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In recent years, the U.S. public has become increasingly concerned about the immigration issue. Criminological research and group threat theory suggest that harsh immigration policy preferences may be driven by perceived criminal threat of immigrants. More research is needed to understand how to reduce perceived immigrant criminality and negative attitudes toward immigrants. Using intergroup contact theory and an American adult sample (N = 1,037), the current study tests if cross-group friendship with foreign-born immigrants may reduce negative immigration attitudes both directly, and indirectly by lowering perceived criminal threat of immigrants. Results from regression analyses showed that perceived criminal threat was positively related to negative immigration attitudes. Cross-group friendship was directly related to less perceived criminal threat and less negative immigration attitudes. However, results from mediation analyses showed that cross-group friendship did not further reduce negative immigration attitudes indirectly via lowered perceived criminal threat. The results highlight the importance of meaningful cross-group friendship in mitigating negative immigrant perceptions and call for future research to further investigate ways to correct criminal typification of immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the costs of European migration to colonial and early republican period in the U.S. European migration to the U.S. was expensive, which exceeds half or sometimes a whole year's income for many adult migrants, while unattached individuals bear the entire burden of financing their own migration. In the late eighteen and early nineteenth centuries, majority of the migrants entered servant labor contracts to finance their passage labor, while some of the German parents have opted to selling their children into servitude to for the family's passage debt.