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Spatial non-uniformity of the dissociative hydrogen atom (H0) production has been investigated in a large negative ion source (JAEA 10 A source) with the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) obtained by a Monte-Carlo simulation code for electron transport in 3D3V (three dimensional real and velocity) space. It has been shown that the H0 production rate becomes larger in the upper region (one side in the longitudinal direction) of the source chamber. This spatial non-uniformity of the H0 production profile is mainly explained by the non-equilibrium features of the EEDF in the upper region, i.e., the EEDF consists of thermal electron component with kinetic energy [variant_greek_epsilon] < 25 eV and fast electron component with energy [variant_greek_epsilon] > 25 eV in the upper region, while the EEDF mainly consists of only thermal electrons in the bottom region. These characteristics for the EEDF and the energy dependence of cross-sections for dissociation and dissociative ionization processes lead to the non-uniform profile of the H0 production. The above numerical results of the spatial H0 non-uniformity are validated and confirmed by comparisons with those by spectroscopic measurement. It has been clarified that the non-equilibrium (fast electron) component of the EEDF has a large contribution to the non-uniformity of the H0 production rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modeling and analysis of a negative ion source is proceeding by using a 2D particle-in-cell simulation. The effect of the H- ion production on the plasma grid (PG) surface is investigated. It is shown that with the increase of H- ions per time step, the H- ion current density is enhanced, while the electron current density decreases with increasing the H- production rate on the PG surface. These results agree well with the experimental results observed in typical negative ion sources. Moreover, it is found that plasma quasi-neutrality is held mainly by both H+ and H- ions in the bulk plasma around the PG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the ITER neutral beam system, reasearch and development of a vacuum-insulated MeV accelerator has been carried out at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. After a successful 1 MV insulation in vacuum for more than 2 h, H--ion-beam acceleration test is in progress to fulfill the ITER requirement of the current density of 200 A/m2 at 1 MeV, with good beam optics quality of <7 mrad divergence. For such a high-current-density H--ion-beam acceleration, the Kamaboko negative-ion source was operated at high input power, with increased filament number and magnetic filter strength. The optimum perveance was investigated by scanning the extraction and acceleration voltages, together with the beam divergence measurement. As a consequence, H--ion beams of 146 A/m2 (total ion-beam current: 206 mA) were obtained at 836 keV, of which power density is in the “ITER relevant” level. Such high-power-density beams with a divergence as low as 5 mrad were obtained at the optimum perveance corresponding to that of the ITER (200 A/m2 at 1 MeV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat loading of acceleration grids has been investigated using a JAERI 400 keV negative hydrogen ion source, which has a three-stage multiaperture accelerator. To investigate the effect of beamlet steering on the heat loading, the apertures in the grounded grid were displaced up to 5 mm. The steering angle increased linearly with the displacement distance of the grid. The obtained steering angle was 7.5 mrad at the displacement distance of 5 mm. It was confirmed that the steering angle agrees well with the thin lens theory. Degradation of beam optics due to the steering was not observed. The heat load of the grounded grid was scarcely changed up to the displacement distance of 2 mm and then increased from 2.5% to 8% of the total input power when the grid was displaced from 2.5 to 5 mm. Heat loads of the other unsteered grids were not changed. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voltage holding test on MeV accelerator indicated that sustainable voltage was a half of that of ideal quasi-Rogowski electrode. It was suggested that the emission of the clumps is enhanced by a local electric field concentration, which leads to discharge initiation at lower voltage. To reduce the electric field concentration in the MeV accelerator, gaps between the grid supports were expanded and curvature radii at the support corners were increased. After the modifications, the accelerator succeeded in sustaining -1 MV in vacuum without beam acceleration. However, the beam energy was still limited at a level of 900 keV with a beam current density of 150 A/m2 (346 mA) where the 3 × 5 apertures were used. Measurement of the beam profile revealed that deflection of the H- ions was large and a part of the H- ions was intercepted at the acceleration grid. This causes high heat load on the grids and the breakdowns during beam acceleration. To suppress the direct interception, new grid system was designed with proper aperture displacement based on a 3D beam trajectory analysis. As the result, the beam deflection was compensated and the voltage holding during the beam acceleration was improved. Beam parameter of the MeV accelerator was increased to 980 keV, 185 A/m2 (427 mA), which is close to the requirement of ITER accelerator (1 MeV, 200 A/m2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of magnetic filter configuration on the beam uniformity was examined to improve beam uniformity in a large Cs-seeded negative-ion source. By reducing the filter strength of the transverse magnetic field used in a typical negative-ion source, the beam uniformity was largely improved with the improvement of the plasma uniformity while the beam intensity was kept to be nearly constant. However, the coextracted electron current greatly increased. To suppress the coextracted electron current, a tent-shaped magnetic filter was applied together with modifications in the cusp magnets to form a typical multicusp positive-ion source arrangement. The uniformity in longitudinal beam profile was improved with the deviation of local beam intensity within 16% that was nearly equal to the deviation obtained at 50 G cm of the transverse filter strength. In the meantime, the coextracted electron current was kept to be the same as the H- ion current. The present result suggests that the uniformity of H- ion-beam profile is affected by the uniformity of atoms or protons in the source plasma, which are the primary species of negative ions under Cs-seeded surface production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plasma neutralization efficiency of high-energy negative ion beams was measured in a practical neutralizer with substantial dimensions and compared with a gas neutralization efficiency for fusion application. Hydrogen negative ion beams of 200 keV, 4 mA were neutralized with hydrogen and argon arc plasmas in the plasma neutralizer of 2 m in length and 0.6 m in diameter. To clarify the difference between the plasma and the gas neutralizations, the high-density plasmas were produced at low operating pressure. By means of ∼30 G transverse magnetic fields that were applied locally at openings for beam path, leakage of the primary electrons to the outside of the neutralizer was suppressed sufficiently. The plasma densities were 1011–1012 cm-3 at low operating pressures of 0.002–0.05 Pa for both plasmas while an arc power was ∼40 kW. Neutralization efficiency was increased by using plasmas whose ionization degree was 10%–15%. The maximum neutralization efficiency for hydrogen plasma increased from 55% of the gas neutralization to 65%. The maximum neutralization efficiency for argon plasma increased from 51% of the gas neutralization to 55%. The line densities maximizing the plasma neutralization efficiencies decreased to 65% of those for the gas neutralizations. Neutralization efficiencies in the plasmas and the gases were in good agreement with those calculated from the cross sections. It is concluded that a practical plasma neutralizer with substantial dimensions can increase neutralization efficiency at a low line density as predicted from the numerical analysis based on the cross section data. © 2004 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of an electrostatic accelerator for 1 MeV, 1 ampere class H- ion beams has been carried out as a Proof-of-Principle (PoP) of high current accelerators required in neutral beam system of fusion reactors such as ITER. A unique feature of such fusion oriented accelerators is to utilize vacuum insulation not only inside but also outside of the accelerator for high voltage insulation, since conventional gas insulation is not applicable due to excess radiation induced conductivity in the gas. The PoP accelerator is surrounded by an insulator stack as a vacuum boundary with a vacuum gap of 50 mm all around the accelerator. One of the key technologies to achieve insulation of MV voltage was reduction of electric field strength at triple junction of the insulator (made of FRP, fiber reinforced plastic) stack. By lowering the stress to 1.7 kV/mm, the accelerator sustained 1 MV stably for more than 2 hours. By tuning the ion source with/without cesium under stable accelerator operation, the PoP accelerator generated H- ion beams of 70 mA at 1 MeV, and 110 mA (80 A/m2) at 900 keV stably for several hundreds shots (pulse length, 0.5–1 s limited by the target). The dark current flowed inside/on the surface of the FRP insulator due to photoelectron effect was estimated to be less than μA in case of 0.1 A electron beam acceleration (maximum current observed in the experiment). This is in the same order to that due to conductivity of the insulator material. So far, high voltage breakdown due to photoelectron has never been observed. © 2004 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines hydrogen negative ion beam acceleration using a five-stage, multiaperture electrostatic accelerator. Development of a high power negative ion source/accelerator for a neutral beam injector; High current density beam acceleration; Heat load in the accelerator.

A large volume negative ion source, which has a newly devised magnetic filter called a PG filter, was designed and tested. The PG filter produces a uniform magnetic filter field over a large extraction area of 14 × 36 cm² by flowing a high current through the plasma grid itself. By optimizing the filter strength, we succeeded to produce 3.4-A 75-keV negative hydrogen ion beams for 50 ms from 253 apertures of 11.3 mm diam with an average current H density of 13 mA/cm². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper reports R&D progress of the MeV class accelerator, beam focussing technique and a high voltage (HV) bushing toward the ITER Neutral Beam system at JAEA. A H− ion beam of 320mA (current density: 140A/m2) was successfully accelerated up to 796keV by fixing air leak in the ion source chamber caused by heat loading due to backstream positive ions. From analyses of a three-dimensional beam trajectory, a countermeasure against beamlet deflection due to space charge repulsion among beamlets was identified to compensate the deflection by proper aperture offset in the electron suppression grid. For development of the HV bushing, a half-size (Ø800mm) mockup single stage bushing was manufactured and tested, that demonstrated the dc voltage holding capability of up to 220kV in a condition with vacuum inside. Electrostatic analyses and design of the HV bushing are in progress, in which some design improvements are suggested to reduce electric field strength on the surface of ceramic insulator. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]