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Kurds are living at Middle East region comprising several countries (38 million people) and also have emigrated to Asia, Europe and America. Kurds from Iran have been HLA typed in the present work from Saqqez and Baneh towns, Kordestan province, Iran. Origin of Kurds is considered autochthonous from Anatolia and surrounding mountains :they have been referred as "the mountain people" by classic Persian, Greek and Roman authors. Present day Turks are also autochthonous from Anatolia, but they were not recognized by classical authors as living in the mountains and they speak a language of Asian origin that was imposed to Anatolia by a "elite" invasion without a noticeable high Asian gene input. Most frequent class I and class II HLA alleles found in Iranian Kurds population are: HLA-A*24:02, A*02:01 and HLA-B*35:01, and HLA-DRB1*11:01, DRB1*03:02 and HLA-DQB1*03:01; also, most frequent HLA extended haplotypes from this Iran Kurdish sample are not shared with Iranians but with Mediterranean, Turkish and Caucasus people. This is confirmed by Neighbour-Joining and correspondence analysis studied together with the corresponding populations. Finally, our studies show that both Kurds and Turks are genetically original from Anatolian Peninsula and surrounding countries and that an apparent Asian genetic or Aryan invasion does not exist in the area.

Spain was invaded in 711 CE by mostly Berber North Africans carrying Muslim religion to a mostly Christian/Catholic Kingdom. A fight to expel Muslims soon started and were apparently driven out of Iberia (Spain) starting in 1492 CE. However, many of these expelled people were of Iberian old ancestry that had become Muslims at Las Alpujarras Mts. (South-East Spain). Also, Muslim North Africans converted to Christianity either remained there or came back after they more definetively were expelled by 1609 CE. Las Alpujarras region was also repopulated by northern Spaniards mostly from Galicia. Our HLA study of present day Alpujarrans shows that typical North Spain and European Atlantic façade HLA extended haplotypes are very frequent in nowadays Las Alpujarras region, i. e.: HLA-(A*29-B*44)-DRB1*07:01-DQA1*02:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*02-B*27)-DRB1*15:01-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*06:02. It is concluded that repopulation had a noticeable success even in today Alpujarran population.

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers "Kura" and "Ebro" or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.

Mexican Mixtec population from coastal Jamiltepec (Oaxaca) Amerindians was studied for its HLA profile. They show genetic characteristics close to Pacific Islanders and other Mexican Isthmus Amerindians (Mazatecans, Zapotecans and Mayas). Interestingly, this coastal Oaxaca Mixtec population is genetically closer to Mazatecans than to Oaxaca Mixtec from mountains according to HLA genes. Mixtec HLA frequent extended haplotype A*24:02-B*35:14-DRB1*16:02 has been also found in Jaidukama North Colombia forest Amerindians and in Guatemala Mayas; A*24:02, DRB1*04:03, DRB1*04:04 and DRB2*16:02 are frequent alleles also common to Pacific Inhabitants. Notwithstanding, Mixtecs show deep cultural and genetic roots with Mesoamerican Amerindians and all of them probably contributed to construct Monte Alban culture around an important Pyramid Complex close to Oaxaca City.

Quechua Amerindians established Inca Empire and chose Cuzco as their capital. Their language is closely related to that of Aymara ethnic group and both of them were originated from Titikaka Lake Altiplano area. In the present study we have analyzed Bolivian Quechua HLA profile and found that it has common characters with other Andean and Pacific Amerindians (Uros, Aymaras, Lamas, Mapuches, Athabascan), and Pacific Islanders, including Easter Islanders: relatively high frequency of HLA-A*24 (:02), class II haplotypes DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02, and DRB1*04:03-DQB1* 03:02. Titikaka Lake area prehistoric populations: Quechua, Aymaras and Uros are closely related according to HLA Nei DA genetic distances and other HLA traits: they built up Tiwanaku culture, which resembles that of Easter Island (i.e.: similar giant heads); later, Quechuas also moved to Cuzco. This genetic reletedness together with Easter Island and Titikaka Lake Tiwanaku (Bolivia, Peru) cultural common similarities support a prehistoric Pacific people/Amerindians gene flow.

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.

Mexican Mayo Amerindians live in southern Sonora and North Sinaloa states. They probably come from North or are related to First American Inhabitants established further North. A non-related sample of them have volunteered to HLA study in order to achieve a profile useful for their epidemiology and future transplant interstate programs, in addition to ascertain ancestry and anthropological studies. HLA typing was carried out by a standard methodology. HLA-B*48 allele(s) was found, which is characteristic of Pacific Amerindians and Pacific Islanders/southern Asians. Also, HLA-A*24 (most likely HLA-A*24:02) shows specific high frequencies in this population and also in indigenous people, like Aleuts, Alaska Yupik, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, southern China and other Pacific Islands. Other Andean Amerindians also show a high HLA-A*24:02 frequencies. This confirms our previous results of a possible direct gene flow between Pacific Islanders/southern Asians and Amerindians. In addition, typical Amerindian haplotypes have been found in high frequency like HLA-A*24-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02, HLA-A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and HLA-A*24-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02, and new haplotypes are also described like HLA-A*02-B*35-DRB1*14:06-DQB1*03:01, HLA-A*02-B*48-DRB1*04:04-DQB1*03:02, and HLA-A*02-B*08-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02. This study also supports that Americas peopling was not only carried out through Bering Strait but also through Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in an earlier time than proposed.