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The farming of animals is one of the largest industries, with animal food products, milk, and dairy being crucial components of the global economy. However, zoonotic bacterial diseases, including brucellosis, pose significant risks to human health. The goal of this research is to develop a mathematical model to understand the spread of brucellosis in cattle populations, utilizing the Caputo-Fabrizio operator to control the disease's incidence rate. The existence and uniqueness of the model's solution are ensured through the Lipschitz conditions, the contraction mapping theorem, and the application of the kernel properties of the Caputo-Fabrizio operator. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the impact of various factors on the disease's progression. This study performs a realistic stability analysis of both global and local stability at the disease-free and the endemic equilibrium point which give a more accurate understanding of the dynamism and behavior of the system. Stability analysis is performed using Picard stability in Banach spaces, and Lagrange's interpolation formula is employed to obtain initial approximations for successive fractional orders. The findings of this study demonstrate that fractional orders, along with memory effects, play a crucial role in describing the transmission dynamics of brucellosis. Sensitivity analysis helps identify the parameters most critical to the infection rate, providing essential data for potential control measures. The results highlight the applicability of the Caputo-Fabrizio operator in modeling the transmission of infectious diseases like brucellosis and offer a strong foundation for controlling disease spread within communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Pakistan witnessed five waves of COVID-19 infections during the pandemic. Punjab, the largest province of Pakistan, remained the epicentre due to a high infection rate. Administrative data for five waves of the pandemic was analyzed to determine the rate of infections and the significance of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions on the severity and duration of infection. Methodology COVID-19 data from March 2020 to May 2023 was obtained from the Provincial Public Health Reference Laboratory (PPHRL), Punjab AIDS Control Program, Lahore. The data included samples from index cases, contacts, and recovered patients. A total of 36,252,48 cases were screened for COVID-19, and 90,923 (2.50%) were detected positive by RT-PCR, accounting for 5.69% of the cases reported positive throughout the country. Results Among the positive cases, 50.86% (n = 46,244) cases were new cases (registered for the first time), 40.41% (n = 36751) were the contact cases traced from the newly identified cases and 8.62% (n = 7842) repeated cases. The positivity rates among index cases were reported to be 2.37%, 2.34%, 4.61%, 2.09%, and 1.19%, respectively, for the five respective COVID-19 pandemic waves. Distribution by gender indicated that 64% of males and 35% of females were infected during the pandemic. The age factor demonstrated the most susceptibility to infection in women aged 19-29 years, whereas most males between the ages of 29-39 had an infection. Susceptibility to COVID-19 infection was observed to be equally likely between males and females; however, clinical outcomes indicated that infections in males were more severe and often resulted in fatalities as compared to those in females. This trend was also reflected in the viral titer as measured by the Ct values, where 40% of males had Ct values < 25 (an indicator of high viral titers) compared to 30% of females with Ct values < 25. Conclusion Overall, our data indicated that infection rates remained stable throughout the pandemic except for 3rd wave, which showed a higher incidence of infection rate of 4%. Additionally, data showed a positive impact of masking, social distancing, and immunization, as indicated by the shorter window of high infection rates.

The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, unfavorable working conditions, and assessment of occupational injuries among sawmill workers. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, measurement of handgrip strength, working environment, and occupational injuries were assessed among 135 sawmill workers participating in the study. The data showed that sawmill workers complained of discomfort (pain) felt primarily in the low back region of the body followed by the shoulders, hands, knees, upper back, and wrist. This study indicated that sawmill workers had less handgrip strength due to more intense manual work than control subjects. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that sawmill workers were highly affected due to working in an awkward posture with manual material handling for an extended period of time and that these factors may lead to work-related musculoskeletal disorders as well as occupational injuries. Proper training, a proper work-rest schedule, and modifications of some working procedures may reduce injuries and work-related musculoskeletal pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The benchmarking for medication incidents rate is not regarded as a recognized key performance measure or indicator in national or international organizations. The absence of benchmarking the medication incidents results in the loss of a self-governing perception of how well we performed compared to other peers. Methodology and settings: This 600-bed tertiary, Joint Commission International (JCI) accredited hospital retrospective analysis looked at all medication management-related events from January-2018 to December-2021. The study design follows descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective prevalence research. Results: The rate of medication incidents that resulted in harm declined from Q3-2019 to Q4-2021. A significant increase in Pharmacy interventions/clarifications was recorded. Additionally, a significant increase in incidents reported with no-harm coupled with a significant reduction in incidences of serious events from 2019 to 2020. Finally, no-harm events were significantly reduced from 2020 to 2021. Discussion: The Pharmacy's study analyzed every medication incident documented from 2019 to 2021. 99.7% of reported incidents were classified as no-harm (near misses). There was an exponential decrease from Q1-2020 to Q1-202. A significant increase in incidents fell in the category of (near misses) with no-harm and a significant reduction in serious events. Pharmacy interventions/clarifications saw a massive increase and impact from Q3-2018 to Q2-2019, compared to the same period in 2018. By preventing medical incidents, benchmarking, and analyzing incidents and the reporting system, the use of information technology could dramatically reduce the rate of drug incidents. Conclusion: This study found that benchmarking medication incidents is valuable, as it can help identify areas where improvements can be made, implement strategies to improve safety, and track progress over time. The benchmark was recommended to be below 100 incidents for every 10,000 prescriptions/orders processed, and for E-I categories, below one incident for every 10,000 prescriptions/orders processed. This will help develop a worldwide standard with an absolved culture with non-punitive consequences.

Occupational safety is generally known to be low in forestry work. A similar situation may be found in Southeast Asian countries, where health and safety aspects are not commonly taken care of so rigorously. However, there is also a lack of primary data which could be suitable for evaluating such issues. The auditing reports of FCS certification are a source of useful information to evaluate and analyze health and safety concerns in forestry work. This paper addressed the coverage of available information, classified the risk factors uniformly from different certifying body criteria, compared occurrence of risk factors in groups and checked for dependencies in data. The key findings are that the main issues were those related to the organizations' failures to protect the workers and to the lack of awareness of safety. In turn, these may explain the high incidence of forestry-related work accidents in Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incident rate has been widely used to indicate safety performance. The incident rate of a company can be compared with the national or international incident rate within similar industry or among different types of industries. The comparison is particularly very useful as a safety benchmark to gauge performance with other companies in the same business area. However, many existing methods produce the annual incident rate, which has been formulated on an annual basis. This will lead to incompatibility of the method used in calculating the incident rate for a project that runs for a specific period. This is because the annual incident rate does not consider the duration of the project; it becomes less meaningful in indicating the safety performance of project-based activities such as those in construction industries. The proposed method which is Project-Based Incident Rate (PIR) is found to be able to reflect the actual situation of project-based companies better than the existing annual incident rate method, and it is also can be expressed both on a monthly and yearly basis.

Background: Jombang District is an endemic area of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Purpose: The aim of this study was to spatially analyze various factors simultaneously (multivariate analysis) in relation to the incidence of DHF in Jombang District during the period 2014–2018. The factors studied were population density, larvae free index, rainfall, coverage of healthy homes, and healthy lifestyle coverage. Methods: The research was conducted as an observational study with an ecology research design. The data were secondary data from the Health Office and Statistic Central Bureau of Jombang District. The population consisted of 21 sub-districts in Jombang District in 2014–2018. The sample used the total population. The data analysis tool used in this study was GeoDa regression Moran's I software. Results: The bivariate analysis showed that there was a correlation between larvae free index (p = 0.04), healthy lifestyle coverage (p = 0.02), rainfall intensity (p = 0.20), population density (p = 0.07), and coverage of healthy houses (p = 0.22) with DHF incidence. According to Moran's I for spatial dependence (multivariate analysis), showed that there was a correlation between all the variables and DHF (p = 0.03). Conclusions: The variables of larvae free index and healthy lifestyle coverage related to the Incidence Rate (IR) of DHF cases. There was no correlation between IR and variable population density, rainfall, or coverage of healthy homes. Various spatial factors are simultaneously related to IR, even though only two variables are shown to be related to IR in the bivariate analysis.

Objective: The relationship between autoimmune rheumatic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, and carpal tunnel syndrome is unclear. We aimed to survey the occurrence and characteristics of carpal tunnel syndrome in autoimmune rheumatic diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases, compared with the general population. Methods: We used the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2015 from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients diagnosed with autoimmune rheumatic diseases/inflammatory bowel diseases were identified. The incidence rates and surgical rates of carpal tunnel syndrome among individual diseases were calculated. The hazard ratios when compared with age and sex matched, and 1: 1 ratio control groups were surveyed. Results: A total of 2591 women and 701 men were identified. The incidence rate of carpal tunnel syndrome was highest in Crohn disease (1001 per 100,000 person-years, 95% confidence interval = 0-2747), followed by scleroderma and Sjögren syndrome. The incidence rate in the control group was 571 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval = 314-829). Significantly increased adjusted hazard ratios were seen in Sjögren syndrome (1.44, 95% confidence interval = 1.09-1.90) and rheumatic arthritis (1.33, 95% confidence interval = 1.05-1.70). The overall surgical rate was 0.2% in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases/inflammatory bowel diseases and 0.3% in the control group, without a significant difference (P = 0.85). Conclusions: Patients with Sjögren syndrome and rheumatic arthritis are susceptible to carpal tunnel syndrome. Patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases/inflammatory bowel diseases have similar surgical rates as general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child labor is an infraction of fundamental human rights, and it prevents the children's physical, psychosocial, and psychological development. In India, children have been working in different unorganized sectors as paid laborers. Children were found performing a fair amount of manual, rigorous tasks in the brickfield industry due to socioeconomic disadvantages. Child brickfield workers suffered from musculoskeletal pain and injuries due to working with a heavy physical workload, which hampers the overall quality of life. A study had been conducted among these child brickfield laborers from India during 2011–2017. The study found laceration (38.7% male and 36.9% female) as the primary injury followed by sprain and strain, scratches, avulsion, and fractures among child brickfield workers. The study shows that child workers are highly prone to injuries, mainly toe (23.9% male and 28.1% female), hands (22.0% male and 23.4% female), wrists, feet, ankles, and fingers. The injury rate among male and female child brickfield laborers was 7.64 and 9.52 per 1000 workers. The primary source of injuries in brickfields was due to falling from height. Several risk factors, including biomechanical, work stress, may play a key role in work-related injuries among child brickfield laborers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease caused by the dengue virus which spreads more widely and the morbidity rate increases every year in East Java Province. DHF transmitting vector is widespread in residential areas and in public places, population density, population mobility, increasing urbanization. Purpose: This study aims to describe the number of cases, Incidence Rate (IR), Case Fatality Rate (CFR), and the peak incidence of DHF in East Java Province in 2015-2017. Method: This study is a descriptive approach study with a population that is all East Java residents who are at risk of suffering from dengue. This study uses a total population technique that involves all DHF cases recorded in the East Java Provincial Health Profile for 2015-2017. The data used are secondary data obtained from the Health Profile of East Java Province in 2015-2017, namely the number of DHF cases, gender, morbidity and mortality rates due to DHF. Data were analyzed using IR and CFR formulas. Results: The number of DHF cases in East Java in 2015 to 2017 fluctuated. DHF morbidity rates have increased in 2016 while 2017 has decreased. The mortality rate in East Java in 2015-2017 has decreased. DHF events often occur in male sex. Conclusion: DHF is a vector-borne disease with rapid spread. The occurrence of dengue hemorrhagic fever every year there is an increase in cases and deaths of almost all districts / cities in East Java.

Background: School urinary screening has been performed in Japan. Methods: Ikeda City and Toyono Town introduced, in 2012 and 2013, urinary protein/creatinine (Cr) ratio measurement into the urine-screening protocols designed for students aged between 4 and 15 years. For each student whose urinary protein/Cr ratio was ≥ 0.15 g/gCr (positive case), an appointment was made with a specialist at Ikeda City Hospital. The results of these screening urinalyses conducted through 2018 are summarized. Results: 14,606 junior high and elementary school students aged between 6 and 15 years were included. On average, they underwent 4.16 screening tests. 77 positive cases were detected, and seven students were diagnosed with high-risk chronic kidney disease (CKD). Of these, four underwent renal biopsy, and two, one, and one were diagnosed with IgA nephropathy, MPGN, and FSGS, respectively. In three students, detection of CKD would have been difficult without urinary screening. Incident rates of high-risk CKD and IgA nephropathy are estimated as 11.5 and 3.3 cases/100,000 students/year. 78.0% of positive cases without high-risk CKD showed no urinary abnormality after one year. 2301 kindergarten students aged between 4 and 6 years received an average of 1.74 screening urinalyses; none was positive or high-risk CKD. The estimated cost of detecting one high-risk CKD student whose detection would have been difficult without this screening was 3,156,711 Japanese yen. Conclusion: School urinary screening using the urinary protein/Cr ratio can efficiently refer to a specialist. It detects a few children with high-risk CKD early with spending high cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study can be viewed as a preliminary exploration of using regression analysis to evaluate long-run traffic management system performance. Four main traffic management systemsin the Twin Cities metro area --- Ramp Metering System, Variable Message Signs (VMS), Highway Helper Program, and High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) System were evaluated based on multiple regression models. Link speed and incident rate were employed as the response variable separately. Consequently, regression analysis can be a simple and effective research method for testing the macroscopic association between traffic management and traffic system performance; however, additional research is still necessary to obtain an overall evaluation of each of the traffic management systems. Furthermore, improvements could be made through model improvement, adding relevant predictor variables, and decreasing data-limitations.

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Bluebird House is a mixed-gender adolescent medium-secure forensic unit. There is a paucity of data available about this unique patient group. We aimed to explore the demographic, clinical and personality characteristics of the first 100 patients admitted to a mixed-gender adolescent medium-secure forensic unit. We used a retrospective cross-sectional study of the first 100 consecutive patients admitted to Bluebird House. Demographic and clinical data were collected from the medical notes including the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory. The first 100 young people admitted to an adolescent medium-secure unit have had very high incident rates, particularly amongst the females. Incident rate was correlated with a history of sexual assault in female patients. The males were more likely to have been referred from custody and more likely to have a diagnosis of psychosis or autism. We describe similarities and differences to the first 100 admissions admitted to the first secure psychiatric unit for adolescents in Manchester over 20 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a cohort of 4,225 persons living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection (PLWH) enrolled at a southeastern US clinic, the overall rate of incident herpes zoster (HZ) was 101 per 10,000 person-years (PY) between January 1999 and 2017, which nearly quadruples the rate reported for the general US population. In the same cohort, the median age of HZ diagnosis was 39.5 years [interquartile range (IQR) 31.5–49.2] in African American (AA) and 39.1 years (IQR 34.9–45.2) in European American (EA) PLWH, with the highest incidence seen in PLWH who were over 50 years old (144 and 93 per 10,000 PY in AA and EA, respectively, P = 0.18), showing no bias between men (100 per 10,000 PY) and women (101 per 10,000 PY). In multivariable models that were applicable to 245 HZ cases and 3,713 controls, age, nadir CD4+ T-cell (CD4) count, plasma viral load (VL), and duration of combination antiretroviral therapy were independent correlates of incident HZ (adjusted P ≤ 0.006 for all). Regardless of other factors, viremic PLWH (VL > 50 copies/mL) was at the highest risk of HZ [adjusted odds ratio (OR) > 3.0, P

Today, aviation is immersed in a shift from old-fashioned reactive and compliance-based safety approaches towards proactive and performance-based methods and tools. Stakeholders have to monitor, gather and analyse safety-related data and information in order to anticipate and predict actual and emerging safety risks. In this context safety analytics and statistics need to evolve to forecast future safety performances and risks. This research adopts an innovative statistical approach involving the use of Bayesian inference and Hierarchical structures to develop statistical estimation and prediction models with different complexities and objectives. The study develops and analyses five Bayesian models of increasing difficulty, two basic and three Hierarchical models, which allows us to explore safety incident data, efficiently identify anomalies, assess the level of risk, define an objective framework for comparing air carriers, and finally predict and anticipate incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benchmarking for medication incidents rate is not regarded as a recognized key performance measure or indicator in national or international organizations. The absence of benchmarking the medication incidents results in the loss of a self-governing perception of how well we performed compared to other peers. This 600-bed tertiary, Joint Commission International (JCI) accredited hospital retrospective analysis looked at all medication management-related events from January-2018 to December-2021. The study design follows descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective prevalence research. The rate of medication incidents that resulted in harm declined from Q3-2019 to Q4-2021. A significant increase in Pharmacy interventions/clarifications was recorded. Additionally, a significant increase in incidents reported with no-harm coupled with a significant reduction in incidences of serious events from 2019 to 2020. Finally, no-harm events were significantly reduced from 2020 to 2021. The Pharmacy's study analyzed every medication incident documented from 2019 to 2021. 99.7% of reported incidents were classified as no-harm (near misses). There was an exponential decrease from Q1-2020 to Q1-202. A significant increase in incidents fell in the category of (near misses) with no-harm and a significant reduction in serious events. Pharmacy interventions/clarifications saw a massive increase and impact from Q3-2018 to Q2-2019, compared to the same period in 2018. By preventing medical incidents, benchmarking, and analyzing incidents and the reporting system, the use of information technology could dramatically reduce the rate of drug incidents. This study found that benchmarking medication incidents is valuable, as it can help identify areas where improvements can be made, implement strategies to improve safety, and track progress over time. The benchmark was recommended to be below 100 incidents for every 10,000 prescriptions/orders processed, and for E-I categories, below one incident for every 10,000 prescriptions/orders processed. This will help develop a worldwide standard with an absolved culture with non-punitive consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is one of the most hazardous industries with high rates of accidental death, injury and occurrences of work related illnesses. The main objective of the study is to assess types, categories and number of incident rate of the accidents along with the causes of accidents as well as with the affected parts of the different parts of the body among the agricultural workers. The number of injuries that occurred during 2006–2010 for male and female farmers was 214 and 109, respectively, in West Bengal. The leading external causes of farm injury were hand tools (64.7%)), farm machinery (29.1%) and others (6.2%). The most frequently involved tools in hand injuries were spade and sickle. Fingers of both limbs are the most affected parts of the body followed by feet, ankle, hand, wrist and lower back. From this study it was also observed that the male agricultural workers are much more affected than female agricultural workers. The incident rate among male and female agricultural workers was 8.99 per 1000 workers per year and 7.89 per 1000 workers per year, respectively. So due to injuries in both groups of agricultiral workers, their health, productivity and work performance were consequently affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We analyse wood harvesting accidents for a period of 10years in Austria. [•] An average number of 18.2days were lost per wood harvesting accident. [•] Tree felling is the most hazardous activity in logging operations. [•] Accident rate is declining, with trained young workers involved in fewer incidents compared to the older workers. [•] Safer forest operations are possible through future research and vocational training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Previous studies have overestimated the failure likelihood of CO2 pipelines. [•] This study focuses on events that could result in fatalities or injuries. [•] The incident rate is not correlated with the fatality rate. [•] An upper bound of fatality rate for CO2 pipelines is estimated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Contractors' safety performance can vary widely in the construction industry. However, it has not been well recognized that variations in safety performance could exist in the same contractor's regional offices. There is also a lack of understanding of the differences between regions and what causes these variations. This paper analyzes the safety performance of a general contractor's six major regional branches across four states after implementation of a new safety management program. The research finds apparent differences in regional incident rates (IRs) and safety violation rates (SVRs), although the shared perceptions from workers and site management personnel about how the safety program is implemented (i.e., safety climate and culture) are generally consistent companywide. This research also discloses that regional IRs, SVRs, safety climate, and culture are uncorrelated in the long term (during the 17-month study period), but have some linear relationships over a short duration (during the 4-month survey period). The correlation analysis in this study does not find a significant influence of workers' demographic characteristics and a few other potential influencing factors on regional safety performance. These findings will provide useful insights to industry practitioners who aim to achieve good, consistent safety management and performance across regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Constructing categories based on probabilities is not unusual in defining the outcome or the exposure. We compare the threshold approach and the simulation approach in making inferences. Method We used a simple structured example as well as published data to illustrate the difference between the simulation and the threshold approaches. Results We demonstrated that simulation results were different from the threshold approach in estimating the effect of a high-deductible health plan. For repeat visits, we estimated a statistically significant ratio of incident rate ratio (IRR) 0.78 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.93) for non-preventable emergency department visits using the simulation approach while the high-severity category showed no statistical significance with the ratio of IRR 0.98 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.49) using a threshold of 75%. We also demonstrated that none of the threshold values could achieve the results of the simulation approach. Conclusions The simulation approach is preferred over the threshold one when analysing data with probability-based outcome, exposure and/or other covariates if the size of the data permits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of differences in case-mix across states, state-level case-mix-adjusted end-stage renal disease (ESRD) incident rates are reported in each United States Renal Data System Annual Data Report to make the across-state comparisons valid. The adjusted rates were estimated by the direct adjustment method, a widely used method for adjusted event rate calculation, based on observed category-specific ESRD incident rates in each state (called the observation-based method). However, when some adjusting categories in a state are small, the adjusted rate and the standard error for this state as estimated by this method may be inaccurate. This report proposes a model-based method that can overcome the disadvantages of the observation-based method and can be extended to continuous adjusting variables. National ESRD incident data and national population data from 1990 to 1999 were used. State-level adjusted ESRD incident rates were estimated by both the observation- and the model-based methods. For the model-based method, a Poisson regression model was used to estimate category-specific ESRD incident rates. For large-population states, both observation- and model-based methods produced similar estimates for adjusted ESRD incident rates. For small-population states, however, the observation-based method produced year-to-year estimates of adjusted ESRD incident rates that varied considerably and also had very large standard errors. In contrast, the model-based method produced stable estimates. The model-based method can overcome the disadvantages of the observation-based method for estimating state-level adjusted ESRD incident rates, especially for small states.Kidney International (2006) 69, 1459–1463. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000299; published online 8 March 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the praxeological problems of safe and sustainable air transport (airfreight transport/air cargo, and air passenger transport) is the prevention and management of risks by competent staff, with the support of modern information and communication technologies. This paper presents an educational information model and software for the airport network and information systems risk assessment, primarily intended for aviation education and training of professionals for ensuring safe and sustainable air transport. The solution to the problem is based on the application of the fuzzy logic method in the air transport environment. Based on a fuzzy expert model, the selected scenario, and the input data established separately for airport assets by a group of 23 experts from aviation practice and a university, the following three assessments of airport network information system assets were constructed: Asset A2 (meteorological information systems) has an insignificant risk with an estimated 0.1162, and assets A1 (air traffic control and management (ATM), navigational aids and approach) and A3 (runway monitoring system) received a low risk of airport network and information systems (NIS) security with ratings of 0.2623 and 0.2915, respectively. An airport NIS risk assessment was aggregated (0.2288), indicating a low degree of security risk to the airport's network and information systems. The aggregated risk assessment of airport NIS, including financial loss data, was calculated as 0.1438, representing a low degree of security risk to the airport's network and information systems. Scenarios for evaluating airport assets are changing for students during education. The results of the developed model and its software will be part of the Simulation Center of the Faculty of Aeronautics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]