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Recognizing the variation of genetic resources is the first step in selection. One of the most important variations in grain crops is the uniformity of seed grain weight, which can be converted into seed size. However, it has been challenging since it needs high labor costs and time to measure it on a large scale. The current study used an image analysis technique to measure the grain seed area of about 100 seeds per accession with 64 germplasm of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) to study variation among and within them. To understand the nature of variation, skewness and kurtosis analysis of probability density function curve for seed area were used. As a result, a large variation among and within accessions was found. This means that the seed sizes within an accession are not uniform in this given cleistogamous species due to its non-uniform flowering time. This implies that the seed size should be considered an important factor for the germplasm enhancement program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) enables breeders and researchers to have massive data sets accurately and objectively. It could be applied to plant breeding for screening stress tolerance and biodiversity among wild species in the gene bank, which can be a breakthrough in the phenotyping bottleneck. However, there are many factors to be considered. Thus, this study is designed to show an example of phenotyping traits using yield and image data in citrus using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) images. The results using image analysis showed that R2 in linear regression ranged from 0.79 to 0.91, depending on the methods which were used in the current study. However, the results from NDVI were proven to be false, unlike those of RGB images. This means that researchers and breeders must be very cautious when dealing with new technologies to avoid being misled to the wrong conclusion when they try to associate this data with genomic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beauty of conserving germplasm is the securement of genetic resources with numerous important traits, which could be utilized whenever they need to be incorporated into current cultivars. However, it would not be as useful as expected if the proper information was not given to breeders and researchers. In this study, we demonstrated that there is a large variation, both among and within germplasm, using a low-cost image-based phenotyping method; this could be valuable for improving gene banks' screening systems and for crop breeding. Using the image analyses of 507 accessions of buckwheat, we identified a wide range of variations per trait between germplasm accessions and within an accession. Since this implies a similarity with other important agronomic traits, we suggest that the variance of the presented traits should be checked and provided for better germplasm enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma irradiation is used in plant mutation breeding. This method was also applied to turfgrass breeding. Hallagreen 07, 09, and 10 are irradiated and confirmed by image analysis that objective basis on canopy cover. The canopy cover means it has drought tolerance than relatively smaller canopy cover turfgrass. Hallagreen 07 represents a low canopy cover, Hallagreen 09 is a medium, and Hallagreen 10 is excellent at the untreated control. However, after the radiation treatment of 30 entries per cultivar, the trait improved than the control appeared at Hallagreen 07, which showed low canopy cover. In contrast, Hallagreen 10, the excellent cultivar, has no entries at improving the trait by irradiation. So, by irradiation, we could find better drought tolerance entries than control. In this study, we found the potential of radiation treatment to turfgrass to improve drought tolerance, and the efficiency of finding trait improvement is effective at not an excellent cultivar. And despite the canopy cover analysis by the vertical image being low tech, it is an efficient solution for screening bottlenecks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]