were conducted during the 2000s and the Arab Spring period. The objective welfare dynamics indicate mixed trends. About half the poor in the 2000s moved out of poverty by the end of the decade, but chronic poverty remained high; upward mobility was strong in Syria and Tunisia, but downward mobility was pronounced in Yemen and Egypt. Subjective well-being dynamics suggest negative developments in most countries during the Arab Spring transitions. Low education achievement, informal worker status, and rural residency are positively associated with lower than average chances for upward mobility, and greater than average chances for downward mobility according to both types of welfare measures.
- Published
- 2016
26. Estimating International Poverty Lines from Comparable National Thresholds
- Author
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Jolliffe, Dean and Prydz, Espen Beer
- Subjects
MEASURES ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,REGIONAL POVERTY LINES ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT ,DATA ISSUES ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,POVERTY ASSESSMENTS ,WELFARE MEASURE ,INCOME DATA ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,EXCHANGE RATES ,POOR COUNTRIES ,CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE ,DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ,POOR ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,POVERTY MEASURES ,CONSUMPTION MEASURE ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,INCOME POVERTY ,INCOME ,POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,STANDARD DEVIATION ,POVERTY RATES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,POVERTY ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,MEAN VALUE ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,ABSOLUTE VALUE ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD_SURVEY ,DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,HUMAN ENERGY ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES ,GROWTH ,REGIONAL POVERTY ,FOOD ITEMS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,DEVELOPMENT REPORT ,LOG-LOG MODEL ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,PUBLIC POLICY ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,POLICY RESEARCH ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,REGION ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,DEVELOPING WORLD ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY ,TRANSFERS ,POVERTY UPDATE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,RURAL POVERTY ,POVERTY LINES ,SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION ,POVERTY THRESHOLD ,MICRO DATA ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,FIXED EFFECTS ,INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS ,ECONOMICS ,FOOD POVERTY ,SOCIAL NORMS ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,RURAL ,CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,POVERTY LINE ,CAPITA INCOME ,RURAL POVERTY LINE ,NATIONAL POVERTY RATE ,HEADCOUNT RATIO ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,RICH COUNTRIES ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE ,POVERTY RATE ,DENSITY FUNCTION ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - Abstract
World Bank's international poverty line of $1.90/day, at 2011 purchasing power parity, is based on a collection of national poverty lines, which were originally used to set the international poverty line of $1.25/day at 2005 purchasing power parity. This paper proposes an approach for estimating a more recent, complete, and comparable collection of national poverty thresholds from reported national poverty rates. The paper presents a set of international poverty lines based on this new database of national poverty lines. In contrast to the lines used to estimate the $1.90 international poverty line, this approach produces national poverty lines that are (1) consistent with national poverty rates, (2) expressed in common units, and (3) provide greater support to the estimated international poverty line. These national poverty lines are used to estimate an extreme international poverty line, and three higher lines that are more relevant for higher-income countries. A key finding provides evidence of the robustness and relevance of the $1.90 international poverty line as a measure of extreme poverty for low-income countries.
- Published
- 2016
27. The Distribution of Consumption Expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa : The Inequality among All Africans
- Author
-
Jirasavetakul, La-Bhus Fah and Lakner, Christoph
- Subjects
PRICE LEVELS ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,GROWTH RATES ,REGIONAL MEDIAN ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,ANNUAL RATE ,EXCHANGE RATES ,MEASUREMENT ,DECREASING INEQUALITY ,INEQUALITY MEASURES ,DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ,DEPENDENT VARIABLE ,POPULATION GROWTH ,LAGS ,INCOME ,DATA SET ,INFLATION RATE ,BETWEEN-GROUP INEQUALITY ,POOR GROWTH ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,DISTRIBUTION ,AVERAGE INCOMES ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,LIVING STANDARDS ,INCOME SHARE ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,INCOMES ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,LAND OWNERSHIP ,ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ,GROWTH PROCESS ,SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL ,DEVELOPING WORLD ,PURCHASING POWER ,GROWTH PERFORMANCE ,NATIONAL INCOME ,WELFARE ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,CONSUMPTION ,GDP PER CAPITA ,THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,RELATIVE PRICES ,MEASURING POVERTY ,TRADE ,LOW INCOME ,INCREASING SHARE ,CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ,PER CAPITA INCOMES ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ,GROUP INEQUALITY ,WEALTH ,PRIVATE CONSUMPTION ,ECONOMIC THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,AVERAGE INEQUALITY ,PRODUCT ,ECONOMIC REVIEW ,INEQUALITY ESTIMATES ,GDP ,BASE YEAR ,EXCHANGE ,INEQUALITY COMPONENT ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,VALUE ,POSITIVE EFFECTS ,COUNTRY CLASSIFICATIONS ,GROWTH SPELLS ,REGIONAL INEQUALITY ,DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH ,ECONOMETRICS ,BENCHMARK ,AVERAGE INCOME ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,REAL GROWTH ,POOR PEOPLE ,POPULATION SHARE ,MEASURING INEQUALITY ,INCOME LEVEL ,MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES ,ECONOMIC POLICY ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,POLICY RESEARCH ,INCREASING INEQUALITY ,INEQUALITY DECOMPOSITION ,GROWTH RATE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,REAL GDP ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT ,AVERAGE ANNUAL ,INCOME CONVERGENCE ,CONSUMPTION GROWTH ,INCOME GROUPS ,LORENZ CURVE ,INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS ,MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO CONSUME ,MEAN CONSUMPTION ,POWER PARITY ,DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS ,POVERTY LINE ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,INEQUALITY RESULTS ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,MEAN INCOME ,INEQUALITY MEASURE ,LOGARITHMIC SCALE ,MACRO-ECONOMIC POLICY ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,POVERTY RATE ,RESIDUAL INEQUALITY ,POSITIVE GROWTH ,FALLING POVERTY - Abstract
This paper uses a set of national household surveys to study the regional Sub-Saharan Africa distribution of consumption expenditure among individuals during 1993 to 2008. The analysis puts the disparities in living standards that exist among persons in Africa into context with the disparities that exist within and between African countries. Regional interpersonal inequality has increased (from a Gini index of 52 percent in 1993 to 56 percent in 2008), driven by increasing disparities in living standards across countries, while there has been no systematic increase in within-country inequality. For the African distribution as a whole, growth of consumption expenditure (from household surveys) has been low (around 1 percent per year). This growth has been uneven and as a result the richest 5 percent of Africans received around 40 percent of the total gains, while the bottom third stagnated.
- Published
- 2016
28. Losing the Gains of the Past : The Welfare and Distributional Impacts of the Twin Crises in Iraq 2014
- Author
-
Krishnan, Nandini and Olivieri, Sergio
- Subjects
MEASURES ,POOR POPULATION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,TRANSFERS IN KIND ,WELFARE MEASURE ,DURABLE GOODS ,DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ,FOOD PRICE ,HOUSEHOLD INCOMES ,INFLATION ,POOR ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,OUTCOMES ,CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ,FOOD BASKET ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,PRIVATE TRANSFERS ,POVERTY RATES ,FOOD PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,DISTRIBUTION ,GOODS ,UTILITY MAXIMIZATION ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES ,RENT ,WAR ,FOOD ITEMS ,MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,POVERTY IMPACT ,WELFARE MEASURES ,ECONOMIC SECTORS ,GROWTH PROJECTIONS ,PRICES ,WAGES ,TRANSFERS ,POVERTY ‐HEAD ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,OPTIMIZATION ,WELFARE ,SAFETY NET ,CONSUMPTION LEVELS ,ELASTICITY ,TOTAL OUTPUT ,INFLUENCE ,CONSUMPTION ,THEORY ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,INCOME LEVELS ,TRADE ,REGIONAL LEVEL ,CALORIE INTAKE ,INCOME GENERATION ,PROJECTIONS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,AGRICULTURE ,POVERTY GAP ,DIVIDENDS ,MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,EMPLOYMENT STATUS ,POVERTY MEASURES ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,TAXATION ,SAFETY NET TRANSFERS ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,AGGREGATE POVERTY ,UTILITY ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,POVERTY INDICES ,ECONOMETRICS ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ,BASIC FOOD REQUIREMENTS ,REGIONS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,ECONOMIC PROJECTIONS ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,REGIONAL POVERTY ,TAXES ,INFLATION RATES ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ECONOMIC SHOCK ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,REGION ,GROWTH RATE ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,UNDERESTIMATES ,POVERTY LINES ,INCOME GROUPS ,POVERTY LEVELS ,FOOD REQUIREMENTS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSING ,FOOD SHARE ,RURAL ,ECONOMIC SECTOR ,INPUTS ,INCOME GAINS ,POVERTY LINE ,NEW POOR ,CARTEL ,FAMILY INCOME ,SMOOTHING CONSUMPTION ,SCHOOLING ,LACK OF INFORMATION - Abstract
Iraq was plunged into two simultaneous crises in the second half of 2014, one driven by a sharp decline in oil prices, the other, by the war against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. The severity and recurrent nature of these crises demand a fast understanding and quantification of their welfare impact, which is critical for policy makers. This paper employs an innovative extension of the micro-simulation methodology to provide an ex ante estimate and analysis of the complex and dynamic poverty and distributional impact of the twin crises. The results show an almost complete erosion of the welfare gains of the past, with poverty falling back to 2007 levels and a 20 percent increase in the number of the poor. While the incidence of poverty is higher among internally displaced persons than the rest of the population (except in the Islamic State–affected governorates, where poverty is higher), internally displaced persons make up only a small proportion of Iraq's eight million poor in 2014. The rest comprise of households who already lived below the poverty line, or those who have fallen below the poverty line in the face of the massive economic disruptions the country is facing. The welfare impact of the crises varies widely across space, with the largest increases in poverty headcount rates in Kurdistan and the Islamic State–affected governorates. Yet, the poorest regions in the 2014 crisis scenario are the same as in 2012, the currently Islamic State–affected, and the South, with poverty rates of 40 and 30 percent, respectively. Although the simulated results are not strictly comparable to ex post micro data estimates, because of survey coverage constraints, overall the results are very much in line, particularly in Kurdistan and the South.
- Published
- 2016
29. Sri Lanka Poverty and Welfare : Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges
- Author
-
Newhouse, David Locke, Suarez Becerra, Pablo, and Doan, Dung
- Subjects
MEASURES ,HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,TRANSFERS IN KIND ,EXTREME POVERTY ,RURAL SECTOR ,POVERTY MAP ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,SCHOOL FEEDING ,FOOD EXPENDITURE ,SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,AGRICULTURAL LAND ,EXTREME POVERTY LINE ,POOR ,SAFETY NETS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,FARM INCOME ,PRIVATE TRANSFERS ,POVERTY RATES ,AGRICULTURAL WAGES ,FOOD PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,FARM WORK ,TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,WELFARE INDICATORS ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES ,FISCAL CONSTRAINTS ,FOOD ITEMS ,FARMERS ,OLD AGE ,POOR HOUSEHOLD ,RURAL COUNTERPARTS ,HIGHER INEQUALITY ,LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS ,SANITATION ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POOR ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,POVERTY SEVERITY ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,HOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDS ,NUTRITION OUTCOMES ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,CALORIE INTAKE ,CLEAN WATER ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,POVERTY GAP ,TARGETING ,POVERTY POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,IMPACT ON POVERTY ,FOOD EXPENDITURES ,REMOTE AREAS ,POVERTY SITUATION ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,EMPLOYMENT STATUS ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,FEMALE PARTICIPATION ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,POOR FAMILIES ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD – AGE ,FARMLAND ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,POOR CHILDREN ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,FARM HOUSEHOLDS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,NUTRITION ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,POVERTY GAP INDEX ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEX ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,GLOBAL MARKETS ,AGRICULTURAL WORKERS ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,POVERTY LINES ,AGRICULTURAL WAGE ,AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ,CONFLICT ,POOR ADULTS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,INEQUALITY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,RURAL ,RURAL POVERTY RATE ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ,POVERTY LINE ,SAVINGS ,POVERTY INDICATORS ,PUBLIC WORKS ,RURAL SECTORS ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ,POOR ECONOMIC GROWTH - Abstract
Analysis of Sri Lanka’s recent progress in reducing poverty and inequality is directly relevant to the new government’s development agenda. The newly sworn-in president ran for election on a platform that featured, among other goals, inclusive growth and support to the agricultural sector. The pursuit of these and other goals of the new administration can be informed by a fuller understanding of recent developments in household living standards across the country. Yet the World Bank’s most recent poverty assessment in Sri Lanka, covering the period from 1990 to 2002, was published a decade ago. Since then, domestic economic growth, the end of the civil conflict and fluctuations in global markets has led to substantial changes in Sri Lanka’s economic environment. To inform the new government’s development policies, this report examines five topics related to recent developments in poverty and welfare. Sections two through five of the report focus on: (i) trends in poverty, welfare, and inequality since 2002, (ii) labor market outcomes associated with the observed reduction in poverty, (iii) four potential causes of this poverty reduction, (iv) the state of poverty and inequality in 2012/13, and (v) the role of social protection in reducing poverty. Section six concludes by pointing out future implications and remaining knowledge gaps to continue to reduce poverty and improve living standards. This analysis draws mainly on data from the 2002, 2006-07, 2009-10, and 2012-13 rounds of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey, supplemented by annual rounds of the labor force survey from 2002 to 2012. Since the surveys could not be conducted in parts of the Northern and Eastern provinces before 2011 due to the civil conflict, their geographical coverage varies from year to year. To ensure comparability, all historical trends presented in this report correspond to the same geographic area. With the exception of figures that are based solely on 2012-13 data, the figures exclude Northern and Eastern provinces, which account for about 12.9 percent of the total population. A more detailed description of the data is provided in appendix one.
- Published
- 2016
30. Disaster Risk, Climate Change, and Poverty : Assessing the Global Exposure of Poor People to Floods and Droughts
- Author
-
Winsemius, Hessel C., Jongman, Brenden, Veldkamp, Ted I.E., Hallegatte, Stephane, Bangalore, Mook, and Ward, Philip J.
- Subjects
MEASURES ,INDICATORS ,STORM ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD‐LEVEL DATA ,DISASTER EVENTS ,DROUGHT CONDITIONS ,HURRICANE ,OBSERVATIONS ,UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,EXTREME EVENTS ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,DISASTER REDUCTION ,POOR COUNTRIES ,ECOSYSTEMS ,EXTREME WEATHER ,FLOOD PROTECTION ,MONITORING ,EL NINO ,POOR ,SAFETY NETS ,DAMAGE ,INCOME ,ANALYSIS ,CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ,WATER AVAILABILITY ,food and beverages ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,ARID REGIONS ,POVERTY ,CASE STUDIES ,BANK ,AGREEMENT ,HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS ,DEATH TOLL ,FARMERS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS ,LAKES ,STUDIES ,WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS ,NATIONAL SCALE ,IMPACT OF DISASTER ,MITIGATION ,CLASSIFICATION ,FLOOD PLAINS ,HYDROLOGY ,FOOD ,LAND SCARCITY ,TRANSFERS ,SURFACE WATER ,RURAL AREAS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,QUALITY ,FLOOD ,SOUTHERN OSCILLATION ,RECONSTRUCTION ,fungi ,SAMPLING ,SUBSISTENCE FARMERS ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,LAND PRICES ,RISKS ,NATURAL HAZARDS ,WETLAND AREAS ,SPATIAL SCALE ,URBAN SETTINGS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,DROUGHTS ,CLIMATIC CHANGE ,GROUNDWATER ,WAVES ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,TARGETING ,FLOODING ,RURAL GAPS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,IMPACT ON POVERTY ,POVERTY MAPS ,COAST ,NATIONAL‐SCALE ,HURRICANES ,NATURAL HAZARD ,POOR POLICY ,WETLAND ,RUNOFF ,DROUGHT ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,CLIMATE CONDITIONS ,DISCHARGE ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,RISK ,WETLANDS ,DROUGHT RISK ,DEATH ,LAND‐USE ,DATA SETS ,PRECIPITATION ,SAFETY ,DISASTERS ,POOR PEOPLE ,SAMPLE SIZE ,FLOW REGIMES ,NATURAL DISASTERS ,POVERTY DATA ,LAND ,RURAL LEVEL ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,TOPOGRAPHY ,INCOME GAP ,NATURAL DISASTER ,HYDROLOGIC CYCLE ,FLOOD DAMAGE ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,FLOOD DAMAGES ,parasitic diseases ,RIVER ,PLAINS ,DAMAGES ,POVERTY LEVELS ,FLOODS ,FLOODED ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSING ,DIKES ,RURAL ,WEATHER EVENTS ,POVERTY LINE ,DISASTER ,PONDS ,SAVINGS ,CLIMATE ,POVERTY INDICATORS ,COASTAL AREAS ,DISASTER RISK ,DISASTER‐RISK ,PRECIPITATION PATTERNS ,STREAM ,RIVERINE ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,RESERVOIR ,RESERVOIRS ,RURAL POPULATIONS - Abstract
People living in poverty are particularly vulnerable to shocks, including those caused by natural disasters such as floods and droughts. Previous studies in local contexts have shown that poor people are also often overrepresented in hazard-prone areas. However, systematic evidence across countries demonstrating this finding is lacking. This paper analyzes at the country level whether poor people are disproportionally exposed to floods and droughts, and how this exposure may change in a future climate. To this end, household survey data with spatial identifiers from 52 countries are combined with present-day and future flood and drought hazard maps. The paper defines and calculates a “poverty exposure bias” and finds support that poor people are often overexposed to droughts and urban floods. For floods, no such signal is found for rural households, suggesting that different mechanisms—such as land scarcity—are more important drivers in urban areas. The poverty exposure bias does not change significantly under future climate scenarios, although the absolute number of people potentially exposed to floods or droughts can increase or decrease significantly, depending on the scenario and the region. The study finds some evidence of regional patterns: in particular, many countries in Africa exhibit a positive poverty exposure bias for floods and droughts. For these hot spots, implementing risk-sensitive land-use and development policies that protect poor people should be a priority.
- Published
- 2015
31. A Perceived Divide : How Indonesians Perceive Inequality and What They Want Done About It
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
MEASURES ,CHILDREN ,EQUAL DISTRIBUTION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTERNAL FACTORS ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,REAL LEVEL ,PUBLIC SUPPORT ,PROGRAMS ,BENEFIT ,MINIMUM WAGES ,POOR ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,POLICY ISSUES ,INCOME DISPARITY ,WOMEN ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,POVERTY RATES ,FOOD PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS ,POVERTY ,FEMALE ,TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,GINI COEFFICIENT ,FARMERS ,POOR HOUSEHOLD ,SOCIAL ISSUES ,HIGHER INEQUALITY ,SUBSIDIES ,INCOMES ,HOUSEHOLD NEEDS ,WAGES ,EVALUATION ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL AREAS ,HOUSE ,LABOR MARKET ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,INCOME LEVELS ,REGIONAL LEVEL ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,EQUALITY ,HIGH GROWTH ,SURVEYS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,EMPOWERMENT ,DISPARITY IN INCOME ,PRODUCT ,HIGH INEQUALITY ,WAGE INEQUALITY ,DOMICILE ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,RISING INEQUALITY ,POLICIES ,CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,FAMILY ,JUSTICE ,INEQUALITIES ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,INCOME QUINTILES ,HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,ECONOMIC POLICY ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,PUBLIC POLICY ,REDUCING INEQUALITY ,COMMUNITY GROUP ,INCOME DIFFERENCES ,BENEFITS ,POVERTY LINES ,HOME ,COMMUNITY GROUPS ,POLITICS ,CONSUMPTION GROWTH ,INCOME GROUPS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,INEQUALITY REDUCTION ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,CORRUPTION ,JOB CREATION ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,MIDDLE CLASS ,POVERTY LINE ,INCOME SOURCES ,SUBSIDY ,SAVINGS ,SOCIAL INSURANCE ,CASH TRANSFERS ,EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ,GENDER ,POVERTY RATE ,LAW - Abstract
Inequality in Indonesia is rising and a recent survey suggests that Indonesians are growing increasingly concerned. The Gini coefficient in Indonesia has increased sharply over the past 15 years, increasing from 30 in 2000 to 41 in 2013. In a 2014 survey on public perceptions of inequality, most Indonesians consider income distribution in Indonesia to be very unequal or not equal at all. In addition, half of all respondents feel that Indonesia has become more unequal or much more unequal over the past five years. The true extent of high inequality, however, is worse than most people realize. Respondents believe that the ideal income distribution is one where the top 20 percent of the population earn as much as the bottom 40 percent. Not with standing this ideal, respondents estimate that the actual income distribution has the top 20 percent earning as much as the bottom 60 percent. However, the 2014 National Socio-economic Survey (Susenas 2014) suggests that the richest 20 percent actually earn as much as the rest of the population combined. Furthermore, because household surveys typically do not capture the incomes of the richest Indonesians, the real level of inequality in Indonesia is probably even higher.
- Published
- 2015
32. Households or Locations? : Cities, Catchment Areas and Prosperity in India
- Author
-
Li, Yue and Rama, Martin
- Subjects
MEASURES ,HOUSEHOLD_SIZE ,CITIES ,MIGRANT ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,URBAN AREA ,DESIGN ,JOB OPPORTUNITIES ,EXTERNALITIES ,DWELLING UNITS ,India [L13] ,POLICY MAKERS ,POOR ,POPULATION ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,AFFORDABLE HOUSING ,LANDHOLDINGS ,GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS ,DWELLING ,URBANIZATION ,TOWNS ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,FEMALE ,Sociology [T19] ,POLICY DECISIONS ,POPULATIONS ,HEALTH ,RENT ,FARMERS ,INTERVENTIONS ,SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION ,"Social services ,association" ,LIVING STANDARDS ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,SIZEABLE POPULATION ,HIGHER INEQUALITY ,METROPOLITAN AREAS ,URBAN ENVIRONMENTS ,URBAN ,MARKETS ,ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL AREAS ,SECONDARY EDUCATION ,URBAN FRINGE ,PROGRESS ,SOCIAL GROUP ,LABOR MARKET ,RURAL GROUPS ,NATURAL RESOURCE ,DISTRICTS ,HOUSEHOLD ,SERVICES ,URBAN GROWTH ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,LARGE CITIES ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,COUNTRYSIDE ,MARKET ,TERTIARY EDUCATION ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,RENTS ,RURAL POPULATION ,TARGETING ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,POVERTY ASSESSMENTS ,POVERTY MAPS ,MINORITY ,FEMALE LABOR FORCE ,EMPLOYMENT STATUS ,INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSEHOLD ASSETS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,RURAL PLACES ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NEIGHBORHOODS ,TERTIARY LEVELS ,REMITTANCES ,URBANIZATION PROCESS ,VILLAGES ,POLICY ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,POOR AREAS ,NEIGHBORHOOD ,FARM HOUSEHOLDS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,URBAN CENTERS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,DISADVANTAGED GROUPS ,HOUSEHOLDS ,AGGLOMERATION ECONOMICS ,RURAL AREA ,LAND ,URBAN AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES ,MIGRATION ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,PARTICIPATION ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,CATCHMENT AREA ,PUBLIC AFFAIRS ,RURAL ROADS ,POLICY RESEARCH ,EXPENDITURES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,QUALITY OF LIFE ,KNOWLEDGE ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ,HOME AFFAIRS ,URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS ,HOUSING ,RURAL ,WORK EXPERIENCE ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,POPULATION CENSUSES ,LABOR FORCE ,POPULATION SIZE ,TRANSPORTATION ,SAVINGS ,DISCRIMINATION ,POPULATION DENSITY ,URBAN AREAS ,Economics [T21] ,WORKING-AGE POPULATION ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,PUBLICATIONS ,GENDER ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,URBAN STUDIES ,AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES ,CENSUSES ,RURAL POPULATIONS ,URBAN ECONOMICS - Abstract
Policy makers in developing countries, including India, are increasingly sensitive to the links between spatial transformation and economic development. However, the empirical knowledge available on those links is most often insufficient to guide policy decisions. There is no shortage of case studies on urban agglomerations of different sorts, or of benchmarking exercises for states and districts, but more systematic evidence is scarce. To help address this gap, this paper combines insights from poverty analysis and urban economics, and develops a methodology to assess spatial performance with a high degree of granularity. This methodology is applied to India, where individual household survey records are mapped to “places” (both rural and urban) below the district level. The analysis disentangles the contributions household characteristics and locations make to labor earnings, proxied by nominal household expenditure per capita. The paper shows that one-third of the variation in predicted labor earnings is explained by the locations where households reside and by the interaction between these locations and household characteristics such as education. In parallel, this methodology provides a workable metric to describe spatial productivity patterns across India. The paper shows that there is a gradation of spatial performance across places, rather than a clear rural-urban divide. It also finds that distance matters: places with higher productivity are close to each other, but some spread their prosperity over much broader areas than others. Using the spatial distribution of this metric across India, the paper further classifies places at below-district level into four tiers: top locations, their catchment areas, average locations, and bottom locations. The analysis finds that some small cities are among the top locations, while some large cities are not. It also finds that top locations and their catchment areas include many high-performing rural places, and are not necessarily more unequal than average locations. Preliminary analysis reveals that these top locations and their catchment areas display characteristics that are generally believed to drive agglomeration economies and contribute to faster productivity growth.
- Published
- 2015
33. The Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty in 2030 and the Potential from Rapid, Inclusive, and Climate-Informed Development
- Author
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Rozenberg, Julie and Hallegatte, Stephane
- Subjects
MEASURES ,CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,FOOD PRICE ,UNCERTAINTIES ,HOUSEHOLD‐LEVEL DATA ,HURRICANE ,FOOD EXPENDITURE ,EXTREME EVENTS ,POOR COUNTRIES ,EXTREME WEATHER ,CLIMATE POLICIES ,ECONOMIC RESILIENCE ,EXTREME POVERTY LINE ,POLICY MAKERS ,POOR ,AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ,EMISSIONS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,INCOME ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,ENVIRONMENTAL CATASTROPHE ,SUBSTITUTION ,COST OF CARBON ,JOBS ,POVERTY RATES ,FOOD PRICES ,AGRICULTURAL WAGES ,MALNUTRITION ,SCENARIOS ,DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,POVERTY ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,ABATEMENT ,FARMERS ,EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS ,EMISSION ABATEMENT ,HUMAN HEALTH ,LABOR SUPPLY ,MODELS ,POVERTY IMPACT ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC SECTORS ,POVERTY REDUCTION EFFORTS ,MARKETS ,ECONOMIC COSTS ,FINANCE ,EXTREME TEMPERATURE ,SANITATION ,PRICES ,CROP YIELD ,TRANSFERS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,COST‐BENEFIT ANALYSIS ,NATIONAL INCOME ,FOOD SUPPLY ,INCOME REDISTRIBUTION ,CLIMATE SCENARIOS ,EMISSIONS‐REDUCTION ,CYCLONES ,DRINKING WATER ,CONSUMPTION ,PRICE INCREASE ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,POVERTY ERADICATION ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,RISKS ,CHANGES IN PRICES ,ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS ,POLICY IMPLICATIONS ,SUPPLY ,ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,INDICATORS FOR POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL POLICY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,EXTREME SCENARIOS ,DEEP UNCERTAINTY ,CLIMATIC CHANGE ,DEMAND ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,IMPACT ON POVERTY ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,FOOD PRICE FLUCTUATIONS ,CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ,AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ,FAMINE ,HURRICANES ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,DEEP‐UNCERTAINTY ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,SECTORAL RESULTS ,FOOD SECURITY ,DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPLICATIONS ,DEATH ,POLICIES ,POLICY ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,ECONOMIC IMPACT ,EXCHANGE RATE ,POOR PEOPLE ,ENERGY PRICES ,NUTRITION ,PRICE ,CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,FAT TAILS ,TOTAL CONSUMPTION ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,IMPACT OF HURRICANES ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,AGRICULTURAL WORKERS ,BENEFITS ,INCOME ON FOOD ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,FOOD MARKETS ,CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS ,POVERTY THRESHOLD ,ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ,UNCERTAIN IMPACTS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,FOOD PRODUCTS ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ,POVERTY LINE ,SAVINGS ,CLIMATE ,POOR FARMERS ,REVENUES ,CROP YIELDS ,IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ,CASH TRANSFERS ,ECONOMIC IMPACTS - Abstract
The impacts of climate change on poverty depend on the magnitude of climate change, but also on demographic and socioeconomic trends. An analysis of hundreds of baseline scenarios for future economic development in the absence of climate change in 92 countries shows that the drivers of poverty eradication differ across countries. Two representative scenarios are selected from these hundreds. One scenario is optimistic regarding poverty and is labeled “prosperity;” the other scenario is pessimistic and labeled “poverty.” Results from sector analyses of climate change impacts—in agriculture, health, and natural disasters—are introduced in the two scenarios. By 2030, climate change is found to have a significant impact on poverty, especially through higher food prices and reduction of agricultural production in Africa and South Asia, and through health in all regions. But the magnitude of these impacts depends on development choices. In the prosperity scenario with rapid, inclusive, and climate-informed development, climate change increases poverty by between 3 million and 16 million in 2030. The increase in poverty reaches between 35 million and 122 million if development is delayed and less inclusive (the poverty scenario).
- Published
- 2015
34. Ending Extreme Poverty and Sharing Prosperity : Progress and Policies
- Author
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Cruz, Marcio, Foster, James E., Quillin, Bryce, and Schellekens, Philip
- Subjects
MEASURES ,POOR LIVING ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,FOOD PRICE ,POVERTY FOCUS ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,EXTREME” POVERTY ,POOR COUNTRIES ,SMALLHOLDER FARMING ,EXTREME POVERTY LINE ,POOR ,AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY ,INCOME” POVERTY ,SAFETY NETS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,LABOR MARKET POLICIES ,RURAL POVERTY LINES ,POVERTY RATES ,MALNUTRITION ,ANTI-POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,FOOD ITEMS ,FARMERS ,INCOME DYNAMICS ,IMPACT OF SHOCKS ,ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION ,POVERTY REDUCTION EFFORTS ,SANITATION ,ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ,TRANSFERS ,POVERTY UPDATE ,POOR HEALTH ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POOR ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,DRINKING WATER ,HOUSEHOLD CHORES ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,POVERTY ERADICATION ,POVERTY INDEX ,RISKS ,LAND REFORM ,CLEAN WATER ,PUBLIC UNEMPLOYMENT ,FOOD PRICE POLICIES ,RURAL LIVELIHOODS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,EMPLOYMENT INCOME ,ANTI-POVERTY POLICY ,INEQUALITY ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,CLIMATIC CHANGE ,POVERTY GAP ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,TARGETING ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,GLOBAL POVERTY TARGET ,POVERTY ASSESSMENTS ,POVERTY TARGET ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,IDIOSYNCRATIC SHOCKS ,FAMINE ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,SOCIAL POLICIES ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,POVERTY MEASURES ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,HUMAN CAPITAL LEVELS ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,INCOME POVERTY ,POVERTY INDICES ,DEATH ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,INCOME SHARES ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,POOR AREAS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,RURAL FINANCE ,LAND DEGRADATION ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,AGRICULTURAL PRICES ,NUTRITION ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,POVERTY GAP INDEX ,POVERTY DATA ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,HIGH POPULATION DENSITY ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,INCOME GAP ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,REPEATED SHOCKS ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,RURAL GAP ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,POVERTY LINES ,MARKET FAILURES ,POVERTY THRESHOLD ,POVERTY LEVELS ,CONFLICT ,REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,RURAL ,TEMPORARY UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME GROWTH ,POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ACROSS COUNTRIES ,SAVINGS ,RURAL POVERTY LINE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,CASH TRANSFERS ,POOR INFRASTRUCTURE ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE ,CHILD MORTALITY ,INCOME SUPPORT ,EQUITABLE ACCESS ,RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ,POOR PERSON ,POOR POPULATIONS - Abstract
With 2015 marking the transition from the Millennium to the Sustainable Development Goals, the international community can celebrate many development successes since 2000. Three key challenges stand out: the depth of remaining poverty, the unevenness in shared prosperity, and the persistent disparities in non-income dimensions of development. First, the policy discourse needs to focus more directly on the poorest among the poor. While pockets of ultra-poverty exist around the world, Sub-Saharan Africa is home to most of the deeply poor. To make depth a more central element in policy formulation, easy-to-communicate measures are needed, and this note attempts a step in this direction with person-equivalent measures of poverty. Second, the eradication of poverty in all of its forms requires steady growth of the incomes of the bottom 40 percent. Yet, economic growth, a key driver of shared prosperity, may not be as buoyant as before the global financial crisis. Third, unequal progress in non-income dimensions of development requires addressing widespread inequality of opportunity, which transmits poverty across generations and erodes the pace and sustainability of progress for the bottom 40. To meet these challenges, three ingredients are core to the policy agenda: sustaining broad-based growth, investing in human development, and insuring the poor and vulnerable against emerging risks.
- Published
- 2015
35. A Global Count of the Extreme Poor in 2012 : Data Issues, Methodology and Initial Results
- Author
-
Ferreira, Francisco H. G., Chen, Shaohua, Dabalen, Andrew, Dikhanov, Yuri, Hamadeh, Nada, Jolliffe, Dean, Narayan, Ambar, Prydz, Espen Beer, Revenga, Ana, Sangraula, Prem, Serajuddin, Umar, and Yoshida, Nobuo
- Subjects
MEASURES ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,POOR POPULATION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,FOOD PRICE ,EXCHANGE RATES ,FOOD POLICY ,POOR COUNTRIES ,EXTREME POVERTY LINE ,POOR ,CONSUMPTION MEASURE ,INCOME ,RURAL POVERTY RATES ,RURAL POVERTY LINES ,POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS ,CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ,CURRENT POVERTY ,POVERTY RATES ,INFLATION RATE ,FOOD PRICES ,REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,ABSOLUTE TERMS ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,REGIONAL COMPOSITION ,FOOD ITEMS ,SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION ,SPATIAL DIFFERENCES ,LIVING STANDARDS ,DEVELOPMENT REPORT ,WELFARE MEASURES ,REGIONAL DIFFERENCES ,MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY ,POVERTY PROFILE ,POVERTY UPDATE ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,FOOD POVERTY LINE ,CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,RISKS ,MEASURING POVERTY ,INCOME REGIONS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,RURAL INCOMES ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,POVERTY GAP ,DECLINE IN POVERTY ,RURAL POPULATION ,CONSUMPTION POVERTY ,DATA ISSUES ,NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT ,REGIONAL POVERTY MEASURES ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,CONSUMPTION DATA ,FOOD EXPENDITURES ,POVERTY COMPARISONS ,DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,REGIONAL PROFILE ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,POVERTY MEASURES ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,AGGREGATE POVERTY ,INCOME POVERTY ,COUNTRY LEVEL ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,REGIONS ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,REGIONAL PATTERNS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,POOR PEOPLE ,HUMAN ENERGY ,NUTRITION ,REGIONAL POVERTY ,REGIONAL AGGREGATES ,POVERTY DATA ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,CARIBBEAN REGION ,POLICY RESEARCH ,REGION ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY LINES ,POVERTY THRESHOLD ,POVERTY LEVELS ,INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS ,WELFARE VARIABLE ,HOUSING ,FOOD POVERTY ,RURAL ,AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ,POVERTY LINE ,REGIONAL LEVELS ,RURAL POVERTY LINE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY COMPARISONS ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,POVERTY RATE ,POOR PERSON - Abstract
The 2014 release of a new set of purchasing power parity conversion factors (PPPs) for 2011 has prompted a revision of the international poverty line. In order to preserve the integrity of the goalposts for international targets such as the Sustainable Development Goals and the World Bank’s twin goals, the new poverty line was chosen so as to preserve the definition and real purchasing power of the earlier $1.25 line (in 2005 PPPs) in poor countries. Using the new 2011 PPPs, the new line equals $1.90 per person per day. The higher value of the line in US dollars reflects the fact that the new PPPs yield a relatively lower purchasing power of that currency vis-à-vis those of most poor countries. Because the line was designed to preserve real purchasing power in poor countries, the revisions lead to relatively small changes in global poverty incidence: from 14.5 percent in the old method to 14.1 percent in the new method for 2011. In 2012, the new reference year for the global count, we find 12.7 percent of the world’s population, or 897 million people, are living in extreme poverty. There are changes in the regional composition of poverty, but they are also relatively small. This paper documents the detailed methodological decisions taken in the process of updating both the poverty line and the consumption and income distributions at the country level, including issues of inter-temporal and spatial price adjustments. It also describes various caveats, limitations, perils and pitfalls of the approach taken.
- Published
- 2015
36. A Comparative Perspective on Poverty Reduction in Brazil, China, and India
- Author
-
Martin Ravallion
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Economic growth ,inequality ,household income ,income distribution ,social policies ,Development ,Culture of poverty ,Economic inequality ,national poverty lines ,macroeconomic stability ,Economics ,Poverty gap index ,poor people ,household consumption ,household surveys ,Extreme poverty ,poverty reduction ,consumption expenditures ,poverty line ,Poverty ,poverty measures ,Rural Poverty Reduction,Achieving Shared Growth,Regional Economic Development,Services&Transfers to Poor ,economic growth ,poor ,income ,human development ,Social protection ,Rural poverty ,poverty headcount index ,international poverty line ,Measuring poverty ,national poverty - Abstract
Brazil, China, and India have seen falling poverty in their reform periods, but to varying degrees and for different reasons. History left China with favorable initial conditions for rapid poverty reduction through market-led economic growth; at the outset of the reform process there were many distortions to be removed and a relatively low inequality of access to the opportunities so created, though inequality has risen markedly since. By concentrating such opportunities in the hands of the better off, prior inequalities in various dimensions handicapped poverty reduction in both Brazil and India. Brazil's recent success in complementing market-oriented reforms with progressive social policies has helped it achieve a higher proportionate rate of poverty reduction than India, although Brazil has been less successful in terms of economic growth. In the wake of its steep rise in inequality, China might learn from Brazil's success with such policies. India needs to do more to assure that poor people are able to participate in both the country's growth process and its social policies; here there are lessons from both China and Brazil. All three countries have learned how important macroeconomic stability is to poverty reduction. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
- Published
- 2010
37. Republic of Chad : Priorities for Ending Poverty and Boosting Shared Prosperity
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
MEASURES ,AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,RURAL SECTOR ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,FOOD PRICE ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,EXTREMELY POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,FOOD POLICY ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,RURAL GROWTH ,POOR COUNTRIES ,AGRICULTURAL LAND ,LAND MANAGEMENT ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY ,POOR ,AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,RURAL ECONOMY ,SAFETY NETS ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,LAND SIZE ,FOOD INSECURITY ,POVERTY RATES ,CHRONIC MALNUTRITION ,MALNUTRITION ,AGRICULTURAL YIELDS ,FOOD PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,FARM ACTIVITIES ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,ACCESS TO IRRIGATION ,HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,CROPLAND ,FARM PRODUCTIVITY ,FOOD ITEMS ,FARMERS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,HUMAN HEALTH ,RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,IMPACT OF SHOCKS ,REMOTE RURAL AREAS ,POVERTY IMPACT ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,SANITATION ,POVERTY PROFILE ,ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ,TRANSFERS ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS ,POOR HEALTH ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,RURAL POOR ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,FOOD SUPPLY ,POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,SUBSISTENCE CROPS ,POVERTY REDUCTION PROGRAMS ,RURAL WORKERS ,DRINKING WATER ,FOOD CROP PRODUCTION ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,FARMING COMMUNITIES ,RISKS ,POLITICAL FEASIBILITY ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,CROP PRODUCTION ,LIVESTOCK OWNERSHIP ,RURAL PUBLIC ,RURAL LIVELIHOODS ,LAND SUPPLY ,INEQUALITY ,CLIMATIC CHANGE ,POVERTY GAP ,AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ,RURAL POPULATION ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,TARGETING ,POVERTY POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,IMPACT ON POVERTY ,REMOTE AREAS ,POVERTY MAPS ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,FAMINE ,IRRIGATION ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,DROUGHT ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,COMMERCIAL BANK ,POVERTY STATUS ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,FOOD SECURITY ,DEATH ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,FARMLAND ,CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,RURAL ACTIVITIES ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,LAND DEGRADATION ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,FOOD CROP ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,NUTRITION ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,RURAL AREA ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,MEANS TESTING ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,FARMER ASSOCIATIONS ,POVERTY REDUCTION IMPACT ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,FOOD CROPS ,RURAL WORKFORCE ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,RURAL EXODUS ,CONFLICT ,POVERTY CHARACTERISTICS ,REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES ,EXTREME VULNERABILITY ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,CHEAPER FOOD ,RURAL ,POVERTY LINE ,SAVINGS ,POOR FARMERS ,RURAL POLICY ,PUBLIC WORKS ,STRUCTURAL REFORMS ,CASH TRANSFERS ,HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION ,CHILD MORTALITY ,ILLITERACY ,CALORIC INTAKE ,RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ,LACK OF INFORMATION ,RURAL POPULATIONS - Abstract
This systematic country diagnosis (SCD) for Chad aims to identify how to achieve the twin goals of ending poverty and improving shared prosperity. It acknowledges both: (i) the need for selectivity in pro-poor interventions, and (ii) the inherent difficulty to do so given the many competing binding reasons for poverty. Selectivity means the identification of principal opportunities for sustainable poverty reduction in the next 15 years, as well as the identification of binding constraints to reaping such opportunities. Selectivity also implies making trade-offs between immediate and longer term objectives, with priority given to the identification of poverty reduction opportunities which will: (i) deliver the highest possible results before 2030, and (ii) not undermine prospects for poverty reduction and shared prosperity beyond 2030. The analysis presented in the SCD draws on a variety of information sources. These include domestic statistics and reports, evaluations by the country’s development partners, original research conducted by the World Bank team, and consultations held in N’Djamena with nongovernmental organizations and the private sector. Reaping poverty reduction opportunities will require addressing a selected number of binding constraints.
- Published
- 2015
38. World Bank Research Digest, Vol. 9(4)
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
MEASURES ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,INFORMATION ,INVESTMENT ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,POOR POPULATION ,EDUCATION SYSTEMS ,EXTREME POVERTY ,YOUNG PEOPLE ,EMPLOYMENT ,ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE ,POLICY MAKERS ,POOR ,POPULATION ,WORKING CONDITIONS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,RURAL POVERTY RATES ,OUTCOMES ,PRODUCTIVITY ,FOOD INSECURITY ,WORKERS ,URBANIZATION ,TEACHING POSITIONS ,POVERTY RATES ,POVERTY ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,COMMUNICATION EFFORTS ,COLLEGE ,STANDARDS ,TEACHERS ,PENSIONS ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,TUITION ,WATER MANAGEMENT ,RURAL ROAD ,STUDENTS ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,DEMOCRACY ,MARKETS ,NUMBER OF WORKERS ,REAL WAGES ,SCHOOLS ,NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS ,SANITATION ,PRICES ,WAGES ,TRANSFERS ,TEACHER ,POOR HEALTH ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,PROGRESS ,HIGHER EDUCATION ,NEWSLETTER ,PRODUCTION ,VULNERABILITY ,BASIC SANITATION ,LABOR MARKET ,WATER SUPPLIES ,CONSUMPTION ,TUITION FEES ,RISKS ,LABOR DEMAND ,WORKING CAPITAL ,LABOR MOBILITY ,VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,LITERATURE ,INEQUALITY ,CONTRACTING ,SOCIAL POLICY ,RESEARCH ,FOOD EXPENDITURES ,URBAN POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL DECLINE ,ACCOUNTING ,POVERTY MEASURES ,INTERNAL MIGRATION ,VALUE ,SECURITY ,RISK ,CAREER ,PAPERS ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,POLICIES ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,POLICY ,REGIONS ,STUDENT ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,EFFECTS ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,REGIONAL ADJUSTMENT ,RESEARCHERS ,ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT ,REGIONAL EFFECTS ,GRANTS ,TRAINING ,MIGRATION ,INSURANCE SCHEMES ,COMPETITIVE SALARIES ,TEACHING ,LEARNING ,NATURAL DISASTER ,POLICY RESEARCH ,EXPENDITURES ,REGION ,STUDENT LEARNING ,CHRONICALLY POOR ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,CASH TRANSFER PROGRAM ,UNSKILLED WORKERS ,SCHOOL YEARS ,MANAGEMENT ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,QUALITY EDUCATION ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,SCHOLARSHIPS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,ECONOMICS ,RURAL ,WATER USE ,POVERTY LINE ,VOCATIONAL TRAINING ,CASH TRANSFERS ,POPULATION DENSITY ,VULNERABILITY TO POVERTY ,SCHOOL ,URBAN AREAS ,LABOR MARKET DYNAMICS ,FOOD SYSTEMS ,UNIVERSITY ,POVERTY RATE ,PUBLIC UNIVERSITY ,CENSUSES - Abstract
This issue includes the following headings: living on the edge in Mexico; what has the rise of China meant for labor markets in Latin America?; educating our future teachers; the growing and long-lasting effects of Brazil’s trade liberalization on workers; capturing food consumed away from home in welfare measures; a behavioral approach to water conservation; and using satellite images to estimate local poverty.
- Published
- 2015
39. Poverty and Shared Prosperity in Brazil's Metropolitan Regions : Taking Stock and Identifying Priorities
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
MEASURES ,REDUCTION IN POVERTY ,REGIONAL POVERTY LINES ,HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,WELFARE MEASURE ,HOUSEHOLD INCOMES ,LOW WAGES ,CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,EXTREME POVERTY LINE ,GINI INDEX ,POOR ,SAFETY NETS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,LABOR MARKET POLICIES ,TRANSIENT POOR ,FOOD BASKET ,POVERTY RATES ,POOR INDIVIDUALS ,FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,POVERTY ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,REDUCTION OF POVERTY ,GROWTH ,SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION ,EDUCATION POVERTY ,SPATIAL DIFFERENCES ,REGIONAL DIFFERENCES ,INFORMAL ECONOMY ,SANITATION ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POOR ,LAGGING REGIONS ,REDUCED POVERTY ,RURAL MIGRANTS ,BASIC SANITATION ,LABOR MARKET ,HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICS ,INCOME REDISTRIBUTION ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,POVERTY INDEX ,RISKS ,DIMENSIONAL POVERTY ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,EXTREME POVERTY LINES ,VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS ,POOR WOMEN ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,WAGE DISPARITIES ,REGIONAL SCIENCE ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,LAND VALUE ,ACCESS TO SANITATION ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,POVERTY COMPARISONS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,SPATIAL DYNAMICS ,POVERTY MEASURES ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,COST EFFECTIVENESS ,INCOME POVERTY ,VULNERABLE PEOPLE ,ECONOMIC SHOCKS ,ACCESS TO EDUCATION ,ACCESS TO ASSETS ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,RURAL SETTINGS ,WAGE EMPLOYMENT ,REGIONS ,POOR AREAS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,VULNERABILITY OF FAMILIES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,REGIONAL STUDIES ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,REGIONAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREA ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,PER CAPITA GROWTH ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,REGION ,GROWTH RATE ,CASH TRANSFER PROGRAM ,QUALITY OF LIFE ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,POVERTY LINES ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSING ,INEQUALITY REDUCTION ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ACROSS COUNTRIES ,MEAN INCOME ,INDICATORS OF POVERTY ,VULNERABILITY TO POVERTY ,SCHOOL ATTENDANCE ,URBAN AREAS ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,METROPOLITAN REGION ,SCHOOLING ,POVERTY RATE ,EQUITABLE ACCESS ,METROPOLITAN REGIONS - Abstract
In the 20th Century, Brazil rapidly urbanized and is now not only an urban nation but a metropolitan one. Brazils sprawling regioes metropolitanas (metropolitan regions, or RMs, which are municipal clusters) are now home to almost 50 million people and much of the countrys economic vitality. The RM spatial level and its supporting governmental institutions have thus become critical to Brazils future development. While challenges remain for tackling deprivation in rural areas, poverty in Brazil is now predominantly urban. More than six in 10 Brazilians in extreme poverty were living in urban settings as of 2012. Of these, over a fourth was concentrated in the 10 largest RMs.
- Published
- 2015
40. Estimating Poverty with Panel Data, Comparably : An Example from Jordan
- Author
-
Jolliffe, Dean and Serajuddin, Umar
- Subjects
MEASURES ,REDUCTION IN POVERTY ,POVERTY MEASURE ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,POOR POPULATION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,HOUSEHOLD INCOMES ,CREDIT PROGRAMS ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,POLICY MAKERS ,POOR ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,HEADCOUNT POVERTY ,FOOD BASKET ,FOOD PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ,GROWTH ,MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS ,CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING ,IMPACT OF SHOCKS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,ELIGIBILITY ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,FAMINES ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,BUSINESS CYCLE ,CATEGORICAL TARGETING ,MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY ,POVERTY PROFILE ,TRANSFERS ,ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ,POVERTY UPDATE ,SQUARED POVERTY GAP INDEX ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,MEASURING POVERTY ,POLICY IMPLICATIONS ,NATIONAL POVERTY RATE ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,AVERAGE LEVEL ,REAL INCOMES ,DEFINITIONS OF POVERTY ,POVERTY GAP ,TARGETING ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,POVERTY STATISTICS ,CONSUMPTION DATA ,POVERTY COMPARISONS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,POVERTY MEASURES ,SQUARED POVERTY GAP ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,AGGREGATE POVERTY ,POVERTY INDICES ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,REDUCTION STRATEGY ,CHILD POVERTY ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY ,HEADCOUNT INDEX ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,COPING STRATEGIES ,INSURANCE ,NUTRITION ,DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY MEASURES ,POVERTY GAP INDEX ,POVERTY DATA ,INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ,PUBLIC POLICY ,POLICY RESEARCH ,REGION ,CHRONICALLY POOR ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS ,POVERTY LINES ,SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSING ,ECONOMICS ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ,POVERTY LINE ,PUBLIC WORKS ,CASH TRANSFERS ,RICH COUNTRIES ,FAMILY INCOME ,INCOME SUPPORT ,POVERTY RATE ,INCOME VOLATILITY ,DENSITY FUNCTION ,POOR PERSON - Abstract
Poverty estimates based on enumeration from a single point in time form the cornerstone for much of the literature on poverty. Households are typically interviewed once about their consumption or income, and their wellbeing is assessed from their responses. Global estimates of poverty that aggregate poverty counts from all countries implicitly assume that the counts are comparable. This paper illustrates that this assumption of comparability is potentially invalid when households are interviewed multiple times with repeat visits throughout the year. The paper provides an example from Jordan, where the internationally comparable approach of handling the data from repeat visits yields a poverty rate that is 26 percent greater than the rate that is currently reported as the official estimate. The paper also explores alternative definitions of poverty, informed in part by the psychological and biophysical literature on the long-run effects of short-term exposure to poverty or generally adverse environments. This alternative concept of poverty suggests that the prevalence of those who have been affected by poverty in Jordan during 2010 is more than twice as large as the official 2010 estimate of poverty.
- Published
- 2015
41. Unconditional Cash Transfers in China : An Analysis of the Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee Program
- Author
-
Golan, Jennifer, Sicular, Terry, and Umapathi, Nithin
- Subjects
MEASURES ,INDICATORS ,HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME ,FLEXIBILITY ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,HOUSEHOLD INCOMES ,VILLAGE LEVEL ,PROGRAMS ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSEHOLD PARTICIPATION ,POORER GROUPS ,POOR ,POOR COUNTIES ,RURAL ECONOMY ,INCOME ,BENEFICIARIES ,OUTCOMES ,POORER HOUSEHOLDS ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMS ,POVERTY RATES ,STATISTICS ,POVERTY ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,AUDITING ,BENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDS ,IMPACTS ,NET INCOME ,POVERTY IMPACT ,RURAL POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,EVALUATION ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POOR ,ANTIPOVERTY PROGRAM ,TRANSFER AMOUNTS ,SAMPLING ,CONSUMPTION ,INSTRUMENTS ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,AUTONOMOUS REGIONS ,INEQUALITY ,RURAL INCOMES ,SURVEYS ,FAMILY MEMBERS ,POVERTY GAP ,RURAL POPULATION ,RURAL CONSUMER ,DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ,RURAL EMPLOYMENT ,TARGETING ,RESEARCH ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,IMPACT ON POVERTY ,POOR AREA ,VILLAGE CHARACTERISTICS ,POVERTY OUTCOMES ,HOUSEHOLD‐SIZE ,POVERTY MEASURES ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,POOR‐ PEOPLE ,PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION ,POOR‐AREAS ,DEATH ,WAGE EMPLOYMENT ,CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,REGIONS ,POOR AREAS ,POVERTY‐REDUCTION ,POOR BENEFICIARIES ,PARTICIPATION RATES ,REGIONAL POPULATIONS ,POOR PEOPLE ,SAMPLE SIZE ,POVERTY GAP INDEX ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,PARTICIPATION ,MEANS TESTING ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,VILLAGE‐LEVEL ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,LEARNING ,NATURAL DISASTER ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,REGION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,CASH TRANSFER PROGRAM ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,POVERTY LINES ,EGALITARIAN DISTRIBUTION ,POVERTY IMPACTS ,POVERTY THRESHOLD ,POORER AREAS ,POVERTY LEVELS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSING ,FEEDBACK ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,CORRUPTION ,RURAL ,POVERTY‐REDUCING ,DESTITUTE HOUSEHOLDS ,POVERTY LINE ,SAVINGS ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,CASH TRANSFERS ,VILLAGE LEADERS ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,SCHOOLING ,POVERTY RATE ,POLICY CHANGES - Abstract
This paper examines China’s rural minimum living standard guarantee (dibao) program, one of the largest minimum income cash transfer schemes in the world. Using household survey data matched with published administrative data, the paper describes the dibao program, estimates the program’s impact on poverty, and carries out targeting analysis. The analysis finds that the program provides sufficient income to poor beneficiaries but does not substantially reduce the overall level of poverty, in part because the number of beneficiaries is small relative to the number of poor. Conventional targeting analysis reveals rather large inclusionary and exclusionary targeting errors; propensity score targeting analysis yields smaller but still large targeting errors. Simulations of possible reforms to the dibao program indicate that expanding coverage can potentially yield greater poverty reduction than increasing transfer amounts. In addition, replacing locally diverse dibao lines with a nationally uniform dibao threshold could in theory reduce poverty. The potential gains in poverty reduction, however, depend on the effectiveness of targeting.
- Published
- 2015
42. Where are Iraq’s Poor? : Mapping Poverty in Iraq
- Author
-
Vishwanath, Tara, Sharma, Dhiraj, Krishnan, Nandini, and Blankespoor, Brian
- Subjects
MEASURES ,REGIONAL POVERTY LINES ,INVESTMENT ,WIDESPREAD POVERTY ,HEADCOUNT RATE ,TAX ,BUDGET ,DURABLE GOODS ,POVERTY MAP ,FOOD EXPENDITURE ,TRUST FUND ,EQUIPMENTS ,AGRICULTURAL LAND ,POOR PERSONS ,LIVING STANDARD ,POOR ,POVERTY MAPPING METHODOLOGY ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,INSTRUMENT ,INVESTMENT FUND ,POVERTY RATES ,RETURNS ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,OPTIONS ,REGIONAL MODELS ,SHARES ,RESERVES ,TRANSACTIONS ,GOODS ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES ,HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE ,WAR ,EMPIRICAL QUESTION ,CHECK ,SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION ,NON-FOOD CONSUMPTION ,WELFARE MEASURES ,STANDARD ERRORS ,MARKETS ,SANITATION ,FOOD ,RURAL AREAS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,DRINKING WATER ,HOUSEHOLD ,CONSUMPTION ,DUMMY VARIABLE ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,MEASURING POVERTY ,CLEAN WATER ,NATIONAL POVERTY RATE ,MARKET ,DURABLE ,MATERNAL MORTALITY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT ,DURABLE ASSETS ,DECLINE IN POVERTY ,DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY ,TARGETING ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,POOR AREA ,WELFARE PROGRAM ,POVERTY MAPS ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,EMPLOYMENT STATUS ,POVERTY MAPPING EXERCISE ,POVERTY MAPPING ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,IRRIGATION ,ACCOUNTING ,DROUGHT ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,SECURITY ,REGIONAL DUMMY ,OIL RESERVE ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,NON-FOOD EXPENDITURE ,REGIONS ,IMMUNIZATION ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,POOR AREAS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,RESERVE ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,POOR PEOPLE ,NUTRITION ,REGIONAL POVERTY ,EQUITY ,HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS ,RURAL AREA ,CORRELATES OF POVERTY ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,AUTONOMOUS REGION ,DUMMY VARIABLES ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,MOBILE PHONE ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,REGION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,CONTRACT ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,POVERTY LINES ,LABOR MARKETS ,HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSING ,SPATIAL PATTERN ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,INTEREST ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,RURAL ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ,DECLINE IN POVERTY RATES ,POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY INDICATORS ,CHECKS ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE ,CHILD MORTALITY ,SHARE ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,POVERTY RATE ,CALORIC INTAKE ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
Measuring poverty and tracking it over time is an important prerequisite to national economic planning. Absence of official data on household expenditure or poverty line hampered the ability of Iraqi policymakers to understand the extent of the problem, analyze their causes, and devise appropriate policies. Iraq household socioeconomic survey (IHSES) 2006-07 was the first survey of its kind since 1988 to cover all 18 governorates. The survey collected rich information on income, expenditure, employment, housing, education, health, and other socioeconomic indicators. Building on the experience of the first IHSES survey and using international best practice on sampling and questionnaire design and survey implementation, the second round of IHSES was fielded in 201-/13. To fill the data gap, a larger survey was designed to collect information on correlates of household welfare like demographic characteristics, education, occupation, housing, and assets and estimate small-area poverty rates using projection methods. This report presents results from the exercise, the first of its kind for Iraq. Poverty mapping not only provides a visual representation of poverty at subnational levels, it also reveals pockets of poverty and islands of prosperity where they exist. This knowledge is useful to inform decisions on policy design and targeting of development projects and programs.
- Published
- 2015
43. Republic of Mali : Priorities for Ending Poverty and Boosting Shared Prosperity
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
MEASURES ,AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ,CHILDREN ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,CALORIES ,RURAL SECTOR ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,FOOD PRICE ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ,FAMILIES ,MEASUREMENT ,AGING ,LAND PREPARATION ,PHYSICIANS ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,RURAL LABOR ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,GENITAL MUTILATION ,IMPLEMENTATION ,TARGETED TRANSFERS ,YOUNG ADULTS ,POOR ,INTERMEDIARIES ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,SAFETY NETS ,MIGRANTS ,INCOME ,IMMUNODEFICIENCY ,FARM INCOME ,LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE ,FARM INCOMES ,WORKERS ,NUTRITIONAL STATUS ,MALNUTRITION ,FOOD PRICES ,CRIME ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,ISOLATION ,HEALTH OUTCOMES ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,VACCINATION ,DIETS ,HEALTH ,COVARIATE SHOCKS ,POVERTY INTERVENTIONS ,FARMING AREAS ,INTERVENTION ,AGED ,VIOLENCE ,FARMERS ,SECONDARY SCHOOLS ,LIFE EVENTS ,POOR HOUSEHOLD ,POVERTY IMPACT ,HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,POVERTY REDUCTION EFFORTS ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,SANITATION ,PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES ,CROP YIELD ,TRANSFERS ,QUALITY CONTROL ,IMPORT SUBSIDIES ,CASH CROPS ,PATIENTS ,POOR HEALTH ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,COMMERCIAL CROPS ,RURAL POOR ,FARM PRODUCTION ,FOOD GRAINS ,RURAL MIGRANTS ,SSN ,DECISION MAKING ,POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,COMMUNITY HEALTH ,MORTALITY ,DRINKING WATER ,SUBSISTENCE FARMERS ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,PREVENTION ,RURAL VILLAGES ,RISKS ,CLINICS ,HOUSEHOLD VULNERABILITY ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,HOSPITALS ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,RURAL LIVELIHOODS ,INEQUALITY ,MARKETING ,PREGNANT WOMEN ,STRESS ,RURAL POPULATION ,FOOD PROCESSING ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,IMPACT ON POVERTY ,MIDWIFES ,RURAL ENERGY ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,IRRIGATION ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,ADULT LITERACY TRAINING ,FOOD STAPLES ,DROUGHT ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,IRON ,CASUAL EMPLOYMENT ,DEATH ,IMMUNIZATION ,FORMAL SAFETY NETS ,HEALTH INDICATORS ,FAMILY PLANNING ,FARM HOUSEHOLDS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,PREGNANCY ,HEALTH CARE ,LAND DEGRADATION ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,REGISTRATION ,NUTRITION ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ,CHILDBIRTH ,HIGH POPULATION DENSITY ,SUICIDE ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,MIGRATION ,RURAL WATER ,CROP INCOME ,EXERCISES ,RURAL ROADS ,FARMER ASSOCIATIONS ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,FOOD CROPS ,CHRONICALLY POOR ,MORBIDITY ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,PEOPLE ,PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS ,KNOWLEDGE ,RURAL ACCESS ,STRATEGY ,INTERNET ,POLITICS ,CONFLICT ,EXTREME VULNERABILITY ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,NEEDS ASSESSMENT ,PRIMARY HEALTH CARE ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,BIRTH RATE ,POVERTY LINE ,LAWS ,SAVINGS ,POOR FARMERS ,PUBLIC WORKS ,HEALTH SERVICES ,REFUGEES ,OBSERVATION ,ILLITERACY ,DISABILITIES ,NURSES ,WEIGHT ,SOCIAL NETWORKS ,RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ,HEALTH INTERVENTIONS - Abstract
This document presents the Systematic Country Diagnosis (SCD) for Mali. The SCD was prepared following a consultative process within and outside the World Bank. It identifies constraints and opportunities for achieving the twin goals of ending poverty and improving shared prosperity by 2030 while acknowledging (i) the need for selectivity in pro-poor interventions, and (ii) the many competing ‘binding’ reasons for poverty in Mali. The objectives of the twin goals are similar for Mali as the incidence of dollar-a-day poverty exceeds 40 percent of the population. Selectivity means the identification of principal opportunities for poverty reduction in the next 15 years, as well as the identification of binding constraints to reaping such opportunities. In the search for selectivity, there is the risk of not identifying the correct set of opportunities and constraints. However, the risk of not being selective would probably have more serious implications as it could lead the government and its development partners to disperse their resources and attention too thinly over too many competing priorities. Selectivity also implies making trade-offs between immediate and longer term objectives. In this document priority is given to the identification of poverty reduction opportunities which could deliver results before 2030, while acknowledging that efforts should not undermine the prospects for poverty reduction and shared prosperity beyond 2030. In this regard, particular attention is paid to environmental and fiscal sustainability.
- Published
- 2015
44. How the Crisis Changed the Pace of Poverty Reduction and Shared Prosperity : Armenia Poverty Assessment
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
MEASURES ,REDUCTION IN POVERTY ,REGIONAL POVERTY LINES ,GROWTH RATES ,MEAN GROWTH ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,POVERTY MAP ,CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,INCIDENCE ANALYSIS ,POOR ,PROGRAMMATIC POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,POORER HOUSEHOLDS ,UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION ,DRIVERS OF POVERTY REDUCTION ,POVERTY RATES ,WELFARE DISTRIBUTION ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,ECONOMIC CONTRACTION ,POVERTY ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,DOMESTIC LABOR ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,GROWTH ,GINI COEFFICIENT ,HEALTH EXPENDITURE ,FARMERS ,OLD AGE ,HUMAN HEALTH ,REDUCING POVERTY ,REGIONAL DIFFERENCES ,WAGE GROWTH ,REGIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY PROFILE ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL AREAS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,SELF-EMPLOYMENT ,REDUCED POVERTY ,LABOR MARKET ,FOOD POVERTY LINE ,CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,POVERTY INDEX ,REGIONAL OUTPUT ,DIMENSIONAL POVERTY ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,ANNUAL GROWTH ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,EMPLOYMENT INCOME ,INEQUALITY ,AVERAGE MONTHLY PENSION ,FAMILY MEMBERS ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,POVERTY GAP ,DECLINE IN POVERTY ,TARGETING ,CONSUMPTION POVERTY ,POVERTY POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,CONSUMPTION DATA ,POVERTY MAPPING ,TOTAL POVERTY ,PRO-POOR ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,AVERAGE GROWTH ,RURAL RESIDENTS ,HOUSEHOLD DATA ,REGIONS ,REGIONAL PATTERNS ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,REGIONAL POVERTY ,DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES ,AGRICULTURAL INCOMES ,CORRELATES OF POVERTY ,OLD AGE PENSION ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,PENSION INCOME ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,REGION ,GROWTH RATE ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION ,POVERTY LINES ,REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,GROWTH PATTERN ,MICRO DATA ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,CONSUMPTION GROWTH ,AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT TEAM ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSING ,FOOD POVERTY ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,RURAL ,ECONOMIC REGIONS ,INCOME GROWTH ,SOCIAL SPENDING ,POVERTY LINE ,SAVINGS ,POVERTY INDICATORS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,POVERTY CHANGES ,POVERTY RATE ,LACK OF INFORMATION - Abstract
This report examines Armenia’s experience in reducing poverty and raising the welfare of the least well-off in the country in the years since 2009. What households spend on consumption is an indicator of their welfare. As the economy recovered from crisis, the least well-off enjoyed some growth in consumption spending, but not as much as in the years up to 2009. Moreover, growth has become less pro-poor in relative terms because the less well-off enjoyed lower growth in consumption than the better-off. As a result, although consumption did translate into a reduction in poverty, inequality is now higher than before 2009. In 2013, 32 percent of Armenia’s population lived below the national poverty line, a poverty rate higher than in pre-crisis years but down from the high of 35.8 percent in 2010. In fact, between 2012 and 2013, poverty reduction seems to have stalled. This report looks at the micro and macro aspects of Armenia’s poverty reduction experience to: (a) describe the key features of post-crisis poverty, inequality, and consumption growth; (b) examine the drivers of poverty reduction in this period; and (c) explore reasons why future growth might not be as pro-poor as in the past.
- Published
- 2015
45. Women Left Behind? : Poverty and Headship in Africa
- Author
-
Milazzo, Annamaria and van de Walle, Dominique
- Subjects
MEASURES ,POPULATION STUDIES ,MIGRANT ,POOR LIVING ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,FEMALE EDUCATION ,FOOD POLICY ,POOR ,FEMALE- HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,POPULATION ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,WORLD POPULATION ,AGE DISTRIBUTION ,WOMEN ,URBANIZATION ,STATUS OF WOMEN ,POVERTY RATES ,INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,POVERTY ,POPULATIONS ,SINGLE MOTHERS ,BULLETIN ,KIDS ,AGE AT MARRIAGE ,LIVING STANDARDS ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,IMPACT ON CHILDREN ,FEWER YEARS OF EDUCATION ,IMPACT OF AIDS ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,ARMED CONFLICT ,PEACE ,POPULATION DIVISION ,SANITATION ,TRANSFERS ,EXTENDED FAMILY ,FERTILITY ,MARRIED WOMEN ,SINGLE MOTHERHOOD ,SOCIAL AFFAIRS ,PROGRESS ,VULNERABILITY ,LEGAL RIGHTS ,POPULATION ESTIMATES ,MORTALITY ,SOCIAL NORMS ,FIRST MARRIAGE ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,DEPENDENCY RATIOS ,POVERTY INCREASE ,SMALLER HOUSEHOLDS ,CULTURAL CHANGE ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,SCHOOL YEAR ,INFANT ,SOCIAL IMPACT ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,NEWBORN ,SURVIVAL ADVANTAGE ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,FAMILY STRUCTURE ,DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE ,TARGETING ,SANITATION FACILITIES ,URBAN POPULATION ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,KINSHIP ,POVERTY ASSESSMENTS ,EDUCATION OF WOMEN ,MINORITY ,POVERTY COMPARISONS ,FEMALE LABOR FORCE ,SPOUSE ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,POVERTY MEASURES ,DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,MARRIAGE ,POPULATION COUNCIL ,ECONOMIC CHANGES ,WOMAN ,DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ,REMITTANCES ,FOOD SECURITY ,ECONOMIC STATUS ,POLICIES ,POLICY ,AIDS ,GENDER INEQUALITY ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ,POOR PEOPLE ,NUTRITION ,SEX ,RESPECT ,AIDS DEATHS ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,MIGRATION ,POLYGAMY ,DEPENDENCY RATIO ,CURRENT POPULATION ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,POLICY RESEARCH ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,FAMILY WELFARE ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,KNOWLEDGE ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,LABOR MARKETS ,UNIONS ,CONFLICT ,FAMILY FORMATION ,DIVORCE ,MARITAL STATUS ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,HIV ,RURAL ,POVERTY LINE ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,LOCAL ECONOMY ,LABOR FORCE ,HIV INFECTION ,FEMALE LIFE EXPECTANCY ,URBAN AREAS ,CHILD MORTALITY ,HUSBANDS - Abstract
This paper is motivated by two stylized facts about poverty in Africa: female-headed households tend to be poorer, and poverty has been falling in the aggregate since the 1990s. These facts raise two questions: How have female-headed households fared? And what role have they played in Africas impressive recent aggregate growth and poverty reduction? Using data covering the entire region, the paper reexamines the current prevalence and characteristics of female-headed households, and asks whether their prevalence has been rising over time, what factors have been associated with such changes since the mid-1990s, and whether poverty has fallen equi-proportionately for male- and female-headed households. Rising gross domestic product has dampened rising female headship. However, other subtle transformations occurring across Africa—changes in marriage behavior, family formation, health, and education—have put upward pressure on female headship, with the result that the share of female-headed households has been growing. This has been happening alongside declining aggregate poverty incidence. However, rather than being left behind, female-headed households have generally seen faster poverty reduction. As a whole, this group has contributed almost as much to the reduction in poverty as male-headed households, despite the smaller share of female-headed households in the population.
- Published
- 2015
46. Global Poverty Goals and Prices : How Purchasing Power Parity Matters
- Author
-
Jolliffe, Dean Mitchell and Prydz, Espen Beer
- Subjects
MEASURES ,POPULATION LIVING IN EXTREME POVERTY ,AVERAGE GROWTH RATE ,CITIES ,GROWTH RATES ,CROSS COUNTRY ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,WELFARE MEASURE ,EXCHANGE RATES ,COLLABORATIVE EFFORT ,INFLATION ,POOR COUNTRIES ,EXTREME POVERTY LINE ,NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ,POOR ,POPULATION ,INCOME ,CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ,POVERTY RATES ,INFLATION RATE ,POVERTY ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,MEAN VALUE ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,RESEARCH GROUP ,DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ,GROWTH ,SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ,BASIC NEEDS ,LOW POVERTY RATES ,LIVING STANDARDS ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,COUNTRY–SPECIFIC ,DEVELOPING WORLD ,POVERTY PROFILE ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,REDUCED POVERTY ,POVERTY LEVEL ,CONSUMPTION ,GDP PER CAPITA ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,INCOME LEVELS ,RELATIVE PRICES ,MEASURING POVERTY ,NATIONAL POVERTY RATE ,EXTREME POVERTY LINES ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,POVERTY INCREASES ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,DEFINITIONS OF POVERTY ,COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POVERTY ,DECLINE IN POVERTY ,NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,CONSUMPTION DATA ,DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,REGIONAL PROFILE ,UNDERSTANDING OF POVERTY ,POVERTY MEASURES ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,AVERAGE GROWTH ,COUNTRY LEVEL ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,PURCHASING POWER PARITY ,AVERAGE INCOME ,REGIONS ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,EXCHANGE RATE ,POOR PEOPLE ,CURRENCY ,COST OF LIVING ,DATA QUALITY ,POVERTY DATA ,RURAL PRICES ,INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ,PPP ,PUBLIC POLICY ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,GLOBAL LEVEL ,POLICY RESEARCH ,REGION ,POVERTY INDICATOR ,GROWTH RATE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION ,POVERTY LINES ,POVERTY THRESHOLD ,INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS ,ECONOMICS ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,RURAL ,POVERTY LINE ,CAPITA INCOME ,CURRENCY EXCHANGE ,MEAN INCOME ,HEADCOUNT RATIO ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,RICH COUNTRIES ,URBAN AREAS ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,LOCAL CURRENCY ,WEIGHT ,POVERTY RATE ,DATA COLLECTION - Abstract
With the recent release of the 2011 purchasing power parity (PPP) data from the International Comparison Program (ICP), analysts and institutions are confronted with the question of whether and how to use them for global poverty estimation. The previous round of PPP data from 2005 led to a large increase in the estimated number of poor in the world. The 2011 price data suggest that developing countries’ incomes in PPP-adjusted dollars are significantly higher than indicated by the 2005 PPP data. This has created the anticipation that the new PPP data will decrease significantly the count of poor people in the world. This paper presents evidence that if the global poverty line is updated with the 2011 PPP data based on the same set of national poverty lines that define the $1.25 line in 2005 PPPs, and if the 2011 PPP conversion factors are used without adjustments to selected countries, the 2011 poverty rate is within half a percentage point of the current global estimate based on 2005 PPPs. The analysis also indicates that the goal of ‘ending’ extreme poverty by 2030 continues to be an ambitious one.
- Published
- 2015
47. An Update on Poverty and Inequality in Albania : Nine Stylized Facts
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
MEASURES ,REDUCTION IN POVERTY ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,REGIONAL POVERTY LINES ,GROWTH RATES ,MEAN GROWTH ,POINT ESTIMATES ,POOR POPULATION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,CENTRAL REGION ,HIGH POVERTY ,CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE ,EXTREME POVERTY LINE ,NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ,GINI INDEX ,POOR ,PROGRAMMATIC POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,HEADCOUNT POVERTY ,PRIVATE TRANSFERS ,POVERTY RATES ,POOR INDIVIDUALS ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,POVERTY ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,WELFARE MONITORING ,GROWTH ,GINI COEFFICIENT ,CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING ,REDUCING POVERTY ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,LIVING STANDARDS ,ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ,HIGHER INEQUALITY ,REGIONAL AVERAGE ,TRANSFERS ,ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ,RURAL POVERTY ,MOUNTAIN AREAS ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POOR ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,LABOR MARKET ,SAFETY NET ,POVERTY SEVERITY ,FOOD POVERTY LINE ,DISTRIBUTION EFFECT ,CONSUMPTION ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,RISKS ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY RATE ,POVERTY INCREASE ,ANNUAL GROWTH ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,POVERTY INCREASES ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION ,POVERTY GAP ,DECLINE IN POVERTY ,RURAL POPULATION ,POVERTY POVERTY ,DATA ISSUES ,PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE ,CONSUMPTION DATA ,URBAN POVERTY ,EMPLOYMENT STATUS ,URBAN POOR ,SQUARED POVERTY GAP ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,REGIONS ,GROWTH EFFECT ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,HEALTH CARE ,POOR PEOPLE ,POPULATION SHARE ,REGIONAL POVERTY ,POPULATION GROUP ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,PENSION INCOME ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,NON-POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ECONOMIC SHOCK ,PER CAPITA GROWTH ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,REGION ,GROWTH RATE ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY LINES ,EDUCATION LEVEL ,CONSUMPTION GROWTH ,POVERTY LEVELS ,COASTAL REGION ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSING ,FOOD POVERTY ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,POVERTY LINE ,COASTAL REGIONS ,CAPITA INCOME ,LABOR FORCE ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE ,URBAN AREAS ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,POVERTY CHANGES ,POVERTY RATE - Abstract
This note presents 9 stylized facts that emerge related to the evolution of poverty and inequality over the 2002 to 2012 period, especially from 2008 to 2012, as well as some insights into the drivers of poverty changes. It complements existing work on monitoring and understanding shared prosperity – the second corporate goal of the World Bank along with reducing poverty - in Albania and the Western Balkans. Albania poverty estimates are based on the Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS). The LSMS is conducted by the Albania Statistics Office (INSTAT) with donor funding and has been carried out in 2002, 2005, 2008 and recently in 2012.
- Published
- 2015
48. Rwanda Poverty Assessment
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
MEASURES ,LAND – SIZE ,NONFARM INCOME ,FEMALE -HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,FARM EMPLOYMENT ,LAND QUALITY ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,FARM SECTOR ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ,ROSCAS ,POVERTY MAP ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,RURAL PROVINCES ,EXTREMELY POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,FOOD POLICY ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,INCIDENCE ANALYSIS ,EXTREME POVERTY LINE ,POOR ,FEMALE- HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,FOOD AVAILABILITY ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,LANDHOLDINGS ,FARM INCOME ,FOOD BASKET ,LAND SIZE ,FOOD INSECURITY ,PRIVATE TRANSFERS ,POVERTY RATES ,NUTRITIONAL STATUS ,CHRONIC MALNUTRITION ,MALNUTRITION ,AGRICULTURAL YIELDS ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,FARM ACTIVITIES ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,LIVESTOCK INCOME ,FARM WORK ,HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,INADEQUATE FOOD ,EXTREME POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,WAR ,FARMERS ,LACK OF EDUCATION ,POVERTY REDUCING ,CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING ,RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,POOR HOUSEHOLD ,POOR DISTRICTS ,HIGHER INEQUALITY ,LAND OWNERSHIP ,FARM-GATE ,SOCIAL PROTECTIONS ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,SANITATION ,AGRICULTURAL CHANGE ,POVERTY PROFILE ,FARM ACTIVITY ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL AREAS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,RURAL POOR ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME DIVERSIFICATION ,HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICS ,POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,RURAL WORKERS ,DRINKING WATER ,FOOD INTAKE ,HOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDS ,NUTRITION OUTCOMES ,FOOD POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,POVERTY INDEX ,RISKS ,CALORIE INTAKE ,CLEAN WATER ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,CROP PRODUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,RURAL INCOMES ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPER ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,POVERTY GAP ,AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ,RURAL POPULATION ,TARGETING ,POVERTY POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,POVERTY TARGET ,REMOTE AREAS ,POVERTY MAPS ,FARM SELF- EMPLOYMENT ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,HIGH INEQUALITY ,FAMINE ,IRRIGATION ,FARM WORKERS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,FARM SELF-EMPLOYMENT ,ASSET HOLDINGS ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,POVERTY MEASURES ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,FOOD SECURITY ,DEATH ,FARMLAND ,CHILD NUTRITION ,POOR CHILDREN ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,AGRICULTURAL INPUTS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,NUTRITION ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,RURAL AREA ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX ,CORRELATES OF POVERTY ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,FOOD AID ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,POVERTY LINES ,AGRICULTURAL WAGE ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,POVERTY LEVELS ,CONFLICT ,INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,INEQUALITY REDUCTION ,FOOD POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,INCOME RISK ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ,POVERTY LINE ,SAVINGS ,POVERTY INDICATORS ,FARM SELF -EMPLOYMENT ,PUBLIC WORKS ,RURAL SECTORS ,CHILD MORTALITY ,POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,EQUITABLE ACCESS - Abstract
The last poverty assessment for Rwanda was conducted in 1997. Three years after the genocide, the country was characterized by deep and widespread poverty, rock-bottom health indicators, and pervasive hunger and food insecurity. In real terms, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was lower than it had been in 1960. In real terms, the economy quadrupled between 1995 and 2013. Enrolment in primary school is near universal and infant and child mortality are among the lowest in Africa. A large part of the population, including the extreme poor, is covered by public health insurance. This poverty assessment focuses on the evolution of poverty and other social indicators over the past decade (2000-1 and 2010-11). Using data from a variety of sources, mainly the three household living standards surveys (EICV) and the three demographic and health surveys (DHS) conducted during the past decade, the poverty assessment documents trends in monetary and non-monetary dimensions of living standards and examines the drivers of observed trends. The aim of the poverty assessment is to provide policy makers and development partners with information and analysis that can be used to improve the effectiveness of their poverty reduction and social programs.
- Published
- 2015
49. Tanzania Mainland Poverty Assessment
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
MEASURES ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE ,RURAL SECTOR ,FOOD PRICE ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,FEMALE EDUCATION ,FOOD POLICY ,RURAL LABOR ,WATER AND SANITATION ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,AGRICULTURAL LAND ,EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN ,POOR ,RURAL ECONOMY ,SAFETY NETS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,LABOR MARKET POLICIES ,RURAL POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,LANDHOLDINGS ,FOOD BASKET ,FOOD INSECURITY ,POVERTY RATES ,MALNUTRITION ,FOOD PRICES ,RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,FARM ACTIVITIES ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,RURAL EQUALITY ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES ,RURAL PEOPLE ,FOOD ITEMS ,FARMERS ,RURAL COMMUNITY ,POOR HOUSEHOLD ,LIVING STANDARDS ,RURAL COUNTERPARTS ,HIGHER INEQUALITY ,LAND OWNERSHIP ,LAND PRODUCTIVITY ,POVERTY PERSISTENCE ,POVERTY PROFILE ,TRANSFERS ,CASH CROPS ,POOR HEALTH ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL DIFFERENCES ,RURAL POOR ,ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA ,ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES ,POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,POVERTY SEVERITY ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,DRINKING WATER ,FOOD POVERTY LINE ,SUBSISTENCE FARMERS ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,POVERTY ERADICATION ,POVERTY INDEX ,RISKS ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,CROP PRODUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,FOOD GOODS ,RURAL RESIDENCE ,POVERTY GAP ,RURAL POPULATION ,HUMAN CAPITAL ENDOWMENTS ,TARGETING ,RURAL POOR PEOPLE ,POVERTY POVERTY ,RURAL MARKETS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,IMPACT ON POVERTY ,RURAL INEQUALITY ,FOOD EXPENDITURES ,AGRICULTURAL DECLINE ,POVERTY SITUATION ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,EMPLOYMENT STATUS ,POVERTY MAPPING ,IDIOSYNCRATIC SHOCKS ,IRRIGATION ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,RISK SHARING ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,FOOD NEEDS ,POVERTY MEASURES ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,DEATH ,INCOME SHARES ,RURAL FAMILY ,POOR FAMILIES ,DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN ,MONEY TRANSFERS ,CHILD NUTRITION ,CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ,POOR PEOPLE ,DISADVANTAGED GROUPS ,INSURANCE ,NUTRITION ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,INCOME TRANSFERS ,CORRELATES OF POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,FEMALE EMPOWERMENT ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,RURAL GAP ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,FOOD CROPS ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,RURAL DWELLERS ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,POVERTY LINES ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,POVERTY LEVELS ,ELIMINATION OF POVERTY ,FOOD SHORTAGE ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,INEQUALITY REDUCTION ,FOOD POVERTY ,FOOD PRODUCTS ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,RURAL ,WATER QUALITY ,INCOME GROWTH ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ,INCOME GAINS ,INCOME QUINTILE ,POVERTY LINE ,SAVINGS ,POVERTY INDICATORS ,POOR FARMERS ,RURAL SECTORS ,POVERTY HEAD ,CHILD MORTALITY ,ILLITERACY ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,RURAL WOMEN ,DISADVANTAGED AREAS ,POOR ECONOMIC GROWTH ,POOR POPULATIONS - Abstract
Since the early 2000s, Tanzania has seen remarkable economic growth and strong resilience to external shocks. Yet these achievements were overshadowed by the slow response of poverty to the growing economy. Until 2007, the poverty rate in Tanzania remained stagnant at around 34 percent despite a robust growth at an annualized rate of approximately 7 percent. This apparent disconnect between growth and poverty reduction has raised concerns among policy makers and researchers, leading to a consensus that this mismatch needed to be addressed with a sense of urgency. Over the past few years, the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA) in Tanzania has given high priority to eradicating extreme poverty and promoting broad-based growth. Achieving pro-poor growth has also been widely recognized by the World Bank as a critical strategy for accelerating progress toward its twin goals of eliminating extreme poverty at the global level by 2030 and boosting shared prosperity by fostering income growth among the bottom 40 percent in every country. The official poverty figures announced by the government in November 2013 have revealed that the national strategy against poverty has begun to facilitate reductions. The basic needs poverty rate has declined from around 34 percent to 28.2 percent between 2007 and 2012, the first significant decline in the last 20 years. Identifying the policy mechanisms that have helped to increase the participation of the poor in the growth process and to speed pro-poor growth is therefore important for present and future decision-making in Tanzania on how best to eradicate poverty. Such task requires a rigorous analysis of the evolution of poverty and of the linkages between poverty, inequality, and economic growth. This report uses the availability of the new Tanzanian Household Budget Survey (HBS) for 2011 and 2012, as well as the new rebased GDP figures released in December 2014, as an opportunity to address these issues. More specifically, the report examines the recent trends in poverty and inequality and their determinants and explores how responsive poverty reduction was to economic growth and the obstacles to achieving it.
- Published
- 2015
50. Tanzania Poverty Assessment
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
MEASURES ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE ,RURAL SECTOR ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,FOOD PRICE ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,FEMALE EDUCATION ,FOOD POLICY ,RURAL LABOR ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,AGRICULTURAL LAND ,EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN ,POOR ,RURAL ECONOMY ,SAFETY NETS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,LABOR MARKET POLICIES ,RURAL POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,LANDHOLDINGS ,FOOD BASKET ,FOOD INSECURITY ,POVERTY RATES ,CHRONIC MALNUTRITION ,MALNUTRITION ,FOOD PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,WELFARE INDICATORS ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES ,RURAL PEOPLE ,FOOD ITEMS ,FARMERS ,RURAL COMMUNITY ,POOR HOUSEHOLD ,RURAL COUNTERPARTS ,HIGHER INEQUALITY ,LAND OWNERSHIP ,LAND PRODUCTIVITY ,POVERTY PERSISTENCE ,POVERTY PROFILE ,TRANSFERS ,CASH CROPS ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,RURAL DIFFERENCES ,RURAL POOR ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA ,POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,POVERTY SEVERITY ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,DRINKING WATER ,FOOD POVERTY LINE ,SUBSISTENCE FARMERS ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,POVERTY ERADICATION ,POVERTY INDEX ,RISKS ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,CROP PRODUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,FOOD GOODS ,RURAL RESIDENCE ,POVERTY GAP ,RURAL POPULATION ,HUMAN CAPITAL ENDOWMENTS ,TARGETING ,RURAL POOR PEOPLE ,POVERTY POVERTY ,RURAL MARKETS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,IMPACT ON POVERTY ,RURAL INEQUALITY ,FOOD EXPENDITURES ,POVERTY MAPS ,POVERTY SITUATION ,EMPLOYMENT STATUS ,POVERTY MAPPING ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,IDIOSYNCRATIC SHOCKS ,IRRIGATION ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,RISK SHARING ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,FOOD NEEDS ,POVERTY MEASURES ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,FOOD SECURITY ,DEATH ,INCOME SHARES ,RURAL FAMILY ,POOR FAMILIES ,DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN ,MONEY TRANSFERS ,CHILD NUTRITION ,CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ,POOR PEOPLE ,DISADVANTAGED GROUPS ,INSURANCE ,NUTRITION ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,INCOME TRANSFERS ,CORRELATES OF POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,FEMALE EMPOWERMENT ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,RURAL GAP ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,FOOD CROPS ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,GLOBAL MARKETS ,RURAL DWELLERS ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,POVERTY LINES ,EGALITARIAN DISTRIBUTION ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ,POVERTY LEVELS ,ELIMINATION OF POVERTY ,FOOD SHORTAGE ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,INEQUALITY REDUCTION ,FOOD POVERTY ,FOOD PRODUCTS ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ,INCOME GAINS ,INCOME QUINTILE ,POVERTY LINE ,SAVINGS ,POVERTY INDICATORS ,POOR FARMERS ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,RURAL SECTORS ,CHILD MORTALITY ,ILLITERACY ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,RURAL WOMEN ,DISADVANTAGED AREAS ,POOR ECONOMIC GROWTH ,POOR POPULATIONS - Abstract
Since the early 2000s, Tanzania has seen remarkable economic growth and strong resilience to external shocks. Yet these achievements were overshadowed by the slow response of poverty to the growing economy. Until 2007, the poverty rate in Tanzania remained stagnant at around 34 percent despite a robust growth at an annualized rate of approximately 7 percent. This apparent disconnect between growth and poverty reduction has raised concerns among policy makers and researchers, leading to a consensus that this mismatch needed to be addressed with a sense of urgency. Over the past few years, the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA) in Tanzania has given high priority to eradicating extreme poverty and promoting broad-based growth. Achieving pro-poor growth has also been widely recognized by the World Bank as a critical strategy for accelerating progress toward its twin goals of eliminating extreme poverty at the global level by 2030 and boosting shared prosperity by fostering income growth among the bottom 40 percent in every country. The official poverty figures announced by the government in November 2013 have revealed that the national strategy against poverty has begun to facilitate reductions. The basic needs poverty rate has declined from around 34 percent to 28.2 percent between 2007 and 2012, the first significant decline in the last 20 years. Identifying the policy mechanisms that have helped to increase the participation of the poor in the growth process and to speed pro-poor growth is therefore important for present and future decision-making in Tanzania on how best to eradicate poverty. Such task requires a rigorous analysis of the evolution of poverty and of the linkages between poverty, inequality, and economic growth. This report uses the availability of the new Tanzanian Household Budget Survey (HBS) for 2011 and 2012, as well as the new rebased GDP figures released in December 2014, as an opportunity to address these issues. More specifically, the report examines the recent trends in poverty and inequality and their determinants and explores how responsive poverty reduction was to economic growth and the obstacles to achieving it.
- Published
- 2015
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