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Pristalaucus serendipia Smith, Cambra & Añino, sp. nov. (Figs 1–3) Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be immediately recognized from all other Neotropical species with acute anterolateral mesonotal projections by the frons and frontal orbits distinctively rugose-reticulate (Fig. 3). The following characters are also useful for diagnosis: integument of body black, ovipositor sheath black with central white band; wings hyaline with black spot at apex; anterior margin of pronotum with one forward projecting spine; notaular depression broad, meeting before reaching transscutal articulation. Description. FEMALE (holotype). Body length 9.3 mm, fore wing 7.1 mm, ovipositor length 6.3 mm. Color. Integument of head, antennomeres one to five (others missing), mesosoma, metasoma and legs black; wings hyaline with dark-brown spot at apex and inconspicuous small spot under stigma; ovipositor sheath black with white central band. Head. Vertex from ocelli posteriorly shiny, impunctate (Fig. 2); frons and frontal orbits coarsely rugose-reticulate (Fig. 3); with fine white setae, densest on frons, supraclypeal area, clypeus, and malar area; first 5 antennomeres as 0.4:0.4:0.5:1.0:0.8; lower interocular distance 0.89× eye height; malar area 0.18× eye height; distance between lateral ocellus and eye 0.68× distance between lateral ocelli; head in dorsal view slightly narrowing behind eyes, length behind eyes about 0.6× eye length. Mesosoma. Propleuron shiny with few small scattered punctures, ventrolateral carina distinct; pronotum with one forward projecting spine on anterior margin, mostly punctate anteriorly, reticulate posteriorly; anterolateral projections of mesonotum slightly directed laterally, separated by circular emargination (Fig. 2); mesoprescutum foveo-reticulate; notaular depression broad, meeting before reaching transscutal articulation, with oblique carinae on furrow of notauli; posterior margin of mesoscutum and metapostnotum scrobiculate; axilla and anterior margin of scutellum reticulate, rest of scutellum with three transverse carinae; mesepisternum reticulate punctate; mesepimeron scrobiculate; hind coxa shiny, anteriorly with small punctures with shiny interspaces more than diameter of a puncture, dorso-laterally with many closely-set carinae in posterior half; hind coxal ovipositor guide with groove funnel shaped, transverse and placed subapically, groove without carinae or setae, apical coxal lobe stout and very short, a weak ventro-longitudinal ridge along coxa; hind basitarsus 1.18× longer of remaining tarsomeres combined; tarsal claws with three teeth and basal lobe; fore wing with long vein Rs+M separating cells 1M and 1Rs; hind wing with three hamuli, two stout and one more slender. Metasoma. Pyriform, basal half narrow, gradually widened at center with apical half bulbous (Fig. 1); shiny, impunctate; pubescence densest on segments four to apex; ovipositor length about 1.13× fore wing length. Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype ♀, PANAMA, Barro Colorado Island, 9° 9’ 5’’ N, 79° 50’ 58’’ W, 27 agosto 2023 (Malaise trap) col. D. Windsor (MIUP). The holotype is missing: last nine antennomeres; femur, tibia, tarsus of left fore leg; right middle leg except coxa; tarsus of left middle leg; tarsus of left hind leg. Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Panama. Etymology. Spanish word adapted from the English term serendipity; circumstance of finding by chance something that was not sought. Due to the accidental or casual discovery of this rare specimen during the search for aculeate wasps sampled in three years (2003-2005) with 10 malaise traps in BCI. Comments. In the key to Pristaulacus of Central America (Smith 2008), P. serendipia will run to couplet 3 which includes P. argutus Smith and P. tria Smith. With the ovipositor sheath with a white band and the presence of one anteriorly projecting tooth on the pronotum, it is closest to P. argutus. However, P. argutus has a smooth, shiny frons and frontal orbits with only widely scattered fine punctures and orange fore and midlegs. In Smith’s (2018) key to Neotropical Pristaulacus species with acute anterolateral mesonotal projections, P. serendipia goes to couplet 22 which includes P. argutus and P. omnis Smith. Both species have a smooth, shiny frons and orbits with only small, widely separated punctures. Pristaulacus serendipia is the third Aulacidae species recorded for Panama. Twelve specimens of Aulacidae have previously been collected in Panama (Smith 2008, 2018; Añino et al. 2018). Most Pristaulacus species with projections on the mesonotum are infrequently collected for the Neotropical Region; eight of the twenty-two species are known only from the holotype and most other species from a few specimens. The three species of Aulacidae present in Panama are sympatric in BCI., Published as part of Smith, David R., Cambra, Roberto A. & Añino, Yostin J., 2023, A new species of Pristaulacus Kieffer from Panama (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae), pp. 94-96 in Zootaxa 5315 (1) on pages 94-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5315.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/8130280, {"references":["Smith, D. R. (2008) Aulacidae of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America (Hymenoptera). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 58 (2), 267 - 355. https: // doi. org / 10.21248 / contrib. entomol. 58.2.267 - 355","Smith, D. R. (2018) Neotropical Pristaulacus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae), species with acute anterolateral mesonotal projections. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 144 (2), 309 - 345. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 061.144.0203","Anino, Y. J. & Quintero, D. (2018) Aulacidae, Gasteruptiidae y Stephanidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) de Panama. Tecnociencia, 20 (1), 27 - 34."]}

Gilpinia abieticola (Dalla Torre, 1894) (Figs 8A, B, 9A) Material examined. 1♀ (Figs 8A, B, 9A), Austria, "Piesting.", "Wand 10/S 866". For more material, see Hara and Shinohara (2015). Remarks. The ovipositors of G. abieticola, G. albiclavata Hara, 2015, G. hokkaidoensis Hara & Shinohara, 2015 and G. kojimai Hara & Shinohara, 2015, were described in detail by Hara & Shinohara (2015), who proposed the G. abieticola group for these four species as a part of the G. socia group. The ovipositors of these four species (Figs 8A, B, 9A; fig. 5 in Hara & Nakamura 2015; figs 7C–O, 8A–L in Hara & Shinohara 2015) are very similar to the ovipositors of G. hercyniae (Hartig, 1837) and G. polytoma (Hartig, 1834) (Figs 8K, L, 9I, J; figs 1–3, 30– 44 in Reeks 1941) of the G. polytoma group. Their ovipositors are characterized by the large and stout posterior projection on the processus articularis of lance (Figs 8A, B, K, L). This feature appears to be unique to these six species and may suggest the close relationship of G. abieticola and similar species with the G. polytoma group (the lances of other members of the group have been neither described nor figured). The following features are also common to these six species: lance dorsally without median furrow, with posterior projection on processus articularis apically extending beyond most basal annular suture of lance, rather expanded ventrally beyond main body of lance in lateral view and apical cleft short; lancet with sclerotized band of radix sharply bent and wider than olistheter at twisted part (arrowed parts in Figs 9A, I, J); first ctenidium widely separated from ventral margin of lancet; serrula of second annulus not larger than serrula of third annulus., Published as part of Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. & Shinohara, Akihiko, 2021, Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species in Japan and ovipositors of five European Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae), pp. 471-491 in Zootaxa 4995 (3) on page 485, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4995.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5057385, {"references":["Hara, H. & Shinohara, A. (2015) The Gilpinia abieticola Species Group (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae). Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series A, 41, 21 - 41.","Hara, H. & Nakamura, H. (2015) A pine sawfly, Gilpinia albiclavata sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), infesting Pinus pumila in the Japanese Alps. Entomological Science, 18, 31 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ens. 12088","Reeks, W. A. (1941) On the taxonomic status of Gilpinia polytoma (Htg.) and G. hercyniae (Htg.) (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 73 (10), 177 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 73177 - 10"]}

Gilpinia variegata (Hartig, 1834) (Figs 8I, J, 9H) Ovipositor. Lance dorsally without median furrow, with short apical cleft (difficult to see), in lateral view with dorsal margin slightly rounded (Figs 8I, J); posterior projection on processus articularis very large, with sharp dorsal ridge, apically extending beyond most basal annular suture of lance, apically widely separated from main body of lance, in dorsal view relatively wide, and in lateral view ventrally expanded far beyond main body of lance. Lancet ventrally concave, with sclerotized band of radix gently curved and narrower than or as wide as olistheter at twisted par (probably arrowed part in Fig. 9H); lamnium with 10 annuli, length from anterior end of first ctenidium to apex 4.0 × maximum width; sclerite before first annulus large dorsally distinct, ventrally narrow and vague; first and second annuli each without ctenidium and serrula, mostly sclerotized; third and more posterior annuli with ctenidia straight. Material examined. 1♀ (Figs 8I, J, 9H), Germany, "Fürstenberg i. M. Fr. W. Konow. p." Remarks. The ovipositor of this species is unique in having the lancet concave on the ventral margin and the first and second annuli without ctenidia. The very large posterior projection on the processus articularis of lance is also a distinctive feature of this species., Published as part of Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. & Shinohara, Akihiko, 2021, Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species in Japan and ovipositors of five European Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae), pp. 471-491 in Zootaxa 4995 (3) on page 489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4995.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5057385

Gilpinia okinawa Hara, Smith & Shinohara, sp. nov. (Figs 2G, H, L, 3H, P, X, 4M, N, R, 5K, L, T, U, 6I, J) Female (Figs 2G, H). Length 9.5 mm. Head black, reddish yellow on wide ventromedial part of face (Fig. 2L); postocellar area widely dark brown (Fig. 3P); labrum red yellow or brown; antenna black, basally narrowly yellow (Fig. 3X); mandible reddish brown, basally dark brown, with yellow spot on outer basal part; palpi yellow. Thorax red yellow, dark brown to black on most of lateral mesoscutal lobe, most of posterolateral sunken part of mesoscutum, mesoscutellar appendage, anteromedial part of mesopostnotum, metascutum, wide part of anepimeron, anterior margin of katepimeron, and ventral part of metepisternum (Figs 2G, H, 4M, N). Legs red yellow (Fig. 2H); fore and middle coxae basally narrowly blackish; hind coxa widely black; middle and hind tibiae basally pale yellow; hind trochanter widely dark brown. Wings colorless transparent (Fig. 2G); veins brown to black; most of vein C and bases of vein 1A and 2A+3A yellow; vein R1 basal to stigma widely pale; stigma brown, black on narrow margins and basal third.Abdomen red yellow; second to eighth terga dorsally widely black along posterior margins, and their laterotergites narrowly black along posterior margins; posterior sterna narrowly darkened along posterior margins; ninth tergum posteroventrally black; ovipositor sheath with valvifer 2 widely black, valvula 3 mostly black; cercus dark brown to black. Postocellar area distinctly swollen; lateral furrow distinct (Fig. 3P). OOL:POL:OOCL 1.0:1.0:0.9–1.0. OOCL 2.8–3.1× lateral ocellus length. Inner margins of eyes convergent below (Fig. 2L). Distance between eyes at level of torulus 2.0 × major axis of eye. Supraclypeal area moderately swollen. Clypeus with ventral margin very slightly concave medially; median height 1.0 × torulus height. Malar space 1.0–1.1 × median ocellus width. Antenna with 22–23 antennomeres (Fig. 3X); first flagellomere without serration, with apical breadth in lateral view 0.9–1.0 × dorsal length; serrations of third to seventh flagellomeres largest. Distance between cenchri 0.7–0.8 × major axis of cenchrus (Fig. 4M). Metascutellum in dorsal view posterolaterally angulated, with posterior margin truncate; median length 0.4–0.5 × major axis of cenchrus. Hind leg with posterior tibial spur with length 1.0–1.1 × dorsal length of first tarsomere, 0.9–1.1 × apical breadth of tibia in lateral view; dorsal length of second and third tarsomeres combined 1.5–1.6 × dorsal length of first. Valvula 3 in dorsal view about 3.0 × as wide as cercus, apically with round lateral projection and small acute medial projection (Fig. 5K); scopa about 1.5–2.0 × as wide as cercus, in posterior view long oval, about 2.5 × as high as wide (Fig. 5L). Lance with posterior projection on processus articularis apically not extending to most basal annular suture of lance (Figs 5T, U). Lancet Fig. 6I, J; lamnium with 9 annuli and length from ventral end of first ctenidium to apex 2.2 × maximum width; ctenidia nearly straight except second arched and third slightly arched; sclerite before first annulus narrow; serrula of second annulus with or without precalcar (absence of precalcar probably due to severe wear, Fig. 6J) and serrula of third annulus with very small precalcar or without it; serrula of second annulus much larger than other serrulae, with precalcar relatively close to postcalcar. Head and thorax mostly covered with dense punctures (Figs 3P, 4M, N); punctures very often fused; interspaces generally narrower than diameters of punctures. Punctures on mesoscutellum much larger than those of mesoscutum. Abdomen microsculptured. Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype (Figs 2G, H, L, 3H, P, X, 4M, N, R, 5K, L, T, U, 6I): ♀, " 16-VI-2014 (160m), Nangusuku parc, Nago-shi, Okinawa, JAPAN, H. Ogai ". Paratype: 1♀ (Fig. 6J), Okinawa Island, Nago, Genka, 4. VI. 2020, S. Inada. Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the locality and is a noun. Distribution. Japan: Okinawa Island. Remarks. Gilpinia okinawa is distinguished from other species of Gilpinia as stated in the section of G. hakonensis and similar species and the key above., Published as part of Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. & Shinohara, Akihiko, 2021, Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species in Japan and ovipositors of five European Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae), pp. 471-491 in Zootaxa 4995 (3) on pages 484-485, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4995.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5057385

Xiphydria melanoptera Shinohara, Hara & Smith, n. sp. (Figs 1F, 3J���L, 5D) Description. Female (holotype, Figs 1F, 3J���L, 5D). Length without ovipositor about 10.5 mm. Head black, with lateral part of clypeus to lower inner orbit and malar space (except for narrow orbital margin), spot on lower gena and fading obscure spot on lateral posterior part of vertex dirty yellowish white. Mouth parts dark brown to black; ligula mostly pale brown and mandible pale brownish except for blackish apex. Antenna blackish brown, scape and pedicel dark brown. Thorax black, with ventral posterior part of lateral pronotum, narrow dorsal posterior corner of pronotum and posterior part of tegula brownish. Legs blackish brown; narrow apices of all femora, bases of all tibiae (broadly in mid and hind legs) and most of tarsomeres (apically dark) whitish. Wings strongly stained with black, with apical 1/3 becoming hyaline; veins and stigma blackish brown. Abdomen black, with small lateral spots on terga 2, 4 and 5, broad lateral part of tergum 8, and broad lateral posterior margin of tergum 9 creamy white; ovipositor sheath with apical sheath medially brown and very narrow apex pale brown. Malar space about 0.3�� length of distance between toruli, with ventral pit deep and sharply delimited; occipital carina (crassa) distinct, entire; genal carina developed nearly to vertex but their dorsal ends widely separated from each other; inner orbits subparallel, interocular distance at level of toruli about 1.1�� eye height. Labial palpus with 3 palpomeres; maxillary palpus with 5 palpomeres. Left antenna with 20 antennomeres and right antenna with 19 antennomeres; scape (incl. radicula):pedicel:flagellomere 1:flagellomere 2 as 2.9:1.0:1.7:0.9. Hind tarsomere 1 about 0.8�� length of remaining tarsomeres combined; tarsal claws with large inner tooth. Forewing with cell 3R1 closed at apex (vein R1 connecting with vein Rs); cell 2Rs about as wide as cell 1M; crossvein 2r-m basal to crossvein 2m-cu on vein M; hindwing with cell R1 closed and rounded at apex posteriorly. Abdominal tergum 10 distinctly directed dorsally at apex in lateral view (Fig. 5D). Ovipositor sheath with apical sheath subequal in length to basal sheath. Frons and interantennal area rugose; fine ridges extending laterally and anterolaterally from each lateral ocellus to inner orbit and similar ridges extending anteriorly and anterolaterally from ocellar area through supraclypeal area to clypeus; rather even, coriaceous space around median fovea; gena roughly shallowly rugose, with some large ill-defined punctures; pale area of lateral clypeus to lower inner orbit very shallowly finely striate and coriaceous, without distinct punctures (Fig. 3 J���L). Pronotum irregularly wrinkled in dorsal half, smooth with several longi- tudinal ridges at middle, and very smooth and impunctate in ventral half; propleuron roughly shallowly wrinkled but without distinct punctures and surface rather smooth; mesoscutal median lobe coarsely reticulate; lateral lobes reticulate with large elongate patch coriaceous, mat and impunctate; mesoscutellum densely rugoso-reticulate, posterolateral part very shallowly so; mesepisternum rugoso-reticulate, pilose; mesepimeron nearly impunctate and glabrous, coarsely and obliquely wrinkled; metepisternum and metepimeron coarsely rugoso-reticulate. Abdomen with tergum 1 coarsely punctate, each half centrally and with broad inner margin nearly impunctate and shining; all other terga weakly shining with very fine surface microsculpture. Male. Unknown. Type material examined. Holotype: ♀, Rakusan, Muroran, Hokkaido, 42��21��� N 141��01��� E, 12���19. VIII. 2007, Malaise trap, T. Yoshida (NSMT). Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido). Host plant. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the largely blackish wings of the new species. Remarks. Xiphydria melanoptera is similar to X. kastsheevi and X. konishii in having the wings rather strongly stained with black (apical part weakly so) and abdominal terga 8 and 9 with pale areas along the lateral posterior margins. The larger number of antennomeres (19 or 20) and the peculiar shape of the abdominal tergum 10 (distinctly directed dorsally at apex in lateral view, Fig. 5D) will separate X. melanoptera from the two species., Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Hara, Hideho & Smith, David R., 2020, The Xiphydria annulitibia group in northeastern Asia (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae), pp. 375-389 in Zootaxa 4755 (2) on pages 387-388, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4755.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/3733703

Xiphydria kanba Shinohara, Hara & Smith, n. sp. (Figs 2, 3 D���F, 4B, 5B, 6) Description. Female (holotype, Figs 3 D���F, 4B, 5B). Length without ovipositor about 11.5 mm. Head black, with paired spots on anterior part of vertex (behind lateral ocelli), spot on each lateral posterior part of vertex, elongate mark along lower inner orbit to malar space, and spot on lower part of gena creamy white (Figs 2 A���F, 3D���F). Mouth parts blackish brown to black; ligula mostly whitish and mandible dark brownish gray medially. Antenna entirely black. Thorax entirely black. Legs black; narrow base of fore tibia, basal half of mid tibia dorsally, most of mid tarsomere 1 dorsally, basal 2/3 of hind tibia dorsally, and most of hind tarsomere 1 dorsally creamy white. Wings hyaline, with apical 1/3 rather obscurely darkened (darkest part under stigma); veins and stigma blackish brown. Abdomen black, with lateral creamy white spots on terga 2���5; ovipositor sheath with very narrow apex pale brown. Malar space about 0.5�� length of distance between toruli, with ventral pit rather shallow, sharply delimited by carina only on anterior margin; occipital carina (crassa) distinct, entire; genal carina developed nearly to vertex but their dorsal ends widely separated from each other; inner orbits subparallel, interocular distance at level of toruli about 1.4�� eye height; wide longitudinal depression from median ocellus to median fovea. Labial palpus with 3 palpomeres; maxillary palpus with 5 palpomeres. Both antennae with 15 antennomeres; scape (incl. radicula):pedicel:flagellomere 1:flagellomere 2 as 3.3:1.0:2.3:1.2. Hind tarsomere 1 about 0.9�� length of remaining tarsomeres combined; tarsal claws with large inner tooth. Forewing with cell 3R1 closed at apex (vein R1 connecting with vein Rs); cell 2Rs much narrower than cell 1M; crossvein 2r-m apical to crossvein 2m-cu on vein M; hindwing with cell R1 closed and angled at apex (Fig. 4B). Abdominal tergum 10 normal, not directed dorsally at apex in lateral view (Fig. 5B). Ovipositor sheath with apical sheath subequal in length to basal sheath. Frons and interantennal area reticulate, with rather conspicuous striae radiating down from ocelli; gena covered with rough longitudinal wrinkles and some large punctures; vertex smooth, shiny, anterior part (anterior subtriangular part of postocellar area and area just behind upper orbit) minutely rugose with sparse punctures, not shiny (Figs 2 A���F; 3D���F). Pronotum irregularly wrinkled in dorsal half, smooth with several longitudinal ridges at middle, and very smooth and impunctate in ventral half; propleuron roughly wrinkled but without distinct punctures and surface rather smooth; mesoscutal median lobe coarsely reticulate on dorsal surface; lateral lobes reticulate with large elongate even area with coriaceous and mat surface and with some small irregular punctures; mesoscutellum densely rugoso-reticulate; mesepisternum rather shallowly rugoso-reticulate, pilose; mesepimeron nearly impunctate and glabrous, coarsely and obliquely wrinkled; metepisternum and metepimeron coarsely rugoso-reticulate. Abdomen with tergum 1 coarsely finely punctate, each half centrally and with broad inner margin nearly impunctate and shining; all other terga weakly shining with very fine surface microsculpture. Male (paratype with same data as holotype). Length about 9.0 mm. Similar to female in color and structure (Fig. 2), except as follows: Mandible largely pale brownish; antennal scape and pedicel partly dark brown; pronotum with creamy white marks on lateral dorsal margin, posterior margin and ventral margin; propleuron with large creamy white mark on lateroventral surface; legs black with blackish brown marks, without creamy white area. Both antennae with 14 antennomeres; abdominal sterna 4���8 each with group of long golden setae in posterior part medially (more conspicuous in lateral view, Fig. 2H, J); tergum 9 without distinct median longitudinal keel, narrowly rounded at apex. Variation. Female: The length without ovipositor varies from 6.5 to 13.5 mm. The color pattern shows slight variation as follows: The pale spots on the vertex are rarely absent. The pale mark on the lower inner orbit to malar space is often connected with the spot on the lower gena. On the other extreme, the pale spot on the lower gena is entirely missing. The mandibles are sometimes almost entirely black. Abdominal tergum 8 is sometimes marked with creamy white laterally (Fig. 2B). The antenna usually has 14 or 15 antennomeres (n=87; 13 or 16 antennomeres in 3 antennae). The apical sheath is about 1.0���1.2 �� as long as the basal sheath (n=46). Male: The length ranges from 6.5 to 12.5 mm. The color pattern varies little. The paired pale spots on the vertex are rarely missing (Fig. 2K). Abdominal tergum 1 and posterior part of the mesepisternum rarely have small obscure creamy white marks. Abdominal tergum 6 sometimes has a small creamy white spot on each lateral side. The antenna usually has 14���16 antennomeres (n=115; 17 antennomeres in 4 antennae). Numbers of the labial and maxillary palpomeres are constant in both sexes. The venational characters given in the description above vary little, though crossvein 2r-m is sometimes interstitial with (but never basal to) crossvein 2m-cu on vein M. Type material examined (49♀ 70♂ from Hokkaido and 1♀ from Honshu). Holotype: ♀, Horobinai, 42��48���01������N 141��19���20������E, ca. 280 m alt., near Shikotsu-ko, Chitose, Hokkaido, emerged 25. VII. 2019 from dead branch of Betula ermanii collected 20. VII. 2019, A. Shinohara & H. Hara (NSMT). Paratypes: HOKKAIDO: 1♂, Koshu- nai, Bibai, 12���22. VII. 2002, Malaise trap, H. Hara (NSMT); 2♂, em. from fallen branches of Betula platyphylla var. japonica, July 2014, Hokkaido Univ. Campus [43��4���41.77������N 141��20���20.14������E, ca. 12 m alt.], Sapporo, site #20-1 (Kyoshoku-ura, Kogakubu Power Center-ura), M. Shizuki & T, Yoshida (USNM); 1♂, Hokkaido Univ. Campus, Sapporo, dead branch collection: April, T. Yoshida & M. Shizuki, emergence box: 15-7a-6, Betula platyphylla var. japonica, em. 30. VI.���15. VII. 2015, site #20-1 (Kyoyo-ura), 2���3.5 cm (USNM); 7♀ 5♂, same data except emergence box: 15-8a-6, 3.5 cm Betula platyphylla var. japonica, em. 15���31. VII. 2015, 3.5 cm HONSHU: Tochigi Pref.: 1♀, Ch��g��shi, 36��44���46������N 139��28���23������E, ca. 1300 m alt., near Ch��zenji-ko, Nikko, emerged 10. VIII. 2019 from dead branch of Betula platyphylla var. japonica collected 7. VIII. 2019, A. Shinohara (NSMT). Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu). Host plant. Betulaceae: Betula platyphylla Sukaczev var. japonica (Miq.) H.Hara; Betula ermanii Cham. Etymology. The specific epithet ��� kanba ��� is a Japanese name for birch, the host plant. It is a noun in apposition. Branch trapping and adult behavior. On July 20, 2019, Hara and Shinohara collected two dead and fallen branches of Betula ermanii in Horobinai (Fig. 6A, branches were found at the edge of the forest on the right side in the picture). These two fallen branches drew our attention, because several individuals of X. kanba were found staying on the branches or nearby. A total of 86 adult xiphydriids emerged from these branches during the period from July 21 to August 2, 2019 (see material examined above for more details). The two branches are as follows: Branch A. Apically bifurcate. The basal unbranched part was about 186 cm long and 2.1���4.2 cm thick and the two apical branches were 42 cm long and 0.8���1.9 cm thick and 43 cm long and 1.2���2.1 cm thick, respectively. The whole branch was cut into nine pieces for transportation; five pieces were brought to Bibai by Hara and four pieces were brought to Tsukuba by Shinohara. Almost all the xiphydriids emerged from the thicker basal part (basal 110 cm of the branch, 2.7���4.2 cm in diameter), a few emerged from the apical unbranched part (about 76 cm long and 2.0��� 2.7 cm thick), and none emerged from the apical two branches (42 or 43 cm long and 2.1 cm or less in diameter). Branch B. About 106 cm long, with no branching. The basal thickest end was about 5.0 cm in diameter and the apical thinnest end was about 4.5 cm in diameter. We cut the branch into three pieces, two of them taken to Bibai by Hara and the remaining one taken to Tsukuba by Shinohara. Xiphydriids emerged from all parts of the branch. From this branch, four females and 15 males of a siricid, Tremex fuscicornis (Fabricius, 1787), also emerged during the period from 5 to 19, August, 2019. It seems clear that X. kanba feeds mainly in branches of 2.7���5.0 cm thick and not in branches thinner than 2.0 cm. The label data show that the series of specimens from Sapporo emerged from dead and fallen branches of 2.0��� 3.5 cm thick. On July 24 and 25, Shinohara observed emergence of the adults from the branch. On July 24, a xiphydriid was apparently emerging from the branch at about 18:25. When it was found, the head was outside of the hole but the insect soon returned into the hole. About 18:50, the head of the xiphydriid was coming out again (Fig. 6B), but it went back into the hole in a few minutes. About 19:15, observation stopped for a few minutes; when observed again, the adult already had emerged and was staying on the branch. On July 25, Shinohara happened to see the face of a xiphydriid in a hole on the branch at about 14:17 (Fig. 6C). For more than 15 minutes, the xiphydriid did not come out but kept its head somehow moving near the entrance of the hole, seemingly trying to enlarge the hole by biting with its mandibles (Fig. 6D, E). At about 14:36, the xiphydriid suddenly and quickly came out of the hole (Fig. 6 F���J). On July 23, Shinohara observed a ���drumming��� behavior of a male adult in the plastic bag, where three pieces of Branch A were stored. The emerged male, while walking, tapped his abdomen on the wall of the plastic bag rhythmically, making a fairly large crackle sound well noticeable at a distance of 1 m from the bag in the silent room. This large sound was made simply because the wall of the plastic bag worked as a drum, and the sound would not be heard if the male tapped his abdomen on the surface of the branch in the field. This ���drumming��� may be part of the courtship behavior and may have some connection with the presence of hair tufts on the abdominal sterna of the male. Remarks. This new species is easily recognized by the features given in the key. The venational characters are always subject of some variations in the Xiphydriidae, but the small size of cell 2Rs and the basal position of the 2m-cu crossvein on the vein M in the forewing of this species (Fig. 4B) seem to be fairly stable and serve as good distinguishing characters. The male is known only for this species in the X. annulitibia group. In the males, X. kanba is separated from the three species of the X. camelus group (Shinohara & Kameda 2019) in having hair tufts on the abdominal sterna. The males of the three species of the X. palaeanarctica group (Shinohara 2019) also have hair tufts on the abdominal sterna, but the males of X. palaeanarctica Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1921, and X. nagasei Shinohara, 2019, have partly whitish antennae and the male of X. ogasawarai Matsumura, 1927, has largely pale brownish legs and a dorsally keeled and apically pointed subtriangular abdominal tergum 9., Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Hara, Hideho & Smith, David R., 2020, The Xiphydria annulitibia group in northeastern Asia (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae), pp. 375-389 in Zootaxa 4755 (2) on pages 382-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4755.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/3733703, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1787) Mantissa Insectorum sistens eorum species nuper detectas adiectis characteribus genericis differentiis specificis emendationibus observationibus. Tom 1. C. G. Proft, Hafniae, 348 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11657","Shinohara, A. & Kameda, Y. (2019) DNA barcodes and morphology revealed three species masquerading in Xiphydria camelus of authors (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae) in Northeast Asia: X. eborata sp. rev. and X. albopicta sp. nov. Zootaxa, 4612 (2), 171 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.2.2","Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, A. (1921) Praecursoriae Siricidarum novorum diagnoses (Hymenoptera). Russkoe Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, Petrograd, 17, 81 - 95. [1917]","Matsumura, S. (1927) Summary of the Japanese Xiphydria - Species. Insecta Matsumurana, 1, 202 - 206."]}

Xiphydria annulitibia group Species of the X. annulitibia group are characterized as follows: Small to medium-sized xiphydriids, varying from 6.5 to 15.5 mm without ovipositor in female and from 6.5 to 12.5 mm in male. Black, with whitish marks usually on head, legs and lateral part of abdomen (Figs 1, 2). No reddish- brown or yellowish areas. In some species, wings partly blackish. This species group is rather loosely defined by overall similarities and possibly phylogenetically heterogeneous, without any evidence of monophyly. However, the species of this group may differ from the members of the X. camelus group (Shinohara & Kameda 2019) by their comparatively small size, the absence of reddish brown areas on the legs and the presence of hair tufts on the male abdominal sterna and from the members of the X. palaeanarctica group (Shinohara 2019) by their comparatively small size and the absence of whitish areas on the antennae. The five constituent species of the X. annulitibia group may be divided into three subgroups, X. annulitibia subgroup (X. annulitibia only), X. kanba subgroup (X. kanba only) and X. kastsheevi subgroup (X. kastsheevi, X. konishii and X. melanoptera n. sp.), each possessing peculiar features as shown in the key below. The maxillary palpus usually with four palpomeres and usually open cell 3R 1 in the forewing and open cell R 1 in the hindwing in X. annulitibia are quite peculiar among the members of Xiphydria, and it may be tempting to establish a new genus for X. annulitibia. However, easy proposal of a new genus for a single species with a few peculiar features may only proliferate monotypic genera in our system. We leave this species in Xiphydria until more evidence becomes available. Key to females of Xiphydria annulitibia group (males are known only for X. kanba) 1. Head capsule all black (Fig. 3 A���C) (rarely with paired small obscure spots on anterior part of vertex); maxillary palpus with 4 or occasionally 5 palpomeres; wings hyaline, uniformly very slightly stained with blackish brown (Fig. 4A); cell 3 R 1 in forewing and cell R 1 in hindwing very narrowly open at apex (rarely closed) (Fig. 4A); abdominal tergum 2 without pale spot laterally (Fig. 1A). X. annulitibia subgroup...................................................... X. annulitibia -- Head capsule with pale spots at least along lower inner orbits and lower gena (Figs 2 D���F, 3D���L); maxillary palpus with 5 palpomeres; wings hyaline with slight infuscation in apical 1/3 (darkest below stigma) (Fig. 2A) or rather strongly stained with black (apical part weakly so) (Fig. 1 B���F); cell 3 R 1 in forewing and cell R 1 in hindwing closed at apex (Figs 1D, 2A, 4B); abdominal tergum 2 usually with pale spot laterally (Figs 1 C���F, 2B)............................................. 2 2. Clypeus entirely black (Figs 2E, 3E); wings hyaline with slight infuscation in apical 1/3 (darkest below stigma) (Fig. 2A); forewing with cell 2Rs much narrower than cell 1M (Fig. 4B); crossvein 2r-m usually apical to crossvein 2m-cu on vein M (Fig. 4B); abdominal tergum 9 (and usually also tergum 8) entirely black without pale spots (Fig. 5B). X. kanba subgroup................................................................................................... X. kanba -- Clypeus with whitish marks, at least laterally (Fig. 3H, K); wings rather strongly stained with black (apical part weakly so) (Fig. 1 B���F); forewing with cell 2Rs about as wide as cell 1M (Fig. 4A); crossvein 2r-m usually basal to crossvein 2m-cu on vein M (Fig. 4A); abdominal terga 8 and 9 with pale areas along lateral posterior margins (Figs 1 C���F; 5A, C, D). X. kastsheevi subgroup........................................................................................... 3 3. Clypeus, supraclypeal area and malar space yellowish white (Fig. 3H, I). [Antenna with 15���17 antennomeres (n=6); abdominal terga 2 and 3 with whitish lateral spots; abdominal tergum 10 not distinctly directed dorsally at apex in lateral view (Fig. 5C).]....................................................................................... X. konishii -- Median part of clypeus, supraclypeal area and dorsal margin of malar space mostly black (Fig. 3K, L).................. 4 4. Antenna with 19 or 20 antennomeres (n=2); abdominal terga 2 and 3 with whitish lateral spots; abdominal tergum 10 distinctly directed dorsally at apex in lateral view (Fig. 5D)................................................ X. melanoptera -- Antenna with 15 antennomeres; abdominal terga 2 and 3 without whitish lateral spots; abdominal tergum 10 not distinctly directed dorsally at apex in lateral view (fig. 7 in Ermolenko 1979)..................................... X. kastsheevi, Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Hara, Hideho & Smith, David R., 2020, The Xiphydria annulitibia group in northeastern Asia (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae), pp. 375-389 in Zootaxa 4755 (2) on page 376, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4755.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/3733703, {"references":["Shinohara, A. & Kameda, Y. (2019) DNA barcodes and morphology revealed three species masquerading in Xiphydria camelus of authors (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae) in Northeast Asia: X. eborata sp. rev. and X. albopicta sp. nov. Zootaxa, 4612 (2), 171 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.2.2","Ermolenko, V. M. (1979) Novyj vid rogokhvostov-ksifidriid (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae) s Sikhote-Alinja. Trudy Vsesojuznogo Entomologicheskogo Obshhestva, 61, 128 - 132."]}

Pristaulacus exuberans Turrisi and Smith, sp. nov. (Figs. 1���7) http://zoobank.org/ E58198CE- 8699-40BA-8CED-12BD91D696B8 Type material. ��� THAILAND: Holotype ♀ ��� Thailand, Loei, Phu Kradueng NP, Dry evergreen, Pong Neep forest unit, 16 �� 56.59 �� N 101 �� 42.07 �� E, 273 m, Malaise trap, 12-19.iv.2008, Thonghuay Phatai leg., T5110 / Pristaulacus exuberans Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. ♀, 2018, Holotypus ��� (QSBG). Paratypes: 2♀ ��� Thailand, Sakon Nakhon, Phu Phan, Car Park at Nam Hom Waterfall, 17 �� 7.411 �� N104 �� 1.016 �� E, 347 m, Malaise trap, 25-31.iii.2007, SailomTongboonchai leg., T2376 (QSBG, USNM); 1♀ ��� Thailand, Loei, Phu Kradueng NP, Mixed deciduous/office, 16 �� 56.51 �� N101 �� 41.66 �� E, 274 m, Malaise trap, 26.iv-3.v.2008, Thonghuay Phatai leg., T5125 (QSBG); 1♀ ��� Thailand, Loei, Phu Kradueng NP, Nampong / Pong Neep forest unit, 16 �� 56.59 �� N 101 �� 41.61 �� E, 273 m, Malaise trap, 12- 19.iv.2008, Thonghuay Phatai leg., T5128 (QSBG); 1♀ ��� Thailand, Mae Hong Son, Namtok MaeSurin, NP Haad, Saen, 19 �� 20.857 �� N97 �� 59.123 �� E, 274 m, 1-8.vi. 2008, KaewmaneeJ. leg., T3527 (QSBG). Etymology ��� The name is derived from the Latin adjective exuberans (exuberant, plenty), referring to the striking colour pattern. Diagnosis.���Large-sized species, body length: 13.3 mm (excluding ovipositor). Colour mostly light orange, except most of antenna, lower part of mesopleuron, coxae and hind leg, and metasoma black. Setae: goldish. Head subquadrate, temple, from above, well developed, subparallel and rounded posteriorly, 0.8 X eye length; occipital margin straight; occipital carina very narrow, about 0.1 X diameter of ocellus, very weak medially; mesosoma coarsely sculptured, mostly areolaterugose; pronotum with one anterior stout, squared, forwarded tooth-like process on lateroventral margin; anterior margin squared not overhanging pronotum; fore wing with vein 2-rs+m moderately long; coxa III transverse-carinate dorsally, polished punctate ventrally; tarsal claw pectinate with five tooth-like processes (basal one very weak) metasoma ovoidal (lateral view) fairly compressed; petiole short, stout, about as long as wide; ovipositor 1.0 X fore wing length. Description ��� Female (holotype): Length: 13.3 mm; antenna length: 7.9 mm; forewing length: 10.8 mm; ovipositor length: 11.3 mm. Colour: Light orange except: most of antenna, lower part of mesopleuron, coxae and hind leg, and metasoma black; wings yellowish with irregular dark mark on cells B and SB, an irregular long substigmal light brown band extending to cell D2, and extreme distal margin infuscate. Head: From above, 1.06 X wider than long, dull; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, well developed, subparallel and rounded posteriorly, 0.82 X eye length; occipital carina very narrow, about 0.1 X diameter of ocellus, very weak medially; POL:OOL: 1.3; ocellar area 2.0 X wider than long; vertex and most frons with moderately coarse, deep and dense to very dense punctures (distance between punctures 0.5���1.0 X puncture diameters); lower frons with fine, superficial and scattered punctures (distance between punctures 3.0���5.0 X puncture diameters); clypeus with very coarse, superficial and dense punctures (distance between punctures 1.0���1.5 X puncture diameters); temple with fine, deep and scattered punctures (distance between punctures 3.0���5.0 X puncture diameters); malar area with moderately coarse, deep and very dense punctures (distance between punctures 0.5���1.0 X puncture diameters); antenna 0.8 X forewing length; A3 4.6 X longer than wide; A4 5.5 longer than wide and 1.4 X than A3; A5 5.1 X longer than wide and 1.2 X than A4. Setae: erect, short and dense on vertex and upper frons; recumbent, moderately long and scattered to moderately dense on lower frons and clypeus; erect, short and scattered to moderately dense on temple (length of setae 0.5 X diameter of ocellus); recumbent, short and moderately dense on malar area. Mesosoma: Coarsely sculptured mesosoma mostly areolate-rugose except anterolateral margin of pronotum foveolate and upper part of mesopleuron polished and punctate; pronotum with one anterior stout, squared, forward protruding toothlike process on lateroventral margin; propleuron polished and shiny with moderately coarse, superficial and moderately dense punctures (distance between punctures 2.0���3.0 X punctures diameter; prescutum triangular, wide, almost not incavate; mesoscutum with anterior margin square (lateral view); notauli wide and very deep; fore wing with vein 2-rs+m very short; coxa I polished punctate; coxa II transverse-carinulate dorsally, polished punctate to striolate ventrally; coxa III transverse-carinate dorsally, polished punctate ventrally, punctures fine, deep and moderately dense (distance between punctures 2.0���3.0 X puncture diameters); inner spur of mid tibia fairly longer than outer spur; inner spur of hind tibia slightly longer than outer spur; hind basitarsus 9.2 X longer than wide, and 1.0 X as tarsomeres 2���5; tarsal claw pectinate with five tooth-like processes (basal one very weak). Setae: erect, short and moderately dense on dorsal surface; semierect to recumbent, short and moderately dense on lateral and ventral parts, longer and denser on anterior margin of pronotum; erect, moderately long and moderately dense on hind surface of propodeum; erect, moderately long and dense on propleuron (length of setae 0.5-0.6 X pretarsus length). Metasoma: Ovoidal (lateral view) fairly compressed petiole short, stout, about as long as wide; T1 medially punctate-foveolate, polished impunctate otherwise; remaining segments polished punctate, punctures fine, superficial and dense to very dense; ovipositor 1.0 X fore wing length. Setae: metasomal segment 1 and sides of sternites glabrous; otherwise recumbent, very short and moderately dense. Male: Unknown. Variation.���The colour is stable in the six females examined. The length slightly varies from 12.8���13.8 mm and the forewing length from 10.4���11.1 mm. Distribution. ��� Thailand (Loei, Mae Hong Son, and Sakon Nakhon provinces). Biology. ��� Unknown. Remarks. ��� This is a distinctive species resembling Pristaulacus flavipennis Cameron, 1887, but characterized especially by the colour pattern: wings pigmented with several irregular dark marks basally, under stigma and distally; propodeum black. The hind tarsus is slender and hind coxa transversecarinate. The colour of mesosoma resembles Pristaulacus erythrocephalus Cameron, 1905, but the latter is distinguished mainly by the non-infuscated wings., Published as part of Turrisi, Giuseppe Fabrizio & Smith, David R., 2020, Three New Species Of Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea) With Additional Records From Thailand And Laos, pp. 197-210 in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1) on pages 198-201, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.197, http://zenodo.org/record/3724799

Hyperxiphia flava Smith, new species http://zoobank.org/BF25446F-270F- 4D34-8559-C833135A8383 (Figs. 6–10) Diagnosis.—Entirely orange, shiny; wings hyaline with apex infuscated. Mesepisternum with large punctures separated by distance mostly greater than puncture diameters. Sheath long, slender, about 4X longer than broad and slightly turned up toward apex. Description.—Female (Fig. 6): Length 16.0 mm. Antenna black, scape dark orange. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs orange. Wings hyaline to yellow, slightly darkened at apex; veins and stigma black. Head (Figs. 9, 10): Antenna with about 19 antennomeres. Frons with longitudinal carinae from line of hind ocelli through frons and supraclypeal area and inner orbits. Eyes slightly diverging below (Fig. 9); lower interocular distance 1.2X eye height. Labium with 4 palpomeres, 1 st palpomere long, about as long as rest of palpomeres; apical palpomere clublike; 3 rd palpomere small and difficult to see; maxilla with 5 palpomeres. In dorsal view, head behind eyes about equal to eye length. Thorax (Figs. 7, 8): Propleuron shiny, few punctures mostly on venter; pronotum mostly smooth, shiny, with narrow diagonal line of short carinae and upper edge rugulose; mesonotum and metanotum rugulose with some indistinct transverse carinae at posterior of mesoscutum; notauli broad and distinctly scrobiculate; mesopleuron shiny with scattered punctures mostly farther apart than puncture diameters; mesosternum shiny without punctures; mesepimeron with some cross carinae; metapleuron rugulose. Hind claw with small inner tooth, less than half length of outer tooth and at center of claw; fore and mid claws more slender, inner tooth longer than half length of outer tooth and closer to outer tooth. Hind basitarsus subequal in length to remaining tarsomeres combined. Abdomen: Sheath (Fig. 6) slender in lateral view and slightly turned up toward apex; about 4.0 X longer than broad; 0.9X length of basal plates. Male (specimen marked with asterisk below): Length 11.0 mm. Inner orbits, malar space, lower gena, base of mandible, propleuron, mesosternum, and coxae more yellow than orange. Type material.— Holotype female “ Lao, Hua Pham Prov., Ban Saleui, Phou Pan Mt., 20 ° 13'30"N / 103 ° 59'26"E, 1350- 1900 m, 07.05.2011, leg. C. Holzschuh & locals (OLM). Paratypes: Same data as holotype except 3- 04.05.2010 (1 ♀, OLM), 13.05.2010 * (1 Ơ, OLM), 02.05.2011 (1 ♀, USNM), 06.05.2011 (1 Ơ, USNM), 17.05.2011 (1 Ơ, OLM), 18.05.2011 (1 Ơ, OLM), 22.05.2011 (1, apex abdomen missing, OLM), 29.04.2012 (1 Ơ, OLM), 30.05.2011 (1 Ơ, OLM); Lao, Prov. Hua Phan, Phou Pan, Umg. Ort Ban Saleui, 20 ° 13'30"N / 103 ° 59'26"E, 1350-1900 m, 23.04.2012, leg. C. Holzschuh & locals (1 ♀, OLM), same except 01.06.2011 (1 ♀, OLM), 11-12,04.2012 (1 Ơ, OLM), 12.04.2012 (1 f, OLM), 19.04.2012 (1 ♀, USNM). Etymology.—The name is based on the entirely orange color. Remarks.—No other xiphydriid is entirely orange as this species. The dorsal margin of the sheath is slightly concave, making it appear that the sheath is slightly turned up at its apex. The third palpomere is short and difficult to see, sometimes making the labium appear to have three palpomeres. The maxillary palpus appears to have four palpomeres, but maybe five as the apical may be divided into two. The size range is 12–17 mm for females, 10–15 mm for males. The color is uniform in the specimens examined., Published as part of Smith, David R., 2020, New Species And New Records Of Xiphydriid Woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) From Southeastern Asia, pp. 135-146 in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1) on pages 136-139, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.135, http://zenodo.org/record/3728039

Gryponeura quadrimaculata (Cameron) (Figs. 17–21) Xiphydria quadrimaculata Cameron 1899: 4, Maa 1949: 76 (unplaced species). Gryponeura quadrimaculata: Benson 1954: 162, Smith 1978: 109 (in catalog). Diagnosis.—Female (Fig. 17). Length, 14.0 mm. Black with base of mandible, lateral posterior margin of pronotum, basal ¼ to 1/3 of hind tibia, mid and hind basitarsi, and lateral spot on abdominal tergite 4 white. Antenna with 11 antennomeres short, slightly incrassinated at middle, about 0.8 X head width. Head (Figs. 20, 21) entirely sculptured. Labial palpus with 3 palpomeres; 1 st and 3 rd long, subequal; 2 nd short. Maxillary palpus with 4 palpomeres; 2 nd and 4 th long, subequal in length; 1 st shorter than 2 nd; 3 rd very short. Hind tarsal claw with small inner tooth, slightly less than half length of outer tooth; fore and mid claws more slender, inner tooth slightly more than half length of outer tooth. Sheath (Fig. 17) short, about 0.8X length of basal plate. Male. Length 8.0 mm. Similar to female. Specimens examined.— Lao, Hua Phan Prov., Ban Saleui, Phou Pan Mt., 20 ° 13'30"N, 103 ° 59'26"E, 1350 - 1900 m, 06.05.2011, leg. C. Holzschuh + locals (2 ♀, OML, USNM), same except 13.05.2011 (1 ♀, OML), 10.05.2011 (1 ♀, OML), 04.05.2011 (3 ♀, 2 OML, 1 USNM). Lao, Prov. Hua Phan, Phou Pan, Umg. Ort Ban Saleui, 20 ° 13'30"N, 103 ° 59'26"E, 1350 - 1900 m, 21.05.2011, leg C. Holzshuh + locals (1 ♀, OML), same except 27.04.2012 (1 ♀, OML). China, 1000 0 1300 m, Shaanxi, Qinling Mts., Xunyangba (6 km E), 23.V- 13.VI.1998, I. H. Marshal leg. (1 ♀, OML). Remarks.—Two species of Gryponeura are known, G. quadrimaculata described from Khasia Hills, India, and G. orientalis (Westwood 1874) described from Sri Lanka. Both are very similar. According to Benson (1954) they can be separated by the length of the pubescence on the head and thorax. Gryponeura orientalis has longer pubescence on the temples and mesonotum, some of it longer than the diameter of the hind ocellus. Gryponeura quadrimaculata has this pubescence only half to three-quarters this length. In the specimens examined, the pubescence compares to the latter. These are the first records of G. quadrimaculata from Laos and China., Published as part of Smith, David R., 2020, New Species And New Records Of Xiphydriid Woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) From Southeastern Asia, pp. 135-146 in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1) on page 142, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.135, http://zenodo.org/record/3728039, {"references":["Cameron, P. 1899. III. Hymenoptera Orientalia, or contributions to a knowledge of the Hymenoptera of the Oriental Zoological Region. Part VIII. The Hymenoptera of the Khasia Hills. First paper. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 43: 1 - 220.","Maa, T. 1949. A synopsis of Asiatic Siricoidea with notes on certain exotic and fossil forms (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Musee Heude, Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 13: 11 - 189.","Benson, R. B. 1954. Classification of the Xiphydriidae (Hymenoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 105: 151 - 162.","Smith, D. R. 1978. Suborder Symphyta (Xyelidae, Parachexyelidae, Parapamphiliidae, Xyelydidae, Karatavitidae, Gigasiricidae, Sepulcidae, Pseudosiricidae, Anaxyelidae, Siricidae, Xiphydriidae, Paroyrssidae, Xyelotomidae, Blasticotomidae, Pergidae). In van der Vecht, J. and R. D. Shenefelt, eds. Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars 14, Dr. W. Junk B. V., The Hague. vi + 193 pp.","Westwood, J. O. 1874. Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis; or, illustrations of new, rare, and interesting insects, for the most part contained in the collections presented to the University of Oxford by the Rev. F. W. Hope, M. A., D. C. I., F. R. S. & c, with forty plates from drawings by the author. Oxford, 205 pp. + 40 plates."]}

Euxiphydria vietnamensis Smith and Shinohara (Fig. 16) Euxiphydria vietnamensis Smith and Shinohara 2011: 16. Diagnosis.—Female with head red, usually with vertex and ocellar area black; thorax black; legs black with base of hind tibia and most of hind basitarsus white; abdomen black with white spots laterally on segment 8; wings nearly hyaline with darker spot or band below stigma; antenna with 19 antennomeres. Male (Fig. 16).—Length 8.0 –11.0 mm. Head red with small black spot, mostly around ocelli; thorax, legs, and abdomen black. Labial palpus with apical palpomere somewhat more slender than in female. Maxillary palpus apparently with 4 palpomeres. Tarsal claws more slender than female, inner tooth almost equal in length of outer tooth and close to outer tooth. Specimens examined.— Lao, Hua Phan Prov., Ban Saleui; Phou Pan-Mt., 20 ° 13’30”N, 103 ° 59’26”E GPS, 1350- 1900 m, 12.05.201, leg. C. Holzschuh + locals (1 ♀, OML), same data except: 19.04.2010 (2 Ơ, OML), 28- 29.04.2010 (1 ♀, 1 Ơ, OML), 21.05.2010 (1 ♀, OML), 06.05.2011 (1♀, OML), 07.05.2011 (1 ♀, USNM), 08.05.2011 (1 ♀, OML), 10.05.2011 (1♀, 1 Ơ, OML), 06.05.2010 (1 ♀, OML), 13.05.2011 (1 ♀, USNM), 16.05.2011 (1 ♀, OML), 21.05.2011 (1 ♀, OML), 22.05.2011 (1♀, 1 Ơ, OML), 24.04.2012 (5 Ơ, OML), 29.04.2010 (6 Ơ, 4 OML, 2 USNM), 30.04.2012 (1 Ơ, OML). Laos (Lao), Prov. Hua Phan, Phou Pan (Mt.), Ban Saleui (village), 20 ° 13’30”N, 103 ° 59’26”E, 1350-1900 MSL, 06.06.2009 (1 ♀, OML). Lao, Prov. Hua Phan, Phou Pan, Umg. Ort Ban Saleui, 20 ° 13’30”N, 103 ° 59’26”E, 1350-1900 m MSL, 11.05.2011, leg. C. Holzschuh & locals (1 Ơ, OML); same except. 10.05.2011 (1 ♀, OML), 11.05.2011 (1 ♀, 1 Ơ, OML), 24.05.2011 (1 Ơ, OML), 26.05.2011 (1 ♀, OML), 28.05.2011 (1 ♀, USNM), 11- 12.04.2012 (1 Ơ, OML), 17.04.2012 (3 Ơ, OML), 23.04.2012 (4 Ơ, OML), 25.04.2012 (1 Ơ, OML), 03.05.2012 (1 Ơ, OML), 10- 14.05.2012 (1 ♀, OML), 17- 18.05.2012 (1 Ơ, OML) Remarks.—This is the first record of this species from Laos. These specimens are identical to E. vietnamensis described from one female from Vietnam (Smith and Shinohara 2011). The above is the first description of the male. The only differences in the female are the amount of black on the head. The head can be almost entirely red with only a small amount of black on the ocellar and postocellar area (as figs. 30, 33, 34 of Smith and Shinohara 2011) or have most all the dorsum and lateral areas of the head black. The third palpomere of the labial palpus is very small and sometimes difficult to see; thus, the labial palpus in some specimens appears to have three palpomeres instead of the usual four. The maxillary palpus has either four or five palpomeres; the apical palpomere usually appears to be divided and thus with five palpomeres. The females vary in length from 9–15 mm and the males from 8–11 mm. The number of antennomeres varies from 18–20. The black color with the partly red head is distinctive for this species., Published as part of Smith, David R., 2020, New Species And New Records Of Xiphydriid Woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) From Southeastern Asia, pp. 135-146 in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1) on page 141, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.135, http://zenodo.org/record/3728039, {"references":["Smith, D. R. and A. Shinohara. 2011. Review of the Asian wood-boring genus Euxiphydria (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Xiphydriidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 23: 1 - 22."]}

(Figs. 1–5) Xiphydria funicornis Konow 1897: 306. Palpixiphia funicornis: Maa 1949: 32, Smith 1978: 110 (in catalog). Hyperxiphia funicornis: Smith 2008: 54, Taeger et al. 2010: 114. Diagnosis.—Female. Head (Figs. 4, 5) black with orbits and face below antennae yellow. Thorax (Figs. 2, 3) black with spot on posterior margin of pronotum yellow. Legs yellow orange. Abdomen (Fig. 1) yellow orange with first tergite and sheath black, second tergite yellow, and third and fourth tergites light black. Wings hyaline; veins and stigma black. Antenna with ~18 antennomeres. Frons with longitudinal carinae from about level of hind ocelli through frons and supraclypeal area. Labial palpus with 4 palpomeres; maxillary palpus with 5 palpomeres. Inner margins of eyes subparallel; lower interocular distance about 1.2 X eye height. Sheath (Fig. 1) long, about 5X longer than broad, subequal in length to basal plate. Male unknown. Material examined.— Chan Yoma, Birma, Coll.Konow, Typus, Holotypus, Xiphydria funicornis Knw, Birma, GBIF-GISHym 4446 (lectotype, SDEI); Lao, Hua Pham Prov., Ban Saleui, Phou Pan Mt., 20 ° 13'30"N / 103 ° 59'26"E, 1350-1900 m, 07.05.2011, leg. C. Holzschuh & locals (1 ♀, OLM); same except 06.05.2011 (1 ♀, USNM); Lao, Prov. Hua Phan, Phou Pan, Umg. Ort Ban Saleui, 20 ° 13'30"N / 103 ° 59'26"E, 1350-1900 m, 15.04.2012, KJa, leg. C. Holzschuh & locals (1 ♀, OLM). Distribution.— Laos, Myanmar. Remarks.— Konow (1897) did not state how many specimens he had. The single specimen at SDEI is therefore considered a syntype and is here designated lectotype. It bears the labels as given in Specimens Examined above. The mostly black thorax, largely yellow abdomen, entirely orange legs, and long slender sheath will distinguish this species. The lectotype is 11 mm long (Konow 1897); the other three specimens are 13, 14, and 16 mm long. Konow (1897) stated that the antennae are “11-articulatis.” In the lectotype the antennae are broken with only the basal 10 antennomeres present, so the exact number remains unknown. Konow (1897) may not have recognized the apical antennomeres were missing. The three specimens examined from Laos have 18 antennomeres. The third and fourth abdominal tergites in the lectotype are darkened, but these are mostly orange in the specimens from Laos. This is the first record of this species from Laos and the first record of collections of this species since the 1897 description., Published as part of Smith, David R., 2020, New Species And New Records Of Xiphydriid Woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) From Southeastern Asia, pp. 135-146 in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1) on page 136, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.135, http://zenodo.org/record/3728039, {"references":["Konow, F. W. 1897. Ueber Holzwespen. Entomologisches Nachrichten 23: 297 - 311.","Maa, T. 1949. A synopsis of Asiatic Siricoidea with notes on certain exotic and fossil forms (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Musee Heude, Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 13: 11 - 189.","Smith, D. R. 1978. Suborder Symphyta (Xyelidae, Parachexyelidae, Parapamphiliidae, Xyelydidae, Karatavitidae, Gigasiricidae, Sepulcidae, Pseudosiricidae, Anaxyelidae, Siricidae, Xiphydriidae, Paroyrssidae, Xyelotomidae, Blasticotomidae, Pergidae). In van der Vecht, J. and R. D. Shenefelt, eds. Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars 14, Dr. W. Junk B. V., The Hague. vi + 193 pp.","Smith, D. R. 2008. Xiphydriidae of the Philippines, insular Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Fiji (Hymenoptera). Beitrage zur Entomologie 58: 15 - 95.","Taeger, A., S. M. Blank, and A. D. Liston. 2010. World catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa 2580: 1 - 1064."]}

Hyperxiphia semilutea Smith, new species http://zoobank.org/EA3F7B97- 4A7A-4677-AC89-242A816BA731 ( Figs. 11–15) Diagnosis.—Mesonotum black with axillae and metanotum white; abdominal segment 1–6 mostly orange with white spots laterally on segments 1, 2, 5, 6. Sheath short, about 2X longer than broad. Description.—Female ( Fig. 11): Length 13.1 mm. Antenna black. Head black with orbits (except upper) and area below antennae yellow. Thorax black, yellow on: pronotum (black spot in middle), spot anterior to mesepisternum, spot posterior to each lateral lobe, metascutellum. Legs with coxae and trochanters yellow, femora black, fore and mid tibiae yellow, hind tibia yellow with apex black; tarsi with basitarsi yellow, rest black. Abdomen with tergite 1 and laterally on tergite 2 yellow, tergites 3–6 orange, 5 and 6 laterally yellow; 7th black, 8th yellow spot laterally, 9 apically yellow, 10 yellow. Wings hyaline, veins and stigma black. Head ( Figs. 14, 15): Frons with longitudinal carinae from level of hind ocelli through supraclypeal area. Antennae with ~18 antennomeres. Labial palpus with 4 palpomeres, maxillary palpus with 4 palpomeres; first palpomere about as long as remaining palpomeres combined; 3 rd palpomere very short; apical palpomere clublike. Eyes slightly diverging below, lower interocular distance about 1.2X eye height. Head from above short behind eyes, distance behind eyes slightly shorter than eye length. Thorax ( Figs. 12, 13): Propleuron shiny, few punctures mostly ventrally. Pronotum shiny, diagonal area of short carinae at center. Mesonotum, metanotum rugulose; shiny less punctate areas on outer lateral lobes and apex of mesoscutellum; downturned sides of mesoscutellum shiny. Mesopleuron shiny with punctures, punctures separated by interspaces equal to or more than puncture diameters; mesosternum shiny, without punctures; mesepimeron with fine cross carinae, metapleuron rugulose. Hind basitarsus slightly shorter than remaining tarsomeres combined. Abdomen: Sheath ( Fig. 11) short, about 2X longer than broad, subequal in length to basal plates. Male: Unknown. Type material.— Holotype female " Lao, Hua Phan Prov., Ban Saleui; Phou Pan Mt., 20 ° 13'30"N, 103 ° 59'26"E GPS, 1350 - 1900 m, 16- 18.05.2010, leg. C. Holzschuh + locals ( OML). Etymology.—Name is based on the partly orange abdomen. Remarks.—The yellow orbits, upper and lower margins of the pronotum, axillae, metanotum, and fifth, sixth, and apical segments of the abdomen will distinguish this species. The diverging eyes below and short sheath are also helpful., Published as part of Smith, David R., 2020, New Species And New Records Of Xiphydriid Woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) From Southeastern Asia, pp. 135-146 in PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH 122 (1) on pages 139-141, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.135, http://zenodo.org/record/3728039

Lataxiphyda nodai (Togashi) (Figs. 22–26) Hyperxiphia nodai Togashi 1982, in Togashi and Hirashima 1982: 186. Lataxiphyda nodai: Shinohara 2019: 103 (syn.: H. tabunokii Togashi, L. makiharai Togashi) Hyperxiphia tabunokii Togashi 2007: 436. Lataxiphyda tabunokii: Shinohara and Hara 2015: 180 (syn: L. makihaarai Togashi) Lataxiphyda makihaarai Togashi 2009: 145. Diagnosis.—Fenmale (Figs. 22–26) and male entirely black; wings uniformly darkly infuscated. Frons (Fig. 25) rugulose, with sculpture extending slightly posterior to hind ocellus (Fig. 26). Sheath short (Fig. 22), about 2.5X longer than broad. Specimens examined.— Lao, Hua Phan Prov., Ban Saleui: Phou Pan-Mt., 20 ° 13’30”N / 103 ° 59’26”E, 1350 – 1900 m, 10.05.2011, leg. C. Holzschuh + locals (2 ♀, OML, USNM), same except 06.052011 (1 ♀, OML), 13.05.2010 (1♀, OML), 21.05.2010 (1 Ơ, OML). Laos, Prov. Hua Phan, Phou Pan (Mt.), Ban Saleui (village), 20 ° 13’30”N / 103 ° 59’26”E, 1350–1900 m MSL, 08.06.2009, leg. C. Holzschuh and many locals (1 ♀, OML). Remarks.—This is the first record of this species from Laos, which distinctly expands its distribution. I cannot tell see differences in these specimens and L. nodai and its synonyms, all described from Amami-Oshima Island, Japan (Togashi and Hirashima 1982; Togashi 2007, 2009). The taxonomy of this species was discussed by Shinohara (2019), who also recorded it from Okinawa-Honto Island, Japan. Females range in length from 14– 18 mm; the one male examined is 8.0 mm long. The entirely black color, dark wings, rugose frons, and rugose sculpture extending posterior to the ocelli are distinctive for this species. Hyperxiphia ungulivaria Maa 1949 from China is entirely black, but it is metallic greenish with bluish iridescence, the wings are hyaline, only slightly tinted with yellowish brown, and the antennae have only 13 antennomeres. This species has been reared from wood of Machilus thunbergii Siev. and Zucc. (Lauraceae) and Ardisia sieboldii Miq. (Primulaceae) on Amani-Oshima Island (Togashi 2007; Shinohara 2019). Both plant genera occur in Laos., Published as part of Smith, David R., 2020, New Species And New Records Of Xiphydriid Woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) From Southeastern Asia, pp. 135-146 in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1) on page 144, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.135, http://zenodo.org/record/3728039, {"references":["Togashi, I. and Y. Hirashima. 1982. Wood-wasps or horn-tails of the Amami-Oshima Island, with descriptions of a new species (Hymenoptera: Siricoidea). Esakia 19: 185 - 189.","Shinohara, A. 2019. Lataxiphyda nodai (Togashi, 1982) (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae): New synonym, new combination and new distribution record. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series A, 45: 101 - 105.","Togashi, I. 2007. A new species of Hyperxiphia Maa (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) from Japan, reared from wood of Machilus thunbergii Siev. And Zucc. and Ardisia sieboldii Miq. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 109: 435 - 439.","Shinohara, A. and H. Hara. 2015. Taxonomic notes and new distribution and host plant records for sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series A, 41: 171 - 184.","Togashi, I. 2009. Discovery of the genus Lataxiphyda Smith (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) from Japan, with a description of a new species. Biogeography 11: 145 - 148.","Maa, T. 1949. A synopsis of Asiatic Siricoidea with notes on certain exotic and fossil forms (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Musee Heude, Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 13: 11 - 189."]}

Pristaulacus nigripes Kieffer, 1911 Material examined.��� Thailand: 1♀, Chayaphum, Pa Hin Ngam NP, Nature trail at Lan Hin Nor, 15 �� 37.615 �� N, 101 �� 23.436 �� E, 668 m, 15-21.iii.2007, Katae Sa-nog & BuakawAdnafai leg., T2331 (QSBG); 1♀, Phetchabun, Khao Kho NP, Deciduous forest at Ta Pol river, 16 �� 32.561 �� N, 101 �� 2.479 �� E, 242 m, 26.v- 2.vi.2007, Somchai Chachumnan & Saink Singtong leg., T2557 (QSBG); 1♀, Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai NP, Lam Takong view point 14 �� 25.565 �� N, 1012 �� 23.442 �� E, 726 m, 12-19.x.2006, Wirat Sook-khobleg., T743 (QSBG). Remarks.���Recorded from Thailand (Visitpanich 1994), also known from northeastern India: Sikkim (Kieffer 1911; Turner 1922; Smith 2001). Pristaulacus rufobalteatus Cameron, 1907 Material examined.��� 1♀, Thailand, Loei Province, Phu Ruea NP, Nature trail, 17 �� 30.74���N, 101 �� 20,65���E, 1353 m, 19-26.iii.2007, Patikhom Tumtip leg., T 2311 (QSBG). Remarks.���New record from Thailand. Previously known from northeastern India: Sikkim and Assam (Kieffer 1911, 1912; Smith 2001). CONCLUSION The Oriental fauna of Aulacidae appears to be poorly investigated although very rich in species (Turrisi 2017). As highlighted by Turrisi (2013) and Smith (2017), Aulacus is poor in species in the Oriental Region and very rarely collected. The recent investigations, containing descriptions of many new species (see introduction) show a consistent number coming especially from Laos, Vietnam, and Laos. A significant contribution to improve the aulacid material from poorly investigated and rich-species areas has been done by Oberosterreichisches Museum, Linz (Austria), and by the Thai Inventory, the former especially in Laos (Turrisi, unpub.), the latter in Thailand. With regard to Thailand, the aulacid fauna currently includes only eight species, most of them being only recently described (Smith 2001, Turrisi and Smith 2011, Turrisi and Watanabe 2011, Turrisi and Nobile 2016). Visitpanich (1994) recorded an undetermined Pristaulacus species reared from Coffee stems together with the host Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). According to the data from literature and the new species and records in this paper, the aulacid fauna of Thailand includes 14 species, and an additional undetermined Pristaulacus (Table 1)., Published as part of Turrisi, Giuseppe Fabrizio & Smith, David R., 2020, Three New Species Of Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea) With Additional Records From Thailand And Laos, pp. 197-210 in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1) on page 208, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.197, http://zenodo.org/record/3724799, {"references":["Kieffer, J. J. 1911. Etude sur les Evaniides exotipues (Hym.) du British Museum de Londres. Annals Societe Entomologique de France 80: 151 - 230.","Visitpanich, J. 1994. The parasitoid wasps of the coffee stem borer, Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in Northern Thailand. Japanese Journal of Entomology 62 (3): 597 - 606.","Turner, R. E. 1922. XXXIV. New Evaniidae and Braconidae in the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 10: 270 - 281.","Smith, D. R. 2001. World catalog of the family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera). Contribution on Entomology, International 4 (3): 261 - 319.","Cameron, P. 1907. A new species of Pristaulacus from the Sikkim Himalaya (Hym.). Zeitschrift fur Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie 7: 222 - 223.","Kieffer, J. - J. 1912. Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidea, Evaniidae. Das Tierreich, Verlag von R. Friedlander und Sohn, Berlin, I-XIX + 431 pp.","Turrisi, G. F. 2017. The parasitoid wasp family Aulacidae with a revised World checklist (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 119 (special issue): 931 - 939."]}

Pristaulacus matteinii Turrisi and Smith, sp. nov. (Figs. 8���14) http://zoobank.org/ 23E044AA-EB54- 4593-A245-8F63F3D292D2 Type material. ��� LAOS: Holotype ♀ ��� LAOS (LAO), Prov. Hua Phan, Phou Pan (Mt), Ban Saleui (Village), 20 �� 13 �� 30 �� N 103 �� 59 �� 26 �� E, 1350-1900 m MSL, 10.06.2009, leg. C. Holzschuh, and many locals/ Pristaulacus matteinii Turrisi & Smith sp. nov. ♀, 2018, Holotypus ��� (OLML). Paratypes, same data as holotype except: 1♀, 08.vi.2009; 1♀, 20.iv.2010; 1��, 28. iv.2010; 1��, 14-18. iv.2010; 1♀, 11.v.2010; 2♀, 11.v.2011; 1♀, 20.v.2011; 1♀, 30.v.2011; 1♀, 22.v.2011; 1♀, 24.v.2011; 1��, 24.iv.2012; 1��, 09.v.2012; 1♀, 10-14.v.2012; 1♀, 15- 16.v.2012; 1��, 03-05.iv.2014; 1♀, 28- 30.iv.2014; 1♀, Laos, Bolikhamsai Prov., Ban Nape env., 18 �� 20 �� N 105 �� 08 �� E, 07- 16.v.2004, Jendek&Sausa leg. (OLML); 1♀, Laos, near Xiang Khoang, 1100 m, 19 �� 18 �� N, 103 �� 31 �� E, 29.iv.2011, T. Mita leg. (TGFC); 1��, Laos, Xiang Khoang, 20 km from Ban Ban, 19 �� 45 �� N, 103 �� 37 �� E, 05.v.2011, T. Mita leg. (TGFC); 3��, Thailand, Loei, Phu Ruea NP, nature trail, 17 �� 30.74 �� N, 101 �� 20.65 �� E, 1353 m, 12- 19.iii.2007, Patikhom Tumtip leg., T 2308 (QSBG); 2��, same data as previous, except: 23.iii.2007, T 2314 (QSBG, USNM); 1♀, Bhutan, Timphu Province, Motitang, 2500-2600 m, 16-27.vii.1990, C. Holzschuh leg. Etymology. ���The species is named for Dr. Maurizio Matteini Palmerini (Italy) specialist of Mutillidae (Hymenoptera). Diagnosis.���Medium sized species, body length: 10.3 mm (excluding ovipositor); colour mostly black, fore and mid legs extensively reddish orange; hind tarsus dark reddish to blackish; wings hyaline; forewing only slightly infuscate at extreme apex, with a moderately wide subquadrate substigmal dark brown spot; metasoma with a small area between apex of T1+2 and base of T3 dark reddish orange. Setae: goldish on mandible, whitish otherwise. Head subquadrate, temple, from above, well developed, fairly convergent and very weakly rounded posteriorly, 0.9 X eye length; occipital margin straight; occipital carina moderately wide, about 0.6 X diameter of ocellus; mesosoma coarsely sculptured, transversecarinate to areolate-rugose; lateroventral margin of pronotum with one anterior moderately long, acute, forwarded toothlike process; anterior margin squared not overhanging pronotum; forewing with vein 2-rs+m moderately long; coxa III transverse-carinate dorsally, transversecarinulate to polished punctate ventrally; tarsal claw pectinate with four tooth-like processes metasoma pyriform (lateral view) slightly compressed; petiole elongate, slender, 2.8 X longer than wide; ovipositor 1.1 X fore wing length. Description ��� Female (holotype): Length: 10.3 mm; antenna length: 5.5 mm; forewing length: 8.3 mm; ovipositor length: 8.9 mm. Colour: Black except: mandible dark reddish medially; fore and mid distal half of femurs, tibiae, and tarsi dark reddish orange (tarsi darkened toward apex); hind tarsus dark reddish to blackish; wings hyaline; forewing only slightly infuscate at extreme apex, with a moderately wide subquadrate substigmal dark brown spot; metasoma with a small area between apex of T1+2 and base of T3 dark reddish orange. Setae: goldish on mandible, whitish otherwise. Head: From above, 1.10 X wider than long, shiny; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, well developed, fairly convergent and very weakly rounded posteriorly, 0.9 X eye length; occipital carina moderately wide, about 0.6 X diameter of ocellus; POL:OOL: 1.0; ocellar area 2.2 X wider than long; vertex with fine, deep and moderately dense punctures (distance between punctures 2.0���3.0 X puncture diameters); frons with moderately coarse, deep and dense punctures (distance between punctures 1.0���2.0 X puncture diameters); clypeus with moderately coarse, deep and very dense punctures (distance between punctures 0.5���1.0 X puncture diameters); temple with fine to moderately coarse, deep and moderately dense to dense punctures (distance between punctures 1.0���3.0 X puncture diameters); malar area with moderately coarse, deep and very dense punctures (distance between punctures 0.5���1.0 X puncture diameters); antenna 0.7 X fore wing length; A3 4.8 X longer than wide; A4 8.3 X longer than wide and 1.7 X than A3; A5 7.8 X longer than wide and 1.3 X than A4. Setae: erect, long and scattered on vertex and upper frons; recumbent, long and dense on lower frons and clypeus; erect, long and moderately dense on temple (length of setae 1.0 X diameter of ocellus); recumbent, short and dense on malar area. Mesosoma: Coarsely sculptured; pronotum areolate-rugose with one anterior moderately long, acute, forwarded tooth-like process on lateroventral margin; propleuron polished and shiny with coarse, moderately deep and dense to very dense punctures (distance between punctures 0.5.1.0 X puncture diameters); prescutum triangular, narrow, long, slightly incavate, transverse-carinate; mesoscutum trans- verse-carinate anterior to notauli (bearing 9 carinae), slightly distinct dorsally, anterior margin squared not overhanging pronotum, otherwise areolate-rugose notauli wide and moderately deep; scutellum almost areolate rugose (two only raised carinae in middle); mesopleuron areolate-rugose except anterior third of mesepimeron foveolate-rugose; metanotum areolate-rugose; propodeum areolate-rugose; ventral parts of mesosoma mostly rugulose; fore wing with vein 2-rs+m moderately long; coxa I polished punctate; coxa II transversecarinate dorsally, polished punctate ventrally; coxa III transverse-carinate dorsally, transverse-carinulate to polished punctate ventrally, punctures coarse, deep and dense (distance between punctures 1.0���2.0 X puncture diameters); spurs of mid tibia subequal; inner spur of hind tibiae fairly longer than outer spur; hind basitarsus 8.7 X longer than wide, and 1.0 X as tarsomeres 2���5; tarsal claw pectinate with four tooth-like processes. Setae: erect, moderately long and scattered on dorsal surface; semierect to recumbent, moderately long to long and moderately dense on lateral and ventral parts, slightly longer and denser on anterior margin of pronotum; erect, long and moderately dense on hind surface of propodeum; erect, long and dense on propleuron (length of setae 1.0 X pretarsus length). Metasoma: Pyriform (lateral view) slightly compressed; petiole elongate, slender, 2.8 X longer than wide; metasomal segments 1-2 almost shiny and impunctate; remaining segments dull with fine, deep and very dense punctures; ovipositor 1.1 X fore wing length. Setae: metasomal segments 1-2 glabrous; otherwise recumbent, very short and dense. Male (paratype): Length: 11.3 mm; antenna length: 6.5 mm; fore wing length: 7.3 mm. Colour, structure, and setae like ♀, except: substigmal spot brown, quite smaller (about half) and less defined; A3 2.3 X longer than wide; A4 4.2 X longer than wide and 1.8 X than A3; A5 4.4 X longer than wide and subequal to A4; metasoma very elongate, subcylindrical; petiole, 3.5 X longer than wide. Variation.���Examined 16 ♀ and 11 ��. Length: 7.5���11.3 mm (♀); 9.1���11.3 mm (��); forewing length: 6.0��� 8.4 mm (♀); 6.7���7.3 mm (��). The apex of T1+2 and base of T3 is lighter, more reddish orange, in some specimens; the substigmal spot is very weak in some males. Distribution ��� Bhutan (Timphu Province), Laos (Houaphan, Bolikhamsai, Xieng Khouang provinces), Thailand (Loei Province). Biology ��� Unknown. Remarks.���This new species superficially resembles Pristaulacus rufobalteatus Cameron, 1907, but it is distinguished mainly by the following: clypeus black, mandible dark reddish to blackish in middle (P. rufobalteatus: clypeus and basal half of mandible yellowish); hind tarsus dark brown (P. rufobalteatus: reddish orange); metasoma mostly blackish, at most with T2 reddish (P. rufobalteatus: metasoma extensively reddish); shape of the head with temple, from above, fairly convergent and very weakly rounded posteriorly, 0.9 X eye length (P. rufobalteatus: temple, from above, gradually convergent and fairly rounded posteriorly, 0.8 X eye length); occipital margin straight (P. rufobalteatus: weakly but distinctly concave); antenna 0.7 X fore wing length (P. rufobalteatus: antenna 0.9 X fore wing length); hind coxa moderately elongate, about 2.2 X longer than wide in lateral view (P. rufobalteatus: hind coxa elongate, about 2.6 X longer than wide in lateral view); ovipositor 1.1 X fore wing length (P. rufobalteatus: ovipositor 1.3 X fore wing length)., Published as part of Turrisi, Giuseppe Fabrizio & Smith, David R., 2020, Three New Species Of Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea) With Additional Records From Thailand And Laos, pp. 197-210 in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1) on pages 201-204, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.197, http://zenodo.org/record/3724799, {"references":["Cameron, P. 1907. A new species of Pristaulacus from the Sikkim Himalaya (Hym.). Zeitschrift fur Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie 7: 222 - 223."]}

Genus Bolivius Malaise, 1942 (Map of occurrence Fig. 16d) B. absonus Malaise, 1942 (Fig. 12e): Bolivia (Malaise 1942), COLOMBIA. Meta, Porvenir, Marayal, PNN Sumapaz, 535m, 3°48’N, 73°49’W, malaise trap, 03 April 2002, H. Vargas leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E-139474). San Martín, Vda. El Manantial, Fca. La Marina, 420m, 3°41’N, 72°49’W, malaise trap, 28 October 2006, N. Rodriguez leg., 1 ♀ 1 ♂, (ICN-MHN ICN-099306/307). Putumayo, Mocoa, Vda. Caliyaco, Jardín botánico tropical Amazónico, 584m, 1°07’06”N, 76°37’58”W, sweep net, 01 March 2016, R. Romero leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 1853). Same data, 18 September 2015, D. Mera leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 1853). Villa Garzón, Vda. San Fidel, Fca. La Cuca, 352m, 0°50’14”N, 76°38’05”W, sweep net, 29 February 2016, K. Medina leg., 1 ♂, (UNAB 1853). Same data, 27 March 2015, L. Pérez leg., 1 ♂, (UNAB 1853)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Malaise, R. (1942) New South American Saw-flies (Hym. Tenthr.). Entomologisk Tidskrift, 63 (1 - 2), 89 - 112."]}

Genus Tioloma Strand, 1911 (Map of occurrence Fig. 18d) T. nigrita Strand, 1911: Ecuador (Boevé et al. 2016), COLOMBIA. Boyacá, Cabaña Carrizal, SFF Iguaque, 2850m, 5°25’N, 73°27’W, malaise trap, 24 February 2001, P. Reina leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E-149529). Boyacá, Qda. Carrizal, SFF Iguaque, 3350m, 5°25’N, 73°27’W, malaise trap, 02 April 2000, P. Reina leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E-149532). Same data, 17 August 2000, P. Reina leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E-149531). Same data, 21 January 2001, P. Reina leg., 2 spec., (IAvH-E-149528 and IAvH-E-149530). Cauca, Paez, Belalcazar, La Termal, Inderena, 3000m, 2°38’N, 75°58’W, 01 November 1980, I. de Arévalo leg., 2 ♂, (ICN-MHN ICN-09936566). Cundinamarca, Piedras Gorgas, PNN Chingaza, 3225m, 4°31’N, 73°45’W, malaise trap, 05 September 2004, E. Raigoso leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E-149641). Same data, 22 September 2004, E. Raigoso leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E-149640). Meta, Acacías, Barrio Las Acacías, 496m, 3°59’N, 73°45’W, 26 November 2009, J. Jiménez leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 964). Valle del Cauca, El Topacio, El Congal, 11 April 2008, Saenz leg., 1 ♀, (MPUJ _ENT_0057417). Tioloma sp.: COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca, Bocatoma, Cerro el zapato, PNN Sumapaz, 3560m, 4°14’N, 74°12’W, malaise trap, 02 January 2003, A. Patiño leg., 2 spec., (IAvH-E-149637 and IAvH-E-149673). Same data, 06 November 2002, A. Patiño leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E-149674). Same data, 18 November 2002, A. Patiño leg., 2 spec., (IAvH-E-149635 to 149636). Chipaque, Vda. Marilandia, 2905m, 4°25’08”N, 74°05’29”W, malaise trap, 09 May 2005, C. Castillo leg., 1 ♀, (ICN-MHN ethanol collection). Cundinamarca, Laguna de Chingaza, PNN Chingaza, 3240m, 4°31’N, 73°45’W, malaise trap, 02 July 2003, J. Guzmán leg., 2 spec., (IAvH-E-149638 to 149639). Cundinamarca, Monte redondo, Embalse Chuza, paramo Chingaza, 4°36’N, 73°44’W, 3100 m, 06 July 1991, Roselli & Stiles leg., 13 spec. (NMNH)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on pages 55-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Strand, E. (1911) Hymenoptera aus Peru und Equador. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 77 (1. Bd., 2. Supplementheft), 141 - 157.","Boeve, J. - L., Marin-Armijos, D. S., Dominguez, D. F. & Smith, D. R. (2016) Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae, Pergidae, Tenthredinidae) from southern Ecuador, with a new record for the country and some ecological data. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 51, 55 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 51.9830"]}

Family XIPHYDRIIDAE Subfamily DERECYRTINAE (Identification keys and diagnosis: Smith 1988, 1995b, 2004), Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Smith, D. R. (1988) A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America south of the United States: introduction, Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Cimbicidae, Diprionidae, Xiphydriidae, Siricidae, Orussidae, Cephidae. Systematic Entomology, 13 (2), 205 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1988. tb 00242. x","Smith, D. R. (1995 b) A new species of Xiphydriidae (Hymenoptera) from Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 22, 21 - 24.","Smith, D. R. (2004) A new species of Derecyrta Smith (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) from Colombia and Ecuador. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 106 (3), 675 - 678."]}

Genus Sphacophilus Provancher, 1888 (Map of occurrence Fig. 11a) Sphacophilus sp. : COLOMBIA. Atlántico, Sabanalarga, Fca. Santa Rosa, 98m, 10°37’20”N, 74°56’33”W, hand collecting, 12 July 2016, L. Malagón leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 3975). Bolívar, Zambrano, 37m, 9°45’N, 74°50’W, 08 September 1993, leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E-151394). Chocó, Centro Administrativo Sautatá. Fuera del Bosque, PNN Los Katíos, 30m, 7°51’N, 77°08’W, malaise trap, 13 January 2004, P. López leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E- 151189 to 151190). Magdalena, Zapayán, Bosque seco tropical, 24m, 10°49’N, 74°52’W, 06 September 2007, M. Dumas leg., 15 ♂, (ICN-MHN ICN-099441-449). Same data, 04 October 2007, M. Dumas leg., 15 ♂, (ICN-MHN ethanol collection). Same data 06 September 2007, M. Dumas leg., 15 ♂, (ICN-MHN ethanol collection). Same data, 18 October 2007, M. Dumas leg., 8 ♂, (ICN-MHN ethanol collection). Same data, 19 September 2007, M. Dumas leg., 2 ♀, 13♂, (ICN-MHN ethanol collection). Zapayán, Cultivo La Ceiba, 24m, 10°49’N, 74°52’W, 19 September 2007, M. Dumas leg., 1 ♂, (ICN-MHN ICN-099450)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Provancher, L. (1888) [Symphyta]. In: Additions et Corrections au volume II de la faune entomologique de Canada. C. Daeveau, Quebec, pp. 427 - 428. [1885 - 1889]"]}

Genus Neoptilia Ashmead, 1898 (Map of occurrence Fig. 10b) N. opulesa Smith, 1992: Panama?, Venezuela (Smith 1992), COLOMBIA. Tolima, Armero-Guayabal, Cerro de Santo Tomas, 470m, hand collecting, 29 September 2000, leg., 1 ♂, (MPUJ_ENT_0057410)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Ashmead, W. H. (1898) Classification of the horntails and sawflies, or the sub-order Phytophaga (Paper No. 3). The Canadian Entomologist, 30, 205 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 30205 - 8","Smith, D. R. (1992) A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America south of the United States: Argidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 39, 1 - 201."]}

Genus Acorduloceridea Rohwer, 1912 (Map of occurrence Fig. 23b) A. bakua Smith, 1990: Mexico, COLOMBIA. Quindío, Circasia, 1450m, 4°35’53”N, 75°41’56”W, malaise trap, 11 October 1999, E. González leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E-139508). A. bleaka Smith, 1990: COLOMBIA. Valle del Cauca, Cali (Smith 1990). A. nantina Smith, 1990: Argentina, COLOMBIA. Bolívar, Alto el Mirador, SFF Los Colorados, 400m, 9°54’N, 75°07’W, malaise trap, 06 October 2001, E. Deulufeut leg., 3 spec., (IAvH-E- 151233 to 151235). Same data, 14 November 2001, E. Deulufeut leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E-151396). Same data, 24 October 2001, E. Deulufeut leg., 5 spec., (IAvH-E- 151236 to 151239; IAvH-E-151395). Acorduloceridea sp.: COLOMBIA. Norte de Santander, Herrán, Vda. Pabellón. Fca. de Gonzalo Mejía, PNN Tamá, 2262m, 7°25’N, 72°26’W, malaise trap, 02 August 2003, C. Leal leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E-139502)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on pages 60-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Rohwer, S. A. (1912) Sawflies from Panama: with descriptions of new genera and species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 59 (12), 1 - 6.","Ross, H. H. (1937) A generic classification of the Nearctic sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Illinois biological monographs, 15 (2), 1 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50339","Schulmeister, S. (2001) Functional morphology of the male genitalia and copulation in lower Hymenoptera, with special emphasis on the Tenthredinoidea s. str. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, ' Symphyta'). Acta Zoologica, 82 (4), 331 - 349. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6395.2001.00094. x"]}

Genus Kulcania Benson, 1935 (Map of occurrence Fig. 26d; identification keys: Smith 1988; Vilhelmsen & Smith 2002) K. mexicana (Cresson, 1879) (Fig. 29 a-c): United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, COLOMBIA. Guajira. Riohacha (Smith 1988, Vilhelmsen and Smith 2002)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on page 76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Benson, R. B. (1935) On the genera of the Orussidae. With an account of the African species (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Occasional papers of the Rhodesian Museum, 4, 1 - 10.","Smith, D. R. (1988) A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America south of the United States: introduction, Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Cimbicidae, Diprionidae, Xiphydriidae, Siricidae, Orussidae, Cephidae. Systematic Entomology, 13 (2), 205 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1988. tb 00242. x","Vilhelmsen, L. & Smith, D. R. (2002) Revision of the ' ophrynopine'genera Argentophrynopus, n. gen., Guiglia Benson, Kulcania Benson, Ophrella Middlekauff, Ophrynon Middlekauff, Ophrynopus Konow, and Stirocorsia Konow (Hymenoptera: Orussidae). Insect Systematics and Evolution, 33, 387 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631202 X 00217","Cresson, E. T. (1879) [Mr. E. T. Cresson exhibited specimens of several hymenopterous insects which he believed to be new, and described them as follows]. Transactions of the American Entomological Society Proceedings, 7, ix-x."]}

Genus Atomacera Say, 1836 (Map of occurrence Fig. 8c) A. lepidula (Konow, 1908): Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama (Smith 1992), COLOMBIA. Chocó, Centro Administrativo Sautatá. Dentro del Bosque, PNN Los Katíos, 30m, 7°51’N, 77°08’W, malaise trap, 13 January 2004, P. López leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E-139497). A. pubicornis (Fabricius, 1804): Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad y Tobago, Venezuela (Smith 1992), COLOMBIA. Caquetá, Florencia, Vda. La Viciosa, Centro de Investigaciones amazónicas Macagual, 250m, 1°30’03”N, 75°36’22”W, light trap, 28 September 2016, C. Robayo leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 758). Same data, malaise trap, 11 September 2016, L. González leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 758). Same data, sweep net, 22 September 2016, J. Guerrero leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 758). Same data, 23 September 2016, A. Amezquita leg., 2 ♀, (UNAB 758). Same data, sweep net, 23 September 2016, L. González leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 758). Same data, sweep net, 27 September 2016, E. Parraga leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 758). Same data, 28 September 2016, E. Cortez leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 758). Putumayo, Cabaña La Paya, PNN La Paya, 330m, 0°02’S, 75°12’W, malaise trap, 15 September 2002, A. Morales leg., 2 spec., (IAvH-E-139495, IAvH-E- 151195). Same data, 01 July 2003, R. Cobete leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E- 151196). Putumayo, Orito, Vda. San Vicente de Luzon, Fca. El Regalo, 356m, 0°32’37”N, 75°50’16”W, hand collecting, 03 March 2016, D. Molina leg., 1 ♀, (ICN-MHN). Putumayo, Villa Garzón, Vda. San Rafael, Fca. El Escondite, 317m, 0°47’41”N, 76°35’08”W, hand collecting, 24 February 2016, V. Ramirez leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 758). Atomacera sp. COLOMBIA. Huila, Cabaña Cedros, PNN Cueva de Los Guácharos, 2100m, 1°37’N, 76°06’W, malaise trap, 06 March 2002, J. Fonseca leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E-139498). Putumayo, Cabaña La Paya, PNN La Paya, 330m, 0°02’S, 75°12’W, malaise trap, 15 July 2002, A. Morales leg., 2 spec., (IAvH-E-151405 to 151406). Putumayo, Loma Baja, PNN La Paya, 320m, 0°06’S, 74°58’W, malaise trap, 01 July 2004, M. Trejos leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E-139494)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Say, T. (1836) Descriptions of new species of North American Hymenoptera, and observations on some already described. Boston Journal of Natural History, 1 (3), 209 - 305. [1834 - 1837]","Konow, F. W. (1908) Neue mittel- und sudamerikanische Tenthrediniden. (Hym.). Zeitschrift fur systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 8 (3), 144 - 163.","Smith, D. R. (1992) A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America south of the United States: Argidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 39, 1 - 201.","Fabricius, J. C. (1804) Systema Piezatorum secundum ordines, genera, species adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Carolus Reichard, Brunsvigae, pp. 1 - 30 + 1 - 440. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10490"]}

Sericoceros Konow, 1905 (Map of occurrence Fig. 9a) S. dimidiatus Konow, 1908: Brazil, Ecuador, Guyana (Smith 1992), COLOMBIA. Caldas, Confines, Vda. Cariaño, Bosque secundario, ecotono tierra-agua, 290m, 5°48’N, 74°91’W, hand collecting, 01 January 2002, E. Mártinez leg., 1 ♀, (MEFLG). Meta, Restrepo, 570m, 4°16’21”N, 73°32’81”W, 23 October 2009, F. Barbosa y J. Iregui leg., 1 ♂, (CAUD). S. gibbus (Klug, 1834) (Fig. 5d): Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela (Smith 1992), COLOMBIA. Meta, Santa Rosa, CIAT, 315m, 4°01’N, 73°28’W, 16 May 2014, L. Hernández leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 1038). Host: Coccoloba manzanillensis, C. coracasana and C. guanacastensis (Polygonaceae), in Costa Rica (Smith1992). Sericoceros sp.: COLOMBIA. Córdoba, Pueblo Nuevo, Cor. Puerto Santo, El Porro, 103m, 8°30’N, 75°30’W, 18 March 2006, leg., 1 ♀, (ICN-MHN)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Konow, F. W. (1905) Hymenoptera. Fam. Tenthredinidae. Fasc. 29. In: Wytsman, P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum, Brussel, pp. 1 - 176.","Konow, F. W. (1908) Neue mittel- und sudamerikanische Tenthrediniden. (Hym.). Zeitschrift fur systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 8 (3), 144 - 163.","Smith, D. R. (1992) A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America south of the United States: Argidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 39, 1 - 201.","Klug, F. (1834) Uebersicht der Tenthredinetae der Sammlung. Jahrbucher der Insectenkunde mit besonderer Rucksicht auf die Sammlung des Konigl. Museum in Berlin herausgegeben, 1, 223 - 253."]}

Genus Neoanapeptamena Strand, 1911 (Map of occurrence Fig. 17d) Neoanapeptamena sp. : Ecuador, Peru (Boevé et al. 2016); COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca, Palacio, Campamento Empresa Acueducto, 2900 m, 4°41’N, 73°50’W, 20 May 1992, Roselli & Stiles leg., 17 spec. (NMNH). Cundinamarca, Monte redondo, Embalse Chuza, paramo Chingaza, 4°36’N, 73°44’W, 3100 m, 06 July 1991, Roselli & Stiles leg., 1 spec. (NMNH)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Strand, E. (1911) Hymenoptera aus Peru und Equador. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 77 (1. Bd., 2. Supplementheft), 141 - 157.","Boeve, J. - L., Marin-Armijos, D. S., Dominguez, D. F. & Smith, D. R. (2016) Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae, Pergidae, Tenthredinidae) from southern Ecuador, with a new record for the country and some ecological data. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 51, 55 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 51.9830"]}

Genus Themos Norton, 1867 (Map of occurrence Fig. 8d) T. laqueatus (Enderlein, 1919): Ecuador, Venezuela (Smith 1992), COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca, Bogotá, 2600 m; Konow coll. 1 ♀ (SDEI, labeled as Themos hyalinus?). Same data, 1♀ (MfN 20150). T. surinamensis (Klug, 1814) (Fig. 5i): Brazil, Ecuador, Suriname, Venezuela (Smith 1992), COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca, Anapoima, 690m, 4°33’N, 74°32’W, sweep net, 07 January 2012, L. Ojeda leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 898). Meta, Granada, Casco Urbano, 338m, 3°32’N, 73°42’W, hand collecting, 07 September 2012, A. Guataquí leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 898). Meta, Lejanías, Casco Urbano, 689m, 3°31’72”N, 74°01’23”W, hand collecting, 08 September 2012, A. Caballero leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 898). Meta, Villavicencio, Bosque de Bavaria, 600m, 4°10’N, 73°39’W, 02 April 2007, Curso Sistemática Animal leg., 1 ♀, (ICN-MHN). Same data, 07 October 2005, C. González leg., 1 ♀, (ICN-MHN). Same data, Curso Sistemática Animal leg., 1 ♀, (ICN-MHN). Host: Ceiba pentandra (Malvaceae) in Venezuela (Smith 1992)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Norton, E. (1867) Catalogue of the described Tenthredinidae and Uroceridae of North America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 1 (3), 225 - 280. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076177","Enderlein, G. (1919) Symphytologica I. Zur Kenntnis der Oryssiden und Tenthrediniden. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 9 (3 - 4), 111 - 127.","Smith, D. R. (1992) A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America south of the United States: Argidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 39, 1 - 201.","Klug, F. (1814) Die Blattwespen nach ihren Gattungen und Arten zusammengestellt. Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freun- de zu Berlin Magazin fur die neuesten Entdeckungen in der gesamten Naturkunde, 6 (4), 276 - 310. [1812]"]}

Genus Enjijus Smith, 1990 (Map of occurrence Fig. 24a) Enjijus sp.: COLOMBIA. Boyacá, Arcabuco, SFF Iguaque, 2820m, 5°44’N, 73°26’W, malaise trap, 1 April 2000, P. Reina leg., 1 spec., (NMNH). Same data, 28 March 2000, P. Reina leg., 1 spec., (NMNH). Boyacá, Qda. Los Francos, SFF Iguaque, 2580m, 5°25’N, 73°27’W, malaise trap, 08 June 2000, P. Reina leg., 1 spec., (NMNH). Risaralda, Robledal, SFF Otún Quimbaya, 1980m, 4°44’N, 75°35’W, malaise trap, 20 April 2004, G. López leg., 1 spec., (NMNH)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on page 62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342

Genus Meliniola Malaise, 1935 (Map of occurrence Fig. 15a) M. punctata Malaise, 1935 (Fig. 12j): Peru (Malaise 1935), COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca, El Peñón, Vda. El Organo, 1800m, 5°12’N, 74°19’W, hand collecting, 05 April 2012, J. Triana leg., 1 ♂, (UNAB 727)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on page 33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Malaise, R. (1935) New genera of Tenthredinoidea and their genotypes (Hymen.). Entomologisk Tidskrift, 56, 160 - 178."]}

Heteroperreyia andina Malagón-Aldana sp. nov. (Figs. 20 a–h, 21a–e) LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E4A7E50C-3FBB-484D-A6D6-E00AA45D3A7C Female: Body length 5 mm. Antenna with 10 antennomeres; antenna length 1.6 × head width; scape length subequal to 1.2 × pedicel length; scape as wide as long, pedicel slightly wider (1.2 ×) than long; 1 st flagellomere (f1) length 1.2 × 2 nd flagellomere (f2); antenna clublike, enlarging distally; 5th, 6th and 7th flagellomeres subquadrate; 8th flagellomere rounded (f8), short, half size of 7 th flagellomere (Fig. 20d). Eyes small, in frontal view lower interocular distance 1.8 × eye length (Fig. 20e); space between lateral ocelli subequal to both distance between eye and lateral ocellus, and between lateral ocelli and posterior margin of head; malar space wide, same as diameter of median ocellus. Clypeus truncated (Fig. 20e), anterior margin sinuous; clypeal length 0.5 × its width. Metabasitarsus length 0.35 × total tarsus length; tarsomeres with plantulae simple; claws simple. Fore wing with cells 1R1, 1Rs and 2Rs present, crossvein 3r-m faint but present. Hind wing with cell R1 closed (Fig. 20c). First valvulae (Vv1) oval, wide and short; lamnium with 6 annuli decreasing in width distally; each annulus bordered anteriorly by row of ctenidia, shape of ctenidia change from triangular to semicircular towards distal region of valvula (Fig. 20h), ctenidia length decreasing toward inferior region of valvula; annuli lateral walls bearing circular campaniform sensilla, irregularly distributed along first valvulae (Fig. 21a); dorsal region of annuli with multiple patches of spiniform microtrichia arranged into groups of 7-20 (Fig. 21d); ventral region of radix and part of proximal annuli with single spiniform microtrichium (Fig. 21c); sclerora with multiple marginal campaniform sensilla on each segment; lower margin of each annulus with subquadrate sawteeth slightly projected anteriorly, without serrulae; cypsella (space between two sawteeth) lobate and deep (Fig. 21b). Second valvulae broad, transverse, fused dorsally, tapering distally; 2 nd valvulae with 6 annuli, apical longer than remaining, and acuminate apically (Fig. 21e). Third valvulae with short apicolateral lobes (=scopae s. Ross 1937) (Fig. 21e). Color: Head black. Thorax mainly yellow, with propleura, mesoscutum, and metanotum black; mesoscutellum yellow with large discal black spot; metascutellum yellow; mesoepisternum mainly yellow, with lateral sulcus and discrimen black; mesoepimerum black; metapleura yellow; legs mainly yellow, tibiae and tarsi brownish (Fig. 20a,b). Wings mainly hyaline, with veins brown (Fig. 20c). Abdominal terga mainly black, posterior margin of each segment yellow; urosternites yellow; 3rd valvulae (Vv3) black, 1st and 2nd valvulae (Vv2) yellow (Fig. 20f,g). Male: Unknown. Holotype: ♀. COLOMBIA. Antioquia, Belmira, Páramo de Belmira. 3241m. 6°38’43.9”N, 75°40’10”W. 25- May-2008. Deposited in CEUA. (CEUA-85048). Remarks: H. andina resembles Camptoprium spp. because of the short clublike antenna with 10 to 12 antennomeres; however, the truncate clypeus fits better with the genus Heteroperreyia. As suggested by Smith (1990), it is very likely that Camptoprium and Heteroperreyia belong to the same lineage. With regard to color and number of antennomeres, this species is close to H. sordida; however, in H. andina the urosternal segments and posterior margin of urotergal segments are yellow; furthermore, the 1st valvulae have six annuli only. Heteroperreyia andina constitutes the northernmost record for this genus in South America; the nearest record is for H. costata from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Heteroperreyia sp.: COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca, Bogotá, Barrio Los Rosales Quebrada La Vieja, 2661m, 4°39’02”N, 74°03’09”W, sweep net, 23 January 2012, E. Quintero leg., 1 ♂, (UNAB 900). Chocontá, Vda. Tilata, Hda. La Iberia, 2665m, 5°05’N, 73°40’W, sweep net, 17 October 2015, J. Jiménez leg., 1 ♂, (UNAB 900)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on pages 68-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Ross, H. H. (1937) A generic classification of the Nearctic sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Illinois biological monographs, 15 (2), 1 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50339"]}

Genus Ptenos Norton, 1872 (Map of occurrence Fig. 10c) Note. Smith (1992) synonymized Ptenos under Hemidianeura; however, Ptenos Norton, 1872 has priority over Hemidianeura Kirby, 1882 according to Blank et al. (2009). P. albiceratus (Konow, 1903): Peru (Smith 1992), COLOMBIA. Caquetá, Florencia, Vda. La Viciosa, Centro de Investigaciones amazónicas Macagual, 370m, 1°30’39”N, 75°40’01”W, malaise trap, 13 October 2014, M. Bermúdez leg., 1 ♀, (UNAB 3971). Meta, Cabaña Cerrillo, PNN Sierra de La Macarena, 460m, 3°21’N, 73°56’W, malaise trap, 21 December 2002, A. Herrera W. Villalba leg., 3 spec., (IAvH-E- 151150 to 151151; IAvH-E- 151153). Meta, Caño Curía, PNN Sierra de La Macarena, 150m, 3°21’N, 72°38’W, malaise trap, 31 August 2003, W. Villalba leg., 1 spec., (IAvH-E- 151152). Meta, Caño Nevera, PNN Tinigua, 390m, 2°11’N, 73°48’W, malaise trap, 23 December 2002, C. Sánchez leg., 5 spec., (IAvH-E-139485; IAvH-E- 151136; IAvH-E- 151156 to IAvH-E- 151158). Meta, La Macarena, Vda. Bajo Raudal, PNN Tinigua, 460m, 2°16’N, 73°48’W, malaise trap, 20 March 2004, C. Sánchez leg., 2 spec., (IAvH-E- 151159 to IAvH-E- 151160). Meta, Loma Alta, PNN La Paya, 350m, 0°06’S, 74°58’W, malaise trap, 15 June 2004, M. Trejos leg., 3 spec., (IAvH-E-139486; IAvH-E- 151154 to 151155). P. leucopodus (Cameron, 1883): Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Suriname, Venezuela (Smith 1992), COLOMBIA. Antioquia, Medellín, 1538m, 6°14’N, 75°34’W, 23 August 1999, E. Vergara leg., 1 spec., (MEFLG). Host: Inga vera and Inga oerstediana (Leguminosae) in Costa Rica (Smith et al. 2013)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Norton, E. (1872) Notes on North American Tenthredinidae with descriptions of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 4 (1 - 2), 77 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076265","Smith, D. R. (1992) A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America south of the United States: Argidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 39, 1 - 201.","Kirby, W. F. (1882) List of Hymenoptera with Descriptions and Figures of the Typical Specimens in the British Museum. Vol. 1. Tenthredinidae and Siricidae. By order of the Trustees, London, 450 pp.","Blank, S. M., Taeger, A., Liston, A. D., Smith, D. R., Rasnitsyn, A. P., Shinohara, A., Heidemaa, M. & Viitasaari, M. (2009) Studies toward a world catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2254, 1 - 96.","Konow, F. W. (1903) Neue Chalastogastra. (Hym.). Zeitschrift fur systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 3 (2), 105 - 109.","Cameron, P. (1883) Insecta. Hymenoptera. (Families Tenthredinidae-Chrysididae). Biologia Centrali-Americana, 1 (4 - 5), 25 - 40. [1883 - 1900]","Smith, D. R., Janzen, D. H. & Hallwachs, W. (2013) Food plants and life histories of sawflies of the families Argidae and Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera) in Costa Rica, a supplement. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 35, 17 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 35.5496"]}

Genus Derecyrta F. Smith, 1860 (Map of occurrence Fig. 26c) D. jakowlewi Tschitscherine, 1894: Bolivia, Guyana, Peru, COLOMBIA (Smith 1988). D. flavescens Smith, 2004: Ecuador (Smith 2004), COLOMBIA. Valle del Cauca, Cali, 650m (IAvH/ Holotype) (Smith 2004)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Smith, F. (1860) Descriptions of new genera and species of Tenthredinidae in the collection of the British Museum. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology; Series 3, 6 (34), 254 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936008697318","Smith, D. R. (1988) A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America south of the United States: introduction, Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Cimbicidae, Diprionidae, Xiphydriidae, Siricidae, Orussidae, Cephidae. Systematic Entomology, 13 (2), 205 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1988. tb 00242. x","Smith, D. R. (2004) A new species of Derecyrta Smith (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) from Colombia and Ecuador. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 106 (3), 675 - 678."]}

Derecyrta risaraldensis Malagón-Aldana sp. nov. (Fig. 28 a–h) LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CEB3ABAE-A4E7-4004-A8BC-86381487244C Female: Body length 16.6 mm. Antenna with 22 antennomeres, antenna length 2.2 × head width; scape 1.6 × as long as than pedicel; scape length 3 × its width; pedicel length 2.5 × its width; 1 st flagellomere 1.3 × as long as the 2 nd flagellomere; antennae gradually tapering distally. In frontal view, lower interocular space 1.4 × eye length; face slightly rough, without reticulations (Fig. 28d,c); vertex and temple smooth and polished (Fig. 28b,e); paired high frontal carinae run between the median ocellus and the anterior tentorial pits; circular frontal fovea present; epistomal suture absent; clypeus fused with frons, forming frontoclypeus (Fig. 28d); lower margin of frontoclypeus with a short mesial triangular projection; occipital carina present, postgenal carina absent; space between lateral ocelli 0.6 × distance between eye and lateral ocellus, and 0.2 × distance between lateral ocelli and posterior margin of head; malar space long, 2 × diameter of median ocellus; mandibles subquadrate (Fig. 28d), with 3 uniform teeth; maxillary palpus with 6 palpomeres; labial palpus with 4 palpomeres, apical palpomere 2 × length of preapical. Pronotum with short reticulations on lateral ends of transpronotal sulcus. Meso- and metathorax slightly rough, with parallel reticulations on following: posterior area to notauli and anterior to median region of transcutal sulcus, interaxillar sulcus, anterior margin of lateral mesoscutellum, lateral arms of metascutellum, and posterior margin of mesepimeron. Mesoscutellum posterior margin with short mesodorsad spiniform projection (Fig. 28a). Cenchri narrow and semicircular. Mesopleuron with horizontal pleural suture obliterated posteroventrally. Fore wing (Fig. 28f) with crossvein 2r-rs absent; intercostal crossvein Sc1 distad to Rs; section of vein M from M+Cu1 shorter (0.5 ×) than section of vein Rs section from Sc+R; 1m-cu curved out distally; crossvein 2r-m length 0.5 × of 3r-m length (Fig. 28f). Calcar of protibiae curved, tapering distally, with two triangular apical teeth and short velum on inner ventral margin (Fig. 28c). Metafemur 4 × as long as its width. Claws strongly curved apically, with inner tooth shorter than outer (Fig. 28g,h). Metabasitarsus length 0.4 × of entire metatarsus. Tarsal plantulae lobes absent. Tibial preapical spurs absent. Subquadrate plates of abdominal tergum I (T1) rough with mesial margin smooth; abdominal segments II, VIII and IX twice as long as remaining segments (Fig. 28b); urotergum X (T10) subquadrate, much smaller than all anterior abdominal terga. Cerci long, 4 × as long as its width, rounded apically, in dorsal view slightly longer than urotergum X. Third valvulae in lateral view same length as tergum I. Pilosity white, covering frons, malar space, base of mandibles, propleura, pronotum, mesopleura and abdominal tergum IX. Color: Body mostly black, with many creamy white spots. Head mainly black, with a white trapezoid spot on frontoclypeus, and a couple of wide white bands along dorsomesial margin of eyes, extending to vertex, ventrally covering malar space, expanding posteriorly to temple (Fig. 28d,e). Antenna mainly black, with antennomeres 13- 20 white (Fig. 28b). Pronotum mainly white, with dorsal and posterior margins of lateral lobes white; propleura black; mesonotum mainly black, with posterior half of median lobe of mesoscutum, dorsal region of axillae and mesoscutellum white; mesoscutellum with small black spot apically; metanotum black with metascutellum white, and pair of white spots posterior to each cenchrus. Mesopleuron black with superior half of episternum white; metapleuron black (Fig. 28a,b). Legs mostly black, with dorsal region of coxae, ventral region of femora and tibiae white (apex of tibiae black). Wings hyaline with veins brown. Abdomen mainly black, with mesal margin of tergum I and transverse band on the middle of tergum II to VIII white (Fig. 28a,b); tergum IX mainly black, with pair of lateral large white C-shaped bands surrounding the posteroventral margin; tergum × white. Abdominal sterna dark brown with yellow median spot on each. Cerci black. 2 nd valvifers and 3 th valvulae (ovipositor sheath) black. Male: Unknown. Etymology: Named for Risaralda department, Colombia. Holotype: ♀. COLOMBIA. Risaralda, Mistrato. Cto. San Antonio del Chamí. 900m alt. 5°17’N, 75°52’10”W. 01-Abr-1992. F. Fernández. Deposited in ICN-MHN, 095923. Remarks: Derecyrta risaraldensis, D. circularis and D. beechei each have different combinations of yellow spots on a black background. D. circularis (Fig. 28j) has the entire antenna black, narrow subocular stripe bands not extending dorsally beyond the antenna, thorax mostly black with a small spot in the dorsal corner of mesepisternum, and legs entirely black. In D. beechei (Fig. 28i) the antenna is brown, with 27 antennomeres; malar space black; thorax black with mesoscutellum yellow. In addition, beechei is exceptional in having the crossvein 2r-rs and tarsal plantulae, which are absent in the remaining species (Smith 1995b)., Published as part of Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Serna, Francisco, 2019, The sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: ' Symphyta') of Colombia, pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4633 (1) on pages 74-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4633.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335342, {"references":["Taeger, A. (2013) Derecyrta beechei D. R. Smith, 1995, from Chile. figshare. https: // doi. org / 10.6084 / m 9. figshare. 847272. v 1","Smith, D. R. (1995 b) A new species of Xiphydriidae (Hymenoptera) from Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 22, 21 - 24."]}

Key to the Chinese species of Gilpinia Benson (females; examined species are marked with *) 1. Inner spur of hind tibia scale like......................................................................... 2 - Inner spur of hind tibia simple........................................................................... 4 2. Annuli 2 and 3 divergent downwards (Fig. 2B); pronotum entirely yellow; only posterior margin of mesoscutellum black. China (Heilongjiang), Finland....................................................... * G. fennica (Forsius, 1911) - Annuli 2 and 3 parallel (Figs. 2A, C); pronotum yellow with black marks; both anterior and posterior margins of mesoscutellum black............................................................................................ 3 3. Serrulae 3���5 broader than the ctenidium bear them (Fig. 2A); head with a dark band on ocellar area, not reaching inner margins of eyes; apical margin of clypeus straight; ocellar area with 3 small brownish marks; pronotum pale with anterior margin black. China (Inner Mongolia)............................................... G. baiyinaobaoa G. Xiao & X. Huang, 1985 - Serrulae 3���5 equal to the ctenidium bear them (Fig. 2C); head with a dark band on ocellar area, reaching inner margins of eyes; apical margin of clypeus slightly incised; ocellar area without brownish marks; pronotum black with lateral corners pale. China (Heilongjiang, Jilin), Siberia, Europe.................................................... * G. virens (Klug, 1812) 4. Head black at least between ocellar area and toruli........................................................... 5 - Head pale with black at most on ocellar area above toruli..................................................... 10 5. Head black at least above toruli, but dorsally more or less pale.................................................. 6 - Head black with labrum, clypeus, supraclypeal area and dorsal margin of head more or less pale....................... 8 6. Scape, pedicel and flagellomere 1 black and each basally pale; lateral mesoscutal lobe black with anterior and lateral margins pale; mesoscutellum pale with a central longitudinal black line; legs whitish yellow. Lancet in Fig. 2E. China (Sichuan, Yunnan)................................................................ G. yongrenica G. Xiao & X. Huang, 1984 - Scape and pedicel pale, flagellomere 1 black; lateral mesoscutal lobe black with lateral margins pale; mesoscutellum pale with posterior margin black; legs yellow with black marks or dirty yellow............................................. 7 7. Pectus, lower anterior margin of mesepisternum, lower mesepimeron, and most of metepimeron black; legs yellow with black marks; lancet with basal annuli straight, subparallel (Smith 1974: Fig. 1). China (Fujian), Thailand................................................................................................... * G. marshalli (Forsius, 1931) - Pectus, mesepisternum, mesepimeron, metepimeron pale; legs dirty yellow. Lancet with basal annuli curved, annuli 1 and 2 distinctly divergent (Fig. 2F). China (Heilongjiang)............................. G. pinicola G. Xiao & X. Huang, 1985 8. Body entirely black; wings strongly smoky; lancet with 11 distinct annuli; length of basal ctendium to lancet apex about 2.0�� maximum width of lancet; maximum length of annulus 2 about 2.1�� minimum; annulus 1 narrow and about 0.4�� length of annulus 2 (Fig. 2H). China (Jiangxi).......................................... * G. infuscalae Wang & Wei, sp. nov. - Body black with pale marks; wings transparent; lancet with 9 or 10 distinct annuli; length of basal ctendium to lancet apex at least 2.5�� maximum width of lancet; maximum length of annulus 2 at most 1.6�� minimum; annulus 1 about at least 0.7�� length of annulus 2 (Fig. 2D, G).......................................................................... 9 9. Head black with labrum and ventral margin of clypeus yellow; median mesoscutal lobe and mesoscutellum black; legs yellow, coxae, trochanters and femora basally dark brown, tibiae basally more or less whitish; annuli 2 and 3 divergent downwards, annulus 1 about 0.7�� length of annulus 2 (Fig. 2G). China (Heilongjiang), Japan (Hokkaido)......... G. tohi Takeuchi, 1940 - Head black with labrum, clypeus, supraclypeal area and dorsal margin of head pale; median mesoscutal lobe black with posterior lateral margin pale, mesoscutellum black with a central horizontal pale band; coxae and trochanters black, tarsi, hind femur and apex of tibiae reddish brown, tibiae basally yellow; annulus 2 parallel with 3, annulus 1 about 1.1�� length of annulus 2 (Fig. 2D). China (Anhui)................................................... * G. massoniana G. Xiao, 1992 10. Annulus 1 with a distinct serrula (Fig. 2 I)................................................................. 11 - Annulus 1 without serrula (Figs. 2 J-M)................................................................... 12 11. Body reddish brown; ocellar area with a short dark band; mesoscutellum, central part of pronotum and most of lateral mesoscutal lobes black (median mesoscutal lobes sometimes with black triangular marks); tergum 1 black. Lancet in Fig. 2 I. China (Gansu).................................................................... * G. tabulaeformis G. Xiao, 1992 - Body yellowish brown; ocellar area pale without black marks; pronotum, median mesoscutal lobe, lateral mesoscutal lobe and tergum 1 pale; mesoscutellum black. China (Hebei).............................. G. funingensis Wen, Sun & Li, 1991 12. Ctenidium 1 broken at middle (Fig. 2M); lateral mesoscutal lobe entirely pale. China (Anhui, Guangxi).......................................................................................* G. lipuensis G. Xiao & X. Huang, 1985 - Ctenidium 1 entire; lateral mesoscutal lobe pale with dark marks or entirely black................................. 13 13. Annuli 1 and 2 straight and parallel (Fig. 2J); body yellow; mesoscutellum entirely pale; sheath with lateral margin of scopa slenderly protruding. China (Yunnan).................................................. * G. hebedentata Xu, 1997 - Annuli 1 and 2 curved and divergent downwards (Fig. 2K, L); body reddish brown, mesoscutellum entirely black or pale with posterior margin black; sheath with lateral margin of scopa more or less flat...................................... 14 14. Annuli 1 and 2 distinctly divergent ventrally, basal serrulae acute (Fig. 2K); labrum black; flagellomeres dorsally reddish brown, ventrally black; dorsal mesonotum mostly pale, median mesoscutal lobe pale, both lateral mesoscutal lobes with central longitudinal dark stripes; mesoscutellum with posterior margin black. China (Yunnan).................................................................................................. G. jinghongensis G. Xiao & X. Huang, 1984 - Annuli 1 and 2 weakly divergent ventrally, basal serrulae truncate (Fig. 2L); labrum reddish brown; flagellomeres black; dorsal mesonotum mostly black; both median mesoscutal lobe with posterior dark marks; lateral mesoscutal lobes and mesoscutellum entirely black. China (Yunnan, Guizhou)......................................* G. jingxii G. Xiao & X. Huang, 1984, Published as part of Wang, Hannan, Smith, David R., Xiao, Wei, Niu, Gengyun & Wei, Meicai, 2019, Gilpinia infuscalae Wang & Wei, sp. nov. and a key to the Chinese Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), pp. 589-596 in Zootaxa 4571 (4) on page 591, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.4.11, {"references":["Xiao, G. R., Huang, X. Y. & Zhou, S. Z. (1985) The Chinese sawflies of the family Diprionidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 21 (1), 30 - 43.","Klug, J. C. F. (1812) Die Blattwespen nach ihren Gattungen und Arten zusammengestellt. Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin fur die neuesten Entdeckungen in der gesamten Naturkunde, Berlin, 14 pp. [pp. 49 - 62]","Xiao, G. R., Zhou, S. Z. & Huang, X. Y. (1984) Seven new species of conifer sawflies from China (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Entomotaxonomia, 6 (2 - 3), 141 - 150.","Smith, D. R. (1974) Diprionidae in Thailand (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 76, 212 - 216.","1911), 178 - 183. Forsius, R. (1931) A new Diprion from China. Notulae Entomologicae, 11 (1), 26 - 27. Hara, H. & Shinohara, A. (2015) The Gilpinia abieticola species group (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae). Bulletin of the National","Takeuchi, K. (1940) A systematic study on the suborder Symphyta (Hymenoptera) of the Japanese Empire (III). Tentharedo. Acta Entomologica, 3 (2), 187 - 199.","Wen, X. J., Sun, C. H., Li, W. G., E, X. Q. & Han, Y. S. (1991) Study on Gilpinia funingensis. Forest Pest and Disease, 1991 (1), 14 - 15.","Xu, Z. H. (1997) Two new species and one new combination of the conifer sawfly family Diprionidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) from Yunnan, China. Zoological Research, 18 (2), 171 - 176."]}

Wang, Hannan, Smith, David R., Xiao, Wei, Niu, Gengyun, Wei, Meicai (2019): Gilpinia infuscalae Wang & Wei, sp. nov. and a key to the Chinese Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Zootaxa 4571 (4): 589-596, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4571.4.11

Gilpinia infuscalae Wang & Wei, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 A���M, 2H, 3) Female. Body length 8.2 mm (8.0��� 9.6 mm). Wing expanse 16.7 mm (16.2���19.2 mm). Mainly black (Fig. 1A); mandible basally black, apically reddish brown; palpi yellowish brown; antenna black with scape and pedicel dark brown; cenchri brownish; terga 2���6 with faint lateral brownish spots (Fig. 1E). Legs black with followings dark brown: claws, spurs, inner sides of fore and middle tibiae. Wings smoky with dark veins and stigma, center of stigma whitish. Head and dorsal mesonotum densely punctured. Posterior and lateral margins of head and ocellar area with dense punctures about 0.02 mm, interspaces between punctures less than diameter of a puncture; clypeus (apical margin and central part shiny without punctures), malar space and lower paraantennal field with dense punctures about 0.07 mm, interspaces between punctures less than diameter of a puncture; anterior and posterior margins of median mesoscutal lobe, lateral side of lateral mesoscutal lobe with punctures about 0.03 mm (Fig. 1D); mesoscutellum and center of mesepisternum with punctures about 0.1 mm (Fig. 1F); katepimeron and metepisternum feebly shiny and wrinkled; postspiracular sclerite, metascutellum, anepimeron, metepimeron and center of tergum 1 (Fig. 1E) with dense punctures about 0.07 mm; terga wrinkled with few shallow punctures; ventral terga also with punctures, gradually denser toward lateral margin; tergum 10 sparsely punctured, gradually dense and distinct to the posterior end (Fig. 1H); sterna with dense punctures. Head and mesonotum covered with dense whitish hair 0.9�� diameter of front ocellus. Clypeus concave apically; frontal field and frontal pit distinct; postocellar area rounded, frontal postocellar furrow concave, lateral postocellar furrows faint; distances between eye and lateral ocellus, between lateral ocelli, and between lateral ocellus and posterior margin of head about 1.0: 1.0: 1.0 (Fig. 1C), distance between eye and torulus 1.7���1.8�� distance between toruli; malar space 1.4���1.5�� diameter of front ocellus; antenna serrate with 19 distinct antennomeres, apex obtuse, 8���11th rami longer than stem of each flagellomere, length of pedicel equal to diameter of front ocellus, length of ramus 1 equal to length of flagellomere 1. Mesoscutellum obtusely protruding with an anterior angle of 106��, its width 1.2���1.3�� length; distance between cenchri equal to length of a cenchrus. Inner hind tibial spur simple and slightly longer than outer spur, apex obliquely truncate, its length 0.4���0.5�� length of tarsomere 1 (including plantar lobe) and 0.3���0.4�� maximum width of hind tibia, total length of tarsomeres 2���5 about 3.0���3.1�� length of tarsomere 1; claw with an obvious denticle. Dorsal width of scopa 3.7���3.9�� width of a cercus (Fig. 1G), ventral length of a scopa 4.3���4.4�� length of a cercus (Fig. 1H); each scopa apically obtuse, slightly protruding beyond tergum 9 in lateral view; dorsal margin of lance convex at center in lateral view (Fig. 1I), apices of lances asymmetrical; lancet with 11 distinct annuli, gradually narrowing from annulus 2 toward apex, annulus 1 very narrow, about 0.4�� length of annulus 2 (Fig. 1J); annulus 1 without serrula, annulus 2 with longest serrula, close to and parallel with annulus 1, remote and distinctly divergent downwards with annulus 3; width of annulus 2 about 1.9�� width of annulus 3, total length of annuli 1���11 about 2.0�� maximum width of lancet, annuli 3���9 parallel (Fig. 1J); serrulae slightly concave ventrally (Fig. 1K). Male. Body length 6.7 mm (6.5���8.0 mm), wing expanse 14.1 mm (14.0���15.0 mm) (Fig. 1B). Mainly black, labrum and pterostigma brownish, cenchri dark brown, wings hyaline, apical 1/3 of fore femur, apical 1/4 of middle femur, all tarsi and claws orange brown. Punctation as in female, but generally denser and more distinct on head and mesonotum, shallower and sparser on ventral terga. Antenna with 21 distinct antennomeres, scape length 3.0�� length of pedicel, flagellomeres 3���19 pectinate, flagellomere 1 bears a long ramus. Distances between eye and lateral ocellus, between lateral ocelli, between lateral ocellus and posterior margin of head about 1.0:1.0:0.8. distance between eye and torulus 2.0���2.1�� distance between toruli; malar space 1.3���1.4�� diameter of front ocellus. Inner spur of hind tibia simple, 0.4���0.5�� length of tarsomere 1 (including plantar lobe), 0.5���0.6 �� maximum width of hind tibia, total length of tarsomeres 2���5 about 2.5���2.6�� length of tarsomere 1. Gonoforceps as Fig. 1L, parapenis long, gradually narrowing toward apex, inner margins of harpes slightly concave, valviceps simple with blunt apex and a multitoothed ventral margin (Fig. 1M), length of penis valve 4.0���4.1�� maximum width of valviceps. Larva (Fig. 3). Body yellow with head and thoracic legs black. Larvae found at 2012.11.0 6, gathered by collector from Pinus massoniana Lamb. (Pinaceae), reared in room temperature. Pupae to adult from 2013.03 to 2013.04. Host plant. Pinus massoniana Lamb. (Pinaceae). Type material. Holotype ♀, Jiangxi, Huichang, 2013.3.29, Maoling Sheng, pupa reared, Pinus massoniana Lamb. (Pinaceae). Paratypes. 18 ♀, 44 ♂: Jiangxi, Huichang, 2013.3.23���4.16, leg. Maoling Sheng, pupa reared, Pinus massoniana Lamb. (Pinaceae). Distribution. China (Jiangxi Province). Etymology. The specific name " infuscalae " is a noun, derived from Latin, " infusc -" (blacked) and " alae " (wings), referring to its largely smoky wings. Remarks. Gilpinia infuscalae is distinguished from other Gilpinia species by its entirely black color, simple inner hind tibial spur, and lancet which is triangular and with the second and third annuli distinctly divergent (Fig. 1J). It is the only entirely black Gilpinia species in China. Other Chinese species are mostly yellow, brown, or reddish brown and have hyaline wings. In color, G. infuscalae resembles G. nigra (Okutani, 1958) from Japan, also an entirely black species. However, G. nigra has more hyaline wings, the inner hind tibial spur is scale like, the anterior four tibiae and tarsi are brown, the cenchri are black, and the lancet is more slender, resembling the species in Fig. 2 A���E. Structurally, G. infuscalae is similar to those species with more triangular lancets, as in Figs. 2 I���M, but the second and third annuli are distinctly divergent in G. infuscalae. Gilpinia bodyarensis from India has smoky wings as well, but the wings are not as dark as in G. infuscalae. It also differs in having yellow marks on the head and with the first to third annuli almost parallel (Saini & Thind 1993: fig. 15)., Published as part of Wang, Hannan, Smith, David R., Xiao, Wei, Niu, Gengyun & Wei, Meicai, 2019, Gilpinia infuscalae Wang & Wei, sp. nov. and a key to the Chinese Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), pp. 589-596 in Zootaxa 4571 (4) on pages 592-594, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.4.11, {"references":["Okutani, T. (1958) Three new species of Japanense Symphyta (Studies on Symphyta XI). Mushi, 32 (16), 143 - 147.","Saini, M. S. & Thind, A. S. (1993) Revision of genus Gilpinia Benson from India (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Diprionidae). Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, 40 (2), 309 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19930400211"]}

Pseudabia Schrottky, 1910 Pseudabia Schrottky, 1910: 168. Enslinia Jörgensen, 1913: 254., Published as part of Vilhelmsen, Lars, Smith, David R. & Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., 2018, A review of the South American genera of Cimbicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera), pp. 1-36 in European Journal of Taxonomy 482 on page 27, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.482, http://zenodo.org/record/3825574, {"references":["Schrottky C. 1910. Neue sudamerikanische Hymenoptera. Entomologische Rundschau 27: 168 - 169.","Jorgensen P. 1913. Las Tenthredinoidea (Hym.) de la Republica Argentina. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Bernardino Rivadavia 24: 247 - 288."]}

Pseudopachylosticta subflavata (Kirby, 1882) Figs 14–15 Amasis subflavata Kirby, 1882: 17, pl. I.9. Amasis brasiliensis Mocsáry, 1909: 2. Amasis neotropica Mocsáry, 1909: 2. Pseudopachylosticta brunnescens Mallach, 1929: 287. Pseudopachylosticta leucogaster Mallach, 1929: 286, figs 1,3. Material examined Holotype ARGENTINA: – Córdoba: Ƌ (NHML). Other material ARGENTINA: – Chaco / Santiago del Estero: 1 ♀ (NHRS). – Córdoba: 1 ♀, W.M. Davis leg. (NMNH); 3 spec., W.M. Davis leg. (MCZ). – Formosa: 1 ♀, Riacho Pilaga, Ruta 11, 26 km NW of Formosa, 11 Aug. 1972, Porter, Stange and Fidalgo leg. (NMNH); 1 spec., same collecting data as preceding but no date (IFML). – Jujuy: 1 ♀, Volcán, Feb. 1926 (NHRS). – Misiones: 1 ♀, Dos de Mayo, Dec. 1973, Fritz leg. (IBGE). – Salta: 1 ♀, Steinbach leg. (ZMHB; holotype of Pseudopachylosticta brunnescens); 1 spec., Pena, Feb. 1983, General Güemes leg. (MAFC); 1 ♀, 2 ƋƋ, Sumalao, Jan. 1992, M.A. Fritz leg. (NMNH); 1 ♀, 2 ƋƋ, Dec. 1990, M.A. Fritz leg. (NMNH); 1 Ƌ, Chicoana, Jan. 1991, Fritz leg. (NMNH); 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, Rosario de Lerma, Jan. 1983, M.A. Fritz leg. (NMNH); 3 ♀♀, 2 ƋƋ, Rosario de Lerma, 21–23 Dec. 1983, M. Wasbauer leg. (CDFA); 5 spec., Rosario de Lerma, 1983, M.A. Fritz leg. (MAFC). – Santa Fe: 1 ♀, Rosario, Granja(?), 4 Feb. 1919, Jos. Hubrich leg. (NHRS); 1 Ƌ, Rosario, 1 Nov. 1912, Jos. Hubrich leg. (NSMT); 1 Ƌ, Rosario, 10 Nov. 1912, Jos. Hubrich leg. (NSMT); 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, Rosario, 7 Nov. 1921 (NHRS). – Tucumán: 2 spec., Cadillal, Jan. 1922 (IFML); 1 Ƌ, Estacion Aráoz, 8 Jan. 1927 (NHRS); 1 spec., Quebrada de Lules, 27 Nov. 1927, L. Stange leg. (IFML); 1 ♀, same collecting data as preceding but no date (NMNH); 1 ♀, 11 Oct. 1898, P. Giraud(?) leg. (MNHN); 1 ♀, 30 Oct. 1898, P. Giraud(?) leg. (MNHN); 1 spec., 16 Nov. 1923, Schreiter leg. (IFML); 1 Ƌ, 9 Nov. 1929, H.A. Jaynes leg. (NMNH); 1 spec., Feb. 1917 (IFML); 1 Ƌ, G.F. Moznette leg. (NMNH); 1 ♀ (MNHN). BOLIVIA: – Dep. Tarija: 1 ♀, Bermejo, 24 Nov. 1948 (NHRS) [illegible]. BRAZIL: – Mato Grosso: 1 ♀, Rohde leg. (ZMHB; syntype of Pseudopachylosticta leucogaster). – Parana: 2 ♀♀, 3 ƋƋ, Medianeira, 25°17'12" S, 54°07'39" W, 23 Mar. 2011, reared from larvae collected on Talinum paniculatum, S. Neser leg. (NMNH). – Piauí: 1 Ƌ (?) (HNHM; holotype of Amasis brasilensis). – Santa Catarina: 1 ♀, Penha, 26°46’ S, 48°38’ W, 15 Oct. 2007, Neser and Paterson leg. (ZMHB). – Province unknown: 2 ♀♀ (ZMHB). PARAGUAY: – Asunción: 1 ♀, 18–19 Oct. 1904, [A.] Vezényi leg. (HMNH; holotype of Amasis neotropica). – Cordillera: 1 ♀, Caacupé, 9 May 2001, Y. Kimura leg. (NSMT); 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, San Bernardino, K. Fiebrig leg. (ZMHB, syntypes of Pseudopachylosticta leucogaster); 3 ♀♀, 2 ƋƋ, San Bernardino, K. Fiebrig leg. (ZMHB); 1 ♀, San Bernardino (NHRS) – Caaguazú: 1 spec., Dec. 1977, M.A. Fritz leg. (MAFC). – Concepción: 2 spec., 6 Nov. 1932, 2 Dec. 1933, A. Schulze leg. (MCZ); – Paraguari: 1 ♀, 26.2 km SE of Ybycuí, Parq. Nac. Ybycuí, 26°07' S, 56°47' W, 15–18 Mar. 1986, M. Pogue and M. Solis leg. (NMNH). – Guairá: 1 Ƌ, Villarica, Sep. 1938 (NHRS); 1 ♀, Villarica (NHRS). – Province unknown: 1 ♀ (ZMHB; holotype of Pseudopachylosticta leucogaster atroscutella Mallach); 1 ♀, 1883, P. Jorday leg. (HMNH); 5 ♀♀, 1 Ƌ (SDEI). Redescription (female, male structures only mentioned when differing from females) MEASUREMENTS. Medium-sized sawflies, body length 9–11 mm. COLOR. Females (Fig. 14) predominantly black to dark brown with slight metallic sheen, thorax dorsally reddish orange, extensive creamy-white patch ventrally on anterior part of abdomen; all legs dark brown to blue with metallic sheen. Males (Fig. 15) predominantly black to dark metallic blue, except for small orange areas laterally on pronotum and at wing bases and creamy-white band laterally on abdomen. Wings in both sexes moderately infuscate. HEAD. Eyes slightly converging ventrally, inner margins slightly incurved. Posterior ocelli at level with dorsal margin of eyes (Fig. 14C). Toruli in middle of face, closer to median ocellus than to ventral margin of clypeus. Epistomal sulcus absent. Clypeus ventral margin evenly curved. Gena medially less wide than width of eye, wider dorsally than ventrally. Malar space very low. Occipital carina absent. Sclerotisation between occipital and oral foramina present.Antennae with five antennomeres (Fig. 14C); antennomere 1 approx. 2× as long as wide, antennomere 2 approx. as wide as long, antennomere 3 1.7× as long as antennomere 4, antennomere 5 distinctly expanded distally. Labrum broad, convex, hairy, raised in the middle, distal margin evenly curved. Mandibles less than ½ the height of head, with three teeth each, inner margin not serrated. Maxilla with stipes of approx. equal width throughout, palps with four palpomeres, shorter than labial palps. Labial palps with three palpomeres, palps inserting at level with maxillary palps. Postmentum narrow strip, approx. 8–9× as long as wide. THORAX. Pronotum comparatively high medially, with transverse groove extending from sublaterally on pronotum to posterodorsal corner; lateral groove continuous with transverse, extending ventrally on pronotum until ventral to anterior thoracic spiracle where it terminates; pronotum fused with mesopleuron ventrolaterally of spiracle from halfway between spiracle and ventrolateral corner of pronotum. Dorsal cervical sclerite present. Propectus without lateral projection, propleural sulcus present, medioventral margins of propectus widely separated, posteriorly extended into narrow points. Prosternum laterally extended, separate from katepisterna which do not extend to lateral coxal articulation point. Anterior fore tibial spur straight, simple, not much longer than posterior spur, spurs pointed and sclerotized apically. Mesonotum with distinct median sulcus and deep notauli (Fig. 14B), laterophragmal apodeme short, lobed, postscutellum absent. Small anterodorsal part of mesopleuron separated from rest by vertical groove (Fig. 14A), prepectus absent as separate sclerite. Horizontal carina absent laterally on mesopleuron. Posterior thoracic spiracle visible in lateral view, situated in incurvation in dorsal margin of mesopleuron. Median midcoxal articulations adjacent, only separated by small wedge of cuticle. Mesofurca with mesospina, anterior arms short, lateral arms elongate. Insertion of mesonoto-metanotal muscle on anterior margin of metanotum not on conspicuous structure; cenchri approx. 3× as broad as long. Anapleural cleft present, small. Metapleuron fused with abdominal tergum 1 along dorsal margin; posteroventral metapleural apodeme absent; paracoxal sulcus curving posteriorly, terminating in the middle of the metapleural sulcus; metacoxal foramina open dorsally, without metapleural inflection laterally. Metafurca with anterior arms inconspicuous, lateral arms elongate. Hind coxa less than twice as long as wide, median carina or spine absent. Hind femoral ventral spur absent. Hind tibial apical spurs shorter than apical width of tibia. Hind basitarsomere 0.8× tarsomeres 2–4 (Fig. 14A), tarsal claws bifid, teeth subequal in length. WINGS. Fore wing with vein M joining Sc+R close to Rs+M; vein 2r-m posteriorly inserts on cell 2M, close to anterior end of 2m-cu (Fig. 14D); vein 1m-cu oriented obliquely, inserting on Rs+M some distance from 2r-m (distance 1m-cu–2r-m at least ¼ distance M–1m-cu on Rs+M); posterior anal vein present proximally and distally but discontinuous in the middle. Hind wing cell R1 closed; vein M terminates proximally in vein Rs, cells Rs and M separated, cell Rs reduced in size and cell M extending to vein Rs proximally (Figs 14D, 15); cross vein 2a absent. ABDOMEN. Tergum 1 not subdivided medially (Fig. 14B), median carina absent, lateral carina absent, posterior margin slightly curved; tergum 1 not brighter colored than other abdominal terga. Metaphragma continuous medially, of approx. equal height throughout, median foramen absent. Lateroterga around abdominal spiracles separated from median terga as demarcated by conspicuous fold. Cerci triangular, length approx. equals width at base. Ovipositor apparatus with 1 st valvula having longitudinal line, sawteeth strongly asymmetric, broadened in ventral view, slanted proximally, serrulae absent (Smith 1988: fig. 45); tip of 1 st and 2 nd valvulae not curving dorsally; ventral margin with tufts of setae along its length, tufts on small lobes. Comments Described by Kirby (1882) as Amasis subflavata from a single male from Cordova (= Córdoba), Argentina. Mallach (1929) established the genus Pseudopachylosticta. Smith (1988) accepted only P. subflavata as valid, placing four additional described species in synonymy. Pseudopachylosticta subflavata resembles a smaller and less compact Pachylosticta spp. Both genera are predominantly colored blue-black metallic, and the females have extensively reddish-brown coloration on the thorax; furthermore, the labrum is raised in the middle, and the maxillary and labial palps are reduced, having four and three palpomeres, respectively. Apart from the size difference, Pachylosticta and Pseudopachylosticta mainly differ in wing characters. The pterostigma is not thickened and protruding in male Pseudopachylosticta, and the fore wing vein 1m-cu inserts on vein Rs+M more proximally, the distance between 2r-m and 1m-cu insertions on Rs+M being at least ¼ of the distance between M and 1m-cu insertions on Rs+M; in the hind wing, the cell Rs is much smaller than cell M, allowing cell M to extend to vein Rs proximally. Another difference is that the antennal club, i.e., the 5 th antennomere, is more swollen in P. subflavata. Finally, in Pseudopachylosticta the hind basitarsomere is shorter than tarsomeres 2–4 combined, whereas the opposite is the case for Pachylosticta spp., Published as part of Vilhelmsen, Lars, Smith, David R. & Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., 2018, A review of the South American genera of Cimbicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera), pp. 1-36 in European Journal of Taxonomy 482 on pages 29-31, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.482, http://zenodo.org/record/3825574, {"references":["Kirby W. F. 1882. List of Hymenoptera with descriptions and figures of the typical specimens in the British Museum. 1. Tenthredinidae and Siricidae Vol. 1. Trustees of the British Museum of Natural History, London.","Mocsary A. 1909. Chalastogastra nova in collectione Musei nationalis Hungarici. Annales historiconaturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 7: 1 - 39","Mallach N. 1929. Neue neotropische Cimbicinen. (Hym. Tenthred.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift [1929] (4): 285 - 288.","Smith D. R. 1988. A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America south of the United States: introduction, Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Cimbicidae, Diprionidae, Xiphydriidae, Siricidae, Orussidae, Cephidae. Systematic Entomology 13: 205 - 26."]}

Pseudabia fusca Schrottky, 1910 Figs 1, 13 Pseudabia fusca Schrottky, 1910: 168. Enslinia holmbergi Jörgensen, 1913: 254. Material examined ARGENTINA: – Misiones: 1 ♀, Bonpland, 7 Nov. 1910, Jörgensen leg. (MLPA; holotype of Enslinia holmbergi). BRAZIL: – Santa Catarina: 1 ♀, Nova Teutonia, 27°11' S, 52°23' W, 9 Sep. 1938, Fritz Plaumann leg. (NHML); 1 ♀, same collecting data as preceding but Sep. 1972 (NMNH). – Santa Catarina: 1 ♀, Nova Teutonia, 7 Nov. 1969, Fritz Plaumann leg. (NMNH). Redescription (female, male unknown) MEASUREMENTS. Large and elongate sawfly, body length 15–16 mm. COLOR. Coloration uniformly black to dark brown with a few lighter brown to creamy-white areas on lateral parts of pronotum, posteriorly on dorsal part of abdominal terga and on lateroterga (Fig. 13A). Legs proximally dark brown to black, creamy white from distal part of femora. Wings weakly and uniformly infuscate. HEAD. Eyes slightly converging ventrally, inner margins slightly incurved. Posterior ocelli at level with dorsal margin of eyes. Toruli in middle of face, slightly closer to median ocellus than to ventral margin of clypeus (Fig. 13B). Epistomal sulcus absent. Clypeus ventral margin straight, with slight protrusion in the middle. Gena medially less wide than width of eye, wider dorsally than ventrally. Malar space very low. Occipital carina absent. Sclerotisation between occipital and oral foramina present. Antennae with five antennomeres (Figs 1A, 13C); antennomere 1 approx. 2× as long as wide, antennomere 2 approx. as wide as long, antennomere 3 1.8× as long as antennomere 4, antennomere 5 slightly expanded distally. Labrum broad, convex, hairy, flat, distal margin slightly curved. Mandibles less than ½ the height of head, with three teeth each, inner margin not serrated (Fig. 13B). Maxilla with stipes of approx. equal width throughout, palps with six palpomeres, longer than labial palps. Labial palps with four palpomeres, palps inserting at level with maxillary palps. Postmentum drop-shaped, approx. 2× as long as wide. THORAX. Pronotum comparatively high medially, with transverse groove extending from submedially on pronotum to posterodorsal corner; lateral groove continuous with transverse, extending ventrally on pronotum until ventral to anterior thoracic spiracle where it terminates; pronotum fused with mesopleuron ventrolaterally of spiracle from halfway between spiracle and ventrolateral corner of pronotum. Dorsal cervical sclerite present. Propectus without lateral projection, propleural sulcus present, medioventral margins of propectus widely separated, posteriorly extended into narrow points. Prosternum laterally extended, continuous with katepisternum which articulate, but does not fuse with propleuron at lateral coxal articulation point. Anterior fore tibial spur straight, simple, not much longer than posterior spur, spurs pointed and sclerotized apically. Mesonotum with distinct median sulcus and deep notauli (Fig. 13A), laterophragmal apodeme not observed, postscutellum absent. Small anterodorsal part of mesopleuron separated from rest by vertical groove (Fig. 13C), prepectus absent as separate sclerite. Horizontal carina absent laterally on mesopleuron. Posterior thoracic spiracle visible in lateral view, situated in incurvation in dorsal margin of mesopleuron. Median midcoxal articulations adjacent, only separated by small wedge of cuticle. Mesofurca not observed. Insertion of mesonotometanotal muscle on small projection on anterior margin of metanotum; cenchri approx. 2× as broad as long. Anapleural cleft present, small. Metapleuron fused with abdominal tergum 1 along dorsal margin; posteroventral metapleural apodeme not observed; paracoxal sulcus curving posteriorly, terminating in the middle of the metapleural sulcus; metacoxal foramina open dorsally, without metapleural inflection laterally. Metafurca not observed. Hind coxa less than twice as long as wide, median carina or spine not observed. Hind femoral ventral spur absent. Hind tibial apical spurs shorter than apical width of tibia. Hind basitarsomere shorter than tarsomeres 2–4, tarsal claws bifid, teeth of subequal length. WINGS. Fore wing with vein M joining Sc+R close to Rs+M; vein 2r-m posteriorly inserts on cell 2M, very close to anterior end of 2m-cu (Fig. 13A); vein 1m-cu oriented obliquely, inserting on Rs+M some distance from 2r-m (distance 1m-cu–2r-m at least ½ distance M–1m-cu on Rs+M); posterior anal vein present proximally and distally but discontinuous in the middle. Hind wing cell R1 closed; vein M discontinuous, making cells Rs and M partly confluent (Fig. 13A insert), cell M not reaching vein Rs; cross vein 2a absent. ABDOMEN. Tergum 1 not subdivided medially (Fig. 13A), short median carina present, lateral carina absent, posterior margin with slight incurvation medially; tergum 1 not brighter colored than other abdominal terga. Metaphragma not observed. Lateroterga around abdominal spiracles separated from median terga as demarcated by conspicuous fold. Cerci triangular, length approx. equals width at base. Ovipositor apparatus not observed; Smith (1988: fig. 46) illustrates 1 st valvula, with longitudinal line, vertically oriented sawteeth with serrulae, and tip slightly curving dorsally. Comments The holotype appears to be lost (Smith 1988), according to Malaise (1939: 27) “All the types of Schrottky have been destroyed in a civil war”. The type locality given by Schrottky (1910) is Puerti [sic, probably Puerto] Bertoni, Paraguay. Malaise (1939) also listed Nova Teutonia, Brazil, as a locality. Jörgensen (1913) described Enslinia holmbergi from Bonpland, Misiones, Argentina; Conde (1932) synonymized this species with Pseudabia fusca, a decision that was followed by Smith (1988). In contrast, Malaise (1939) considered the two taxa should be kept separate, citing differences from the descriptions of Schrottky (1910) and Jörgensen (1913) in relative antennomere proportions head width, mesonotal sculpture and sawsheaths (3 rd valvulae). The present authors follow Smith (1988). The specimens examined here fit well with the description of Schrottky (1910). The NHML specimen has a broad creamy-white band along each side of the abdomen, covering most of the lateroterga; in contrast, the NMNH specimens have only a narrow stripe along the bend between the median terga and the lateroterga. Jörgensen (1913) and Smith (1988) considered the abdomen/body to have a metallic sheen (“obscure metalico”,'mostly metallic green'). The specimens examined by us look more brownish black, with at most a faint metallic sheen on the abdomen; perhaps the color changes as the specimen ages. Schrottky (1910) and Jörgensen (1913) described Pseudabia fusca / Enslinia holmgreni as having eight or seven antennomeres, respectively, with the apical 3–4 forming the apical club; Smith (1988: fig. 33) illustrated P. fusca as having five antennomeres, with a subdivision in the middle of the club. Indeed several subdivisions can be discerned in the specimens we have examined, but these are never distinct enough to separate antennomeres within the club as clearly as between it and the four proximal antennomeres. Hence the antenna is regarded as comprising five antennomeres, as in all other South American Cimbicidae. The most distinctive feature of Pseudabia fusca is the interruption of vein M in the hind wings, which makes cells Rs and M partly continuous; this is a unique feature within Cimbicidae. The general habitus is also slightly different from the other South American species in that P. fusca, even though it has a body length similar to Pachylosticta spp., appears to be more slender than the comparatively compact and/or shorter members of the other cimbicid species. Among the South American Cimbicidae, P. fusca is the only species to have a well-developed median carina on abdominal tergum 1., Published as part of Vilhelmsen, Lars, Smith, David R. & Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., 2018, A review of the South American genera of Cimbicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera), pp. 1-36 in European Journal of Taxonomy 482 on pages 27-29, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.482, http://zenodo.org/record/3825574, {"references":["Schrottky C. 1910. Neue sudamerikanische Hymenoptera. Entomologische Rundschau 27: 168 - 169.","Jorgensen P. 1913. Las Tenthredinoidea (Hym.) de la Republica Argentina. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Bernardino Rivadavia 24: 247 - 288.","Smith D. R. 1988. A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America south of the United States: introduction, Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Cimbicidae, Diprionidae, Xiphydriidae, Siricidae, Orussidae, Cephidae. Systematic Entomology 13: 205 - 26.","Malaise R. 1939. The genus Leptocimbex Sem., and some other Cimbicidae. Entomologisk Tidskrift 60 (1 - 2): 1 - 28.","Conde O. 1932. Cimbicinen aus dem Museu Paulista (Hym., Tenthred.). Revista de Entomologia 2 (4): 437 - 441."]}

Pachylosticta plaumanni Malaise, 1939 Fig. 11 Material examined Holotype BRAZIL: ♀, ‘S:ta Cathar., Nova Teutonia’ (NHRS). Other material BRAZIL: – Espirito Santo: 1 ♀, Córrego do Itá, Nov. 1954, W. Grossmann leg. (MNRJ); 1 ♀, Córrego do Itá, Nov. 1956, W. Zikan leg. (MNRJ). – Rio de Janeiro: 1 ♀, Niteroi, Morro do Cavalão, 11 Nov. 1946, Arté leg. (NHRS). – Santa Catarina: 1 ♀, Nova Teutonia, 27°11' S, 52°23' W, 300–500 m a.s.l., Nov. 1966, F. Plaumann leg. (NMNH). – São Paulo: 1 ♀, Cantareira, Sep. 1951 (NHRS); 1 ♀, São Paulo, 9 May 1975, S.A. Vanin leg. (MZSP). PARAGUAY: 1 ♀, San Rafael National Park, Ynambú, 17 Nov. 2005 (NMNH)., Published as part of Vilhelmsen, Lars, Smith, David R. & Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., 2018, A review of the South American genera of Cimbicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera), pp. 1-36 in European Journal of Taxonomy 482 on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.482, http://zenodo.org/record/3825574, {"references":["Malaise R. 1939. The genus Leptocimbex Sem., and some other Cimbicidae. Entomologisk Tidskrift 60 (1 - 2): 1 - 28."]}

Brasilabia clypealba (Conde, 1932) Fig. 5 Material examined Holotype BRAZIL: ♀, São Paulo, Ypiranga, Jan. 1906, Luederwaldt leg. (MZSP). Other material BRAZIL: – Minas Gerais: 1 ♀, Viçosa, Universidad Federal de Viçosa, Areo do Deparatmento de Apicultura, 651 m a.s.l., 20°45’ S, 42°57’ W, 4 Nov. 2007, A. I. A Pereira leg. (UFVB); 1 ♀ same collecting data as preceding but 15 Nov. 2007 (UFVB); 1 ♀ same collecting data as preceding but 20 Nov. 2007 (UFVB). – Rio de Janeiro: 1 ♀, Nova Friburgo, Mury, 1– 31 Jan. 1965, Gred and Guimaraes leg. (NMNH). – São Paulo: 1 ♀, São Paulo, Cidade de Universidade, 15 Oct. 1971, C. G. Froehlic leg. (MZSP). Redescription (female, male unknown) MEASUREMENTS. Medium-sized sawfly, body length 10.5 mm. COLOR. Coloration predominantly black to dark brown (Fig. 5), creamy white markings of various size on all body parts (e.g., clypeus on head (Fig. 5 B), lateral parts of pronotum). Legs creamy white proximally, black to dark brown distally. Wings predominantly hyaline. HEAD. Eyes converging ventrally, inner margins slightly incurved (Fig. 5 B). Posterior ocelli at level with dorsal margin of eyes. Toruli in middle of face, slightly closer to median ocellus than to ventral margin of clypeus. Epistomal sulcus absent. Clypeus with shallow incurvation medially. Gena medially less wide than width of eye, wider dorsally than ventrally. Malar space very low (Fig. 5 B). Occipital carina absent. Sclerotisation between occipital and oral foramina present. Antennae with five antennomeres [from Smith 1988: fig. 34; specimen examined missing antennomeres 3–5 and 4–5, respectively]; antennomere 1 approx. 2× as long as wide, antennomere 2 approx. as wide as long, antennomere 3 approx. 2× as long as antennomere 4 [from Smith 1988], antennomere 5 slightly expanded distally [from Smith 1988]. Labrum broad, convex, flat, hairy, distal margin evenly curved. Mandibles less than ½ the height of head, with three teeth each (Fig. 5 B), inner margin not serrated. Maxilla with stipes of approx. equal width throughout, palps with six palpomeres, longer than labial palps. Labial palps with four palpomeres, palps inserting at level with maxillary palps. Postmentum narrow, at least 3× as long as wide. THORAX. Pronotum comparatively high medially, with transverse grove ending in small depression laterally, no lateral groove; pronotum articulating with mesopleuron for short distance ventrolaterally. Dorsal cervical sclerite present. Propectus without lateral projection, propleural sulcus present, medioventral margins of propectus widely separated, posteriorly extended into narrow points. Prosternum laterally extended, continuous with katepisternum which articulate, but does not fuse with propleuron at lateral coxal articulation point. Anterior fore tibial spur straight, simple, not much longer than posterior spur, spurs pointed and sclerotized apically. Mesonotum with distinct median sulcus and deep notauli (Fig. 5 C), laterophragmal apodeme not observed, postscutellum absent. Small anterodorsal part of mesopleuron separated from rest by vertical groove (Fig. 5 A), prepectus absent as separate sclerite. Horizontal carina absent laterally on mesopleuron. Posterior thoracic spiracle visible in lateral view, situated in incurvation in dorsal margin of mesopleuron. Median midcoxal articulations adjacent, only separated by small wedge of cuticle. Mesofurca not observed. Insertion of mesonoto-metanotal muscle on metanotum not observed; cenchri approx. 2× as broad as long. Anapleural cleft present, small. Metapleuron fused with abdominal tergum 1 along dorsal margin; posteroventral metapleural apodeme not observed; paracoxal sulcus curving posteriorly, terminating in the middle of the metapleural sulcus; metacoxal foramina open dorsally, without metapleural inflection laterally. Metafurca not observed. Hind coxa less than 2× as long as wide, median carina or spine not observed. Hind femoral ventral spur absent. Hind tibial apical spurs not much longer than apical width of tibia. Hind basitarsomere slightly longer than tarsomeres 2–4, tarsal claws bifid, teeth of subequal length. WINGS. Fore wing with vein M joining Sc+ R close to Rs+ M; vein 2r-m posteriorly inserts on cell 2 M, very close to anterior end of 2m-cu; vein 1m-cu oriented obliquely, inserting on M some distance from 2r-m (distance 1m-cu–2r-m at least ½ distance Rs+ M– 1m-cu on M); posterior anal vein present proximally and distally but discontinuous in the middle. Hind wing cell R 1 closed; vein M continuous, separating cells Rs and M, cell M not reaching vein Rs; cross vein 2a absent. ABDOMEN. Tergum 1 subdivided medially by narrow longitudinal membranous line (Fig. 5 C), lateral carina absent, posterior margin straight; tergum 1 not brighter colored than other abdominal terga. Metaphragma not observed. Separation between median terga and lateroterga weakly demarcated, fold most conspicuous on tergum 2. Cerci triangular, length approx. 1.5× width mid length. Ovipositor apparatus not observed; Smith (1988: fig. 47) illustrates 1 st valvula, with longitudinal line, vertically oriented sawteeth with serrulae, and tip curving dorsally. Comments According to Smith (1988), the holotype was collected in Ypiranga (possibly Ipiranga, São Paulo, Brazil). The other material examined here fits well with the original description of Conde (1932). Conde originally described the species as Pseudabia clypealba, but later transferred it to a separate genus, Brasilabia (Conde 1937); the justification for removing the species from Pseudabia was the medially subdivided abdominal tergum 1 and the small size. The tergum 1 configuration is indeed unique among all Cimbicidae; it might represent a retained plesiomorphy (Blasticotomidae, Diprionidae, most Tenthredinidae and some Argidae and Pergidae display this feature; see Vilhelmsen 2015: character 80) or a reversal compared to other cimbicids. Also diagnostic of Brasilabia clypealba is the eponymous creamy-white clypeus, contrasting with the blackish-brown color of the remainder of the head capsule; all other South American cimbicids have the head capsule uniformly darkly colored in anterior view., Published as part of Vilhelmsen, Lars, Smith, David R. & Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., 2018, A review of the South American genera of Cimbicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera), pp. 1-36 in European Journal of Taxonomy 482 on pages 13-19, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.482, http://zenodo.org/record/3825574, {"references":["Conde O. 1932. Cimbicinen aus dem Museu Paulista (Hym., Tenthred.). Revista de Entomologia 2 (4): 437 - 441.","Smith D. R. 1988. A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America south of the United States: introduction, Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Cimbicidae, Diprionidae, Xiphydriidae, Siricidae, Orussidae, Cephidae. Systematic Entomology 13: 205 - 26.","Klug F. 1824. Entomologische Monographieen [sic!]. G. Reimer, Berlin.","Schrottky C. 1910. Neue sudamerikanische Hymenoptera. Entomologische Rundschau 27: 168 - 169.","Kirby W. F. 1882. List of Hymenoptera with descriptions and figures of the typical specimens in the British Museum. 1. Tenthredinidae and Siricidae Vol. 1. Trustees of the British Museum of Natural History, London.","Conde O. 1937. Erganzungen zu den neotropischen Zaraeini (Hym. Tenthr.). Notulae Entomologicae 17: 14 - 17.","Vilhelmsen L. 2015. Morphological phylogenetics of the Tenthredinidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Invertebrate Systematics 29: 164 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 14056"]}

Pachylosticta tibialis Klug, 1824 Fig. 12 Pachylosticta tibialis Klug, 1824: 173. Type species, designated by Rohwer (1911). Amasis dilatata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 in Latreille et al. (1828): 574. Material examined Holotype BRAZIL: ‘ Brasilia’, Ƌ, V. Olfers leg. (ZMHB). Other material BRAZIL: – Bahia: 1 Ƌ, Cepec Itabuna, Reserva Botanica, 13 Dec. 1981, F.P. Benton leg. (NHML). – Rio Grande do Sul: 1 Ƌ, Teutônia, V. Olfers leg. (ZMHB). – Rio de Janeiro: 1 Ƌ, Pedra da Gavea, 27 Oct. 1936 (NHRS); 4 spec., Rio de Janeiro, Nov. 1914 (CMNH); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but no date (NMNH); 1 Ƌ, ‘Brazil’, 1906(?), L. Fairmaire leg. (MNHN); 2 ƋƋ, ‘Brasil’, (RMNH); 1 Ƌ, V. Olfers leg. (ZMHB); 1 Ƌ (NHMD). – São Paulo: 1 Ƌ, Rio Claro, V. Olfers leg. (ZMHB)., Published as part of Vilhelmsen, Lars, Smith, David R. & Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., 2018, A review of the South American genera of Cimbicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera), pp. 1-36 in European Journal of Taxonomy 482 on page 23, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.482, http://zenodo.org/record/3825574, {"references":["Klug F. 1824. Entomologische Monographieen [sic!]. G. Reimer, Berlin.","Rohwer S. A. 1911. The Genotypes of the Sawflies and Woodwasps, or the Superfamily Tenthredinoidea. United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, Technical Series 20: 69 - 109.","Latreille P. A., Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, A., Serville, A. J. G. & Guerin-Meneville, F. E. 1828. Entomologie, ou Histoire naturelle des Crustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes. In: Latreille P. A. (ed.) Encyclopedie methodique. Histoire naturelle, 1825 - 1828, Vol. 10 (2). Agasse, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82248"]}

Pachylosticta violacea Klug, 1824 Fig. 12 Pachylosticta violacea Klug, 1824: 174. Pachylosticta chalybea Perty, 1833: 129, pl. 26.2. Plagiocera thoracica Klug, 1834: 228, pl. II.5. Material examined Holotype BRAZIL: Ƌ (ZMHB). Other material ARGENTINA: – Misiones: 1 spec., Bernardo de Irigoyen, 12 Nov. 1973, Escobar-Claps leg. (IFML); 1 Ƌ, San Antonio, Dec. 1973 (MAFC); 2 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but Fritz leg. (IBGE); 1 Ƌ, San Antonio, Fritz leg (MAFC); 1 spec., San Pedro, 16 Nov. 1973, Willink and Tomsic leg. (IFML); 1 spec., Tobunas, 3 Dec. 1951, Monros and Willink leg. (IFML). BRAZIL: – Bahia (?): 1 Ƌ, Santana, Feio coll. (MNRJ); 1 Ƌ (NHMD). – Espírito Santo: 1 Ƌ, Córrego do Itá, Nov. 1956, W. Zikan leg. (MNRJ); 1 Ƌ, 1906, Z. Garbe leg. (MZSP). – Minas Gerais, 1 Ƌ (SDEI). – Paraná: 2 ƋƋ, Arapongas, Nov. 1951, A. Maller leg. (MNRJ); 8 ƋƋ, Caviuna, Dec. 1945, A. Maller leg. (AMNH), 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding (NMNH); 1 Ƌ, Rolândia, Dec. 1945, A. Maller leg. (AMNH); 2 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but Nov. 1947 (AMNH), 2 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but Dec. 1947 (AMNH); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but Mar. 1948 (NMNH); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but Apr. 1948 (AMNH); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but Apr. 1949 (AMNH); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but no date (AMNH); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but Oct. 1949 (MNRJ); 1 Ƌ, Rolândia, Jan. 1950, A. Maller leg. (MNRJ); 2 ƋƋ, Rolândia, Nov. 1951, A. Maller leg. (MNRJ); 1 spec., Terra Boa, 23 Dec. 1983 (INPA); 1 spec., same collecting data as preceding but 27 Dec. 1983 (INPA). – Piauí: 1 Ƌ (ZSM; lectotype of Pachylosticta chalybea); 1 Ƌ (ZSM; paralectotype of Pachylosticta chalybea). – Rio Grande do Sul: 1 ♀ (SDEI). – Rio de Janeiro: 1 Ƌ, Itatiaia, 700 m a.s.l., 9 Feb. 1933, J.F. Zikan leg. (FIOC); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 11 Feb. 1933 (FIOC); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 5 Feb. 1936 (FIOC); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 20 Jul. 1942 (FIOC); 2 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but Nov. 1959 (MNRJ); 1 Ƌ, Niteroi, N4725, G. de Entom. Esc. Sup. Agri., 15 Jul. 1917, Jacintho leg. (MNRJ); 1 Ƌ, Tijuca (NHRS); 3 ƋƋ, Oct. 1893 (NHRS); 1 Ƌ (NHRS). – Santa Catarina: 2 ƋƋ (NHRS). – São Paulo: 1 Ƌ, Anhembi, Faz. Bar. Rico, 1 Mar. 1960, A. Barroso leg. (MZSP); 1 Ƌ, Avaré, Apr. 1936, J. Lane leg. (MZSP), 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but Apr. 1956 (NMNH); 1 Ƌ, Baguassu, Feb. 1959 (MZSP); 1 Ƌ, Botucatu, 9 Feb. 1911, Marques leg. (MNRJ); 2 ƋƋ, Cajuru, Faz. St. Carlota, 1 Apr. 1987, Edilson leg. (RPSP); 1 Ƌ, Cabreuva, 2 Apr. 1937, J. Lane leg. (MZSP); 1 Ƌ, Cajuru, Faz. St. Carlota, 1 Apr. 1987, Rego M.MC. leg. (RPSP); 1 Ƌ, Campinas, Mar. 1924, F.X. Williams leg. (BPBM); 4 ƋƋ, IBIJI, 31 Feb. 1946, L. Trorassos leg. (MZSP); 1 Ƌ, Jundiaí, Nov. 1900 (NMHH); 1 Ƌ, Jundiaí (SDEI); 1 spec., Piracicaba (BPBM); 1 spec.?, Piraju, 10 Mar. 1965, M. Carrera leg. (MZSP); 2 ƋƋ, Rincão, Feb. 1901 (MZSP); 1 Ƌ (NMNH); 1 Ƌ, Salto Grande, Feb. 1911, Leuderwaldt leg. (MZSP); 1 Ƌ, Valle du Rio Pardo, Dec. 1898, E. Gounelle leg. (MNHN); 1 Ƌ (MZSP); 1 Ƌ, J. Lane leg. (NHRS). – Province unknown: ‘Brazil’, 2 ƋƋ (NHRS); 2 ƋƋ, Coll. Giraud (MNHN); 4 ƋƋ (RMNH); 3 ƋƋ (NHMD); 4 ƋƋ (ZMHB)., Published as part of Vilhelmsen, Lars, Smith, David R. & Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., 2018, A review of the South American genera of Cimbicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera), pp. 1-36 in European Journal of Taxonomy 482 on page 23, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.482, http://zenodo.org/record/3825574, {"references":["Klug F. 1824. Entomologische Monographieen [sic!]. G. Reimer, Berlin.","Klug F. 1834. Uebersicht der Tenthredinetae der Sammlung. Jahrbucher der Insectenkunde mit besonderer Rucksicht auf die Sammlung des Konigl. Museum in Berlin herausgegeben 1: 223 - 253."]}

Pachylosticta apicalis (Westwood, 1835) Figs 2, 10 Plagiocera apicalis Westwood, 1835: 51. Plagiocera leachii Spinola, 1840: 134. Material examined Holotype BRAZIL: ♀, ‘ Rio Jan. ’ (OUMNH). Other material BRAZIL: – Espirito Santo: 2 ♀♀, Córrego do Itá, Nov. 1956, W. Zikan leg. (MNRJ). – Minas Gerais: 1 ♀, Vicosa, 9 Jan. 1975, J. Freira leg. (MNRJ). – Parana: 2 ♀♀, Rolândia, Oct. 1947 (AMNH); 1 ♀, same collecting data as preceding but Jan. 1950 (MNRJ); 1 ♀, same collecting data as preceding but Nov. 1974, A. Maller leg. (NMNH); 1 ♀, São João, Preta Tineas, Sep.–Oct. 1928, E. May leg. (MNRJ). – Rio de Janeiro: 1 ♀, Grajahu [Grajaú], 8 Dec. 1940, Lopes and Oliveira leg. (NHRS); 1 Ƌ, 1906(?), L. Fairmaire leg. (MNHN). – São Paulo: 1 ♀, Cantareira, Nov. 1951 (NHRS). – Province unknown: 1 ♀, ‘Brasilia’, H. des Dreneuf leg. (RMNH); 1 ♀ (MIZT; holotype of Pachylosticta leachii); 1 ♀ (NHRS)., Published as part of Vilhelmsen, Lars, Smith, David R. & Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., 2018, A review of the South American genera of Cimbicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera), pp. 1-36 in European Journal of Taxonomy 482 on page 22, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.482, http://zenodo.org/record/3825574, {"references":["Spinola M. 1840. Hymenoperes recuellis a Cayenne en 1839 par M. Leprieur, pharmacien de la marine royale. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 9: 129 - 204."]}

Pachylosticta sp. Fig 12 Males with partly reddish coloration on thorax or abdomen. Material examined BRAZIL: – Espirito Santo: 2 ƋƋ, Córrego do Itá, Nov. 1956, W. Zikan leg. (MNRJ). – São Paulo: 1 Ƌ, Valle du Rio Pardo, Dec. 1898, E. Gounelle leg. (A. plaumanni ? det. D.R. Smith, 1986) (MNHN). Redescription (female, male structures only mentioned when differing from females). MEASUREMENTS. Comparatively large and robust sawflies, body length 12–16 mm. COLOR. Males (Figs 9, 12) with dark blue metallic coloration on most of body, rarely with parts of thorax (Fig. 12B) or abdominal tergum 4 to 6 reddish brown (Fig. 12D). Females (Figs 8, 10–11) with extensive reddish-brown coloration on large parts of thorax and also often anterior abdomen, remaining body parts dark blue metallic. Wings mostly darkly infuscated in both sexes, in female P. apicalis infuscation distally contrast with more hyaline wing coloration proximally (Fig. 10A). HEAD. Eyes at most slightly converging ventrally, inner margins at most slightly incurved. Posterior ocelli at level with dorsal margin of eyes (Figs 8B, 10B, 11B). Toruli in middle of face, approx. halfway between median ocellus and ventral margin of clypeus. Epistomal sulcus absent. Clypeus with ventral margin straight. Gena medially less wide than width of eye, wider dorsally than ventrally. Malar space very low. Occipital carina absent. Sclerotisation between occipital and oral foramina present. Antennae with five antennomeres; antennomere 1 approx. 2× as long as wide, antennomere 2 approx. as wide as long, antennomere 3 1.2–1.5× as long as antennomere 4, antennomere 5 slightly expanded distally; females of P. albiventris and P. apicalis with elongate, lighter colored area on ventral side of antennomere 5. Labrum broad, convex, hairy, raised in the middle under ventral margin of clypeus, distal margin straight or slightly curved. Mandibles less than ½ the height of head in both sexes, with three well developed teeth on right, proximal tooth less developed on left mandible, inner margin not serrated. Maxilla with stipes of approx. equal width throughout, palps with four palpomeres, shorter than labial palps. Labial palps with three palpomeres, palps inserting at level with maxillary palps. Postmentum narrow, at least 3× as long as wide. THORAX. Pronotum usually comparatively high medially, with transverse groove extending from submedially on ventral margin to posterodorsal corner of pronotum; lateral groove continuous with transverse, extending parallel to lateral margin of pronotum until ventral to anterior thoracic spiracle where it diverges medially to ventral margin of pronotum; pronotum fused with mesopleuron for short distance ventrolaterally. Dorsal cervical sclerite present. Propectus without lateral projection, propleural sulcus present, medioventral margins of propectus widely separated, posteriorly extended into narrow points. Prosternum laterally extended, katepisterna separate sclerites not reaching lateral coxal articulation point. Anterior fore tibial spur straight, simple, not much longer than posterior spur, spurs pointed and sclerotized apically. Mesonotum with distinct median sulcus and deep notauli (Figs 8A, 11A), laterophragmal apodeme short, postscutellum absent. Small anterodorsal part of mesopleuron separated from rest by vertical groove (Figs 8C, 9A, 12A, C–D), prepectus absent as separate sclerite. Horizontal carina absent laterally on mesopleuron. Posterior thoracic spiracle visible in lateral view, situated in incurvation in dorsal margin of mesopleuron (Figs 8C, 10C). Median midcoxal articulations adjacent, only separated by small wedge of cuticle. Mesofurca with mesospina and elongate anterior and lateral arms. Insertion of mesonoto-metanotal muscle on metanotum not on conspicuous structure; cenchri approx. 2.2–3× as broad as long. Anapleural cleft present, small. Metapleuron fused with abdominal tergum 1 along dorsal margin; posteroventral metapleural apodeme absent; paracoxal sulcus curving posteriorly, terminating in the middle of the metapleural sulcus; metacoxal foramina open dorsally, with slight metapleural inflection laterally. Metafurca with anterior arms hardly developed, lateral arms elongate. Hind coxa less than twice as long as wide, median carina or spine absent. Hind femoral ventral spur absent. Hind tibial apical spurs shorter than apical width of tibia. Hind basitarsomere longer than tarsomeres 2–4 (Figs 9A, 12A, C), tarsal claws bifid, inner tooth variable. WINGS. Fore wing with pterostigma extended anteriorly and thickened in male (Figs 9A, 12); vein M joins Sc+R close to Rs+M; vein 2r-m posteriorly inserts on cell 2M, some distance proximally to anterior end of 2m-cu; vein 1m-cu oriented obliquely to almost parallel with longitudinal axis of wing, inserting on Rs+M close to posterior insertion of 2r-m (distance 1m-cu – 2r-m at most ¼ distance M – 1m-cu on Rs+M; Figs 2A, 8A, 9A); posterior anal vein present proximally and distally but discontinuous in the middle. Hind wing cell R1 open, except in P. plaumanni and some females of P. albiventris; vein M continuous, separating cells Rs and M, cell M not reaching vein Rs; cross vein 2a absent. ABDOMEN. Tergum 1 not subdivided medially (Fig. 10A), median carina absent, lateral carina absent, posterior margin slightly curved; tergum 1 not brighter colored than other abdominal terga. Metaphragma continuous medially, of approx. equal height throughout, median foramen absent. Lateroterga around abdominal spiracles separated from median terga as demarcated by conspicuous fold (Fig. 3A). Cerci variable, length less than 2× width mid length. Ovipositor apparatus with 1 st valvula having longitudinal line, sawteeth strongly asymmetric, broadened in ventral view, slanted proximally, serrulae absent (Smith 1988: figs 42–44; Vilhelmsen 2018: fig. 19B); tip of 1 st and 2 nd valvulae only slightly curving dorsally; ventral margin with tufts of setae along its length, tufts not on extended lobes (Vilhelmsen 2018: figs 18D, 19E). Comments Pachylosticta Klug, 1824 is the first genus of South American Cimbicidae described and hence the nominal genus of the Pachylostictinae. The most striking feature of the genus is the thickened and anteriorly extended pterostigma in the males. The absence of this feature in the females resulted in the genus Plagiocera Klug, 1834 being proposed for Plagiocera thoracica; judging from the illustration in Klug (1834: plate II, fig. 5) the description was based on what appears to be a female of Pachylosticta albiventris. Only much later was the connection between the two genera made; the earliest reference to Plagiocera as a synonym of Pachylosticta we have come across is in Konow (1907). An autapomorphy for the genus displayed by both sexes is the orientation of fore wing vein 1m-cu, which inserts on vein Rs+M distally, so that the distance between the insertions of 2r-m and 1m-cu on Rs+M is at most ¼ of the distance between the insertions of M and 1m-cu on Rs+M. Pachylosticta is most similar to Pseudopachylosticta among the South American Cimbicidae. Both have striking coloration patterns, blue-black metallic body sometimes with paler coloration on some parts of the males and extensive reddish-brown areas on the thorax and sometimes abdomen in the females. The other South American genera are comparatively drab in appearance. Furthermore, Pachylosticta and Pseudopachylosticta both have the labrum raised in the middle and reduced maxillary and labial palps, with four and three palpomeres, respectively. Apart from the fore wing characters, Pachylosticta differs from Pseudopachylosticta in having the hind wing cell RS larger and cell M not reaching vein Rs, and the hind basitarsomere is longer than tarsomeres 2–4 combined in Pachylosticta spp. Finally, Pachylosticta spp. are larger (body length may exceed 1.5 cm) and more compact than Pseudopachylosticta or any other South American Cimbicidae. Pseudabia fusca reaches a body length similar to Pachylosticta spp., but is more slender in appearance. Conde (1937, 1940) and Malaise (1939) disagreed strongly on the separation of males in Pachylosticta. Conde (1937) regarded all three species (P. albiventris, P. tibialis, P. violacea) originally described by Klug (1824) as one species, perceiving no significant differences in the male genitalia and regarding the color variation between them as a variation within P. tibialis, the type species. In contrast, Malaise (1939) correlated the color differences with a variation in the male genitalia and recognized three species; this scheme was confirmed by Smith (1988) and is also followed here (see also the key). Pachylosticta violacea is characterized by being completely darkly colored with no pale markings (Fig. 12C); male P. albiventris has an extensive creamy-white to orange patch on the underside of the abdomen (sternum and laterotergum 2 to 4/5; Fig 9A); P. tibialis has paler coloration on the upper part of the mesopleuron and the distal part of the legs (tibiae and most of the tarsi; Fig. 12A). The two male Pachylosticta sp. from Espirito Santo, Córrego do Itá (in MNRJ) differ from all other males examined here in having a reddish-brown band formed by the different color of abdominal terga 4–6 across the abdomen (Fig. 12D); we have not placed them to species. The male from São Paulo, Valle du Rio Pardo (in MNHN) was identified by D.R. Smith as ‘ P. plaumanni ?’ (see also Smith 1988: p. 219). The thorax of this specimen is predominantly reddish brown with the following parts dark brown to black (Fig. 12B): left half of pronotum, left half of propectus, left hind leg, most of mesonotum (including mesoscutellum) except area between the median mesoscutal sulcus and right notaulus, posterior half of both tegulae, both postspiracular sclerites, posterodorsal margin of left mesepimeron (adjacent to the posterior thoracic spiracle), left ¾ of metanotum (including the metascutellum). The right half of the 1 st abdominal tergum is reddish brown, the left dark brown. In addition, on the right apical antennomere there is an elongate lightly colored area ventrally (Fig. 12B, yellow arrow), similar to the one observed in female P. albiventris an P. apicalis (see below); the left apical antennomere is uniformly darkly colored as in all other male Pachylosticta spp. observed. The asymmetrical, harlequin-like coloration of this specimen is probably aberrant and we refrain from suggesting a species identification based on the coloration alone. Another aberrantly colored specimen is a P. albiventris male from Caetité, Bahia, Brazil (NHML); it has the distinctive pale anterior abdominal sternites but reddish brown markings posteriorly on the pronotum, in the middle of the mesonotum along the notauli and dorsally on the meso- and metapleuron as well as the proximal part of the hind tibia creamy white. Female Pachylosticta spp. can also be separated by color differences on the body and wings. Pachylosticta albiventris and P. apicalis usually have the pro- and mesothorax reddish brown throughout (Figs 8A, 10A), whereas P. plaumanni has the median part of the pronotum and the mesoscutum darkened (Fig. 11A). However, the female Pachylosticta albiventris from Linhares has the mesonotum as well as the lower parts of the mesopleura darkened; Smith (1988) reported observing a similar color variation in the females of this species. Pachylosticta albiventris has the metathorax and abdomen uniformly blue-black metallic (Fig. 8A), whereas the other two species have only the apex of the abdomen (from segment 4 or 5) darkened (Figs 10A, 11A). In the fore wing, P. apicalis has the tip darkly infuscate contrasting with the hyaline base (Fig. 10A), whereas the other two species have the fore wings more or less uniformly infuscate (Fig. 8A). Finally, in P. albiventris and P. apicalis there is an elongate lightly colored area on the ventral side of the apical antennomere (Figs 8 B–C, 10B–C); this is missing from P. plaumanni (Fig. 11B) and male Pachylosticta spp. (but see above); the function is unknown. Interestingly, this feature is illustrated in Klug (1834: plate II, fig. 5g) in the description of Plagiocera thoracica, but not mentioned in the text. With five currently recognized species, Pachylosticta is the only non-monotypic genus of South American Cimbicidae, comprising over half the species. Nevertheless, there is a possibility that the diversity of the genus is overestimated, as males and females have only been associated for the most common species, P. albiventris. Of the remaining species, P. apicalis and P. plaumanni are known only from females, whereas P. tibialis and P. violacea are known only from males. Unfortunately, no morphological characters have been discovered that can be used to link any of these species to each other. In addition, the affinity of males with coloration more resembling that of the females has not been decided. Pachylosticta violacea males have been collected in the same localities as both P. apicalis (Parana, Rolândia) and P. plaumanni (Espirito Santo, Córrego do Itá), thus providing little evidence for associating P. violacea with any of the females of the two other species. The aberrantly colored Pachylosticta spp. males were also collected in Espirito Santo, Córrego do Itá. In general, the distributions of the described species of Pachylosticta are broadly overlapping (Fig. 16), thus providing no help for associating the sexes. DNA barcoding could potentially help to associate males and females in Pachylosticta spp. and decide if some species have different color morphs in one sex or the other. Unfortunately, the material available for this study is somewhat dated and it might not be possible to make adequate extractions from it., Published as part of Vilhelmsen, Lars, Smith, David R. & Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., 2018, A review of the South American genera of Cimbicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera), pp. 1-36 in European Journal of Taxonomy 482 on pages 24-27, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.482, http://zenodo.org/record/3825574, {"references":["Smith D. R. 1988. A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America south of the United States: introduction, Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Cimbicidae, Diprionidae, Xiphydriidae, Siricidae, Orussidae, Cephidae. Systematic Entomology 13: 205 - 26.","Vilhelmsen L. 2018. Giant sawflies and their kin: morphological phylogeny of Cimbicidae. Systematic Entomology [online edition]. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12314","Klug F. 1824. Entomologische Monographieen [sic!]. G. Reimer, Berlin.","Klug F. 1834. Uebersicht der Tenthredinetae der Sammlung. Jahrbucher der Insectenkunde mit besonderer Rucksicht auf die Sammlung des Konigl. Museum in Berlin herausgegeben 1: 223 - 253.","Konow F. W. 1907. Systematische Zusammenstellung der bisher bekannt gewordenen Chalastogastra (Hym.). Zeitschrift fur Systematische Hymenopteriologie und Dipterologie 1: 177 - 192, 257 - 272, 417 - 432, 481 - 496.","Conde O. 1937. Erganzungen zu den neotropischen Zaraeini (Hym. Tenthr.). Notulae Entomologicae 17: 14 - 17.","Conde O. 1940. Eine Erwiderung auf Herrn R. Malaise Kritik in ' The genus Leptocimbex Sem. and some other Cimbicidae' Entomolgisk Tidskrift 60, Hft. 1 - 2,1939, pg. 22 - 26. Entomologisk Tidskrift 61: 26 - 28","Malaise R. 1939. The genus Leptocimbex Sem., and some other Cimbicidae. Entomologisk Tidskrift 60 (1 - 2): 1 - 28."]}

Pachylosticta Klug, 1824 Pachylosticta Klug, 1824: 171. Plagiocera Klug, 1834: 227, pl. II.5., Published as part of Vilhelmsen, Lars, Smith, David R. & Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., 2018, A review of the South American genera of Cimbicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera), pp. 1-36 in European Journal of Taxonomy 482 on page 21, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.482, http://zenodo.org/record/3825574, {"references":["Klug F. 1824. Entomologische Monographieen [sic!]. G. Reimer, Berlin.","Klug F. 1834. Uebersicht der Tenthredinetae der Sammlung. Jahrbucher der Insectenkunde mit besonderer Rucksicht auf die Sammlung des Konigl. Museum in Berlin herausgegeben 1: 223 - 253."]}

Pachylosticta albiventris Klug, 1824 Figs 3–4, 8–9 Pachylosticta albiventris Klug, 1824: 171. Material examined Holotype BRAZIL: Ƌ, ‘ Rio Jan. ’ (ZMHB). Other material ARGENTINA: – Misiones: 1 spec., Aristóbulo del Valle, Arroyo Yzcutinga, 29 Nov. 1951, Monros and Willink leg. (IFML). BRAZIL: – Bahia: 1 Ƌ, Caetité, 20 Mar. 1980, F.P. Benton leg. (NHML). – Brasilia: 1 ♀, D. Swainson leg. (NHML). – Distrito Federal: 1 Ƌ (MNRJ), Rosa leg., 1 Ƌ (SDEI). – Espirito Santo: 1 Ƌ, Lin[h] ares, Dec. 1970 (MZSP); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but May 1972 (MNRJ), 1 ♀, same collecting data as preceding but Jul. 1972, P.C. Elias leg. (MNRJ); 2 ƋƋ, Serra, Manguinhos, 27 Apr. 1922 (FIOC); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but Nov. 1932, L.T. Col. (FIOC). – Minas Gerais: 1 Ƌ, Juiz de Fora, Salvaterra (NHRS); 1 Ƌ, Mar de Espanha, 17 Apr. 1910 (FIOC); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 8 May 1910 (FIOC); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 21 Nov. 1910 (FIOC); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 22 Nov. 1910, J.F. Zikan leg. (FIOC); 1 Ƌ, 16.[?].1919, J.F. Zikan leg. (FIOC). – Paraná: 1 ♀, Cavina [not found], Feb. 1947, A. Maller leg. (AMNH); 1 Ƌ, Iguazu, 6 Oct. 1927, R.C. Shannon leg. (NMNH). – Rio Grande do Sul: 1 ♀, Teutônia, Mar. 1933 (NHRS), 4 ♀♀, 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but Nov. 1968 (NHRS); 1 ♀, same collecting data as preceding but Mar. 1977 (NMNH); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding [no date] (MNRJ); 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding (FIOC); 2 ♀♀, 3 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding, F. Plaumann leg. (NSMT); 1 Ƌ (SDEI). – Rio de Janeiro: 1 ♀, Rio de Janeiro, Corcovado, 1912-26 (NHML); 1 ♀, Rio de Janeiro, Estrada das Paineiras, 17 Oct. 1956, C.A. Campos Seabra leg. (MNRJ); 2 ƋƋ, Rio de Janeiro, Floresta da Tijuca, C.A. Campos Seabra leg. (MNRJ); 1 Ƌ, Rio de Janeiro, Niteroi, Jul. 1947, R. Arlé leg. (MNRJ); 2 ƋƋ, Rio de Janeiro, Palmeiras [not found] (NHRS); 1 ♀, Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca, Montagnes des Orgues, 1902, E.-R. Wagner leg. (A. violacea ? det. D.R. Smith, [19]86 (MNHN); 1 Ƌ, Rio de Janeiro (NHMD); 2 ♀♀, Rio de Janeiro, V. Olfers leg. (ZMHB). – Santa Catarina: 1 Ƌ, Corupa, Mar. 1948 (AMNH); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but Nov. 1949, A. Maller leg. (MNRJ); 1 Ƌ, Neu Bremen, 21 Mar. 1947 (NHRS); 1 ♀, Nova Teutonia, 27° S, 52– 58° W, 11 Feb. 1936 (BPBM); 12 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but 8 Mar. 1938 (NHML); 1 ♀, 16 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but 11 Mar. 1938; 24 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but 14 Mar. 1938; 17 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but 15 Mar. 1938 (NHML); 23 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but 16 Mar. 1938 (NHML); 18 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but 17 Mar. 1938; 12 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but 18 Mar. 1938 (NHML); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 9 Sep. 1938 (NHML); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 10 Oct. 1938 (NHML); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 13 Oct. 1938 (NHML); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 3 Nov. 1938 (NHML); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 8 Nov. 1938 (NHML); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 10 Nov. 1938 (NHML); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 11 Nov. 1938 (NHML); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 1939 (NHRS); 2 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but 1942 (MNRJ); 1 ♀, same collecting data as preceding but 15 Mar. 1946 (AMNH); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 20 Mar. 1947 (NHRS); 2 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but 21 Mar. 1947 (NHRS); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 22 Mar. 1947 (NHRS); 1 ♀,1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but 24. Mar. 1947 (NHRS); 3 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but 28 Mar. 1947 (NHRS); 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but Mar. 1963 (NSMT); 2 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but Feb. 1966 (MZSP); 16 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but Mar. 1966 (MZSP); 1 Ƌ, same collecting data as preceding but Apr. 1966 (MZSP); 2 ƋƋ, same collecting data as preceding but Dec. 1966, F. Plaumann leg. (MZSP); 38 ♀♀, 78 ƋƋ, Nova Teutonia, 27°21' S, 52°23' W, 300–500 m a.s.l., 1–4 Sep., Nov. 1930 ’es-1940’es, 1966-77, F. Plaumann leg. (NMNH); 2 ƋƋ, Nova Teutonia, F. Plaumann leg. (NHRS); 1 ♀, Nova Teutonia, F. Plaumann leg. (NHRS). – São Paulo: 1 spec., Campinas (BPBM); 1 Ƌ, Cantareira, 8 Feb. 1940 (MZSP); 1 spec., Piracicaba (BPBM); 1 Ƌ, Rio Claro, Nov. 1940 (NHRS); 1 Ƌ, São Paulo, Horto Florestal, 13 Apr. 1962, Lenko & Reichardt leg. (MZSP). – Province unknown: 1 Ƌ, [?Rigose, Peiro; not mapped], J.F. Zikan leg. (FIOC); 1 Ƌ, ‘Criado no Laboratorio [‘reared in the lab’]’, 4 Jun. 1921 (FIOC); 2 spec. ‘Brasil’ (RMNH); 1 Ƌ, Tanantius, Rio Salmoes [not found] (SDEI); 2 ƋƋ(NHMD); 1 ♀, ‘?S. Brazil’, J.A. Turner leg. (NHML); 1 ♀ (NHML); 4 ƋƋ, V. Olfers leg. (ZMHB)., Published as part of Vilhelmsen, Lars, Smith, David R. & Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., 2018, A review of the South American genera of Cimbicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera), pp. 1-36 in European Journal of Taxonomy 482 on page 21, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.482, http://zenodo.org/record/3825574, {"references":["Klug F. 1824. Entomologische Monographieen [sic!]. G. Reimer, Berlin."]}

Key to the species of South American Cimbicidae 1. Antennae with at least five antennomeres, one or more apical antennomeres expanded, forming distinct club (Fig. 1 A–B); mesopseudosternal sulcus lateroventrally on mesopleuron absent; fore wing vein 2 r always present, vein Rs always absent between cells 1R and Rs (Fig. 2 A–B); lateral part of abdominal terga separated from median by fold or unsclerotized line, spiracles below line on lateral part (Fig. 3A) …………………………………………………2. Cimbicidae – Antennae with various numbers of antennomeres, sometimes less than five; apical antennomeres usually not expanded; mesopseudosternal sulcus lateroventrally on mesopleuron present or absent; fore wing 2 r absent or present, vein Rs absent or present (Fig. 2C) between cells 1R and Rs; if antennal club present, then fore wing vein 2 r absent (Fig. 2C); lateral part of abdominal terga rarely separated from median part (Fig. 3B) ………………………………………not Cimbicidae 2. Five antennomeres present (Fig. 1A); median mesoscutal sulcus and notauli always well developed (Fig. 4A); fore wing with vein M always joins Sc+R close to Rs+M junction (Fig. 2A). Exclusively South American ……………………………………………………3. South American Cimbicidae – Five or more antennomeres present (Fig. 1B); median mesoscutal sulcus and notauli present or absent (Fig. 4B); if present, then fore wing vein M joins Sc+R well separate from Rs+M junction (Fig. 2B). Holarctic or Oriental, never South American …………………………other Cimbicidae 3. Females ……………………………………………………………………………………………4 – Males ………………………………………………………………………………………………10 4. Thorax extensively reddish brown, sometimes with mesoscutum blue-black metallic (Figs 8, 10–11, 14A) ………………………………………………………………………………………………5 – Thorax predominantly dark brown to black (Figs 5A, 6A, 13A), pronotal corners may be creamy white; never extensively reddish brown ……………………………………………………………8 5. Hind basitarsomere shorter than tarsomeres 2–4 combined (Fig. 14A); fore wing vein 1m-cu inserts on vein Rs+M more proximally, distance between 2r-m and 1m-cu insertions on Rs+M (red on Fig. 14D) at least ¼ of distance between M and 1m-cu insertions on Rs+M (green on Fig. 14D); hind wing cell Rs much smaller than cell M, cell M extending to vein Rs proximally (Fig. 14D) …………………………………………… Pseudopachylosticta subflavata Kirby, 1882 – Hind basitarsomere longer than tarsomeres 2–4 combined (cf. Fig. 9A); fore wing vein 1mcu inserts on vein Rs+M distally, distance between 2r-m and 1m-cu insertions on Rs+M (red on Fig. 8A) at most ¼ of distance between M and 1m-cu insertions on Rs+M (green on Fig. 8A); hind wing cells Rs and M of approx. equal size, cell M does not reach vein Rs (Fig. 10A; see also Fig. 9B) ……………………………………………………………6. Pachylosticta (females) 6. Abdomen colored blue-black metallic throughout (Fig. 8A) … Pachylosticta albiventris Klug, 1824 – Abdominal segments 1–3/5 reddish brown, remaining segments blue-black metallic (Figs 10A, 11A) ………………………………………………………………………………………………7 7. Apical antennomere with elongate, lighter colored area on ventral side (Fig. 10 B–C); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum reddish brown (Fig. 10A); apex of fore wing darkly infuscate, proximal part much lighter (Fig. 10A) (male unknown) ……… Pachylosticta apicalis (Westwood, 1835) – Apical antennomere without elongate, lighter colored area on ventral side (Fig. 11B); mesoscutum mostly blue-black metallic, mesoscutellum reddish brown (Fig. 11A) (male unknown) ………………………………………………………… Pachylosticta plaumanni Malaise, 1939 8. Clypeus predominantly creamy white, contrasting with blackish-brown color of the rest of the head capsule (Fig. 5B); 1 st abdominal tergum subdivided medially by narrow longitudinal line (Fig. 5C) (male unknown) ………………………………… Brasilabia clypealba (Conde, 1932) – Clypeus blackish brown like the rest of the head capsule (Figs 6B, 13B); 1 st abdominal tergum continuous medially (Figs 6C, 13A) ………………………………………………………………9 9. Dorsomedian margin of torulus pale, overhanging antennal foramen (Fig. 6B); dorsolateral corners of pronotum dark brown to black, as rest of pronotum (Fig. 6C); hind basitarsomere longer than tarsomeres 2–4 combined; hind wing vein M complete, cells Rs and M separated (Fig. 6A; see also Fig. 9B); body length less than 1 cm …… Lopesiana thomasi (Conde, 1937) – Dorsomedian part of torulus dark, not overhanging antennal foramen (Fig. 13B); dorsolateral corners of pronotum creamy white, contrasting with darker color of the rest of pronotum (Fig. 13C); hind basitarsomere shorter than tarsomeres 2–4 combined; hind wing vein M discontinuous, cells Rs and M partly confluent (Fig. 13A [insert]); body length at least 1.5 cm (male unknown) ……................................................................................................……… Pseudabia fusca Schrottky, 1910 10. Antennae inserted very low on face, distance between toruli and median ocellus almost twice the distance between toruli and ventral margin of clypeus (Fig. 7C); body predominantly dark brown to black, no metallic areas (Fig. 7A); body length well below 1 cm … Lopesiana thomasi (Conde, 1937) – Antennae inserted slightly below middle of face, distance between toruli and median ocellus at most equal to distance between toruli and ventral margin of clypeus (Figs 8 B, 10 B, 11 B, 14B); body with extensive blue-black metallic coloration (Figs 9A, 12); body length approx. 1.5 cm ……………11 11. Hind basitarsomere shorter than tarsomeres 2–4 combined (cf. Fig. 14A); fore wing pterostigma not thickened and protruding from rest of anterior wing margin (Fig. 15); hind wing cell Rs much smaller than cell M, cell M extending to vein Rs proximally (Fig. 15) ……………………………… ……………………………………………………… Pseudopachylosticta subflavata (Kirby, 1882) – Hind basitarsomere longer than tarsomeres 2–4 combined (Figs 9A, 12); fore wing pterostigma thickened and protruding from rest of anterior wing margin (Figs 9B, 12); hind wing cells Rs and M of approx. equal size, cell M does not reach vein Rs (Fig. 9B) …………12. Pachylosticta (males) 12. Abdominal segments 1–3 and 7–9 in dorsal view blue-black metallic, segments 4–6 reddish brown (Fig.12C) …………………………………………………………………… Pachylosticta sp. (male) – Abdomen blue-black metallic throughout in dorsal view (Fig. 12 A–B) …………………………13 13. Abdomen with sternum and laterotergum 2–4/5 creamy white to orange, contrasting with blueblack metallic color of rest of abdomen (Fig. 9A) …………… Pachylosticta albiventris Klug, 1824 – Abdomen blue-black metallic throughout (Fig. 12) ……………………………………………14 14. Posterodorsal parts of mesopleuron yellowish white, remainder of mesopleuron blue-black metallic; all legs with tibia and most of tarsus yellowish white (Fig. 12A) (female unknown) …………………………………………………………………… Pachylosticta tibialis Klug, 1824 – Mesopleuron blue-black metallic throughout; legs blue-black metallic to dark brown throughout (Fig. 12C) (female unknown) ………………………………… Pachylosticta violacea Klug, 1824, Published as part of Vilhelmsen, Lars, Smith, David R. & Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., 2018, A review of the South American genera of Cimbicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera), pp. 1-36 in European Journal of Taxonomy 482 on pages 4-11, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.482, http://zenodo.org/record/3825574, {"references":["Schrottky C. 1910. Neue sudamerikanische Hymenoptera. Entomologische Rundschau 27: 168 - 169.","Klug F. 1824. Entomologische Monographieen [sic!]. G. Reimer, Berlin.","Kirby W. F. 1882. List of Hymenoptera with descriptions and figures of the typical specimens in the British Museum. 1. Tenthredinidae and Siricidae Vol. 1. Trustees of the British Museum of Natural History, London.","Malaise R. 1939. The genus Leptocimbex Sem., and some other Cimbicidae. Entomologisk Tidskrift 60 (1 - 2): 1 - 28.","Conde O. 1932. Cimbicinen aus dem Museu Paulista (Hym., Tenthred.). Revista de Entomologia 2 (4): 437 - 441.","Conde O. 1937. Erganzungen zu den neotropischen Zaraeini (Hym. Tenthr.). Notulae Entomologicae 17: 14 - 17."]}