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Social media has become a fundamental element of contemporary life, providing countless benefits but also posing substantial concerns. While technology improves connectedness and information exchange, excessive use raises issues about social and personal well-being. The emergence of social media addiction emphasizes its influence on everyday routines and mental health, with many people favoring online activities above vital tasks, resulting in real repercussions. Twitter, Facebook, and Snapchat have a significant impact on emotional well-being, adding to global rates of despair and anxiety. To measure the frequency of social media reliance, we studied data from 1,417 individuals using machine learning methods such as decision tree (DT) classifier, random forest (RF) classifier, support vector classifier (SVC), k-nearest neighbors (K-NN), and multinomial naive Bayes (NB). Understanding the behavioral patterns that drive addiction allows us to create tailored therapies to encourage healthy digital behaviors. This study highlights the critical necessity to address social media addiction as a complicated societal issue. Our major goal is to determine the amount of people who are addicted to social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) dominate intertidal and shallow subtidal areas globally, where larger species form extensive underwater forests. These structurally complex and highly productive habitats enhance local biodiversity and support food webs in coastal areas through secondary production, thereby shaping local oceanography and ecology. Macroalgal aquaculture is an important and growing sector, where approximately 40% of all cultivated algae belong to Phaeophyceae. However, both cultured and natural brown algae have been under increasing pressure due to climate-driven factors, such as ocean warming, eutrophication, and herbivore outbreaks. We conducted a comprehensive literature review on abiotic (temperature, light intensity, and UV radiation, nutrients, water motion, salinity, and substrata and sediment) and biotic (bacteria, viruses, fungi, eukaryotic endophytes and endoparasites, epiphytes, and grazers) stressors and illnesses in marine brown macroalgae, as well as brown algae defense mechanisms, and discuss how these parameters may affect the production of a sustainable crop for the aquaculture industry under future climate change scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health is not only a phenomenon with a medical dimension. It also has social and psychological aspects. Especially illnesses become a phenomenon that defines the individual in society and causes stigmatisation in the eyes of other people. In this study, qualitative research method was preferred in order to identify the illnesses that are thought to be identified by the society and to reveal the reasons for the identification of illnesses from the eyes of the society, and data were collected from 152 volunteer participants over the age of 18 through a structured questionnaire. It was determined that 51 different illnesses can become an identity. Among these diseases, diabetes (51), cancer (46) and heart diseases (37) were found to be prominent. In the same way, it has been determined that the limitations caused by diseases, the acceptance of the disease by the individual and the changes caused by the disease in the individual, the shaping of life by the disease, the necessity of the disease, the continuity of the disease and other features of the disease, the prioritisation of the disease and negative attitudes and behaviours towards the sick individual can cause a disease to become an identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of History / Habaršy Tarihi Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nigerian mining sector (NMS) has been ranked as second industrial sector with numbers of occupational injuries and illnesses (OII) that pose serious social and economic impacts on workers and society. Meanwhile, little is known about the specific aspects of OII in the mining sector that have been studied in the literature. As a result, this study seeks to review the existing research on workers' OII with the intention of identifying the primary causes, symptoms, and influencing factors that may relate to a persistent rise of injuries and illnesses in the NMS. This is to determine the sector dynamic in relation to OII and provide stakeholders in the sector with lack data that are required for planning, implementation, and monitoring sustainable OII. The study employed widely accessible electronic databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) to perform a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles from 2010 to 2023. The causes, symptoms, and influencing factors of OII in the mining industry were highlighted in the compilation of pertinent data. The study search yielded 210 peer-reviewed publications with 70 publications retained after systematic screening and 20 were retained for final analysis. The study identified eight major causes, four body parts that are most harmed, and five primary symptoms of OII in the NMS. Also, the factors that influencing OII in NMS were classified as sociodemographic, behavioural and organizational/management factors. The study concluded that the use of personal protective equipment, provision of first aid and medical facilities, enactment of safety laws and policies and adequate safety training and supervision are the most common ways that can reduce the high rate of OII in the Nigerian mining sector.

Abstract Background Most people with dementia have multiple health conditions. This study explores (1) number and type of health condition(s) in people with dementia overall and in relation to age, sex, dementia type, and cognition; (2) change in number of health conditions over two years; and (3) whether over time the number of health conditions at baseline is related to social isolation, loneliness, quality of life, and/or well-being. Methods Longitudinal data from the IDEAL (Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life) cohort were used. Participants comprised people with dementia (n = 1490) living in the community (at baseline) in Great Britain. Health conditions using the Charlson Comorbidity Index, cognition, social isolation, loneliness, quality of life, and well-being were assessed over two years. Mixed effects modelling was used. Results On average participants had 1.8 health conditions at baseline, excluding dementia; increasing to 2.5 conditions over two years. Those with vascular dementia or mixed (Alzheimer’s and vascular) dementia had more health conditions than those with Alzheimer’s disease. People aged ≥ 80 had more health conditions than those aged

Die Aufgaben eines Teamarztes im Behindertensport sind vielfältig. Natürlich steht wie auch im Regelsport die Prävention, das Erkennen und die Behandlung von Erkrankungen und Verletzungen sowie das Antidopingmanagement im Vordergrund. Hierbei sind auch spezifische Kenntnis betr. der Behinderungen der Athleten notwendig. Und schließlich sollte sich der Teamarzt im Klassifizierungssystem der jeweiligen Sportart gut auskennen. The tasks of a team doctor in disabled sports are varied. Of course, as in regular sport, the prevention, recognition and treatment of illnesses and injuries as well as anti-doping management are of primary importance. This also requires specific knowledge of the athletes' disabilities. And finally, the team doctor should be well versed in the classification system of the respective sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) dominate intertidal and shallow subtidal areas globally, where larger species form extensive underwater forests. These structurally complex and highly productive habitats enhance local biodiversity and support food webs in coastal areas through secondary production, thereby shaping local oceanography and ecology. Macroalgal aquaculture is an important and growing sector, where approximately 40% of all cultivated algae belong to Phaeophyceae. However, both cultured and natural brown algae have been under increasing pressure due to climate-driven factors, such as ocean warming, eutrophication, and herbivore outbreaks. We conducted a comprehensive literature review on abiotic (temperature, light intensity, and UV radiation, nutrients, water motion, salinity, and substrata and sediment) and biotic (bacteria, viruses, fungi, eukaryotic endophytes and endoparasites, epiphytes, and grazers) stressors and illnesses in marine brown macroalgae, as well as brown algae defense mechanisms, and discuss how these parameters may affect the production of a sustainable crop for the aquaculture industry under future climate change scenarios.

The study investigated issues relating to food hygiene among undergraduates in Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT). Specifically, it determined: proportion of undergraduates in ESUT who possess knowledge of food hygiene and food hygiene practices adopted by the undergraduates. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design. Population for the study consisted of 44,201 undergraduates in ESUT. The sample was 480 undergraduates drawn using multi-staged sampling procedures. Questionnaire was used for data collection. Frequency, percentages and Chisquare statistics were used for data analysis. Findings reveal that overall, the proportion of undergraduates in ESUT who possess knowledge of food hygiene was high (61.6%). Specifically, a high proportion of undergraduates knew the meaning of food hygiene (74.6%), throwing away food when in doubt is a preventive measure for food poisoning (67.1%), food hygiene practice (66.5%), and risk factors for food poisoning (65.8%). Overall, majority of undergraduates (89.5%) adopted good food hygiene practices such as; buying clean and fresh foods for cooking (92.3%), covering of the hair while cooking (84.2%), not wearing accessories like rings, bracelets when cooking food (78.6%) and washing of fruits and vegetables before eating (75.9%). There was no significant difference in the level of knowledge of food hygiene among undergraduates based on age (X² = .679, p = .712< .05) and gender (X² = .004, p = .947< .05). There is a significant difference in the food hygiene practices adopted by undergraduates based on age (X² = 25.978, p = .000< .05) and gender (X² = 40.983, p = .000< .05). it was recommended that Health educators, Home Economists, teachers, and other relevant stakeholders should enlighten the undergraduates of ESUT and general public on the importance of adopting good food hygiene practices irrespective of age and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the expansion of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) in the Philippines, this study was initiated to understand the effect of illnesses on absenteeism and productivity among employees. The secondary data, from January to December 2022, from the onsite clinic of AMAZON was used in this study. The top three illnesses, aggregated illnesses, namely Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, Nervous System Illnesses and ENT Illness data collected, were statistically tested. As a result, it was noted that aggregated illnesses increased the effect on employee productivity based on absenteeism. Also, among the top three illnesses, Nervous System Illnesses increased the effect on absenteeism of employees in the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesTo examine the influence of depression and/or anxiety on work leaves and the impact of work leaves on experiencing a new-onset depression and/or anxiety disorder.MethodsIBM's MarketScan® research databases were linked to investigate depressive and anxiety disorders in workers with a work leave due to an injury or non-mental health illness (n = 467,930) and without a work leave (n = 2,764,447).ResultsThe odds of a work leave within a year were 2.10 times higher (95%CI: 2.08-2.13) in individuals with depression and/or anxiety compared to those without. The odds of developing a new-onset depression and/or anxiety within a year was 4.21 times higher (95% CI: 4.14-4.27) in individuals with a work leave compared to those without.ConclusionDepression and anxiety are both risk factors for and subsequent outcomes of injuries or illnesses that require a work leave.

Despite the recent advances in food preservation techniques and food safety, significant disease outbreaks linked to foodborne pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses still occur worldwide indicating that these pathogens still constitute significant risks to public health. Although extensive reviews of methods for foodborne pathogens detection exist, most are skewed towards bacteria despite the increasing relevance of other pathogens such as viruses. Therefore, this review of foodborne pathogen detection methods is holistic, focusing on pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review has shown that culture-based methods allied with new approaches are beneficial for the detection of foodborne pathogens. The current application of immunoassay methods, especially for bacterial and fungal toxins detection in foods, are reviewed. The use and benefits of nucleic acid-based PCR methods and next-generation sequencing-based methods for bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens' detection and their toxins in foods are also reviewed. This review has, therefore, shown that different modern methods exist for the detection of current and emerging foodborne bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. It provides further evidence that the full utilization of these tools can lead to early detection and control of foodborne diseases, enhancing public health and reducing the frequency of disease outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Neutrosophic Computing & Machine Learning is the property of Multimedia Larga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to their robust antioxidant capabilities, potential health benefits, wide variety of biological activities, and strong antioxidant qualities, phenolic compounds are substances that have drawn considerable attention in recent years. The main goal of the review is to draw attention to saharian Algerian medicinal plants and the determination of their bioactivity (antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory importance), and to present their chemical composition as well as in vivo and in vitro studies, clinical studies, and other studies confirming their real impact on human health. Research results have revealed a rich variety of medicinal plants used to treat various disease states in this region. Based on in vivo and in vitro studies, biological activity, and clinical studies, a list of 34 species of desert plants, belonging to 20 botanical families, useful both in preventive actions and in the treatment of neoplastic diseases has been established, and polyphenolic compounds have been identified as key to the health potential of endemic diseases and desert plants. It has been shown that people who follow a diet rich in polyphenols are less prone to the risk of many cancers and chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. In view of the increasing antioxidant potential of these plant species, as well as the increasing trade in herbal products from the Sahara region, phytosanitary and pharmaceutical regulations must change in this respect and should be in line with Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), and the sustainable use and development of plant products must be addressed at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to unravel the impacts of the lack of basic sanitation on women's health in their daily lives and to verify the temporal distribution of waterborne diseases reported in the referral services of Arcoverde, Pernambuco, in the period from 2015 to 2021 seeking to characterize the female population profile. To achieve this aim, we developed quantitative, bibliographic and exploratory research. From 2015 to 2021, 1,118 notifications related to inadequate environmental sanitation in Arcoverde were reported. Out of those, 52.68% (589) were women, mostly between 0 and 4 years old (30.82%), 243 individuals (46%) were selfdeclared as mixedrace (pardos), 48 (9%) white and 18 (4%) black. We concluded that the absence of sanitation solutions compromises, above all, the lives of women, whose daily tasks are related to sanitation, but at the same time they have little participation in the decisionmaking regarding these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic, unicellular or multicellular organisms that feed by absorption. Some of their attributes stand out in the medicinal and pharmaceutical sector since several genera of fungi have metabolic properties and compounds related to the manufacture of numerous medicines. In this context, the objective of this study was to carry out a scientometric analysis to verify the application and properties of medicinal fungi as well as their contributions to the knowledge of medicinal fungi. A survey of applied literature, which included the word "Medicinal fungi", was carried out based on the articles indexed in the Thomson Reuters base (www.isiwebofknowledge.com), considering the period from 2003 to 2021. One hundred and thirty-nine scientific articles were used for the scientometric analysis, and these were divided into six time intervals (2003-2006, 2007-2009, 2010-2012, 2013-2015, 2016-2018, 2019-2021). An increase was noted in the scientific production on medicinal fungi from 2007 onwards, mostly presenting publications with an experimental approach. The phylum Basidiomycota, followed by Ascomycota, presented the highest number of records in the study, mainly with applications aimed at antitumor and antibacterial activity. Therefore, the importance of studies that aim to expand the knowledge of the properties of medicinal fungi is highlighted, providing effective results for various diseases, since their cultivation and development can positively generate equitable economic growth, with regional and national impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games was the second Games held amid the COVID-19 pandemic. To a certain extent, it has altered the way sporting activities operate. There is a lack of knowledge on injury risk and illness occurrence in elite winter sport athletes amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to describe the incidence of injuries and illnesses sustained during the XXIV Olympic Winter Games in Beijing from February 4 to 20, 2022. METHODS: We recorded the daily number of injuries and illnesses among athletes reported by Beijing 2022 medical staff in the polyclinic, medical venues, and ambulance. We calculated injury and illness incidence as the number of injuries or illnesses occurring during competition or training, respectively, with incidence presented as injuries/illnesses per 100 athlete-days. RESULTS: In total, 2,897 athletes from 91 nations experienced injury or illness. Beijing 2022 medical staff reported 326 injuries and 80 illnesses, equaling 11.3 injuries and 2.8 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 17-day period. Altogether, 11% of the athletes incurred at least one injury and nearly 3% incurred at least one illness. The number of injured athletes was highest in the skating sports (n=104), followed by alpine skiing (n=53), ice track (n=37), freestyle skiing (n=36), and ice hockey (n=35), and was the lowest in the Nordic skiing disciplines (n=20). Of the 326 injuries, 14 (4.3%) led to an estimated absence from training or competition of more than 1 week. A total of 52 injured athletes were transferred to hospitals for further care. The number of athletes with illness (n=80) was the highest for skating (n=33) and Nordic skiing (n=22). A total of 50 illnesses (62.5%) were admitted to the department of dentistry/ophthalmology/otolaryngology, and the most common cause of illness was other causes, including preexisting illness and medicine (n=52, 65%). CONCLUSION: Overall, 11% of athletes incurred at least one injury during the Games, which is similar to the findings during the Olympic Winter Games in 2014 and 2018. Regarding illness, 2% of athletes were affected, which is approximately one-third of the number affected in the 2018 Olympic Winter Games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review summarizes the aetiology, the species and the prevalence of pathoethological processes of psychic nature in sheltered dogs. The analysis was performed on the mandatory necessity of establishing the type of the dog’s temperament, in relation to the owners’ proper approach towards the specific animal, as well as its successful primary and secondary socialisation. A neurotic dog may exhibit chronic anxiety, fear, hyperactivity, obsessive behaviour, and inappropriate responses to stimuli. Truly psychotic dogs, however, are deranged. Their behaviour is acute and unpredictable.

It is rewarding but often very challenging to be the physician to a celebrity and there are many virtues as well as shortcomings in this position of importance. This is a short write-up on what it takes to be a doctor to a celebrity.

Abstract Background Given that low income worsens health outcomes, income differences may affect health disparities in weather-related illnesses. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between income levels and prevalence of heat- and cold-related illnesses among Korean adults. Methods The current study comprised 535,186 participants with all variables on income and health behaviors. Patients with temperature-related illnesses were defined as individuals with outpatient medical code of heat- and cold-related illnesses. We categorized individual income into three levels: “low” for the fourth quartile (0–25%), “middle” for the second and the third quartiles (25–75%), and “high” for the first quartile (75–100%). To examine income-related health disparities, Cox proportional hazard regression was performed. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CI (confidence interval) for heat- and cold-related illnesses were provided. The model adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol drinking, exercise, body mass index, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and local income per capita. Results A total of 5066 (0.95%) and 3302 (0.62%) cases identified patients with heat- and cold-related illnesses, respectively. Compared with high income patients, the adjusted HR for heat-related illnesses was significantly increased in the low income (adjusted HR = 1.103; 95% CI: 1.022–1.191). For cold-related illnesses, participants with low income were likely to have 1.217 times greater likelihood than those with high income (95% CI: 1.107–1.338), after adjusting for other covariates. In the stratified analysis of age (20–64 years and over 65 years) and sex, there was no difference in the likelihood of heat-related illnesses according to income levels. On the other hand, an HR for cold-related illnesses was higher in patients aged 20 to 64 years than in those aged over 65 years. Male with low income had also a higher HR for cold-related illnesses than female with low income. Conclusions Our results showed that heat- or cold-related illnesses were more prevalent in Koreans with low income than those with high income. Strategies for low-income subgroups were needed to reduce greater damage due to the influence of extreme temperature events and to implement effective adaptation.

The paper deals with the connection between the figure of the ethnic “stranger” and the phenomenon of illness in Yugoslav travelogues in the second half of the 20th century. The author employs the methods of phenomenology, imagology and postcolonial and gender studies. The article analyzes travelogues of 4 authors: Alma Karlin, Jelena Dimitrijević, Isidora Sekulić, Rastko Petrović. Illnesses play an important role in Karlin’s travelogues. She writes about cholera, plague, smallpox, various skin diseases, malaria. Traveling in Africa, Petrović pays great attention to tropical diseases, leprosy, syphilis. Dimitriević breaks the stereotype of an oriental beauty bursting with health and talks about consumption as a typical illness in harems with their secluded mode of life. Traveling in Norway, Sekulić, who is fond of Norwegians, writes about cases of mental illness. The study explorers how the figure of the ethnic “stranger” is associated with the illness, and what lies at the basis of such association in the works of fiction under investigation. The recurrent motifs in the travelogues are both the own illness and those of the “stranger”. Other countries are represented as a space of illnesses that often have exotic flavor. The phenomenon of illness in the travelogues is also marked both geographically and ethnographically. The reasons for frequent depiction of illnesses in travelogues are different: heroization of the author’s own travels through the detailed descripton of dangers, and specifically illnesses, legitimation of female travels via indication of diseases that isolated and inactive lifestyle causes, and the creation of exotic atmosphere. It can be stated that the connection between the “stranger” and the illness indicates, first of all, the travelers’own fears of diseases, which appear to be attributes of the people of a different culture.

Introduction: Out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure influences the access to the healthcare of the marginalized and vulnerable population including under-five children (U5C). The aim of the study is to estimate the OOP expenditure and its predictors in Bhubaneswar, a region of eastern India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a semi-structured interview schedule in 20 urban slums of Bhubaneswar. The survey was carried out by using the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) health consumption schedule 25.0 in which mothers of U5C with illness (n = 530) were interviewed. For data analysis, the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Kruskal–Wallis test were used as tests of significance. Results: The study revealed that the mean OOP expenditure for outpatient department (OPD) care was ₹375.9 (₹219.48). The mean approximated expenditure was ₹1669.8 (₹1131.9) for inpatient department (IPD) care. In OPD care, doctors' fee and medicine cost constituted 65.01% and 50.46% of OOP expenditure, respectively. In IPD care, medicine cost and doctors' fee contributed to 36.62% and 30.54% of OOP expenditure, respectively. The major significant predictors that contributed to increased OOP were gender and delay in approaching the source of treatment in OPD, whereas in IPD no such predictors were observed. Conclusions: This study prominently sheds light on the issue of accessibility and affordability of health services without a comprehensive health insurance scheme for U5C illness among the vulnerable urban slum dwellers to achieve universal health coverage.

Introduction Psychosomatic illnesses correspond to physical symptoms (with or without objectivable organic lesions), that psychological factors such as stress and personality type, would have a potential effect on their appearance, evolution and / or worsening. These psychosomatic conditions are quite common but difficult to diagnose. Doctors from different specialties are consulted by the patients and multiple examinations and investigations are run by specialists in order to get to the final diagnosis. These psychosomatic conditions may appear under different types of illnesses : respiratory (asthma), dermatological (psoriasis, eczema), digestive (gastric ulcer, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease), cardiovascular (arterial hypertension, infarction), neurological (migraine)… Objectives Study management modalities of psychosomatic disorders through cases followed in consultation at the university psychiatric hospital Ar-razi of Salé in Morocco Methods through cases followed in consultation at the university psychiatric hospital Ar-razi of Salé in Morocco Results From the results observed in the patients recruited in this study, we retain the need for a bio-psycho-social approach, through a global approach of the patient in all its dimensions, not only biological, but also psychological and social ; we also retain the essential role of the psychiatrist in the management of these psychosomatic disorders, both in preventive and curative terms, by allowing a better understanding of the interactions between physical and mental health. Conclusions psychosomatic conditions are quite common but difficult to diagnose and the need for a bio-psycho-social approach, through a global approach of the patient in all its dimensions, not only biological, but also psychological and social is crucial. Disclosure No significant relationships.

The concepts of occupational accident, and especially of professional illness, do not express concrete realities that are self-evident by name alone. The recognition of a "link" between work and illnesses has always been a much more gradual, more problematic process than that linking work and accidents in the strict sense of the word. In this article, we focus on the risks of becoming ill "on the occasion of or as a consequence of work". In a review of a sample group of around 1,000 court sentences between 1936 and 1983, we analyse the influence of structural inertias, highlighting in particular the signs of change, in line with the evolution of legislation and the way it was interpreted by the courts. The changing social context is also taken into account. As a normalized expression of social facts (the occupational health risks to which workers are exposed), the concept of "occupational hazard" is still very much under construction, in a process that is contradictory and far from linear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Health tourism or treatment tourism is one of threatening fields that causes (added s) increase in prevalence of job stress and illnesses among hospital staff of providing health tourism services (HSPHT). The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of job stress and illnesses among hospitals staff of providing health tourism services in touristic cities as Tehran and Shiraz in Iran. Methods This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was carried out among the staff of 10 hospitals providing health tourism services in cities of Tehran and Shiraz, Iran, in 2019. In these hospitals, 1250 staff were chosen by cluster sampling method from each job task as doctor, nurse, office worker, and paramedical and cleaner worker. Also, 1100 staff working in other general hospitals (non-HSPHTS) were selected as the control sample. Then, the demographic information and prevalence of job stress were gathered by Osipow job stress questionnaire and the illnesses were accumulated by self-reporting questionnaire. Finally, data were analyzed in SPSS 20 software. Chi-square and Pearson’s parametric tests were used in the study. Results Prevalence of illnesses among HSPHTS was more than that in general hospitals (P value

This work aims to study the Work-Health relationship in the mines of Santa Rosalia during the Porfirian era. A town that was formed by the French company “El Boleo” in line with the development of copper exploitation. While the most advanced technology — at that time in the western world — was applied, the town lacked more indispensable sanitary infrastructure, as were the introduction of drinkable water and drainage. That lead to a permanent unhealthy situation that along with the difficult working conditions brought about various illnesses that later caused high mortality rates.

Due to their robust antioxidant capabilities, potential health benefits, wide variety of biological activities, and strong antioxidant qualities, phenolic compounds are substances that have drawn considerable attention in recent years. The main goal of the review is to draw attention to saharian Algerian medicinal plants and the determination of their bioactivity (antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory importance), and to present their chemical composition as well as in vivo and in vitro studies, clinical studies, and other studies confirming their real impact on human health. Research results have revealed a rich variety of medicinal plants used to treat various disease states in this region. Based on in vivo and in vitro studies, biological activity, and clinical studies, a list of 34 species of desert plants, belonging to 20 botanical families, useful both in preventive actions and in the treatment of neoplastic diseases has been established, and polyphenolic compounds have been identified as key to the health potential of endemic diseases and desert plants. It has been shown that people who follow a diet rich in polyphenols are less prone to the risk of many cancers and chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. In view of the increasing antioxidant potential of these plant species, as well as the increasing trade in herbal products from the Sahara region, phytosanitary and pharmaceutical regulations must change in this respect and should be in line with Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), and the sustainable use and development of plant products must be addressed at the same time.

Introduction: Out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure influences the access to the healthcare of the marginalized and vulnerable population including under-five children (U5C). The aim of the study is to estimate the OOP expenditure and its predictors in Bhubaneswar, a region of eastern India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a semi-structured interview schedule in 20 urban slums of Bhubaneswar. The survey was carried out by using the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) health consumption schedule 25.0 in which mothers of U5C with illness (n = 530) were interviewed. For data analysis, the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Kruskal–Wallis test were used as tests of significance. Results: The study revealed that the mean OOP expenditure for outpatient department (OPD) care was ₹375.9 (₹219.48). The mean approximated expenditure was ₹1669.8 (₹1131.9) for inpatient department (IPD) care. In OPD care, doctors' fee and medicine cost constituted 65.01% and 50.46% of OOP expenditure, respectively. In IPD care, medicine cost and doctors' fee contributed to 36.62% and 30.54% of OOP expenditure, respectively. The major significant predictors that contributed to increased OOP were gender and delay in approaching the source of treatment in OPD, whereas in IPD no such predictors were observed. Conclusions: This study prominently sheds light on the issue of accessibility and affordability of health services without a comprehensive health insurance scheme for U5C illness among the vulnerable urban slum dwellers to achieve universal health coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines accusations of sorcery as a way to understand the perceptions of sorcery among the Mapuche of central-southern Chile during the colonial period. Local communities believed that illnesses and unfortunate events were caused by the actions of sorcerers, known as kalku, and therefore consulted ritual healers and diviners, the machi and dugul, to identify and punish the supposed evildoers. In accusing local members of being kalku, the ritual specialists expressed a precise perception of sorcery and developed clear strategies for counteracting the sorcerers. This article argues that the accusations of sorcery became political and social instruments in the hands of the local authorities and that they shaped the meaning of sorcery and its perception among the Mapuche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents perceptions of health and life patterns which were placed among the Carniolan elites until the middle of the 18th century in terms of physical and mental well-being, as well as health prevention and cure. The article is mainly based on numerous mentions of illness and treatments in the diaries of the baron Franz Heinrich of Raigersfeld (1697–1760), but similar patterns can be found among all nobility. His records are also a source for studying culture and attitudes towards health in the provincial environments of Trieste, Gorizia and Ljubljana in the first period of Theresian modernization in the Habsburg territories. In Carniola, health care improved rapidly even before the reforms. Authorities have raised health concerns to the top of the priorities. The number of doctors, surgeons and pharmacists has increased. Improvements were first enforced in the provincial centers, but till the end of the 19th century not in all strata of the population. So far, the state has interfered mainly with orders and prohibitions, while the organization of public health and education were still far behind. The Raigersfeld’s family has kept pace with the times with most cultural innovations, including health care. She followed the modern thesis that the disease is largely caused by unhygienic life. Every physical activity was recognized as important for health, but they did not yet think about intensive recreation. Raigersfeld’s notes, however, are sparing with words on nutrition. However, in medical theory and in everyday life, moderation in diet played an important role and a rational and modest diet has long been recommended by local doctors. Elites understood these warnings, but they were often not followed even by chronic patients. Although descriptions of dishes are lacking, it is obvious that in the 18th century, provincial elites were still getting on the table unhealthily large amounts of protein and fat, which certainly led to chronic diseases. The low-calorie and low-fat diet enjoyed by the burgeois and the lower classes was not in the forefront even among the Raigersfelds. Local elites provided themselves with the best doctors and surgeons, depending on their financial capabilities. The city physicians had a lucrative business with the treatment of the nobility. Many of them became rich and established friendly relations with patients, making the bond between the attending physician and the patient closer than it should have been. Especially when, as specialists for them they produced forensic medical examinations and thus navigated between diagnoses and the expectations of the parties in order to maintain their own credibility for the force. The members of the elites had relatively clear ideas about the symptoms and tr eatment of some of the most common diseases. Ther e were frequent cases of mental illness and disorders, as well as chronic diseases (gout, sciatic etc.), death due to severe lung and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc. It was fashionable to seek help in domestic and foreign health resorts (Padua). Their treatment in the middle of the 18th century is described by Raigersfeld himself with detailed descriptions of his wife’s death (1752) and his life’s decline (1759/1760). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The justification for approaching the present topic is related to the fact that, in Oltenia, this area has been insufficiently researched and elucidated. Thus, the present study endeavours a succinct approach on the traditional medicine from Oltenia, with a special attention diverted towards the healing with the help of the remedy plants, picked up according to a precise calendar, the days and the moments of the day being observed according to tradition. In the old Romanian world, the healer was certain that the cure of some health conditions or the suffering depended on the combination between the natural elements with the magic ones, along with the religious ones (the therapy through faith). The traditional therapist from the traditional community was attributing a healing role both to the remedy plants, the minerals, the aliments, the animals, as well as the therapeutic traditional magic charm. For the purpose of describing the methods for treating the diseases with remedy plants, there has been considered the ethnographic area from Oltenia, using the information resulted from our recent field research. The questions on ethnoiatry, contained by the questionnaires, offer precious data on the traditional beliefs and the superstitions encompassed in the medical practices, the empirical proceedings for treating the internal and external illnesses, used by the dwellers from the investigated space and can contribute to the understanding of our national identity. For highlighting the importance of the calendar when the remedy plants are picked up, there were correlated certain plants with holidays from the traditional calendar, and there were analysed, from the ethnological perspective, the uses in the ethnographic space from Oltenia, the natural remedies based on plants, in the prophylaxis and the treatment of the illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given that low income worsens health outcomes, income differences may affect health disparities in weather-related illnesses. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between income levels and prevalence of heat- and cold-related illnesses among Korean adults.Methods: The current study comprised 535,186 participants with all variables on income and health behaviors. Patients with temperature-related illnesses were defined as individuals with outpatient medical code of heat- and cold-related illnesses. We categorized individual income into three levels: "low" for the fourth quartile (0-25%), "middle" for the second and the third quartiles (25-75%), and "high" for the first quartile (75-100%). To examine income-related health disparities, Cox proportional hazard regression was performed. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CI (confidence interval) for heat- and cold-related illnesses were provided. The model adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol drinking, exercise, body mass index, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and local income per capita.Results: A total of 5066 (0.95%) and 3302 (0.62%) cases identified patients with heat- and cold-related illnesses, respectively. Compared with high income patients, the adjusted HR for heat-related illnesses was significantly increased in the low income (adjusted HR = 1.103; 95% CI: 1.022-1.191). For cold-related illnesses, participants with low income were likely to have 1.217 times greater likelihood than those with high income (95% CI: 1.107-1.338), after adjusting for other covariates. In the stratified analysis of age (20-64 years and over 65 years) and sex, there was no difference in the likelihood of heat-related illnesses according to income levels. On the other hand, an HR for cold-related illnesses was higher in patients aged 20 to 64 years than in those aged over 65 years. Male with low income had also a higher HR for cold-related illnesses than female with low income.Conclusions: Our results showed that heat- or cold-related illnesses were more prevalent in Koreans with low income than those with high income. Strategies for low-income subgroups were needed to reduce greater damage due to the influence of extreme temperature events and to implement effective adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Quorum-sensing (QS) is a microbial cell-to-cell communication system that utilizes small signaling molecules to mediates interactions between cross-kingdom microorganisms, including Grampositive and -negative microbes. QS molecules include N-acyl-homoserine-lactones (AHLs), furanosyl borate, hydroxyl-palmitic acid methylester, and methyl-dodecanoic acid. These signaling molecules maintain the symbiotic relationship between a host and the healthy microbial flora and also control various microbial virulence factors. This manuscript has been developed based on published scientific papers. Areas covered: Furanones, glycosylated chemicals, heavy metals, and nanomaterials are considered QS inhibitors (QSIs) and are therefore capable of inhibiting the microbial QS system. QSIs are currently being considered as antimicrobial therapeutic options. Currently, the low speed at which new anti-microbial agents are being developed impairs the treatment of drug-resistant infections. Therefore, QSIs are currently being studied as potential interventions targeting QS-signaling molecules and quorum quenching (QQ) enzymes to reduce microbial virulence. Expert opinion: QSIs represent a novel opportunity to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, no clinical trials have been conducted thus far assessing their efficacy. With the recent advancements in technology and the development of well-designed clinical trials aimed at targeting various components of the, QS system, these agents will undoubtedly provide a useful alternative to treat infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a dearth of research that investigates the relationship between religiosity and stigma of mental illnesses by the context of Jordanian culture. So, this study aimed to describe the relationship between religiosity and stigma against mental illnesses as described by undergraduate university students in Jordan. This study design was descriptive correlations study among 338 University Students, undergraduate students in Jordan. The findings indicate there is a significant correlation (r = - 0.154, p < 0.05) between stigma toward patient with mental illnesses and religiosity. The higher religiosity score is associated with more negativity toward stigma of patient with mental illnesses. Also, the findings indicated there was a significant difference between medical and non-medical student's specialty area and stigma toward patients with mental illnesses (t = 111.14, p = 0.01). Non-medical students reported more stigma for patients with mental illnesses. Stigma against patient with mental illnesses should be addressed at different levels. Cultural competency curriculum should be established for medical and non-medical students to assure more acceptance attitudes and avoidance of stigma against patients with mental illnesses.

Body weight is a major risk determinant of frailty, but the effect of obesity on frailty is controversial. The present study aimed to confirm the hypothesis that the risk of frailty is positively associated with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), but the association is mediated by the waist:height ratio (WHtR) in older women and men. A total of 2862 community-dwelling older individuals aged 70–84 years were assessed for frailty using the Korean version of Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses, and Loss of weight index. Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) was associated with a higher risk of frailty compared with BMI 18·5–<23 kg/m2 in all the older individuals (OR 1·88; 95 % CI 1·11, 3·17; P = 0·018) and in older women (OR 1·86; 95 % CI 1·01, 3·42; P = 0·047) before adjusting for WHtR but was not associated with BMI after adjusting for WHtR. Additionally, obesity was not significantly associated with the risk of frailty before and after adjusting for WHtR in older men. Mediation analysis revealed that the association between BMI and frailty score was mediated by WHtR. Moreover, the mediating effect of WHtR on frailty score was positive in both women and men, but the frailty score was associated with BMI positively in women and negatively in men. The present study suggests that the risk of frailty is higher in obese women, which is mediated by WHtR, but not in obese men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship among religion, spirits and healing in the Tehuledere community in the northeastern part of Ethiopia and focuses on how this knowledge can inform primary healthcare reform. The study employed qualitative ethnographic methods. Participatory observation, over a total of 5 months during the span of 1 year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n = 20) conducted with key informants. Data were analyzed thematically using narrative strategies. The present study revealed that members of the study community perceive health, illness and healing as being given by God. Many of the Tehuledere people attribute illness to the wrath of supernatural forces. Healing is thought to be mitigated by divine assistance obtained through supplication and rituals and through the healing interventions of nature spirit actors. We found that the health, illnesses and healing were inextricably linked to religious and spiritual beliefs. Our findings suggest that religious and spiritual elements should be considered when drafting and implementing primary healthcare strategies for the study communities and similar environments and populations around the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This work aims to study the Work-Health relationship in the mines of Santa Rosalia during the Porfirian era. A town that was formed by the French company "El Boleo" in line with the development of copper exploitation. While the most advanced technology -- at that time in the western world -- was applied, the town lacked more indispensable sanitary infrastructure, as were the introduction of drinkable water and drainage. That lead to a permanent unhealthy situation that along with the difficult working conditions brought about various illnesses that later caused high mortality rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Outdoor adventure is inevitably linked to risks that lead to injuries, psychological distress, illnesses, and even fatalities. Gathering detailed information on such occurrences and their contributing factors is a valuable component of risk management in outdoor programs. This study investigated the occurrence of injuries, illnesses, evacuation profiles, non-medical concerns, and near-miss events in outdoor adventure practice in Kenya. Methods: A mixed-methods approach involving quantitative and qualitative methods was used to collect data from 136 outdoor adventure practitioners in Kenya. Questionnaires, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and desk reviews were employed to collect data. Results: The majority of injuries and illnesses occur during mountaineering (39%) and hiking and navigation (25.7%) events. The most reported incidents were mountain sickness (25%) and musculoskeletal injuries consisting of fractures (30%), cuts and wounds (14.7%), blisters (12.5%), sprains and dislocations (12.5%), and muscle strains and pulls (8.8%). Out of the 128 reported evacuation incidences on Mt. Kenya, 95 were due to mountain sickness and10 due to falls. Combined age and sex of the climbers and the location/altitude on the mountain are predictors of the occurrence and the type of injury/illness on the mountain (x2 (10, n 5128) 5 63.32, P, 0.001). However, only altitude significantly contributes to the model (P, 0.001). Reported near-miss incidences included flash floods, aggressive encounter with wildlife, getting lost for extended period, near falls and slips, and rolling-rock falls. Non-medical concerns reported included extreme anxiety, intoxication from drug and alcohol use, confrontation and fights, and disorientation. Conclusions: There is evident incidence of injuries and illnesses of varying severity, with age, sex, and altitude reached being key predicting factors. Mitigating efforts and preventive measures should be employed as well as risk assessment and management to promote safety. The findings are vital to advise policy and practice and enhance awareness among practitioners and interested parties in Kenya and also in other destinations with similar conditions, terrains, and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traffic accident is when only material damage is caused to the vehicle, track or environment, and there are no casualties. Traffic disaster is such an event in which, besides the material damage, there are human casualties. Traffic disaster is such an event in which, besides the material damage, there are human casualties. Aim: Provision of emergency medical care in all phases of the management of injured persons in traffic accidents with basic and abnormal trauma support in order to reduce: morbidity, validity and mortality and increasing the quality of EMS. Materials and methods: Samples of the survey were only injured in traffic accidents and the main causes were; age, sex, place of residence, seasons, weekdays and months, sleepwalking, drug use, alcohol consumption, and medical assessment, poor quality of roads, speed overtaking, car testing, illness, mobile phone use, eating in the car, radio CD player. Results: The research material was obtained from the UCCK - Clinic Clinic in Pristina archive for January - December 2015 and January - October 2016. Research samples were only injured in traffic accidents. In Kosovo, the Emergency Clinic for January-December was 55.294 / 9.32% and 66 injured / 0.11%. Over 3 400 people die in the world's streets every day and tens of millions of people are injured. Conclusions: EMS should be equipped with medical staff, medicines, medical equippment, concrete materials, ambulances with the aim of providing basic and advanced care to the nearest hospital. Educate and train emergency medical professionals with basic and advanced trauma training courses, especially the hospital and prehospital level, and be incorporated as a first class subject at all levels of school.