3 results on '"VARAINE, Simon"'
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2. The compass of violence : prosperity, decline and the ideological orientation of radical movements
- Author
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Varaine, Simon, Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales (PACTE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble (IEPG ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....], Raul Magni Berton, and Laurent Bègue
- Subjects
Radicalization ,Political violence ,Deprivation ,Violence politique ,Inequality ,Terrorism ,Radicalisation ,Ideology ,Terrorisme ,Inégalités ,Privation ,Idéologie ,[SHS.SCIPO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science - Abstract
Contrary to a widespread opinion, contexts of economic deprivation do not fuel political violence in general. However, violence committed in the name of right-wing ideologies increases in times of deprivation, while violence in the name of left-wing ideologies rises in times of prosperity. This dissertation aims to document and explain this differential effect of economic deprivation. The first part describes the link between economy and political violence of the right and the left in two historical case studies: France (1882-1980) and the United States (1948-2016). Based on cross-national surveys, psychological experiments and data on terrorist attacks in democratic countries since the 1970s, the second part shows that economic decline favors the mobilization of reactionary ideologies that contribute to right-wing political violence. Based on an economic experiment and data on terrorist attacks, the third part shows that economic inequalities reduce the capabilities of economically dominated groups to attack dominant groups, which consequently limits left-wing political violence. Finally, the last part of the thesis explores some limits of therelationship between economy and political violence: in the case of violence with apolitical motives (e.g. suicide terrorists with suicidal motives) and in the case of violence entering a transnational strategy (e.g. contemporary jihadism).; Contrairement à une intuition répandue, les contextes de misère économique n’alimentent pas les violences politiques en général. En revanche, les violences commises au nom d’idéologies de droite sont accentuées en période de misère, alors que les violences commises au nom d’idéologies de gauche augmentent en période de prospérité. La présente thèse vise à documenter et expliquer cette relation. La première partie décrit le lien entre économie et violences politiques de droite et de gauche dans les cas français (1882-1980) et étasunien (1948-2016). Sur la base d’enquêtes par sondage, d’expérimentations psychologiques et de données sur les actes terroristes dans les pays démocratiques depuis les années 1970, la deuxième partie montre que le déclin économique favorise la mobilisation d’idéaux réactionnaires, qui contribuent aux violences politiques de droite. Sur la base d’une expérimentation économique et de données sur les actes terroristes, la troisième partie montre que les inégalités économiques diminuent les capacités d’attaque des groupes économiquement dominés vis-à-vis des groupes économiquement dominants, ce qui limite les violences politiques de gauche. La dernière partie de la thèse explore quelques limites de la relation entre économie et violences politiques : dans le cas de violences à motifs apolitiques (e.g. attentats-suicides à motifs suicidaires) et dans le cas de violences participant d’une stratégie politique globale (e.g. djihadisme contemporain).
- Published
- 2020
3. Revisiting the Economics and Terrorism Nexus: Collective Deprivation, Ideology and Domestic Radicalization in the US (1948–2016).
- Author
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Varaine, Simon
- Subjects
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TERRORISM , *RADICALISM , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *IDEOLOGY , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Objectives: Studies generally find no relationship between economic deprivation and terrorist activities, leading to the conclusion that economic conditions have no role in the emergence of terrorist movements. The present paper challenges this conclusion. It argues that collective deprivation affects participation into terrorism, but in different directions depending on the ideology of terrorist movements: far-right terrorism should mobilize more under times of collective deprivation while far-left terrorism should mobilize more under times of collective improvement. Methods: I tested this hypothesis on the PIRUS database about domestic terrorists (N = 1295) in the United States from 1948 to 2016. I analysed whether the proportion of far-right (versus far-left) terrorists in a given year depends on collective deprivation in the US, operationalized through long-term recession of the income and long-term growth of inequality. Results: Hierarchical logistic regression analyses confirmed that far-right terrorism mobilizes more under periods of long-term economic deprivation, while far-left terrorism mobilizes more under improving economic conditions. Besides, the effect of collective deprivation appears to be of socio-tropic nature: it is especially determinant at the national level, rather than at the state or individual level. In contrast, results do not support the view that Islamist terrorism is affected by collective deprivation. Conclusions: The study challenges the view that economic conditions have no role in triggering terrorist mobilization. The differential effect of collective deprivation on far-right and far-left terrorism is compatible with system-justification and backlash theories. Besides, the findings suggest that collective deprivation affects radicalization at an early phase rather than the offending phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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