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Excessive sodium consumption is linked to chronic degenerative diseases. Increased population knowledge about sodium should help reduce it’s consumption. Objective: To compare the knowledge and practices of the use of salt/sodium in food for men and women in Medellin, Colombia. Materials and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional exploratory study of 155 men and 167 women aged 18-50 from Medellin, Colombia. Participants were given a survey on sodium consumption practices and knowledge. Results: Significant differences were found (p

High dietary salt intake was reported to increase blood pressure by numerous studies, but no study has investigated the effect of dietary salt intake on blood pressure variability (BPV). This study aimed to determine if daily salt intake is related to ambulatory BPV. The study included 136 primary hypertensive patients (92 male, 44 female) with a mean age of 50.7 +/- 11.1 years. All the patients underwent 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to determine both the 24-h systolic and 24-h diastolic BPV. 24-h urine sodium was measured. The correlation between BPV and 24-h urinary sodium was investigated. Logarithmic transformation of 24-h urinary sodium [log(24-h urinary sodium)] was positively correlated with the mean 24-h systolic ARV, and nighttime systolic ARV (r=0.371 and p=0.001, r=0.329 and p=0.028, respectively). Similarly, log(24-h urinary sodium) was positively correlated with mean 24-h diastolic ARV and nighttime diastolic ARV (r=0.381 and p=0.001, r = 0.320 and p=0.020 respectively). Log(24-h urinary sodium) was an independent predictor of BPV based on multivariate regression analysis. Dietary salt intake might play a role in the pathogenesis of ambulatory BPV. (C) 2016 Sociedad Espanola de Nefrologia. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.

High dietary salt intake was reported to increase blood pressure by numerous studies, but no study has investigated the effect of dietary salt intake on blood pressure variability (BPV). This study aimed to determine if daily salt intake is related to ambulatory BPV. The study included 136 primary hypertensive patients (92 male, 44 female) with a mean age of 50.7 ± 11.1 years. All the patients underwent 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to determine both the 24-h systolic and 24-h diastolic BPV. 24-h urine sodium was measured. The correlation between BPV and 24-h urinary sodium was investigated. Logarithmic transformation of 24-h urinary sodium [log(24-h urinary sodium)] was positively correlated with the mean 24-h systolic ARV, and nighttime systolic ARV (r = 0.371 and p = 0.001, r = 0.329 and p = 0.028, respectively). Similarly, log(24-h urinary sodium) was positively correlated with mean 24-h diastolic ARV and nighttime diastolic ARV (r = 0.381 and p = 0.001, r = 0.320 and p = 0.020 respectively). Log(24-h urinary sodium) was an independent predictor of BPV based on multivariate regression analysis. Dietary salt intake might play a role in the pathogenesis of ambulatory BPV. Resumen En numerosos estudios se ha señalado que el consumo elevado de sal aumenta la presión arterial; no obstante, no se ha investigado el efecto de la ingesta alimenticia de sal sobre la variabilidad de la presión arterial (VPA). El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el consumo diario de sal está relacionado con la VPA ambulatoria. En el estudio se incluyeron 136 pacientes hipertensos esenciales (92 hombres y 44 mujeres) con una edad media de 50,7 ± 11,1 años. Todos los pacientes se sometieron a una monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial de 24 h para determinar la VPA sistólica y diastólica de 24 h. Se midió la natriuria de 24 h y se estudió la correlación de la misma con la VPA. La transformación logarítmica de la natriuria de 24 h (log [natriuria 24 h]) se relacionó con certeza con el índice Average Real Variability (ARV) sistólico de 24 h y el ARV sistólico nocturno medios (r = 0,371 y p = 0,001, r = 0,329 y p = 0,028, respectivamente). De forma parecida, el log [natriuria 24 h] se relacionó con seguridad con el ARV diastólico de 24 h y el ARV diastólico nocturno medios (r = 0,381 y p = 0,001, r = 0,320 y p = 0,020, respectivamente). El log [natriuria 24 h] fue una variable independiente de la VPA, según el análisis de regresión multivariante. Es posible que el consumo de sal intervenga en la patogénesis de la VPA ambulatoria.

La hipertensión arterial (HA) en pediatría es una patología sub diagnosticada, con una prevalencia de alrededor de un 2 a 3%. Su prevención debe comenzar precozmente con indicaciones de estilos de vida saludables, en especial reducción de sodio a 2,3 g equivalentes a 5,8 g de cloruro de sodio diarios, dada la relación directa entre cantidad de sal de la dieta y la presión arterial. En poblaciones humanas con dietas conteniendo menos de 3 g de sal por día la HA es infrecuente y no aumenta con la edad. La mayor parte del sodio ingerido se aporta por los alimentos elaborados industrialmente: el 77% se obtiene de los alimentos procesados. En esta comunicación se revisan los mecanismos que relacionan las alzas tensionales con la ingesta de sal. Se excluyen los mecanismos que producen HA en las enfermedades renales y otras formas de HA secundarias. Desde el punto de vista fisiológico el riñon tiene un papel primordial en la regulación de la presión arterial, entre otros por su capacidad de modificar la excreción de agua y sal y con ello regular el volumen de sangre circulante. Se analiza la relación sodio/HA en el recién nacido y en el niño mayor y algunos aspectos genéticos de esta enfermedad. Se concluye que hay factores de riesgos biológicos y conductuales en los jóvenes que son modificables. Es necesario promover cambios en estos grupos a través de estrategias de prevención poblacional tanto activas como pasivas. Esto requiere un compromiso de políticas públicas que incluyan campañas educativas, manejo de la publicidad y fácil identificación de los alimentos saludables. Deben intervenirse los hábitos, costumbres y tendencias a través de acciones con un enfoque multifactorial, familiar, grupal y comunitario, siendo el pediatra quien debe liderar este desafío. Pediatric arterial hypertension (AH) is an underdiagnosed disease, with a known prevalence of 2-3%. Its preventive management should begin early and includes life-style changes and diet salt reduction to a maximum of 5.8 g (2.3 g of sodium), since there is a direct relationship between total salt intake and arterial blood pressure. It has been previously shown that in populations with low salt diet (less than 3g), AH is rare and it does not increase with age. It has been estimated that 77% of salt found in regular diets comes from processed food. Mechanisms involved in salt intake and high blood pressure are analyzed in this paper. Arterial hypertension secondary to renal diseases and other pathologies are excluded. Considering renal physiology, the role of the kidney is crucial in arterial blood pressure regulation, through the capacity to affect the salt and water excretion; therefore, controlling total blood volume. The relationship between salt and AH in the newborn and older children, as well as genetic aspects of this disease, are discussed. In conclusion, there are biological and behavioural risk factors that can be modified in young population. It is necessary to promote these changes through active, as well as passive, prevention strategies. A government public health policy including educational publicity campaigns, permanent media information and accessible health food labelling is essential. Habits, old customs and trends need to be changed through a multifactorial approach to groups, families and community. The pediatrician should lead this effort.