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Background & Aims: Hyperammonaemia is a key pathological feature of liver disease and the primary driver of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However, the relative roles of increased ammonia production and reduced clearance are poorly understood as is the action of ammonia-targeting drugs for HE. We aimed to quantify whole-body ammonia metabolism in healthy persons and patients with cirrhosis and to validate our method by examining the effects of glycerol phenylbutyrate and lactulose + rifaximin treatment., Methods: Ten healthy men and ten male patients with cirrhosis were investigated by 90-minute constant ammonia infusion to achieve steady-state plasma ammonia. Whole-body ammonia clearance was calculated as infusion rate divided by steady-state concentration increase and ammonia production was calculated as clearance multiplied by baseline ammonia concentration. Participants were re-investigated after the ammonia-targeting interventions., Results: In healthy persons, ammonia clearance was 3.5 (3.1-3.9) L/min and ammonia production was 49 (35-63) μmol/min. Phenylbutyrate increased clearance by 11% (4-19%, p = 0.009). In patients with cirrhosis, ammonia clearance was 20% lower at 2.7 (2.1-3.3) L/min (p = 0.02) and production was nearly threefold higher at 131 (102-159) μmol/min (p <0.0001). Lactulose + rifaximin reduced production by 20% (2-37%, p = 0.03). The infusion was generally well-tolerated apart from in one hyperammonaemic patient, with cirrhosis and possible bleeding unrelated to the infusion, who developed clinical HE that reverted when infusion was discontinued., Conclusions: Whole-body ammonia clearance and production may be measured separately using the described technique. This technique identified a lower clearance and a higher production of ammonia in patients with cirrhosis, and showed that phenylbutyrate increases clearance, whereas lactulose + rifaximin reduces production., Impact and Implications: High blood ammonia plays a key role in cirrhosis-related brain dysfunction. However, the relative roles of reduced ammonia clearance and increased ammonia production are poorly understood as is the action of ammonia-targeting treatments. This study presents a relatively simple test to measure ammonia metabolism. By using this test, it was possible to show that patients with cirrhosis exhibit decreased ammonia clearance and increased ammonia production compared to healthy persons, and to quantify the unique effects of different ammonia-targeting treatments. The test described herein may be used to examine a range of questions related to normal physiology, pathophysiology and the mechanisms of action of ammonia-targeting treatments., Clinical Trial Number: ClinicalTrials.gov (1-16-02-297-20)., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hyperammonaemic encephalopathy (HAE) in adults in the absence of acute or chronic liver disease is a severe condition caused by inborn errors of metabolism or acquired conditions like bariatric surgery, medications or malignancy as summarised in this review. Metabolic defects are most often caused by partial defects in the urea cycle enzymes demasked by stressors, whereas mechanisms underlying the acquired causes are complex and often multifactorial. Awareness of HAE and knowledge of the causes can help the clinician to deal appropriately with patients presenting with symptoms suggesting HAE and no signs of liver disease.