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Trichoderma Pers., Neues Magazin f̧r die Botanik 1: 92 (1794) Index Fungorum number: IF 10282 Type species: Trichoderma viride Pers., Neues Magazin f̧r die Botanik 1: 92 (1794) Notes: Trichoderma has been known since at least the 1920s for their antagonistic properties to act as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens (Harman 2006). Recently, 495 records have been listed in the index Fungorum (2023). Trichoderma are soilborne, green-spored ascomycetes, these fungi are often isolated from forest or agricultural soils worldwide and present typical green sporulation in vitro (Brotman et al. 2010, Zhang et al. 2022). Some strains of Trichoderma are opportunistic plant symbionts, that effectively colonize roots, and have evolved multiple mechanisms to increase plant growth and productivity (Harman 2000, 2006). Moreover, Trichoderma is a strong mycoparasite, and shows excellent antagonistic properties to other fungi to produce antibiotics that affect other microbes (Weindling 1934, Weindling & Fawcett 1936). Therefore, Trichoderma is an ideal biocontrol agent in agriculture. Especially, Trichoderma reesei is famous as an industrially important cellulolytic filamentous fungus that produced secondgeneration biofuels from cellulosic waste (Schuster & Schmoll 2010)., Published as part of Yang, Erfu, Lu, Wenhua, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Dai, Dongqin, Gao, Ying, Promputtha, Itthayakorn & Karunarathna, Samantha C., 2023, Three interesting fungi from American bullfrog larvae (Rana catesbeiana) in Yunnan, China, pp. 251-268 in Phytotaxa 587 (3) on page 261, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7744408, {"references":["Harman, G. E. (2006) Overview of mechanisms and uses of Trichoderma spp. Phytopathology 96: 190 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.1094 / PHYTO- 96 - 0190","Brotman, Y., Kapuganti, J. G. & Viterbo, A. (2010) Trichoderma. Current Biology 20: 390 - 391. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2010.02.042","Zhang, G. Z., Yang, H. T., Zhang, X. J., Zhou, F. Y., Wu, X. Q., Xie, X. Y., Zhao, X. Y. & Zhou, H. Z. (2022) Five new species of Trichoderma from moist soils in China. MycoKeys 87: 133 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / mycokeys. 87.76085","Harman, G. E. (2000) Myths and dogmas of biocontrol. Changes in perceptions derived from research on Trichoderma harzianum T- 22. Plant Disease 84: 377 - 393. https: // doi. org / 10.1094 / PDIS. 2000.84.4.377","Weindling, R. (1934) Studies on a lethal principle effective in the parasitic action of Trichoderma lignorum on Rhizoctonia solani and other soil fungi. Phytopathology 24: 1153 - 1179.","Weindling, R. & Fawcett, H. S. (1936) Experiments in the control of Rhizoctonia damping-off of citrus seedlings. Hilgardia 10: 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.3733 / hilg. v 10 n 01 p 001","Schuster, A. & Schmoll, M. (2010) Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 87: 787 - 799. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00253 - 010 - 2632 - 1"]}

Trichoderma virens (J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster) Arx, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 87: 288 (1987) (Figure 6) Index Fungorum number: IF 128198 Isolated from intestinal contents of dead American bullfrog larvae. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph on PDA: Aerial mycelium abundant on PDA, fast-growing, forming cream-yellow to green sporulation with maturity, with a distinctive odour, sometimes producing a farinose to granular mat. Conidiophores 20–30 μm high, irregularly branched in a dendriform structure. Vegetative hyphae 4–8 μm wide (x̅ = 6 μm, n = 30), branched, hyaline, smooth and thick-walled, septate, narrow and flexuous, terminal branched, often curved. Conidiogenous cells 5.5–8 × 3–5 μm (x̅ = 6.5 × 4 μm, n = 20), occurring in lateral and terminal clusters, pyramidal. Conidia 4–6 × 3–4 μm (x̅ = 5 × 3.5 μm, n = 20), catenated, obovoid to globose, hyaline to olivaceous, delicately roughened, aseptate, smooth-walled. Chlamydospores 8–11 × 7–9 μm (x̅ = 9.5 × 8.5 μm, n = 20), hyaline, thick-walled, globose to subglobose, terminal. Culture characteristics: Colonies growing on PDA reach 70–80 mm in diameter after one week at 27 °C, forming the hyaline to olivaceous to green sporulation in PDA. Obverse: aerial, fluffy, hyaline mycelium, peripheral fertile, creamy green to dark green. Reverse olivaceous to pale brown. Without pigments produced in PDA. Known substratum: Theobroma cacao (Hanada et al. 2010), Betula pendula & Pinus sylvestris (Mulenko et al. 2008), Soil samples (Arx 1987, Kindermann et al. 1998, Chaverri et al. 2001, Zeng et al. 2016), intestinal contents of dead bullfrog larvae (This study). Known distribution: Unites States (Chaverri et al. 2001, Arx 1987), New Zealand (Kindermann et al. 1998), Poland (Mulenko et al. 2008), Brazil (Hanada et al. 2010), China (Zeng et al. 2016, This study). Material examined: China, Yunnan Province, Qujing Normal University, intestinal contents of dead American bullfrog larvae, GPS: 103°44’35”E, 25°30’46”N, 1856.6 m. Wen-hua Lu, ER2 (Herb. HKAS 125765) living culture KUNCC22-12508. Notes: Morphologically, our isolate KUNCC 22-12508 well fits the concept of Trichoderma virens by fastforming typical green sporulation in vitro, with obovoid, hyaline to olivaceous, slightly roughened conidia (Arx 1987, Chaverri et al. 2001). In addition, its chlamydospores were easily formed between the hyphae or formed terminally in the hyphae tip, similar results were also observed by Abd-Aziz et al. (2008). Phylogenetically, KUNCC 22-12508 has placed within Trichoderma virens strains, and separated well with neighbor species T. crassum and T. neocrassum with high statistical supports (100% ML /1 BYPP) (Figure 3). Moreover, the BLASTn results of ITS, LSU, tef1-α and rpb2 expect our isolate KUNCC 22-12508 100% similar to Trichoderma virens strains (LZ 002, LZ 012, Z 051). Therefore, our isolate KUNCC 22-12508 is identified as Trichoderma virens, a new host record based on morphological features and phylogenetic evidence., Published as part of Yang, Erfu, Lu, Wenhua, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Dai, Dongqin, Gao, Ying, Promputtha, Itthayakorn & Karunarathna, Samantha C., 2023, Three interesting fungi from American bullfrog larvae (Rana catesbeiana) in Yunnan, China, pp. 251-268 in Phytotaxa 587 (3) on pages 262-263, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7744408, {"references":["Arx, J. A. (1987) Plant pathogenic fungi. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 87: 1 - 288","Chaverri, P., Samuels, G. J. & Stewart, E. L. (2001) Hypocrea virens sp. nov., the teleomorph of Trichoderma virens. Mycologia 93: 1113 - 1124. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00275514.2001.12063245","Abd-Aziz, S., Fernandez, C. C., Salleh, M. M., Illias, R. M. & Hassan, M. (2008) Effect of agitation and aeration rates on chitinase production using Trichoderma virens UKM 1 in 2 - l stirred tank reactor. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 150: 193 - 204. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12010 - 008 - 8140 - 4"]}

Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill., Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 59: 40 (1912) (Figure 5) Index Fungorum number: IF 199430 Saprobic or pathogenic on a dead Asian House Gecko, mycelium clusters on the forehead, recognized as a white, raised, fluffy region. Sexual morph: undetermined. Asexual morph: Aerial mycelium dense, raised, entire edge, white to yellowish, velutinous, powdery while sporulating, yellowish-brown from reverse. Vegetative hyphae 1–3 μm (x̅ = 1.7 μm, n = 30) wide, branched, hyaline, smooth, thick-walled, occasionally jagged wall, septate, constricted at the septum, terminal round, Conidiogenous cells 4–11 μm (x̅ = 7.5 μm, n = 20) long, 1–3 μm (x̅ = 2 μm, n = 20) wide, solitary or occurring in lateral clusters, cylindrical, subglobose to ampulliform. Conidia 2–3 × 1–2.5 μm (x̅ = 2.5 × 2 μm, n = 20), catenated, globose to ellipsoidal, hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled. Culture characteristics: Colonies growing on PDA reach 15 mm in diameter after one week at 27 °C, and randomly sporulating within one month in PDA, above low convex, entire edge, fluffy, white. Reverse: yellowish brown. Sporulated within one month, visible the effuse, white clusters of mycelia with conidia, without pigments produced in PDA. Substratum: insect, Coleoptera (Tzean et al. 1997); Fragaria ananassa (Rigotti et al. 2003); Cosmopolites sordidus, Hypothenemus hampei, Leucoptera coffeella, Phyllophaga sp., Plutella xylostella (Delgado 2011); Vitis vinifera (Elena et al. 2018); Cannabis sativa (Punja et al. 2019); Coffea arabica (Serrato-Diaz et al. 2020). Distribution: Taiwan, China (Tzean et al. 1997); Switzerland (Rigotti et al. 2003); Nicaragua (Delgado 2011); Spain (Elena et al. 2018); Canada (Punja et al. 2019); Puerto Rico (Serrato-Diaz et al. 2020), China mainland (this study). Material examined: China, Yunnan Province, on dead Asian House Gecko, Peter E. Mortimer, F-5 (Herb. KUN-HKAS 122655), living culture, KUMCC 21-0468. Genbank numbers: ITS: OM 670163, rpb1: OM 681324, rpb2: OM 681325, tef1-α: OM 681322, Bloc: OM 681323. Notes: Our isolate KUMCC 21-0468 fits with the characteristics of Beauveria bassiana by having an asexual morph producing globose to subglobose, catenated conidia, aseptate, hyaline, with globose to flask-shaped phialides; conidiogenous cells normally cluster on the terminals of branched hypha (Paul Vuillemin et al. 1912, Chen et al. 2013). The clade B. bassiana was analysed in detail by Khonsanit et al. (2020). The ITS BLASTn results of our isolate highly overlapped with Beauveria bassiana strains BCC 34332, ARSEF 751 and BBC12907, while rpb1, rpb2 and tef1-α show high matches to B. bassiana ARSEF 1040 (>99%). In addition, Bloc gene region showed 100% (1486/1492, 1 gap) similarity to B. bassiana (ARSEF 4934), and our tree topology of the ML and BI analyses also shows KUMCC 21-0468 is closely related to B. bassiana ARSEF 1040 with high statistical supports (Figure 4). Therefore, our isolate KUMCC 21-0468 is identified as Beauveria bassiana, which is a new host record based on morphological features and phylogenetic evidences., Published as part of Yang, Erfu, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Dai, Dongqin, Promputtha, Itthayakorn, Mortimer, Peter E. & Karunarathna, Samantha C., 2022, Three interesting fungal species associated with the Asian House Gecko in Kunming, China, pp. 37-56 in Phytotaxa 545 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.545.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6520349, {"references":["Tzean, S. S., Hsieh, L. S. & Wu, W. J. (1997) Atlas of entomopathogenic fungi from Taiwan. Council of Agriculture 1: 214.","Rigotti, S., Gindrat, D. & Viret, O. (2003) Fungi from symptomless strawberry plants in Switzerland. Fungi from symptomless strawberry plants in Switzerland 42: 85 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.14601 / Phytopathol _ Mediterr- 1690","Delgado, G. R. E. G. O. R. I. O. (2011) Nicaraguan fungi: a checklist of hyphomycetes. Mycotaxon 115: 534.","Elena, G., Bruez, E., Rey, P. & Luque, J. (2018) Microbiota of grapevine woody tissues with or without esca-foliar symptoms in northeast Spain. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 57: 425 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.14601 / Phytopathol _ Mediterr- 23337","Punja, Z. K., Collyer, D., Scott, C., Lung, S., Holmes, J. & Sutton, D. (2019) Pathogens and molds affecting production and quality of Cannabis sativa L. Frontiers in plant science 10: 1120. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fpls. 2019.01120","Serrato-Diaz, L. M., Marino, Y. A. & Bayman, P. (2020) Pathogens causing Anthracnose and fruit rots of coffee associated with the coffee berry borer and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in Puerto Rico. Phytopathology 110: 1541 - 1552. https: // doi. org / 10.1094 / PHYTO- 02 - 20 - 0057 - R","Paul Vuillemin, M. (1912) Beauveria, nouveau genre de Verticilliacees. Bulletin de la societe botanique de france 59: 34 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1912.10832379","Chen, M. J., Huang, B., Li, Z. Z., Spatafora, J. W. (2013) Morphological and genetic characterisation of Beauveria sinensis sp. nov. from China. Mycotaxon 124: 301 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5248 / 124.301","Khonsanit, A., Luangsa-ard, J. J., Thanakitpipattana, D., Noisripoom, W., Chaitika, T. & Kobmoo, N. (2020) Cryptic diversity of the genus Beauveria with a new species from Thailand. Mycological Progress 19: 291 - 315. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 020 - 01557 - 9"]}

Beauveria Vuill., Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 59: 40 (1912) Index Fungorum number: IF 7346 Type species: Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill., Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 59: 40 (1912) Notes: Beauveria was first described by Balsamo-Crivelli (1835) as Botrytis bassiana, but later the name was changed to Beauveria bassiana, and it was assigned as the type species of new independent genus Beauveria in Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales (Paul Vuillemin 1912). This genus was characterized asexually by having globose bases and extended denticulate rachis, unicellular, ball-like, holoblastic conidia (et al. 2011, Chen et al. 2013), whereas the sexual morphs produce solitary, paired or gregarious stromata, cylindrical to clavate, yellowish to orange, cylindrical and filiform ascospores (Kepler et al. 2017). Beauveria bassiana has been reported as a pathogen of silkworms as early as 900 AD in Japan, and it was documented that the pathogen resulted in serious silkworm disease in Italy and France around 1800 (Samson et al. 2013). However, some Beauveria spp. also were reported as endophytes or saprobes associated with various plants (Vega et al. 2008, Moonjely et al. 2016, Imoulana et al. 2017, Chen et al. 2018, Khonsanit et al. 2020). Beauveria is a widespread anamorphic genus of entomopathogenic fungi, which includes ecologically and economically important species, for example, B. bassiana is widely utilized as a biological pest control agent in agriculture (Zimmermann 2007, Khonsanit et al. 2020)., Published as part of Yang, Erfu, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Dai, Dongqin, Promputtha, Itthayakorn, Mortimer, Peter E. & Karunarathna, Samantha C., 2022, Three interesting fungal species associated with the Asian House Gecko in Kunming, China, pp. 37-56 in Phytotaxa 545 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.545.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6520349, {"references":["Balsamo-Crivelli, G. (1835) Osservazione sopra una nuova spezie di Mucedinea del genere Botrytis. Biblioteca di Bibliografia Italiana 79: 125.","Paul Vuillemin, M. (1912) Beauveria, nouveau genre de Verticilliacees. Bulletin de la societe botanique de france 59: 34 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1912.10832379","Costa, E. M. D., Pimenta, F. C., Luz, C., Oliveira, V. D., Oliveira, M., Bueno, E. & Petrofeza, S. (2011) Beauveria bassiana: quercetinase production and genetic diversity. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 42: 12 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1517 - 83822011000100002","Chen, M. J., Huang, B., Li, Z. Z., Spatafora, J. W. (2013) Morphological and genetic characterisation of Beauveria sinensis sp. nov. from China. Mycotaxon 124: 301 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5248 / 124.301","Kepler, R. M., Luangsa-ard, J. J., Hywel-Jones, N. L., Quandt, C. A., Sung, G. H., Rehner, S. A., Aime, M. C., Henkel, T. W., Sanjuan, T., Zare, R., Chen, M., Li, Z., Rossman, A. Y., Spatafora, J. W. & Shrestha, B. (2017) A phylogenetically-based nomenclature for Cordycipitaceae (Hypocreales). IMA Fungus 8: 335 - 353. https: // doi. org / 10.5598 / imafungus. 2017.08.02.08","Samson, R. A., Evans, H. C. & Latge, J. P. (2013) Atlas of entomopathogenic fungi. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 703 - 705.","Vega, F. E., Posada, F., Aime, M. C., Pava-Ripoll, M., Infante, F. & Rehner, S. A. (2008) Entomopathogenic fungal endophytes. Biological Control 46: 72 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocontrol. 2008.01.008","Moonjely, S., Barelli, L. & Bidochka, M. J. (2016) Insect pathogenic fungi as endophytes. Advances in Genetics 94: 107 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / bs. adgen. 2015.12.004","Chen, W. H., Liu, M., Huang, Z. X., Yang, G. M., Han, Y. F., Liang, J. D. & Liang, Z. Q. (2018) Beauveria majiangensis, a new entomopathogenic fungus from Guizhou, China. Phytotaxa 333: 243 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 333.2.8","Khonsanit, A., Luangsa-ard, J. J., Thanakitpipattana, D., Noisripoom, W., Chaitika, T. & Kobmoo, N. (2020) Cryptic diversity of the genus Beauveria with a new species from Thailand. Mycological Progress 19: 291 - 315. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 020 - 01557 - 9","Zimmermann, G. (2007) Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria brongniartii. Biocontrol Science and Technology 17: 553 - 596. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09583150701309006"]}