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This study examines how "information and communication technology (ICT)" affects carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations asymmetrically, controlling energy consumption, its intensity, trade, and financial development following an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) approach. It employs panel data covering 1995–2019, 2nd generation unit root, Westerlund cointegration tests, nonlinear pooled mean group (PMG) estimate, and Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality check. The Westerlund test validates a long-run association among variables. The study confirms the EKC proposition for the GCC countries. It reveals that a decrease in CO2 emissions is associated with both positive and negative parts of ICT and the expansion of financial development. While per capita GDP increases pollution, squared GDP per capita reduces it; energy consumption, intensity, and trade amplify carbon emissions. D-H causality check yields several bidirectional and one-way causalities and verifies the robustness of PMG outcomes. Our findings suggest that promoting ICT becomes one of the critical techniques to decrease CO2 emissions in GCC nations due to its significant negative influence on CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looks into ICT's asymmetrical impact on emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2) controlling energy use and financial development (FD) in GCC countries. It uses panel data covering 1995–2019, employs 2nd generation unit root and Westerlund cointegration tests, and applies panel-pooled "generalized least square (GLS)" techniques. The "pooled mean group (PMG)" method and the "Dumitrescu-Hurlin (D-H)" causality test are employed to verify the robustness of GLS estimation. The bootstrap cointegration test corroborates a long-run cointegration among variables. GLS findings exhibit an asymmetric relation between ICT and CO 2 emissions; both the affirmative and negative shocks of ICT and FD are associated with decreased CO 2 emissions, while energy use enhances the latter. Hence, promoting ICT is essential to reduce CO 2 discharges in the GCC region due to its large negative stimulus on CO 2 emissions. The PMG estimation also produces findings similar to those of the GLS outcomes and verifies the GLS outcomes' robustness. The D-H causality check also validates the GLS and PMG outcomes. • It examines asymmetric nexus among ICT, energy use, financial development (FD), and CO 2 emissions. • A cointegrating nexus among ICT-energy-FD-CO 2 emissions is validated. • It exhibits an asymmetric relation between ICT and CO 2 emissions. • ICT shocks and FD reduces CO 2 emissions, while energy use enhances them. • Need to promote ICT initiatives, ICT-based FD, and sustainable energies to combat CO 2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]