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7 results on '"POOR people"'

1. Negotiating Government-to-Government Food Importing Contracts: A Nash Bargaining Framework.

Author

Mu, Liying, Hu, Bin, Reddy, A. Amarender, and Gavirneni, Srinagesh

Subjects
DEVELOPING countries, IMPORTS, POOR people, CONTRACTS, SUPPLIERS
Abstract

Problem definition: Inspired by India's challenges in importing pulses, we study the negotiation of government-to-government food importing contracts, with a focus on ad hoc and forward negotiations with multiple suppliers (henceforth referred to as multiple-sourcing negotiations). Academic/practical relevance: We are the first to comprehensively study ad hoc and forward multiple-sourcing negotiations for food importing. Such problems are widespread, especially in developing nations, and thus the research can be relevant to the wellbeing of large underprivileged populations. Methodology: We develop an analytical negotiation model in the Nash bargaining framework and adopt the Nash-in-Nash framework to analyze multiple-sourcing negotiations. Results: We find that while forward negotiations are not necessarily better than ad hoc negotiations for the buyer, it would be true with sufficiently many suppliers. When facing a supplier pool, we show that it may be optimal to mix forward and ad hoc suppliers. In general, fewer suppliers should be assigned as ad hoc as the pool size increases. We also find that adding a hybrid supplier (engaged in a forward negotiation with an ad hoc negotiation as the fallback option) may be better or worse than adding a forward supplier in the presence of other suppliers. Managerial implications: Our findings inform how a food importer should strategically utilize ad hoc and forward negotiations with its suppliers to improve the outcome. The work may help countries' food importing policymaking and strategies and may improve the wellbeing of large underprivileged populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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2. Workers or Consumers? A Survey Experiment on the Duality of Citizens’ Interests in the Politics of Trade.

Author

Naoi, Megumi and Kume, Ikuo

Subjects
*INTERNATIONAL trade, *POOR people, *JOB security, *IMPORTS, DEVELOPED countries
Abstract

What determines the attitude of citizens toward international trade in advanced industrialized nations? The question raises an intriguing paradox for low-income citizens in developed economies. Increasing imports pose the most severe threat to job security for low-income citizens, who, on the other hand, reap the greatest benefits from cheaper imports as consumers. This article considers the role of dual identities that citizens have as both income-earners and consumers, and investigates how attitudes toward trade differ depending on which aspect of respondents’ lives—that is, work versus consumption—is activated. The results of an originally designed survey experiment conducted in Japan during the recession suggest that the activation of a consumer perspective is associated with much higher support for free trade. In particular, those respondents who have lower levels of job security are the ones who, with consumer-priming, increase their support for foreign imports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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3. Paddy-whacked.

Subjects
*RICE industry, *POOR people, *RICE, *IMPORTS, *TRANSPORTATION costs, *SUBSIDIES, *TWENTY-first century, *PRICES, *ECONOMICS, *GOVERNMENT policy, *ECONOMIC history, INDONESIAN politics & government, 1998-
Abstract

The article discusses the Asian rice industry in relation to the author's claim that governments in places such as Indonesia cause their own citizens to become poorer by interfering in the rice market as of 2015. According to the article, the wholesale cost of rice is higher in Indonesia than Cambodia due to Indonesia's role as a net importer of rice and Cambodia's ability to grow more rice than the nation needs. Transportation costs, import subsidies, and tariffs are also examined.

Published
2015

4. Taking Stock, June 2012 : An Update on Vietnam's Recent Economic Development

Author

World Bank

Subjects
STATE BANK, WASTE, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES, RESEARCH PROJECTS, POLICY MAKERS, FOOD POLICY RESEARCH, INCOME, EXPORT GROWTH, WORKERS, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION, SOCIAL SERVICES, LABOR COSTS, ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, SERVICE DELIVERY, NPL, URBAN ENVIRONMENTS, FOREST MANAGEMENT, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, QUALITY STANDARDS, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, HUMAN WELL-BEING, SOCIAL SCIENCES, SECONDARY EDUCATION, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE, SOCIAL AFFAIRS, MODERNIZATION, IMPORT QUOTAS, INFORMATION SYSTEM, BEHAVIOR CHANGE, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, IMPROVEMENT OF HEALTH, DEVELOPMENT ­ ASSISTANCE, ENVIRONMENTAL, POVERTY REDUCTION, YOUNG CHILDREN, MATERNAL MORTALITY, BIODIVERSITY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, POOR WOMEN, WORKPLACE, DEBTS, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, HEALTH PROMOTION, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, FOOD PROCESSING, RURAL POPULATION, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, HEALTH EDUCATION, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, URBAN POVERTY, MINORITY, AUDITS, PESTICIDES, SOCIAL POLICIES, LEGAL SYSTEM, SAFE WATER, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, ADVOCACY ROLE, AIR POLLUTION, HEALTH CARE, BLINDNESS, POOR PEOPLE, SCHOOL QUALITY, CURRENCY, GENDER BIAS, NUTRITION, LEVELS OF CONSUMPTION, MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN, DEVELOPMENT PLANS, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, NATURAL DISASTER, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROGRAM, EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, SECURITIES, FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, POLICY INSTRUMENTS, DEVELOPMENT BANK, EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES, ECONOMICS, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, MEDICAL FACILITIES, TRADING, NUMERICAL TARGETS, LAM, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT, POVERTY LINE, LAWS, TRANSPORTATION, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, CHILD MORTALITY, EMPIRICAL RESEARCH, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, DISABILITIES, MARKET ECONOMY, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN, EXPORT PERFORMANCE, HOSPITAL, ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES, ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, CHILD HEALTH, FAMILIES, HEALTH SYSTEM, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, HEALTH OF WOMEN, STREET CHILDREN, MIGRANTS, SAFETY NETS, MANDATES, INDOOR AIR POLLUTION, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, OIL, PREVENTION ACTIVITIES, SHORT-TERM TRAINING, PRODUCTION PROCESSES, HEALTH OUTCOMES, INTERVENTION, HEALTH CARE SERVICES, PRIMARY EDUCATION, LIVING STANDARDS, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, BASIC EDUCATION, INTERMEDIATE GOODS, POPULATION CENSUS, NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS, POLLUTION, SANITATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, SOCIAL PARTICIPATION, PROGRESS, NATURAL RESOURCE, MORTALITY, EARLY CHILDHOOD, DEBT, LAND TENURE, CLINICS, BANKING SECTOR, HEALTH SECTOR, NON-PERFORMING LOAN, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, INFANT, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, FAMILY HEALTH, MARKETING, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, SOCIAL POLICY, PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, GOVERNMENT SUPPORT, NATIONAL STRATEGY, UNFPA, MASS EDUCATION, ACCOUNTING, COMMERCIAL BANK, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, NUTRITION EDUCATION, REMITTANCES, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, POLICY FORMULATION, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, FAMILY PLANNING, MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS, ECONOMIC IMPACT, LAND-USE PLANNING, INSURANCE, QUALITATIVE INFORMATION, HYGIENE, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS, TREASURY, EMPLOYMENT CREATION, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, MIGRATION, EXERCISES, INTERNATIONAL TREATIES, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, EXPENDITURES, IMPORTS, LEGISLATION, COMMERCIAL BANKS, EPIDEMIC, TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MONETARY FUND, FISCAL POLICIES, PRIMARY SCHOOL, COVERAGE OF POPULATION, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, NATURAL RESOURCES, LABOR FORCE, POPULATION CENSUSES, SAVINGS, CAPACITY BUILDING, HEALTH SERVICES, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, WATER RESOURCES, URBAN AREAS, EXPENDITURE, RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
Abstract

The authorities' determined implementation of stabilization measures over the past year has helped to avert a macroeconomic crisis. If the deterioration of the macroeconomic environment in 2010-11 was rapid, the improvement in the situation in the past twelve months has been equally swift. Regaining macroeconomic stability has been costly, but not stabilizing the economy would have led to even bigger losses. Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth has decelerated from 6.8 percent in 2010 to 5.9 percent in 2011, and further to 4 percent in the first quarter of 2012 as higher prices has lowered domestic demand, affecting sectors such as construction, manufacturing and utilities. Industrial production has slowed, inventory for key industrial products has accumulated, and a number of small and medium enterprises have either closed, been liquidated or temporarily suspended their operations. While the stabilization efforts may have contributed to a cyclical slowdown, Vietnam's trend growth rate has been on a downward path for the last 5-6 years, largely on account of the slow pace of structural reforms. Inefficiencies in state-owned enterprises, banks and public investments have been a drag on the country's long-term growth potential. With gains from macroeconomic stabilization still recent and fragile, especially in an external environment that is fraught with uncertainty, the government needs to be careful not to shift to an expansionary stance prematurely.

Published
2012

5. Agricultural Price Distortions, Inequality, and Poverty : Introduction and Summary

Author

Anderson, Kym, Cockburn, John, and Martin, Will

Subjects
REDUCTION IN POVERTY, CUSTOMS, NONFARM INCOME, INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL FLOWS, PRICE SUBSIDIES, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, GLOBAL POVERTY, VALUE ADDED, EXTREME POVERTY, WORLD TRADE, DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, TRADE POLICY REFORM, COMMODITIES, AGRICULTURAL LAND, CONSUMER PRICES, TRADE DISTORTIONS, NATIONAL ECONOMIES, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, AGRICULTURAL SECTORS, FARM INCOME, TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, FARM INCOMES, URBANIZATION, POOR FARM HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, FARM WORK, FARMERS, CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE, SKILLED WORKERS, PRICE INCREASES, POVERTY IMPACT, EMERGING ECONOMIES, MULTILATERAL AGREEMENTS, REGIONAL AVERAGES, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, REGIONAL AVERAGE, GLOBAL ECONOMY, DEMAND CURVE, PURCHASING POWER, TRADE BARRIERS, RURAL POOR, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES, POVERTY LEVEL, INCOME INEQUALITY, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS, ELASTICITY, INCOME TAXES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, POVERTY REDUCTION, POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS, CAPITAL OWNERS, IMPORT BARRIERS, MULTILATERAL TRADE REFORM, MULTILATERAL TRADE, TRADE IN SERVICES, WEALTH, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, CONSUMERS, NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, WTO, GDP, MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, FARM WORKERS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, TAXATION, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, EXPORT DEMAND, INCOME TAX, EXPORTS, EXTERNAL TRADE, UNSKILLED LABOR, ECONOMETRICS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, RURAL HUMAN CAPITAL, EXCHANGE RATE, POOR PEOPLE, AGRICULTURAL PRICES, ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS, LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES, MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, POVERTY DATA, FARM PRODUCTS, BENCHMARK DATA, TARIFF REVENUE, TAX REVENUES, IMPORT COMPETITION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, GLOBAL MARKETS, REAL GDP, POVERTY LINES, TARIFF PROTECTION, ECONOMIC SIZE, GLOBALIZATION, INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, IMPERFECT COMPETITION, RURAL, TRADE TAXES, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, FOREIGN DEBT, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, FACTORS OF PRODUCTION, VOLATILITY, INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, MARKET ACCESS, ADVERSE EFFECT, RURAL BASE, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION, DOMESTIC PRICE, COMMODITY, TERMS OF TRADE, FARM LABOR, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, PARTICULAR COUNTRY, POOR, CONSUMER DEMAND, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, TRADE TAX, FINANCIAL CRISIS, CUSTOMS REVENUE, FOOD PRICES, INCOME SHOCKS, GINI COEFFICIENT, AGRICULTURAL TRADE, TRADE DATA, EXPORT TAX, TRADE POLICY, RAPID GROWTH, DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, INCOME DYNAMICS, POVERTY REDUCING, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, EXPORT PRICES, AGRICULTURAL LIBERALIZATION, TAX REVENUE, RURAL INCOME, WAGES, SHOPS, OPEN ECONOMY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, LABOR MARKET, NATIONAL ECONOMY, PARTICULAR COUNTRIES, GDP PER CAPITA, DEBT, COST OF CAPITAL, MULTILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS, DIVIDEND, TRADE POLICIES, PROTECTIONIST, EXTREMELY POOR PEOPLE, TRADE POLICY REFORMS, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, TRADE REFORMS, GOVERNMENT BUDGETS, AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, FREE ACCESS, FREE TRADE, MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, RURAL INEQUALITY, IMPORT RESTRICTIONS, WAGE RATES, IRRIGATION, TRADE-DISTORTING POLICIES, PARTIAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS, TOTAL POVERTY, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, NATIONAL POVERTY, GLOBAL TRADE, PRODUCT MARKETS, FARMER, BENCHMARK, GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, AGRICULTURAL INCOMES, POVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEX, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, INCOME GAP, POVERTY INCIDENCE, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, IMPORTS, BENEFITS OF TRADE, FOOD MARKETS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, POWER PARITY, PRICE DISTORTIONS, REGIONAL LEVELS, DOMESTIC PRICES, FOREIGN CURRENCY, POVERTY RATE, NATIONAL MODELS, PRICE DISTORTION, EXPORT TAXES
Abstract

Reforms in recent decades have sharply reduced the distortions affecting agriculture in developing countries, particularly by cuts to agricultural export taxes and by some reductions in government assistance to agriculture in high-income countries, but international trade in farm products continues to be far more distorted than trade in nonfarm goods. This paper summarizes a series of empirical studies that focus on the effects of the remaining distortions to world merchandise trade for poverty and inequality, especially in developing countries. To obtain different insights into the various impacts, two global studies are undertaken using the World Bank's Linkage model, one multi-country study uses the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, and ten country case studies are also included, each using a national economy-wide model. The Linkage model results suggest that liberalization will reduce international inequality, largely by boosting farm incomes and raising real wages for unskilled workers in developing countries, and will reduce the number of poor people worldwide by 3 percent. The analysis based on the GTAP model for a sample of 15 countries, and the ten stand-alone national case studies, all point to larger reductions in poverty, especially if only the non-poor are subjected to increased income taxation to compensate for the loss of trade tax revenue.

Published
2009

6. Agricultural Trade Reform and Poverty in Thailand : A General Equilibrium Analysis

Author

Warr, Peter

Subjects
REDUCTION IN POVERTY, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, EXPORT SUBSIDIES, EXPORT VOLUME, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, INVENTORY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, WORLD TRADE, RURAL POVERTY INCIDENCE, TARIFF BARRIERS, MILK, FOOD POLICY, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, CONSUMER PRICES, POOR, IMPORT PRICE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, CONSUMER DEMAND, AGRICULTURAL SECTORS, IMPORT, QUOTAS, FOOD PRICES, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, ABSOLUTE TERMS, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CHANGES IN POVERTY, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS, GINI COEFFICIENT, TRADE DATA, RURAL PEOPLE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS, TRADE POLICY, POVERTY REDUCING, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, AGRICULTURAL LIBERALIZATION, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS, TOTAL COSTS, WAGES, GLOBAL ECONOMY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, PURCHASING POWER, RURAL POOR, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, VEGETABLES, EXPORTER, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, INCOME INEQUALITY, ELASTICITY, STRUCTURAL CHANGE, POVERTY REDUCTION, SHEEP, TRADE POLICIES, INEQUALITY, VEGETABLE OILS, AGRICULTURE, CONSUMERS, MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS, DISTORTIONS, STATIC ANALYSIS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, TAXATION, NATIONAL POVERTY, EXPORTS, MEAT, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, GDP DEFLATOR, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL, FARMER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PEOPLE, PRODUCTION SIDE, CURRENCY, EXPENDITURE INCREASES, EXPORT SUBSIDY, FARM PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, WEIGHTS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, POVERTY INCIDENCE, COMMODITY PRICES, IMPORTS, REAL GDP, COMMODITY MARKETS, IMPORT PRICES, POVERTY LINES, WORLD ECONOMY, EXPORT COMMODITY, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, RURAL, POVERTY LINE, CASH TRANSFERS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT, ECONOMIC MODEL, INTERNATIONAL PRICES
Abstract

A general equilibrium modeling approach is used to estimate the effects within Thailand of unilateral and global trade liberalization, including effects on poverty incidence. It is concluded that across the board trade liberalization is poverty-reducing within Thailand, whether other countries participate in the liberalization or not. This poverty reduction occurs among both farm and non-farm households and this qualitative outcome is not dependent on the particular poverty line used in the analysis. Liberalization in agricultural products alone raises poverty incidence among farm households, while reducing it slightly among non-farm households.

Published
2009

7. Open argument.

Subjects
*FREE trade, *UNEMPLOYED people, *ECONOMY (Linguistics), *ECONOMIC competition, *IMPORTS, *POOR people
Abstract

The author discuss the case for free trade in the U.S. Topics discussed include increase in job losses and unemployment in the country due to its dynamic economy which created and destroys jobs each month, according to a study by American Universities majority of decline in factory jobs being caused by Chinese competition; and increase in imports of clothes, shoes, furniture, toys and electronics from China increased the spending power of those in low incomes.

Published
2016

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