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The accurate role of ANRIL in cataract is poorly understood. We aimed to reveal the effects of ANRIL on H 2 O 2 -treated HLECs, SRA01/04, as well as the regulatory mechanisms. Oxidative stress model of HLECs was induced by H 2 O 2 . Cell injury was evaluated according to cell proliferation, apoptosis and DNA damage using CCK-8 assay/flow cytometry and TUNEL assays/γH2AX staining. Expressions of ANRIL and miR-21 in HLECs were determined by RT-qPCR. The effects of miR-21, miR-34a and miR-122-5p inhibition as well as AMPK and β-catenin on HLECs with ANRIL overexpression and H 2 O 2 stimulation were analyzed. In vivo experiment was performed via RT-qPCR. H 2 O 2 repressed proliferation and induced apoptosis or DNA damage in HLECs. Those alterations induced by H 2 O 2 were attenuated by ANRIL overexpression. MiR-21 was positively regulated by ANRIL, and both of them were repressed in H 2 O 2 -induced HLECs and cataract patient tissues. Inhibition of miR-21 but not miR-34a or miR-122-5p reversed the effects of ANRIL on H 2 O 2 -treated HLECs. Phosphorylation of AMPK and expression of β-catenin were increased by ANRIL via regulating miR-21. AMPK and β-catenin affected beneficial function of ANRIL-miR-21 axis.Therefore, lncRNA ANRIL attenuated H 2 O 2 -induced cell injury in HELCs via up-regulating miR-21 via the activation of AMPK and β-catenin.

The epoxidation process of soybean oil (SBO) and peracid produced by 50 wt% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and formic acid (FA) was studied with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst. Three reaction parameters, including reaction temperature, FA-to-SBO ratio, and H2O2-to-SBO ratio, were investigated, along with the combined effect on oxirane value (OV). Based on response surface methodology (RSM), the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the process parameters. According to the results, the calculated OV (7.34%) and the experimental OV (7.31%) were signifi cantly in agreement. The product was confi rmed as epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) by IR and NMR characterization methods. These results demonstrated the reliability of RSM to optimize the SBO reaction to produce ESO with high oxygen content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel amphiphilic phase transfer catalyst [(C 18 H 37) 2 (CH 3) 2 N] 3 {PO 4 [W(O)(O 2) 2 ] 4 } was developed. • The developed catalysts showed excellent catalytic performance for the epoxidation of soybean oil. • The developed catalyst was easily separable and maintained its activity after five cycles. • The catalytic mechanism was explored using FT-IR spectroscopy. • The interfacial properties of the developed catalyst were studied. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) is a vital organic renewable chemical material widely used in the preparation of biomaterials. In this paper, a novel amphiphilic phase transfer catalyst [(C 18 H 37) 2 (CH 3) 2 N] 3 {PO 4 [W(O)(O 2) 2 ] 4 } was developed to facilitate the green, safe and sustainable production of ESO, with the aim of achieving maximum environmental and economic benefits. Soybean oil (SBO) was epoxidized into ESO at a conversion rate of 98.6% and the selectivity of this process was above 99% with H 2 O 2 as the oxidant. The catalyst was easily separable through filtration after the reaction, and its activity was found to be consistently maintained after 5 cycles. The developed catalysts were characterized via various physical means such as Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the catalytic mechanism was explored using FT-IR spectroscopy. Several kinetic and thermodynamic experiments suggested that the developed catalyst possessed significant interfacial activity and the process followed a non-spontaneous endothermic pathway. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]