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This paper presents a comprehensive technical and economic assessment of potential green hydrogen and ammonia production plants in different locations in Iran with strong wind and solar resources. The study was organized in five steps. First, regarding the wind density and solar PV potential data, three locations in Iran were chosen with the highest wind power, solar radiation, and a combination of both wind/solar energy. All these locations are inland spots, but since the produced ammonia is planned to be exported, it must be transported to the export harbor in the South of Iran. For comparison, a base case was also considered next to the export harbor with normal solar and wind potential, but no distance from the export harbor. In the second step, a similar large-scale hydrogen production facility with proton exchange membrane electrolyzers was modeled for all these locations using the HOMER Pro simulation platform. In the next step, the produced hydrogen and the nitrogen obtained from an air separation unit are supplied to a Haber-Bosch process to synthesize ammonia as a hydrogen carrier. Since water electrolysis requires a considerable amount of water with specific quality and because Iran suffers from water scarcity, this paper, unlike many similar research studies, addresses the challenges associated with the water supply system in the hydrogen production process. In this regard, in the fourth step of this study, it is assumed that seawater from the nearest sea is treated in a desalination plant and sent to the site locations. Finally, since this study intends to evaluate the possibility of green hydrogen export from Iran, a detailed piping model for the transportation of water, hydrogen, and ammonia from/to the production site and the export harbor is created in the last step, which considers the real routs using satellite images, and takes into account all pump/compression stations required to transport these media. This study provides a realistic cost of green hydrogen/ammonia production in Iran, which is ready to be exported, considering all related processes involved in the hydrogen supply chain. • The minimum cost of green H2 in Iran was calculated to be between 2.94 and 3.32 USD/kgH 2. • The minimum cost of green NH3 in Iran was obtained between 580 and 641 USD/tNH 3. • H2 transportation via pipelines to the export harbor is the costliest scenario. • More than two-thirds of the cost of NH3 is caused by the power generation system. • Integrating green electricity into the Iranian grid is better than the P2A route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Iranian transportation industry is an energy‐intensive sector with a wide variety of destructive environmental effects. The use of hydrogen is a promising method to reduce CO2 emissions. Methane decomposition is one of the reliable processes to yield hydrogen. In this paper, the levelized cost, technical parameters, and CO2 emissions of each hydrogen production method are determined and discussed. Finally, it is concluded that steam methane reforming is almost a clean and efficient method of hydrogen production. Besides, maximum generated hydrogen values were obtained using the electrolysis process. To be more precise, in this process, the levelized cost of hydrogen production by photovoltaic, wind, and gas‐combined cycle were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, a new energy generation system is suggested for multiple outputs, including a hydrogen generation unit. The plant is powered by a solar tower and involves six different subsystems; supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2) re-compression Brayton cycle, ammonia-water absorption refrigeration cycle, hydrogen generation, steam generation, drying process, and thermoelectric generator. The thermodynamic assessment of the multi-generation system is carried out for three different cities from Turkey, Iran, and Qatar. The energy and exergy efficiencies are calculated for base conditions to compare the different locations. The operating output parameters for the suggested system and simple re-compression Brayton system are compared. A parametric analysis is also done for investigating the influences of different system variables on plant performance. According to the results, Doha city is found to be more effective due to its geographical conditions. Moreover, based on the comparative study, the proposed cycles produce more power than the basic re-compression cycle with 64.59 kW, 47.33 kW, and 52.25 kW for Doha, Isparta, and Tehran, respectively. Additionally, the analyses revealed that in the term of energy efficiency, the suggested system has 32.29%, 32.28%, and 32.29% better performance than the simple cycle, and in terms of exergy efficiency, it has 4%, 4.8%, and 5% better performance than the simple cycle in Doha, Isparta, and Tehran, respectively. • A new integrated energy system with maximum waste recovery introduced. • Three different cities in Turkey, Iran and Qatar were select for system analysis. • The average annual rate of hydrogen production for Doha is 6.48 kg/h. • Suggested system in Isparta has 2070 kW more exergy destruction than basic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multi-generation system integrated with NZEB for different climates of Iran. • Energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, economic and environmental (5E) analyses. • Dynamic supply of electrical, heating, cooling and freshwater loads. • Multi-objective optimization utilizing TOPSIS tool for different seasons. • The maximum exergy efficiency of 26.3 %, and the best payback time of 5 years. Proposing a practical multi-generational system for different climates can be the key for setting up renewable-based systems as an alternative to fossil fuels in different countries. This paper introduced a flexible renewable energy system that is capable of generating multiple forms of energy using solar energy and hydrogen storage, and can operate under diverse weather conditions across four cities in Iran. The system was equipped with a solar unit, photovoltaic panels (PV), heating and cooling units, a desalination technology, a hydrogen production unit, and a fuel cell to supply heating, cooling, electricity and freshwater loads for a residential building. Mashhad (normal), Tabriz (cold), Bandar Abbas (humid), and Yazd (hot and dry) cities were considered as different climates in Iran to suggest the best city based on the present system. Analysis and simulation were conducted, taking into account five perspectives, namely energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, economic, and environmental (5E). This was done utilizing the TRNSYS and Engineering Equation Solver (EES) packages. Multi-objective optimization was carried out to achieve the best performance using the TOPSIS method for the four cities mentioned. The system was grid-connected to sell excess power when there is no need for electricity and receive power when it is needed. Optimization showed that Bandar Abbas has the highest exergy efficiency of the system by 26.3 % and the lowest total cost rate of the whole components by 6.08 $/h. Moreover, the maximum net output power of 28.72 kW was reported in Tabriz. Environmental analysis revealed that the system had the ability to lower CO 2 emissions through the generation of clean electricity and avoiding the use of natural gas. This was particularly significant in Bandar Abbas and Yazd, where the maximum reductions in CO 2 emissions were obtained at 23.3 tons and 4.4 tons, respectively. In conclusion, the payback period for Mashhad, Tabriz, Bandar Abbas, and Yazd cities was obtained at 6.5 years, 5.8 years, 5.5 years, and 5 years, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Providing electricity generation is a crucial indicator for development of a country's progress index. Renewable energy resources are rapidly being recognized as important alternatives for clean production of electricity. The present paper aimed to assess the wind and solar data from selected metrological stations in the province of Sistan and Baluchistan in Iran in order to produce hydrogen as a clean fuel. For using wind and solar energies, a detailed techno-economical analysis was presented. At first, the solar energy potential was assessed; indicating that the most part within the province possesses a high radiation intensity of more than 500 W/m2. Secondly, wind resources were examined, revealing the high power density of about 500 W/m2 in Lutak station. According to evaluation of hydrogen production from several small wind turbines, it was shown that the maximum amount of 39.7 ton-H 2 can be produced every year. It was observed that in the best conditions, the cost of 1 kWh electrical energy generated by wind turbine was 2 cents cheaper than the market energy unit price while this value is 8 cents cheaper by employing both wind and solar energies. GIS maps of hydrogen production, wind speed, wind power and global horizontal radiation were produced. Highlights • Wind/solar potentials in the province of Sistan & Baluchistan in Iran are assessed. • A detailed techno-economical analysis is presented using wind/solar energies. • Economical solar energy above 500 W/m2 is observed in several stations. • High hydrogen production of 39.7 ton-H 2 is observed in Lutak station. • The GIS maps of solar/wind/hydrogen are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to population growth and the expansion of different industries, Iran is confronted with the issue of energy and hydrogen generation for various sectors. According to research, Iran has much potential for renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. Renewable energy is critical for meeting the needs of various industries by producing energy and hydrogen. As a result, this study identified and analyzed development plans for hydrogen production from Iran's renewable energies using SWOT analysis and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques. The Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) approach was used to weigh the criteria and sub-criteria, and power generation cost was identified as the most critical sub-criteria. Then, the identified strategies were ranked using the gray additive ratio assessment (ARAS-Gray) method. Following that, the gray technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS-G), the gray complex proportional assessment (COPRAS-G), and the gray simple additive weighting (SAW-G) techniques were used to validate the results. The finding revealed that the strategy of cooperation and coordination between energy investing companies and various industries in Iran to develop hydrogen projects at a minimum cost was recognized as the most efficient strategy in all procedures. As a result, with the cooperation and coordination of companies and various industries in Iran, clean energy and fuel can be produced at a low cost using renewable sources. By implementing this strategy, the fluctuations in energy production caused by renewable sources will be eliminated, and the energy and hydrogen requirements of various industries will be met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal energy is a form of renewable energy which, unlike other sources of this kind, is always available and can be used continuously without interruption. Furthermore, the environmental pollution caused by its exploitation is far less than that created by conventional fossil fuels. Meanwhile, hydrogen has an extensive application in production of petroleum and petrochemical products and is therefore an important element of Iran's oil and gas reliant industry and economy. This paper studied the potential of different provinces of Iran for producing hydrogen by a water electrolyzer using the electricity generated from a geothermal source. This objective was pursued by using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method to rank and prioritize the provinces, which were modeled as decision-making units. Validity of the results obtained through this analysis was assessed by comparing them with results of the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR). VIKOR appeared in the year 1990 from Serbian language: Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje that means: Multicriteria Optimization and Compromise Solution. In this DEA model, the decision criteria were 13 measurable parameters, of which 5 were considered as input variables and 8 as output variables, and as mentioned above its decision-making units were the 14 Iranian provinces. The results showed that East-Azerbaijan, Bushehr and Hormozgan have the highest priority and Kerman and Sistan-Baluchistan have the lowest priority for hydrogen production via geothermal power assisted water electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Nowadays energy demand has increased due to industrial development and population growth. On the other hand, attention to environmental issues has made it necessary to use renewable energy. The utilization of wind energy is emphasized due to low construction costs and rapid installation. Wind energy, on the other hand, can be stored via creating hydrogen because its power fluctuates at different times and is not uniform. The production of hydrogen and energy is essential to meet the needs of industries in different countries. Therefore, in this study, a comprehensive approach is presented to locating hydrogen production from wind energy using multicriteria decision‐making (MCDM). To implement the proposed approach, a case study in Iran and Hormozgan province is used. Hormozgan province is in good condition in terms of wind potential and many industries in this province need energy and hydrogen. The most appropriate factors were judged to be average wind speed, each region's number of refineries, and each region's rate of industrial development, with weights of 0.192, 0.167, and 0.141, respectively, using the stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) approach. The cities in Hormozgan province were then prioritized using the weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) technique. Then, the sensitivity analysis of the ranking results was performed and The COmplex PRoportional ASsessment (COPRAS), additive ratio assessment (ARAS), and weighted sum methods (WSM) methodologies were then used to validate the results. For the development of hydrogen projects, Bandar Abbas was determined as the most suitable place. A 900‐kW turbine at Bandar Abbas will generate 532 730 kWh of power and 8620 kg of hydrogen annually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper a novel intelligent method is applied to the problem of sizing in a hybrid power system such that the demand of residential area is met. This study is performed for Kahnouj area in south-east Iran. It is to mention that there are many similar regions around the world with this typical situation that can be expanded. The system consists of fuel cells, some wind units, some electrolyzers, a reformer, an anaerobic reactor and some hydrogen tanks. The system is assumed to be stand-alone and uses the biomass as an available energy resource. In this system, the hydrogen produced by the reformer is delivered to the fuel cell directly. When the power produced by the wind turbine plus power produced by the fuel cell (fed by the reformer) are more than the demand, the remainder is delivered to the electrolyzer. In contrast, when the power produced by the wind turbine plus that produced by the fuel cell (fed by the reformer) are less than the demand, some more fuel cells are employed and they are fed by the stored hydrogen. Our aim is to minimize the total costs of the system such that the demand is met. PSO algorithm is used for optimal sizing of system''s components. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study is aimed at scrutinizing the domestic solar energy potential for electricity and hydrogen production. Under the first scenario, it is sought to evaluate electricity generation for household purposes using RSUs (rooftop solar units). Then, under the second scenario, solar hydrogen production is analyzed for the purpose of meeting a hydrogen vehicle demand. For this, one of the aptest cities, Yazd, located in the center of Iran is investigated. Furthermore, a real-world electric load needed by an usual household in Yazd is deemed as the demand for electricity. To analyze the two scenarios, a system consisting of an 8.2 kW RSU for power generation, a battery for electricity storage, and a 1 kW electrolyzer for hydrogen yield is proposed. Also, to acquire a broader vision, predictions are made for the next 10, 20, 30, and 40 years. The results regarding the first scenario implied that COE (Cost of Electricity) would be, respectively, 0.067, 0.145, 0.136, and 0.127 $/kWh. In addition to supplying the electricity required by the house, 2,687 $/yr could be earned by selling the excess electricity generated, and 5,759 kg of CO2 would be avoided a year. The findings as to the second scenario showed that LCOH (levelized cost of hydrogen) would equate to 3.62, 6.53, 6.34, and 5.93 $/kg, respectively, for the aforementioned project lifetimes. Furthermore, 2,464 $/yr would be the revenue after selling the surplus electricity, and 7,820 kg of CO2 would be saved, annually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is a clean and environmentally friendly energy vector that can play an important role in meeting the world's future energy needs. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the potential for hydrogen production from solar energy could greatly facilitate the transition to a hydrogen economy. Because by knowing the exact amount of potential for solar hydrogen production, the cost-effectiveness of its production can be compared with other methods of hydrogen production. Considering the above, it can be seen that so far no comprehensive study has been done on finding the exact potential of solar hydrogen production in different stations of Iran and finding the most suitable station. Therefore, in the present work, for the first time, using the HOMER and ArcGIS softwares, the technical-economic study of solar hydrogen production at home-scale was done. The results showed that Jask station with a levelized cost of energy equal to $ 0.172 and annual production of 83.8 kg of hydrogen is the best station and Darab station with a levelized cost of energy equal to $ 0.286 and annual production of 50.4 kg of hydrogen is the worst station. According to the results, other suitable stations were Bushehr and Deyr, and other unsuitable stations were Anzali and Khalkhal. Also, in 102 under study stations, 380 MW of solar electricity equivalent to 70.2 tons of hydrogen was produced annually. Based on the geographic information system map, it is clear that the southern half of Iran, especially the coasts of the Persian Gulf and the sea of Oman, is suitable for hydrogen production, and the northern, northeastern, northwestern, and one region in southern of Iran are unsuitable for hydrogen production. The authors of this article hope that the results of the present work will help the energy policymakers to create strategic frameworks and a roadmap for the production of solar hydrogen in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]