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ocellifera Lamarck, 1816, Asterias Asterias ocellifera Lamarck, 1816: 553. Nectria ocellifera ‒ Clark 1993: 305. — Jangoux 2021: 235. CURRENT STATUS. — Nectria ocellifera (Lamarck, 1816). TYPE MATERIAL. — South Seas • holotype; Baudin expedition (1800- 1804); Péron & Lesueur leg.; MNHN-IE-2014-24. REMARK Photographs and original drawings of A. ocellifera holotype are presented in Jangoux (2021: 236, fig. 25)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 304, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["LAMARCK J. B. DE 1816. - Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres 2. Verdiere, Paris.: 547 - 568. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 13299321","CLARK A. M. 1993. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 2: Valvatida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 4, Balkema, Rotterdam: 187 - 366.","JANGOUX M. 2021. - The asteroid species of Lamarck (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Zoosystema 43 (13): 213 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / zoosystema 2021 v 43 a 13. http: // zoosystema. com / 43 / 13"]}

Specimens of Nectria spp. and Nectriella rufofusca were obtained from the fungarium of Pier Andrea Saccardo, and investigated via a morphological and molecular approach based on MiSeq technology. ITS1 and ITS2 sequences were successfully obtained from 24 specimens identified as ' Nectria ' sensu Saccardo (including 20 types) and from the type specimen of Nectriella rufofusca. For Nectria ambigua, N. radians and N. tjibodensis only the ITS1 sequence was recovered. On the basis of morphological and molecular analyses new nomenclatural combinations for Nectria albofimbriata, N. ambigua, N. ambigua var. pallens, N. granuligera, N. peziza subsp. reyesiana, N. radians, N. squamuligera, N. tjibodensis and new synonymies for N. congesta, N. flageoletiana, N. phyllostachydis, N. sordescens and N. tjibodensis var. crebrior are proposed. Furthermore, the current classification is confirmed for Nectria coronata, N. cyanostoma, N. dolichospora, N. illudens, N. leucotricha, N. mantuana, N. raripila and Nectriella rufofusca. This is the first time that these more than 100-yr-old specimens are subjected to molecular analysis, thereby providing important new DNA sequence data authentic for these names.

To investigate fungi from the Qilian Mountains in Gansu Province, ascomycetous specimens were collected and hypocrealean fungi were examined. Eighteen species belonging to six genera in the families Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae were identified, including 11 species of Hypomyces and Trichoderma in Hypocreaceae and seven species of Nectria, Stylonectria, Thelonectria, and Thyronectria in Nectriaceae. Among them, Stylonectria qilianshanensis and Trichoderma gansuanum are new to science. DNA sequence analyses of combined ACL1, ITS, RPB2, and TEF1 regions confirmed their taxonomic placements. Morphological distinctions between the new species and their close relatives are discussed. Hypomyces tremellicola is reported for the first time in China.

To clarify phylogenetic relationships amongst Nectria, Neothyronectria and Thyronectria in Nectriaceae, we examined detailed morphological characters and performed phylogenetic analyses of a concatenated dataset, based on the ITS, LSU, tef1 and tub2 DNA sequences of fungal specimens in China. Four species of nectria-related fungi were identified, i.e. Nectriadematiosa, N.pseudotrichia, Neothyronectriacitri and Thyronectriapinicola. The newly described species, Neothyronectriacitri, is characterised by its ascomatal wall with bright yellow scurf, unitunicate asci, each with 4-spored and ascospores allantoid to short-cylindrical, uniseriate, muriform, hyaline to slightly yellowish-brown. This species has affinities with other one known species of Neothyronectria and can be distinguished by molecular data.

The new species Stilbocrea walteri is described and illustrated from Quercus ilex collected in Portugal. Phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA, rpb1, rpb2 and tef1 sequence matrices place S. walteri in the Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, within a clade of specimens morphologically identified as Stilbocrea macrostoma, the generic type of Stilbocrea. Stilbocrea walteri differs from S. macrostoma in dark olive green to blackish ascomata basally immersed in a stroma, KOH+ and LA+ ascomata and the lack of a stilbella-like asexual morph on natural substrate and pure culture. A simple phialidic asexual morph is formed in pure culture. To enable a morphological comparison, Stilbocrea macrostoma is illustrated.

The genus Frullania (Frullaniaceae, Porellales, Jungermanniopsida) comprises 21 species in Southeastern North America. Screening about 850 independent collections of common species of Frullania taken from the hark of trees in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia revealed a surprisingly high number of parasitic fruit-body forming ascomycetes. Particularly well represented are the Hypocreales (Sordariomycetes), of which 14 species (out of 17 occurring on Frullania worldwide) in five genera on eight host species are documented here based on 235 specimens. The genera Bryotria, Laniatria, and Periantria are proposed as new as well as the following ten species: Bryocentria biannulata, B. chlysothrix, B. lusor, B. navicula. B. pentarnera. Bryonectria anisopoda, Bryotria adelpha, B. urophora, Laniatria myxostoma, and Periantria bellacaptiva. Three new combinations are proposed. Calonectria frullaniae is transferred to Periantria. Nectria foertheri (on Porella sp.) and N. lagodes to Bryotria. Bryocentria brongniartii, Bryonectria callicarpa. Bryotria lagodes, and Periantria frullaniae are new records for North America. The latter species which destroys developing sporophytes within the perianths was found to be by far the most frequent. The hypocrealean fungi on Frullania in Southeastern North America are much more diverse than those of Central Europe. Biotrophic and necrotrophic species occur in both regions. The main distinguishing characters are size and colour of perithecium, structure of the perithecial wall, and size, shape and septation of the ascospores. Perithecia sometimes occur in high densities (up to eight per square mm) and, in spite of their small size, are relatively conspicuous due to their vivid colouration. Nevertheless, beyond the present study, knowledge of the Frullania inhabiting ascomycetes in North America is almost non-existent.

Three new meroterpenoid derivatives, furanocochlioqiunol (1) and furanocochlioqiunone (2), as well as nectrianolin D (3), together with two known biogenetically related compounds 4 and 5 were isolated from a mixed culture of two mangrove-derived fungi, Clonostachys rosea B5–2 and Nectria pseudotrichia B69–1. The structures of 1–3 were deduced based on the interpretation of HRMS and NMR data. Compounds 1–5 exhibited cytotoxicity against human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.47 to 10.16 μM.

Based on type studies and freshly collected material we here re-instate the genus Thyronectria (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales). Species of this genus were recently for the most part classified in the genera Pleonectria (Nectriaceae) or Mattirolia (Thyridiaceae), because Thyronectria and other genera had been identified as members of the Thyridiaceae due to the presence of paraphyses. Molecular phylogenies based on several markers (act, ITS, LSU rDNA, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub) revealed that the Nectriaceae contain members whose ascomata are characterised by long, more or less persistent, apical paraphyses. All of these belong to a single genus, Thyronectria, which thus has representatives with hyaline, rosy, green or even dark brown and sometimes distoseptate ascospores. The type species of Thyronectria, T. rhodochlora, syn. T. patavina, syn. T. pyrrhochlora is re-described and illustrated. Within the Nectriaceae persistent, apical paraphyses are common in Thyronectria and rarely also occur in Nectria. The genus Mattirolia is revised and merged with Thyronectria and also Thyronectroidea is regarded as a synonym of Thyronectria. The three new species T. asturiensis, T. caudata and T. obscura are added to the genus. Species recently described in Pleonectria as well as some species of Mattirolia are combined in the genus, and a key to Thyronectria is provided. Five species are epitypified. The type species of the genus Thyridium (Thyridiaceae), T. vestitum, is included in phylogenetic analyses to illustrate the phylogenetic distance of Thyronectria from the Thyridiaceae.

A new genus, Xanthonectria, is proposed for the enigmatic taxon Nectria pseudopeziza. Xanthonectria is characterized by nonstromatic, soft-textured, superficial, glabrous, pale yellow to bright orange nectria-like ascomata, not changing color in 3% KOH or lactic acid, long fusiform, multiseptate ascospores and an acremonium-like asexual morph. Its placement in the Bionectriaceae and its relationship to other members of this family are based on morphological, cultural and molecular data

This study led to the discovery of four putative entomopathogenic fungi of armoured scale insects on citrus trees in coastal New South Wales. Two of these species belong in Podonectria as P. coccicola (Ellis & Everh.) Petch (syn. Tetracrium coccicola (Hohn.) Ellis & Everh.) and P. novae-zelandiae Dingley. Members of this genus are grown in culture for the first time. Formerly placed in the Pleosporales, Tubeufiaceae, or more recently in the Tubeufiales, these species are herein placed in the new family Podonectriaceae fam. nov., Pleosporales. Another species is placed in the Hypocreales, Bionectriaceae as Clonostachys coccicola (J.A. Stev.) H.T. Dao comb. nov. (basionym Tubercularia coccicola J.A. Stev., syn. Nectria tuberculariae Petch). The fourth species is Myriangium citri Henn. (Myriangiales, Myriangiaceae). Each fungal species is characterized and the phylogenetic placement confirmed by molecular analyses of the ITS and 28 s rDNA regions. In addition, their biology is noted, including location of the fungi within tree canopies.

Myrmaeciella caraganae was recollected in and around Vienna, Austria and found to be morphologically different generically from the type species of Myrmaeciella, M. endoleuca. We redescribe M. caraganae in the new genus Stromatonectria. Phylogenetic analyses of LSU sequences place the genus in the Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales. S. caraganae occurs on branches of Caragana spp., Colutea arborescens and Laburnum anagyroides of the Fabaceae. It is characterized by spheroid perithecia partly or entirely immersed in a Hypocrea-like stroma, a Nectria-like centrum and bicellular hyaline ascospores. Conidia of S. caraganae are produced in compound pycnidia that are formed prior to or in association with perithecia. Sporodochia but no pycnidia are formed in culture. We discuss the genus Myrmaeciella and compare S. caraganae with species of the Nectriaceae, including Nectria balansae, N. eustromatica and N. paraguayensis.

We used 454 sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region to characterize fungal communities in tallgrass prairie soils subdivided into strata 0-10, 10-20, 30-40 and 50-60 cm deep. The dataset included more than 14000 fungal sequences distributed across Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, basal fungal lineages and Glomeromycota in order of decreasing frequency. As expected the community richness and diversity estimators tended to decrease with increasing depth. Although species richness was significantly reduced for samples from the deeper profiles, even the deepest stratum sampled contained richness of more than a third of that in the topmost stratum. More importantly, nonparametric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination analyses indicated that the fungal communities differed across vertical profiles, although only the topmost and deepest strata were significantly different when the NMS axis scores were compared by ANOVA. These results emphasize the importance of considering the fungal communities across the vertical strata because the deeper soil horizons might maintain a distinct community composition and thus contribute greatly to overall richness. The majority of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) declined in frequency with increasing depth, although a linear regression analysis indicated that some increased with increasing depth. The OTUs and BLAST-assigned taxa that showed increasing frequencies were mainly unculturable fungi, but some showed likely affinities to families Nectriaceae and Venturiaceae or to genus Pachnocybe. Although the ecological roles of the fungi in the deeper strata remain uncertain, we hypothesize that the fungi with preferences for deeper soil have adequate access to substrates and possess environmental tolerances that enable their persistence in those environments.

BACKGROUND: The novel natural product cinnacidin was isolated from a fungal fermentation extract of Nectria sp. DA060097. The compound was found to contain a cyclopentalenone ring system with an isoleucine subunit linked through an amide bond. Initial biological characterization of cinnacidin suggested promising herbicidal activity. RESULTS: Two synthetic analogs, (2S,3S)-2-[(3RS,3aSR,6aRS)-3-methoxy-4-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydropentalen-1-ylcarbamoyl]-3-methylvaleric acid and benzyl (2S,3S)-2-[(3RS,3aSR,6aRS)-3-methoxy-4-oxo-3,3a,4, 5,6,6a-hexahydropentalen-1-ylcarbamoyl]-3-methylvalerate, were prepared for further characterization, and their herbicidal activities were compared with that of cinnacidin. CONCLUSIONS: The synthetic compounds were highly phytotoxic on a range of weeds. Based on the symptoms in treated plants, the mode of action of these compounds is suggested to be similar to that of coronatine and jasmonic acid. Coronatine was more active against warm-season grasses, while the cinnacidin benzyl ester analog was more effective on cool-season grasses. In a seedling growth bioassay conducted on bentgrass, the cinnacidin analog was equivalent in activity to coronatine. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Hypocreales represents one of the most successful orders of ascomycetes on mosses and hepatics, and more than 30 obligately bryophilous species belonging to seven genera of Bionectriaceae and Nectriaceae are known. These fungi have a remarkably wide range of ascospore types that differ in form, size and septation. Especially heterogeneous are the ascospores of the six hypocrealean parasites recorded on European populations of Frullania dilatata. Patterns of distribution of bryophilous Hypocreales on this host appear to follow the principles of island biogeography. Two new leaf-perforating species of Nectria with unusual ascospores are described. Nectria foertheri Döbbeler sp. nov. grows biotrophically on Porella sp. in Guatemala, and N. lagodes Döbbeler sp. nov. is a necrotroph on Frullania dilatata in Italy and Greece.

Species of Melanospora are parasitic on or closely associated with other fungi. The morphological characters traditionally used to place Melanospora and the Ceratostomataceae in Sordariales do not agree with their placement in our phylogenetic study. The nuclear encoded small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU nrDNA) grouped four species of Melanospora and several allied genera and species in Hypocreales, an order rich in mycoparasites. An analysis based on characters derived from deduced amino acids from the second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II (RPB2) gene further supports the close relationship of Melanospora and Hypocreales. The nuclear encoded large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU nrDNA) phylogeny inferred six groups for 40 species in Hypocreales and allied genera (Bionectria, Claviceps, Hypocrea, Nectria, and Niesslia). Four species of Melanospora, including the type, and two Sphaerodes species formed a basal clade. Scopinella was placed in a distinct clade. Two other allies of Melanospora, Syspastospora and Persiciospora, were closely related to or within the Hypocrea and Nectria groups, respectively. The study argues for the reclassification of taxa that previously were placed in the Sordariales.

The genus Cosmospora includes nectrioid fungi that grow on polypores and xylariaceous fungi. The collections growing on xylariaceous fungi have been identified recently as Cosmospora viliuscula. In this paper the phylogeny and taxonomy of C. viliuscula are investigated. A phylogeny was generated with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods applied to a three-partition dataset (ITS, 28S, MCM7-RPB1-TUB2). Based on these results, we demonstrate that Cosmospora viliuscula represents a diverse species complex comprising more than 10 species. Seven new species are described, including three single-strain lineages, and the sexual states of C. arxii and C. khandalensis are described for the first time. The sexual states of these fungi tend to have a high degree of morphological homoplasy, making it difficult to differentiate among them based on morphological characters alone. However, the apparent host specificity of species in this complex aide in the diagnosis of these fungi. In addition, the RPB1 marker provides sufficient resolution to distinguish these fungi.

Nectria zealandica Cooke is transferred to the genus Cosmospora. This species is redescribed and its anamorph, Fusarium zealandicum sp.nov., is described as new and both are illustrated. The systematic position of Cosmospora zealandica comb.nov. and its anamorph is discussed.Key words: Hypocreales, Nectriaceae, taxonomy, New Zealand.

Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the phytopathogenic Nectria haematococca-Fusarium solani species complex, section Martiella of Fusarium, were inferred from sequence data from the nuc...

Many obligate fungal pathogens of lichens, the so-called lichenicolous fungi, seem to be tolerant of antibiotic lichen secondary metabolites. However, certain lichenicolous fungi are known to be strongly inhibited by chemical defenses of lichens, even those on which they are frequently found in nature. One of these fungi is Nectria parmeliae, an obligate lichenicolous fungus that is observed on many species of lichens. Field observations of this fungus in northern Virginia indicate a marked preference for the lichen Punctelia rudecta. Laboratory studies established that N. parmeliae is incapable of growing on tissues of this lichen unless they are first washed with acetone to remove phenolic defense compounds. It was determined that N. parmeliae can grow on P. rudecta in nature after another lichen inhabitant, a species of Fusarium, enzymatically degrades lecanoric acid (LEC), the dominant lichen compound of P. rudecta. Field studies in northern Virginia demonstrate that observed lichens harboring N. parmeliae generally also harbor the Fusarium sp. Furthermore, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) shows that LEC is completely degraded by Fusarium in 90 days, which permits growth of N. parmeliae. Taken together, these results suggest that some obligate lichenicolous fungi cannot colonize certain lichens unless there has been prior chemical processing of these lichens.

Because the common soil fungus and mycoparasite Gliocladium roseum differs from the type species of Gliocladium, G. penicillioides, in morphology, ecology, teleomorph, and DNA sequence data, it is ...

The diversity of symbiotic fungi associated with the gorgonian coral Echinogorgia rebekka from the Weizhou coral reef in the South China Sea was investigated. Combined with morphologic traits, ITS-rDNA sequences revealed 18 fungal strains from this gorgonian. All of the 18 fungi belonged to the phylum Ascomycota and were distributed among seven genera in five orders: Eurotiales (Aspergillus and Penicillium), Pleosporales (Alternaria), Capnodiales (Cladosporium), Trichosphaeriales (Nigrospora) and Hypocreales (Hypocrea and Nectria). Antibacterial activities of these fungal strains were investigated with five pathogenic bacteria. All of the 18 fungal strains displayed different levels of antibacterial activities, most of which exhibited moderate to high antibacterial activities to the Gram-positive pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus tetragenus, and showed relatively low bioactivities to other three pathogenic bacteria. Several fungal strains in the genera Penicillium and Cladosporium with strong antibacterial activities provide potential for further research on isolation of bioactive secondary metabolites.

Several species in the fungal genus Cosmospora (synonym Nectria) (anamorph Fusarium) are specialist entomopathogens of armored scale insects (Diaspididae), known to cause periodic epizootics in host populations. Inconsistent mortality rates recorded under laboratory conditions prompted a study into the process of infection of armored scale insects by this fungus. Scale insect mortality following exposure to a Cosmospora sp. (Culture Collection Number: CC89) from New Zealand was related to insect age, with reproductively mature insects having a significantly higher infection rate than immature insects. Examination using scanning electron microscopy found no evidence that the fungus penetrated directly through the wax test (cap) of the scale insect or through the un-lifted interface between the test and the substrate on which the insect resided. However, fungal hyphae were observed growing beneath the test when the test of the reproductively mature insect lifted away from the substrate for the purpose of releasing crawlers, the mobile pre-settled juveniles. Once the hyphae of CC89 advanced under the test, germ-tubes readily penetrated the insect body through a number of natural openings (e.g. spiracles, vulva, stylet), with mycosis observed within seven days after inoculation. Direct penetration through the cuticle of the scale insect was not observed.

An ascomycete with non stromatic, narrowly ovoidal or subpyriform, pale yellow to luteous perithecia, a Nectria-like centrum, yellowish-brown reticulate ascospores, and a Trichothecium-like anamorph has been isolated from small rodent dung in Italy. Based on morphological, cultural and molecular (nrLSU and ITS sequences) data, a new genus, Rodentomyces, and a new species, R. reticulatus, are therefore introduced to accommodate this fungus. Rodentomyces represents a hypocrealean genus in the Nectriaceae. Within this family, and based on molecular data, R. reticulatus is placed in the group including Calonectria, Leuconectria, Nectricladiella, Neonectria and Nectria mariannaeae. Several coprophilous genera are recorded in Hypocreales almost evenly distributed among the main families of this order.

A family of cytochrome P-450 (Pda) genes in the pathogenic fungus Nectria haematococca is responsible for the detoxification of the phytoalexin pisatin, an antimicrobial compound produced by garden pea (Pisum sativum L.). The Pda6 gene was mapped by electrophoretic karyotype analysis to a small meiotically unstable chromosome that is dispensable for normal growth. Such traits are typical of B chromosomes. The strains of Nectria studied here have no sequences that are homologous to the Pda family other than Pda6 and therefore demonstrate that unique, functional genes can be found on B chromosomes. Unstable B chromosomes may be one mechanism for generating pathogenic variation in fungi.

A Cylindrocarpon species with up to 10 microm wide, straight and predominantly 3-septate macroconidia, subglobose to ovoidal microconidia and chlamydospores, is described as Cyl. pauciseptatum. It is most similar to Cyl. austrodestructans but no chlamydospores and microconidia are formed in the latter. Similar macroconidia also occur in Cyl. theobromicola, which forms oval to ellipsoidal microconidia at least sparsely and has slightly curved macroconidia, and Cyl. destructans var. crassum, which forms abundant 1-celled microconidia. DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 plus the 5.8S rDNA and the partial beta-tubulin gene were used for phylogenetic inferences. Cylindrocarpon pauciseptatum and Cyl. macrodidymum are monophyletic and are closely related to other species of Cylindrocarpon sensu stricto including members of the Cyl. destructans (teleomorph, Neonectria radicicola) species complex, which accommodates Cyl. liriodendri (teleomorph, Neon. liriodendri), Cyl. destructans var. crassum and Cyl. austrodestructans (teleomorph, Neonectria austroradicicola comb. nov.). Cylindrocarpon theobromicola is distantly related to species of Cylindrocarpon sensu stricto or Neonectria sensu stricto. It clustered among cylindrocarpon-like species with curved macroconidia, of which some belong to the Neon. mammoidea group. Relatively voluminous cells in sporodochial conidiophores of Cyl. theobromicola resembled those described for Campylocarpon, which is closely related to members of the Neon. mammoidea group including Cyl. theobromicola. Cylindrocarpon pauciseptatum has been isolated from roots of Vitis spp. in South-eastern Europe (Slovenia) as well as New Zealand, where it also occurs on roots of Erica melanthera.

Tremella purpurea Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1158. 1753. "Habitat in Arborum ramis moribundis & emortuis." RCN: 8263. Type not designated. Original material: [icon] in Dillenius, Hist. Musc.: 127, t. 18, f. 6. 1741. Current name: Nectria cinnabarina (Tode: Fr.) Fr. (Nectriaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part T), pp. 878-905 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 893, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Four Cylindrocarpon or Cylindrocarpon-like taxa isolated from asymptomatic or diseased Vitis vinifera plants in nurseries and vineyards of South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and France were morphologically and phylogenetically compared with other Neonectria/Cylindrocarpon taxa. Sequences of the partial nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA), internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 of the rDNA including the 5.8S rDNA gene (ITS), and partial -tubulin gene introns and exons were used for phylogenetic inference. Neonectria/ Cylindrocarpon species clustered in mainly three groups. One monophyletic group consisted of three subclades comprising (i) members of the Neonectria radicicola/Cylindrocarpon destructans complex, which contained strains isolated from grapevines in South Africa, New Zealand, and France; (ii) a Neonectria/Cylindrocarpon species isolated from grapevines in South Africa, Canada (Ontario), Australia (Tasmania), and New Zealand, described here as Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum; and (iii) an assemblage of species closely related to strains identified as Cylindrocarpon cylindroides, the type species of Cylindrocarpon. This monophyletic group excluded two other groups, which comprised (i) members of the Neonectria mammoidea complex, with anamorphs characterised by curved macroconidia, violet or purple pigments in cultures of most of its members, and lack of microconidia and chlamydospores; and (ii) two undescribed Cylindrocarpon-like species, both from grapevines in South Africa. The latter two clades formed a paraphyletic group in LSU rDNA analysis but were supported as a monophyletic group in ITS and -tubulin gene analysis. Strains of the Neonectria radicicola/Cylindrocarpon destructans complex isolated from grapevines matched C. destructans in morphology and DNA sequences. Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum formed micro- and macroconidia, but rarely formed chlamydospores. Its mostly 3-septate macroconidia were more or less straight, minutely widening towards the tip, and had an apical cell slightly bent to one side. Its teleomorph, Neonectria macrodidyma, was obtained in mating experiments, and was characterised by smooth to finely warted ascospores, smooth to finely warted perithecia, and moderately sized angular to subglobose cells in the outer region of the perithecial wall. The other two undescribed Cylindrocarpon-like species mentioned above were characterised by mostly 3-5-septate, curved macroconidia, and by the lack of microconidia. Both species differed from members of the Neonectria mammoidea group by brownish colonies and by brownish hyphal strands formed in the aerial mycelium. For these species a new genus, Campylocarpon gen. nov., is proposed. It comprises the new species Campylocarpon fasciculare and Campylocarpon pseudofasciculare, respectively. Inoculation of 6-mo-old potted grapevine rootstocks (cv. Ramsey) with selected isolates of Cylindrocarpon destructans, Neonectria macrodidyma, Campylocarpon fasciculare, and Campylocarpon pseudofasciculare resulted in a reduced root and shoot mass of inoculated plants and appearance of symptoms typical of black foot disease.

Neonectria (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) species having Cylindrocarpon anamorphs that lack microconidia and chlamydospores include: Neo. discophora var. discophora, Neo. discophora var. rubi, stat nov...

The new ascomycetes Hypomyces succineus, Podostroma eperuae, and Nectria phialotrichi are proposed. Hypomyces succineus occurs on basidiomata of Pholiota sp. in New York; its anamorph is described as the new species Cladobotryum succineum. Podostroma eperuae occurs on decaying pods of a species of Eperua found in French Guiana and Guyana. Its anamorph is unknown. Nectria phialotrichi occurs on perithecia of Nectria sp. and bark in Guyana; its anamorph is referred to the anamorph genus Onychophora.

Zeus olympius gen. et sp. nov. (Ascomycotina, Rhytismatales, Rhytismataceae) and Nectria ganymede sp. nov. (Ascomycotina, Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) are described, illustrated and discussed, based on collections on dead branches of Pinus leucodermis on Mount Olympus in northern Greece. Zeus olympius appears to occur exclusively on Pinus leucodermis and Nectria ganymede exclusively on old ascomata of Zeus olympius.

The new species Nectria alata and N. penicilliferi (Ascomycetes, Hypocreales) and their anamorphs, respectively, Penicillifer bipapillatus sp. nov. and P. macrosporus sp. nov., are described. This is the first connection of Penicillifer species to teleomorphs. The generic concept of Penicillifer is restricted to anamorphs of Nectria species having conidiophores that: 1) are unbranched and monophialidic; 2) bear a terminal penicillus of phialides; or 3) are once- or twice-branched with each branch bearing a terminal penicillus of phialides. Conidia are cylindrical, 1-septate, bipapillate, and joined end to end in chains that ultimately break down, leaving the conidia adherent in slime. Colonies in agar culture produce a diffusing brown pigment. A key to accepted species of Penicillifer is presented, as is a key to genera and species of hyphomycetes that have colorless or lightly colored, mononematous conidiophores and slimy chains of colorless conidia. Two distinctive species ofNectria collected in the American tropics were grown in pure culture from isolated ascospores. Both species produced anamorphs identified as Penicillifer van Emden. These Nectria species and their anamorphs are described below. Taxonomy of Penicillifer is clarified, and its relationship to Nectria is discussed. A key to accepted species of Penicillifer is presented, as is a key to the hyphomycetes known to produce colorless conidia in slimy chains.

The following three species of parastiticascomycetes are described, illustrated and discussed in detail:Octosporella ptilidii spec. nova (Pezizales) onPtilidium ciliare from Switzerland,Nectria mnii spec. nova (Hypocreales) onPlagiomnium medium from Switzerland, andPhilobryon anuliferum gen. et spec. nov. (Dothideales) onPleurozia gigantea from New Guinea. The species are known only from the type collections. It is shown that the hyphae present an array of important characters which deserve the same attention as the fruiting bodies.

Cylindroearpon states of Nectria arenula (Berkeley et Broome) Berkeley and N. erubeseens (Desmazieres) Phillips et Plowright are described for the first time; N. multiseptata Samuels sp. nov., N. multiloculata Samuels sp. nov., and N. corynospora Samuels sp. nov. and their Cylindrocarpon conidial states are also described. The ascospores of these species are multiseptate except those of N. arenula which are uniseptate. Ascosporal septation per se is dismissed as a generic determinant in the Hypocreales.

SUMMARY The genus Ophionectria has been included in both the Euascomycetes and Loculoascomycetes. Critical study of the type species, Ophionectria trichospora, reveals it to have unitunicate asci, a hypocreaceous centrum and bright-colored perithecia. The genus, therefore, belongs in the euascomycete order Hypocreales. All available type specimens of species which have been placed in Ophionectria were examined. Only the type species remains in the genus. All others are excluded. In this paper the monotypic genus Ophionectria is described and figured; excluded species are discussed briefly. One new species is described: Barya byssicola. Two new names are proposed: Calonectria bryophila and Lasiosphaeria glabra. Seven new combinations are proposed: Calonectria hendrickxii, C. vernoniae, Torrubiella lloydii, Lasiosphaeria rufula, Podonectria coccorum, P. larvaespora and Tubeufia paludosa. The genus Ophionectria was described by Saccardo (1878) to accommodate Nectria species with very long spores. His description is brief: "Perithecia Nectriae-Asci octospori. Sporidia filiformia multiseptata v. multiguttulata." Thus, he differentiated Ophionectria from Nectria solely on the basis of its long, multiseptate spores. To Saccardo and his contemporaries "Nectria-like" perithecia meant bright-colored perithecia with soft, fleshy walls. In the modern taxonomic sense Nectria-like includes additional characters, especially those of the centrum. Saccardo originally included three species in Ophionectria, all transferred from the genus Nectria: 0. trichospora, 0. mellina and 0. palitdosa. Twenty-three more Ophionectria species were described by several authors, before Seaver (1909) designated 0. trichospora as the type species. Of the other species transferred to Ophionectria by Saccardo, 0. mellina was later transferred by H6hnel (1912) to Calonectria, where it belongs. The type specimen of 0. paludosa does not have a nectrioid perithecium and belongs in the loculoascomycete genus Tubeufia.

HANLIN, RICHARD T. (Georgia Experiment Station, Experiment.) Studies in the genus Necwria. II. Morphology of N. gliocladioides. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(10): 900-908. Illus. 1961.-Swollen tips of vegetative hyphae develop into multicellular archicarps from which multinucleate ascogonia forrn. From basal cells of each archicarp arise hyphae which grow up into a prosenchymatous, true perithecial wall; around this wall is formed a thin pseudoparenchymatous stroma of compacted hyphae. The ascogonia give rise to ascogenous cells from which croziers and asci form directly. At the same time, an apical meristem forms cells that grow downward into the centrum. These are pseudoparaphyses. Asci grow up among the pseudoparaphyses, which deliquesce as the ascocarp matures. The ascus tip contains a thick ring with a pore and lateral thickening of the ascus wall. Ascospores are forcibly ejected. The chromosome number is 4. This species conforms to the Nectria Developmental Type of Luttrell. THE TAXONOMIC position of those Pyrenomycetes having brightly colored, fleshy ascocarps has been variouslv interpreted by different workers. Some (Lindau, 1897; Gaumann, 1926; Bessey, 1950; Miller, 1949; Luttrell, 1951) have placed them in a separate order, the Hypocreales, while others (Miller, 1928; Clements and Shear, 1931; Gaumann, 1952; Von Arx and Muller, 1954; Munk, 1957), not considering color and texture sufficient basis for separation, included them in the Sphaeriales in one or more families. In recent years, developmental data have become increasingly important in taxonomic arrangements. In 1951, Luttrell proposed a system based on types of development of the ascocarp. He recognized 8 different developmental patterns, 1 of which, the Nectria Developmental Type, served as the basis for the order Hypocreales. The extent of this developmental type among hypocreaceous fungi can be determined only by detailed studies of the different species. The few studies which have been carried out are mostly incomplete and, therefore, of little value in determining the position of these fungi in a taxonomic system based on developmental morphology. The genus Nectria is a good example of this. Of the 4 species studied previously (N. ribis Tode ex Rab. [Vincens, 1917]; N. galligena Bres. 1 Received for publication May 10, 1961. Paper No. 1121, Department of Botany, University of Michigan; and Paper No. 397, Journal Series, Georgia Experiment Station. This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant G-10727. Portion of a dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. I am grateful to Dr. L. E. Wehmeyer for his guidance during this study and for reviewing the manuscript. [Cayley, 1921]; N. ipomoeae Halst. [Cook, 1923]; N. flava Bon. [Gilles, 1947]), only the work on N. flava approaches the detail necessary for modern taxonomic work. The present study was conducted to determine the position of N. gliocladioides Smalley & Hansen on the basis of its development. MATERIALS AND METHODS-Nectria gliocladioides was originally isolated from decaying bulbs of Lilium auratum Lindl. (Smalley and Hansen, 1957). The material used in this study was derived from a culture obtained from Dr. E. B. Smalley. Cultures were grown on complete mineral-medium agar plates containing 2% glucose under continuous fluorescent ("Daylight") light at 25 C. Suitable material was cut up into blocks approximately 5 mm2, then killed and fixed in Allen-Bouin Solution, Type II (Sass, 1951). Dehydration was carried out bv means of the tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) method (Sass, 1951). Embedding was done in Fisher Tissuemat (mp 54-56 C). Sections were cut at a thickness of from 8 to 10 u, the ribbons were floated on a 3% solution of formaldehyde in distilled water, and affixed to the slides with Haupt's Adhesive (Johansen, 1940). A number of stains were tried but the majority gave poor results. The method finally selected was a modification of that used by Robinow (1957). Sections were stained with the Feulgen technique (Johansen, 1940), then counterstained in 0.5% acetocarmine (45% acetic acid). Optimum time for both hydrolysis and counterstaining was 3 min. A longer time intensified the stain too much, obscuring detail. Studies of asci were made with fresh material. Squash mounts were made in 1 % acetoorcein (60% acetic acid) or 1% acetocarmine Fig. 1-13. All magnifications X 1700 unless otherwise stated.-Fig. 1. Typical Gliocladium conidiophore.-Fig. 2. Typical Verticillium conidiophore. X 850.-Fig. 3-4. Conidiophores intermediate in structure. X 850.-Fig. 5, left to right. Stages in conidial development, from branch to mature conidium. X 3000.-Fig. 6. Two mature conidia.-Fig. 7. Two conidia germinating after 6 hr in distilled water.-Fig. 8. Three mature ascospores, 2 with germ tubes after 6 hr.Fig. 9. Germinating conidium after 10 hr.-Fig. 10-12. Germinating ascospores after 14 hr.-Fig. 13. Tip of mature ascus showing wall thickening and apical ring with pore. X 3000.

Alkali-extractable and water-soluble polysaccharides were purified from cell walls of five species of Sesquicillium or its teleomorphs, Nectria lasiacidis and Nectria impariphialis, and from Nectria cinnabarina, the type species of Nectria, a heterogeneous genus that belongs to the Hypocreales. Methylation and NMR analyses for determination of linkage types and structure were performed and indicated differences between the polysaccharides purified during the present study and those isolated from other nectrioid fungi, namely the presence of 5-O-substituted galactofuranose (--5)-Galf-(1--) in the main chain together with 2,6-di-O-substituted galactofuranose (--2,6)-Galf-(1--) residues in Sesquicillium buxi and Sesquicillium pseudosetosum. The polysaccharide from N. impariphialis was similar to those obtained from the above species, although an additional residue of 6-O-substituted glucopyranose (--6)-Glcp-(1--), was detected in some side chains. In N. lasiacidis and Sesquicillium candelabrum the polysaccharide contained an additional branching point of 5,6-di-O-substituted galactofuranose (--5,6)-Galf-(1--) linked to terminal N-acetylglucosamine GlcNAc-(1--). These chains were linked to a small mannan core. All these polysaccharides showed major differences to the polysaccharide of N. cinnabarina, which was formed by a main chain of (1--6)-beta-linked galactofuranose units almost fully branched at positions 2-O by either single residues of glucopyranose or acidic chains containing glucuronic acid and mannose.